ࡱ> mofghijkl[bjbj1[1[4fS1\S1\ ) SF48 >0puud d d D=F=F=F=F=F=F=$1?A:j=Qd d d d d j=uu=:::d uuD=:d D=:::u0LOG=:X:0==0>:!B^:d!B::&!B:Hd d :d d d d d j=j=:d d d >d d d d !Bd d d d d d d d d - : /  +  !  !""  !" #!! !# ! ________ . . 5;65;0@A:89, . . 8>B@>2A:89, . . >;:>2=8:>2, . . >3>7O=A:89, . . )8?:>2, . . )8?:>2 >A:20  2017 # 821.161.1-1  84 (2 >A+ CA) 6-5 / 41 !>AB028B5;L . . )8?:>2 /7K:: !1>@=8: AB0B59 > AB0=>2;5=88 @CAA:>3> 48A:C@A0 / A>AB. . . )8?:>2.  , 2017.  144 A. ISBN 978-5-98604-613-6 !1>@=8: /7K: ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>9 7025@H5=85 B@8;>388, =0G0B>9 2 2013 3>4C A1>@=8:>< AB0B59 5@5;>< 8 ?@>4>;65==>9 2 2015 3>4C A1>@=8:>< ;0E0. 0=@>20O B@048F8O, :>B>@>9 A;54CNB 02B>@K B@8;>388, A2O70=0 A> 7=0<5=8BK<8 5E0<8 8 B0: =07K205<K<8 25E>284=K<8 A1>@=8:0<8 (!<5=0 25E, 7-?>4 3;K1 8 4@.), 2KE>482H8<8 2 A25B 2 @07=K5 8AB>@8G5A:85 ?5@8>4K. ;02=>9 60=@>2>9 >A>15==>ABLN B@8;>388 02B>@K ?@54;030NB AG8B0BL ?@O<>5 2KA:07K20=85 =0 >1I5AB25==>-?>;8B8G5A:85 B5<K, ?>;8B8:C ?>25@E ?>;8B8:8 8 2=5 ?>;8B8:8.  G8A;5 B5< /7K:0  8AB>@8G5A:0O 8 A>2@5<5==0O A5<0=B8:0 ?>=OB8O @CAA:89, A>2@5<5==K9 ;815@0;L=K9 O7K:, O7K: A>2@5<5==>3> 8A:CAAB20 8 O7K: @CAA:>9 ?@02>A;02=>9 &5@:28, :>=F5?B>AD5@0 @CAA:>9 B@048F88. 0: 1K;> 8 2 ?@54K4CI8E A1>@=8:0E, 02B>@K /7K:0 =5 AB@5<OBAO : 845>;>38G5A:><C 548=>>1@078N, => 8E >1J548=O5B >1I0O ?>25AB:0 8 >1I0O ?@>1;5<0B8:0. ISBN 978-5-98604-613-6 )8?:>2 .., 2017 @>15;-2000, 2017 B A>AB028B5;O !1>@=8: /7K:, :>B>@K9 2K 45@68B5 2 @C:0E, ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>9 7025@H5=85 B@8;>388, =0G0B>9 =0<8 2 2013 3>4C A1>@=8:>< AB0B59 5@5;>< 8 ?@>4>;65==>9 A1>@=8:>< ;0E0 2 2015 3>4C. 5=O;8AL 02B>@K, B5<K, ?>78F88, => >AB020;AO =587<5==K< 3;02=K9 ?@8=F8?: A>E@0=8BL BC ?@>=8:=>25==CN 8 2<5AB5 A B5< 3@0640=AB25==CN 8=B>=0F8N, :>B>@CN >AB028;8 =0< 2 =0A;54AB2> 02B>@K 5E. >?@5:8 70A8;LN 8=D>@<0F8>==KE A?5:C;OF89 >1I5AB20 A?5:B0:;O 8 ?@>?030=48ABA:8< B@5=40< <K AB@5<8;8AL A>E@0=8BL ?@02> =0 ?@O<>5 2KA:07K20=85, A>E@0=8BL 2>7<>6=>ABL 3>2>@8BL > ?>;8B8:5 ?>25@E 8 2=5 ?>;8B8:8. >340 A>74020;0AL 2B>@0O :=830 (;0E0), 8AB>@8G5A:85 A>1KB8O A:0:0;8 30;>?><, 8 <K 5420 CA?520;8 70 =8<8. !59G0A 2AQ =0>1>@>B: <8@ 2ABC?8; 2 ?>;>AC ?@545;L=>9 =5>?@545;Q==>AB8, :>B>@0O, ?> 2A59 2848<>AB8, O2;O5BAO 70B8HL5< ?5@54 1C@59.  2014-< =0H =0@>4 ?>GC2AB2>20; 2:CA =0F8>=0;L=>3> 2>AA>548=5=8O. ">340 2 >AA88 70:>=G8;0AL 3@0640=A:0O 2>9=0: 1K2H85 :@0A=K5 8 1K2H85 15;K5 >A>7=0;8, 2 GQ< 8E >1I85 7040G8 8 >1I0O 8AB>@8G5A:0O AC4L10. # =0A ?>O28;0AL C=8:0;L=0O 2>7<>6=>ABL 2KA:>G8BL 87 8AB>@8G5A:>3> BC?8:0, ?@5>4>;5BL A2>Q ?>;C:>;>=80;L=>5 A>AB>O=85. !53>4=O <K 2K=C645=K ?@5?0@8@>20BL <5E0=87<K, :>B>@K5 C45@6820NB AB@0=C 2 A>AB>O=88 ;815@0;L=>3> 70AB>O, =5 ?>72>;OO =0F8>=0;L=><C 1>;LH8=AB2C 2 70:>==>9 8 F828;87>20==>9 D>@<5 @50;87>20BL A2>Q ?@02> =0 45<>:@0B8N, 25@=>ABL B@048F88 8 A>F80;L=CN A?@0254;82>ABL. > 5A;8 <K A?>:>9=> 8 2=8<0B5;L=> ?>A<>B@8< 2>:@C3, B> C2848< BC 65 A8BC0F8N 8 2 2@>?5, 8 2 !(. !<5=0 :C;LBC@=>9 ?0@0483<K, 0 A =59 8 ?@56=59 A>F80;L=>9 <>45;8 =587156=0, => 8A:CAAB25==> 70<>@>65=0. K ?@51K205< 2> 2;0AB8 CAB0@52H8E 48A:C@A>2 8 AB5@5>B8?>2, :>B>@K5 <5H0NB =0< 42830BLAO 2?5@Q4. > 1>;LH><C AGQBC 40==0O ?@>1;5<0  MB> ?@>1;5<0 O7K:0, 206=59H53> A>F80;L=>3> 8=AB8BCB0, :>B>@K9 >?@545;O5B, GB> 8 :0: <K 3>2>@8<, :0: <K ?>ABC?05<, :0:>2 687=5==K9 <8@, :>B>@K9 <K A0<8 4;O A51O A>740Q<.  5A;8 ?5@2K9 B>< B@8;>388 (5@5;><) @0AA:07K20; G8B0B5;N > B><, GB> =0< ?@84QBAO 45;0BL 2 1;8609H5< 1C4CI5<, 2B>@>9 (;0E0)  > B><, :B> MB> 1C45B 45;0BL, B> B@5B89 B>< (/7K:) 3>2>@8B > B><, :0:, A ?><>ILN G53> 1C45B A45;0=> B>, GB> 4>;6=> 1KBL A45;0=>. 2B>@K A1>@=8:0 ?KB0NBAO @07>1@0BLAO 2 ?@8G8=0E A8AB5<=KE A1>52 2=CB@8 A>2@5<5==>3> @>AA89A:>3> 48A:C@A0. 5GL 84QB > B><, :0: 8 ?>G5<C <K AB@>8< >1@07 A>1AB25==>9 8AB>@88, GB> ?@>8AE>48B A O7K:>< A>2@5<5==>3> ;815@0;87<0, :0:>2> A>AB>O=85 O7K:0 =0F8>=0;L=>9 845=B8G=>AB8 8 B@048F88, GB> <K 2?@025 8 G53> <K =5 2?@025 >6840BL >B O7K:0 &5@:28 8 O7K:0 A>2@5<5==>3> 8A:CAAB20. !53>4=O <8@ =0E>48BAO 2 A>AB>O=88 ?5@5;><0.  ?5@8>4K, :>340 A>F80;L=K5 ?5@5<5=K 70?074K20NB 8 8A:CAAB25==> A45@6820NBAO, O7K: O2;O5BAO 3;02=K< 8=AB@C<5=B>< A>F80;L=KE 8 :C;LBC@=KE 87<5=5=89. >G5<C 45;> >1AB>8B 8<5==> B0:? K 3>2>@8< A ?><>ILN O7K:0, => 8 O7K: 3>2>@8B A =0H59 ?><>ILN. 54L O7K:  2A?><=8< $5@48=0=40 45 !>AAN@0  MB> A8AB5<0 ?@028;, A>F80;L=>5 15AA>7=0B5;L=>5, :>B>@>5 CA:>;L705B >B @0AAC4:0, => D>@<8@C5B =0HC @5GL 8 =0H8 ?>ABC?:8. 0: A:070BL, GB>1K B51O ?>=O;8? 0: A:070BL, GB>1K ?>=O;8 8<5==> B51O, 0 =5 B2>53> >??>=5=B0? -:>=><8:0, :>=:C@5=F8O, >B=>H5=8O 3>A?>4AB20 8 ?>4G8=5=8O, <5AA80=87<  2AQ MB> >B@0605BAO 2 O7K:5, 2 2845 48A:C@A82=>9 1>@L1K (6. %>;;), 2>9=K 8:>= (. C@4LQ), @07;8G=KE D>@< 8=D>@<0F8>==>3> =5@025=AB20. #?@02;OBL ?>2545=85< 1>;LH8E 3@C?? ;N459 C40QBAO B><C, :B> A?>A>15= <5=OBL ?@028;0 O7K:0. -B> ?@>1;5<0 =5 B>;L:> 4;O D8;>A>DA:8E HBC489, >=0 ?@O<> :0A05BAO ?>2A54=52=>AB8.  8=D>@<0F8>==>< >1I5AB25 A<KA;>< A>>1I5=8O >:07K205BAO =5 AB>;L:> CB25@645=85 8;8 >?8A0=85, A:>;L:> A0<0 2;0ABL =04 A;CH0NI8<, AC335AB82=K5 2>7<>6=>AB8 48A:C@A0. @8 65;0=88 <>6=> >1JO28BL 2>9=C =5ACI5AB2CNI5<C 3>AC40@AB2C, 70O28BL > ?@8H5AB288 =>2>3> <5AA88, C1548BL ;N459 2 B><, GB> A <8@>2K< B5@@>@87<>< 2 >1@075 4;8==>1>@>4>3> AB0@F0 254QBAO CA?5H=0O 1>@L10, 0 B>;5@0=B=>ABL >1O70B5;L=> A?0AQB <8@. ;8 =0>1>@>B. K E>B8< 1KBL A2>1>4=K<8? ">340 ?>4C<05< =04 B5<, :0: <K A53>4=O 3>2>@8<, 8 C40;8< 87 A2>59 @5G8 =02O70==K5 =0< :;8H5, 8710282 A51O >B 845>;>35<, :>B>@K5 =0< 40;8 2 =03@C7:C : =0H5<C @>4=><C O7K:C. ">;L:> B>340 <K A<>65< ?>-=0AB>OI5<C ?>=8<0BL 4@C3 4@C30. 1AC645=85 O7K:0 8 53> ?@028;  ?5@2K9 H03 : A<5=5 A>F80;L=>9 ?0@0483<K, 8 MB>B ?@>F5AA A53>4=O =018@05B A8;C. = =5>1@0B8<. 0640 >;LH>3> AB8;O ABCG8BAO 2 A5@4F0 52@>?59F52 8 0<5@8:0=F52, >=0 @07@CH05B 8=4CAB@8N ;68 8 D0;LA8D8:0F89, 2KAB@>5==CN D8=0=A>2>9 >;830@E859. N48 2A5@LQ7 @5H8;8 25@=CBL A515 70:>==>5 ?@02> =0 ?@O<>5 2KA:07K20=85, ?@02> 3>2>@8BL <564C A>1>9 =0 1>;55 G5;>25G=>< O7K:5. CBL : ?@O<><C 2KA:07K20=8N 8 682><C >1I5=8N ;568B G5@57 A<5=C O7K:0. CABL =0 ?5@2>< MB0?5 =0H0 @5GL 1C45B ?@>AB0 8 157KA:CA=0, 70B> =8GB> =5 ?><5H05B =0< A:070BL 4@C3 4@C3C 8<5==> B>, GB> <K E>B8< A:070BL. 0A 64QB >A2>1>645=85 O7K:0. CAA:89 !<5=0 ?>;8B8G5A:8E =0AB@>5=89 2;5GQB A<5=C ?>;8B8G5A:>3> O7K:0 8 ?>;8B8G5A:>3> <KH;5=8O.  XX 25:5 2 >AA88 42064K <5=O;AO O7K:  ?>A;5 @52>;NF88 1917 3>40 8 2 ?5@8>4 ?5@5AB@>9:8 A >1JO2;5=85< =>2>3> ?>;8B8G5A:>3> <KH;5=8O.  >1>@>B 2>H;8 =>2K5 >1@0I5=8O : ;N4O<, =0720=8O C;8F 8 3>@>4>2, >F5=:8 8AB>@8G5A:8E D83C@, =08<5=>20=8O 3;02=KE 3>AC40@AB25==KE CG@5645=89 8 4065 A0<>=0720=85 =0@>40. >2K9 O7K: 4020; =>2K9 273;O4 =0 <8@, F5==>AB8, 845=B8G=>ABL. >A;5 ?5@5AB@>9:8 8 ?@>254Q==KE @5D>@< 2 >AA88 CB25@48;AO ;815@0;L=K9 ?>;8B8G5A:89 O7K:  O7K: <564C=0@>4=>3> >1I5=8O 8 A>2@5<5==>9 70?04=>9 :C;LBC@K. >AA8O 53> CA2>8;0, => 2 >B;8G85 >B 70?04=>3> <8@0 =5 CA?5;0 8< 2>A?>;L7>20BLAO. @878A ?>AB<>45@=0 2 :C;LBC@5 8 70:0B M?>E8 >4=>?>;O@=>AB8 2 <564C=0@>4=KE >B=>H5=8OE =0G0;8 B@51>20BL =>2>9 ?0@0483<K <KH;5=8O 8 =>2>3> O7K:0, A?>A>1=>3> 045:20B=> >?8AK20BL A>2@5<5==K9 <8@. G5@0H=85 107>2K5 ?>=OB8O AB0;8 @KE;K<8 8 ?>B5@O;8 >4=>7=0G=>ABL  A2>1>40, ?@020 G5;>25:0, <C;LB8:C;LBC@0;87<, 45<>:@0B8G5A:85 F5==>AB8, 3@0640=A:>5 >1I5AB2>. #65 G5@57 45AOBL ;5B ?>A;5 ?5@5AB@>9:8 AB0;> =5 E20B0BL A;>2, GB>1K 2;0AB8 8 =0@>4C >1I0BLAO <564C A>1>9 8 A >AB0;L=K< <8@><. >AA8O AB0;0 ?@54;030BL =>2K9 O7K:. ! MB>3> 2@5<5=8 ?>2B>@ONI89AO ?>AK; 2KABC?;5=89 @>AA89A:8E ;845@>2 =0 <564C=0@>4=KE ?;>I04:0E 70:;NG0;AO 2 B><, GB> <8@ AB@5<8B5;L=> <5=O5BAO, 0 AB0@0O ?0@0483<0 <KH;5=8O 53> :@8B8G5A:8 8A:0605B, 254QB : =5?>=8<0=8N 8 =>2K< :@878A0<. @8 MB>< @>AA89A:89 ?>;8B8G5A:89 :;0AA 8 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=0O M;8B0 2 ?>A;54=85 3>4K =0G0;8 ?@8E>48BL : <KA;8 > B><, GB>, ?@5645 G5< 4>1820BLAO ?>=8<0=8O >B <564C=0@>4=>3> A>>1I5AB20 8 M:A?>@B8@>20BL A2>9 O7K:, =5>1E>48<> C:@5?8BL A>1AB25==K9 ?>=OB89=K9 0??0@0B. "> 5ABL >B25B8BL 4;O A51O =0 2>?@>AK > A>1AB25==KE F5==>ABOE 8 845=B8G=>AB8. . CB8= 2 A2>Q< 2KABC?;5=88 =0 70A540=88 :;C10 0;409 2 2013 3>4C D0:B8G5A:8 ?@87=0;, GB> C:@5?;5=85 3>AC40@AB20 =0 2=5H=5?>;8B8G5A:>9 0@5=5 B>@<>78BAO 0<>@D=>ABLN 2=CB@5==59 :0@B8=K >1I5AB20, 53> F5==>AB59 8 7040G. >MB><C >4=8< 87 :;NG52KE 2>?@>A>2 A>2@5<5==>9 >AA88, ?> 53> A;>20<, AB0=>28BAO 2>?@>A :B> <K?. !0< MB>B 2>?@>A 4;O AB@0=K A <=>3>25:>2>9 8AB>@859 72CG8B A M;5<5=B0<8 B@0387<0, CA8;820NI53>AO B5<, GB> C =0@>40 >AA88 5ABL GC2AB2> A>1AB25==>9 845=B8G=>AB8, => =5B CAB>9G82>3> A0<>=0720=8O. K =07K205< A51O @>AA8O=0<8, <=>3>=0F8>=0;L=K< 8 <=>3>:>=D5AA8>=0;L=K< =0@>4><.  =0< >1@0I0NBAO :0: : 3@0640=0< >AA88, 0 B0:65 >?@545;ONB :0: A>N7 1@0BA:8E =0@>4>2.  ?>A;54=55 2@5<O, GB>1K C9B8 >B MB8E =52K@078B5;L=KE 8<Q=, >1I5AB2> 2AQ G0I5 >;8F5B2>@O5B A51O A =0720=85< A0<>3> 3>AC40@AB20: <K  >AA8O, <K  CAA:89 <8@, <K  >AA89A:0O / CAA:0O F828;870F8O.  8B>35 B0: A;>68;>AL, GB> 2 35>?>;8B8G5A:>< <0AHB015 <K ?>=8<05< A51O 1>;55 OA=>, G5< 2 =0F8>=0;L=><, ?>B><C GB> =0720=85 AB@0=K C =0A 72CG8B 1>;55 :>=:@5B=> 8 A>45@60B5;L=>, G5< =08<5=>20=85 =0@>40. !0<>>?@545;5=85 =0@>40 CA;>6=O5BAO 8 =0 D>=5 C:@5?;5=8O 53> =0F8>=0;L=KE <5=LH8=AB2. 0@04 845=B8G=>AB59 2 =0F8>=0;L=KE @5A?C1;8:0E, =0G02H89AO 2 1990-5 3>4K, A53>4=O 4>AB83 A2>53> ?8:0.  B> 2@5<O :0: ?>A;5 @0A?040 !!!  >AA8O 2>H;0 2 A8AB5<C 70?04=>9 3;>10;870F88, 5Q 2=CB@5==85 =0F8>=0;L=K5 @538>=K =0H;8 B>G:C >?>@K 2 AB@5<8B5;L=>< ;>:0;L=>< =0F8>=0;87<5. >AA8O 8A?KB0;0 B>, GB> A53>4=O <>4=> =07K20BL 3;>:0;870F859  >4=>2@5<5==K< ?@>F5AA>< 3;>10;870F88 8 ;>:0;870F88, B> 5ABL @07;>65=85< 3>AC40@AB25==>9 AC1J5:B=>AB8 =0 =0F8>=0;87< 8 3;>10;87<. !>2@5<5==0O 3;>10;870F8O ?>>I@O5B <5AB=K9 ?0B@8>B87< 1>;LH5, G5< 3>AC40@AB25==K9. KBL ?0B@8>B>< >B45;L=>3> AC1J5:B0 D545@0F88 8;8 >B45;L=>3> @>AA89A:>3> 3>@>40 2 3;>10;L=>9 ?0@0483<5 1>;55 ?@5AB86=>, G5<, =0?@8<5@, 1KBL ?0B@8>B>< CAA:>3> <8@0. 0B@8>B87< 65 2 <0AHB015 :@C?=>3> ?>;8B8G5A:>3> >1@07>20=8O G0I5 =07K205BAO 8<?5@A:8<8 0<18F8O<8. 072820OAL, MB0 845O ?>>I@O5B MB=8G5A:89 87>;OF8>=87<, 0 B0:65 @538>=0;87<  ?@>F5AA 8A:CAAB25==>3> :>=AB@C8@>20=8O =>2KE @538>=0;L=KE 845=B8G=>AB59 (=>2KE A818@O:>2, :0;8=8=3@04F52, ?><>@>2, 8=35@<0=;0=4F52 8 4@C38E). -B8 >1AB>OB5;LAB20 AB8<C;8@CNB >1I5AB2> 8A:0BL 8=B53@8@CNI85 A<KA;K 8 =0720=8O.  :0G5AB25 =081>;55 ?5@A?5:B82=>9 =0 A53>4=OH=89 45=L @0AA<0B@8205BAO 845O >AA88 :0: AB@0=K-F828;870F88, :>B>@0O ?>72>;O5B AD>@<8@>20BL >1@07 548=>3> ?>;8MB=8G5A:>3> 8 ?>;8:>=D5AA8>=0;L=>3> 3>AC40@AB20, 107>2K<8 M;5<5=B0<8 :>B>@>3> >AB0NBAO @CAA:0O :C;LBC@0 8 B@048F8>==K5 E@8AB80=A:85 F5==>AB8. 45O F828;870F88 AB0=>28BAO ?>;8B8G5A:8 2>AB@51>20==>9, ?>A:>;L:C ?>72>;O5B 3>2>@8BL >1 >1I5<, 871530O G0AB=>AB59, 8 MDD5:B82=> @07@010BK20BL 2=5H=NN 4>:B@8=C, >B:;04K20O 2=CB@5==NN. 4=0:> 10;0=A <564C 2=5H=59 8 2=CB@5==59 (>1I5=0F8>=0;L=>9) 845=B8G=>ABLN 2 A>2@5<5==>9 >AA88 E@C?>:. 1@07 >AA88 :0: CG0AB=8:0 <564C=0@>4=KE >B=>H5=89, 15AA?>@=>, O@>: 8 A>45@60B5;5=. K E>@>H> 7=05<, :B> <K 2 <8@5 8 2 GQ< 70:;NG0NBAO =0H8 <564C=0@>4=K5 8=B5@5AK.  <564C=0@>4=><C A>>1I5AB2C A@07C ?>=OB=>, > :>< 3>2>@8BAO, :>340 @5GL 70E>48B > >AA88, ?>B><C 4;O =53> <K >AB020;8AL Russians 2A5340: 8 ?@8 F0@5, 8 ?@8 A>25BA:>9 2;0AB8, 8 ?@8 ;815@0;87<5. /@:> 2K@065==>9 8 ?>=OB=>9 B0:65 O2;O5BAO <5AB=0O, MB=>-@538>=0;L=0O 845=B8G=>ABL @>AA89A:8E =0F8>=0;L=KE @5A?C1;8:. 4=0:> >1I5=0@>4=0O, :>=A>;848@>20==0O 845=B8G=>ABL ?>-?@56=5<C 2>A?@8=8<05BAO 68B5;O<8 AB@0=K BC<0==> 8 =5 CA?5205B 70 48=0<8:>9 :0: <564C=0@>4=KE, B0: 8 2=CB@5==8E @538>=0;8ABA:8E ?@>F5AA>2. 0@>4 >AA88 O2;O5BAO 1>;LH>9 01AB@0:F859 8 CA;>2=K< >1>1I5=85<, ?>=OB85 > =Q< =5 AB@C:BC@8@>20=> 8 =5 :>=:@5B=>. -BC A8BC0F8N 70:@5?;O5B B5@<8= @>AA8O=5, :>B>@K9 O2;O5BAO 2 1>;LH59 AB5?5=8 35>3@0D8G5A:8<, 0 =5 F5==>AB=K<, 8 @0AH8@8B5;L=K<, 0 =5 :>=:@5B878@CNI8<. >AA8O=5 =5 A?>A>1=K A>548=8BL 3;>10;L=CN 845=B8G=>ABL >AA88 A @072820NI8<8AO 2 @>AA89A:8E @538>=0E MB=8G5A:8<8 845=B8G=>ABO<8 8 AB0BL <5E0=87<>< :C;LBC@=>-8AB>@8G5A:>9 A1>@:8 =0@>40. >;CG05BAO, 845=B8G=>ABL 5ABL, 0 MDD5:B82=> @01>B0NI53> B5@<8=0 =5B. BAN40 @>640NBAO AB@0==K5 2>?@>AK, :>B>@K5 7040QB A515 3>AC40@AB2> A BKAOG5;5B=59 8AB>@859. *** "0: A;>68;>AL, GB> ?>A;5 7025@H5=8O A>25BA:>3> ?5@8>40 8A?>;L7>20=85 B5@<8=0 @CAA:85 AB0;> A8<2>;>< 845>;>38G5A:>9 2;0AB8. 57>?0A=> ?@8<5=OBL 53> A<>3;8 B5 :@C38, :>B>@K5 @C:>2>48;8 >1I5AB25==K< <=5=85<. >MB><C ?5@2>=0G0;L=> <>=>?>;8O =0 @CAA:8E A>E@0=O;0AL 8A:;NG8B5;L=> C ;815@0;L=>3> 48A:C@A0. 0B5< AB0;8 ?>O2;OBLAO =>2K5 F5=B@K A8;K, 2;8ONI85 =0 D>@<8@>20=85 8=D>@<0F8>==>9 ?>25AB:8 4=O, A@548 =8E  ?0@B88, 0@<8O, &5@:>2L, =>2>5 ?>;8B8G5A:>5 @C:>2>4AB2> 8 ?@. -B> ?>A;C68;> ?@8G8=>9, ?> :>B>@>9 C B5@<8=0 @CAA:85 ?>AB5?5==> ?>O28;8AL @07=K5 M<>F8>=0;L=K5 8=B5@?@5B0F88, GB> ?@825;> : 42C< ?>A;54AB28O<: 2>-?5@2KE, >= ?5@5AB0; 1KBL B01C8@>20==K<, 0 2>-2B>@KE, <564C 53> 8=B5@?@5B0F8O<8 =0G0;0AL 1>@L10. 815@0;-45<>:@0BK 815@0;K, ?@8H54H85 : 2;0AB8 2 =>2>9 >AA88, 4>;3>5 2@5<O >AB020;8AL 548=AB25==>9 A8;>9, C :>B>@>9 1K;> ?@02> 8A?>;L7>20BL A;>2> @CAA:89.  MB> 2@5<O CB25@48;0AL A2>5>1@07=0O =>@<0, GB> @CAA:8< <>6=> =07K20BL B>;L:> B>, GB> 8<55B ;81> 0=B8A>25BA:89 ?>4B5:AB ( CAA:0O >A2>1>48B5;L=0O 0@<8O, CAA:0O <KA;L, CAA:0O A;C610 8-8-!8), ;81> O2;O5BAO =>2K< @CAA:8<, B> 5ABL 2=5=0F8>=0;L=K< 8 =5 A2O70==K< A 8AB>@8G5A:8< @CAA:8< =0@>4>< ( CAA:>5 @048>, CAA:89 6C@=0;). "5@<8=C @>AA89A:89 2 MB> 2@5<O 1K;0 >B2545=0 >D8F8>7=0O @>;L.  MB>< A;>25 =5 1K;> =8G53> 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=>3>, 845>;>38G5A:>3> 8 2>>1I5 O@:>3>  >AA89A:0O 3075B0, @>AA89A:>5 >1I5AB2>, @>AA89A:85 2;0AB8. A:;NG8B5;L=> @>AA89A:8<8 B0:65 AB0;8 <C7K:0, 8AB>@8O 8 0@<8O. 48=AB25==K<, GB> =52>7<>6=> 1K;> ?5@58<5=>20BL, 1K;0 @CAA:0O ;8B5@0BC@0. ! >4=>9 AB>@>=K, 22545=85 @>AA89A:>9 ;8B5@0BC@K >7=0G0;> 1K AB8;8AB8G5A:>5 CA8;5=85 A;>20 @>AA89A:89, ?@840=8O 5<C DC=40<5=B0;L=>3> 7=0G5=8O 8 ;8H5=8O 53> =59B@0;L=>->D8F8>7=>3> A<KA;0. "5< 1>;55 A;>6=> 1K;> 1K =0720BL @>AA89A:8<8 ?8A0B5;O<8 >4=>2@5<5==> CH:8=0, >AB>52A:>3>, C;30:>20 8 01>:>20. ! 4@C3>9 AB>@>=K, =>20O 8=B5;;835=F8O 1990-E 3>4>2 =5 E>B5;0 >B:07K20BLAO >B 2A5<8@=> 8725AB=>3> 1@5=40 8 53> A8<2>;8G5A:>3> :0?8B0;0. @8<5@OO AB0BCA @CAA:>3> ?8A0B5;O, >=0 ?>;CG0;0 4>?>;=8B5;L=CN 2>7<>6=>ABL A>F80;878@>20BLAO 2 A>2@5<5==>< 70?04=>< :C;LBC@=>< 8 8=D>@<0F8>==>< ?@>AB@0=AB25. A>7=020BL A51O @CAA:8< ?8A0B5;5< ?>-?@56=5<C ?@8OB=> 8 2 >=4>=5, 8 2 &N@8E5. 815@0;-=0F8>=0;8ABK ">340 65 2 1990-5 3>4K 2 >AA88 ?>O28;AO =5>1KG=K9 845>;>38G5A:89 381@84, A>2<5I0NI89 ;815@0;87< A @CAA:8< =0F8>=0;87<><. '0AB8G=> >= 1K; 708<AB2>20= C 52@>?59A:8E =0F8>=0;-45<>:@0B8G5A:8E 8 =0F8>=0;-;815@0;L=KE ?0@B89, G0AB8G=> 87>1@5B0;AO 70=>2>. 815@0;-=0F8>=0;8ABK 2>7=8:;8 8 459AB2CNB 70 G5@B>9 8;8 =0 3@0=8 4>?CAB8<>3> ?>;8B8G5A:>3> 48A:C@A0 8 =5@54:> O2;ONBAO <0@38=0;0<8, 2?@>G5<, >A>7=0==>. =8 O2;ONBAO 25B2LN @>AA89A:8E ;815@0;-45<>:@0B>2, 0 8E @>;L 70:;NG05BAO 2 B><, GB>1K :0@=020;87>20BL 8 <0@38=0;87>20BL @CAA:CN B5<C, ;8H8BL 5Q A0<>AB>OB5;L=>AB8, =5 40BL ?@52@0B8BLAO 2 :>=A>;848@CNICN A8;C. =8 >B=8<0NB C B5@<8=0 @CAA:>5 F5==>AB=>-8AB>@8G5A:>5 A>45@60=85 8 =0?>;=ONB 53> =0F8>=0;8AB8G5A:8< A<KA;>< (8@8=>2A:89, @K;>2, @>A28@=8=). @><5 B>3>, ;815@0;-=0F8>=0;8ABK A>740NB 2 8=D>@<0F8>==>< ?@>AB@0=AB25 8A:CAAB25==K9 8 C?@02;O5<K9 3@04CA @CAA:>3> =0F8>=0;87<0. ! >4=>9 AB>@>=K, @CAA:0O C3@>70 ;538B8<8@C5B ;815@0;-45<>:@0B>2 8 A?>A>1AB2C5B C:@5?;5=8N <8D0 > B><, GB> >=8 >AB0NBAO 548=AB25==>9 A8;>9, >E@0=ONI59 2 >1I5AB25 =0G0;> F828;870F88 ?5@54 ;8F>< =0F8>=0;8AB8G5A:>3> E0>A0. ! 4@C3>9 AB>@>=K, ;815@0;-=0F8>=0;8ABK =5 >B:07K20NBAO >B ?>;8B8G5A:>3> @5AC@A0 @CAA:>9 B5<K. =8 A>740NB 87 @CAA:8E >1@07 C3=5B05<>3> <5=LH8=AB20 8 703>=ONB 8E 2 ?A8E>;>38G5A:>5 35BB> (<K 70 154=KE, <K 70 @CAA:8E), ?>A:>;L:C 8<5==> 87 <5=LH8=AB2 B5E=>;>38G5A:8 A>AB>8B A>2@5<5==>5 ?@>B5AB=>5 42865=85 (5;:>2A:89, 020;L=K9, 0F8>=0;L=>-45<>:@0B8G5A:89 0;LO=A).  A;CG05 CA?5E0 8E 64QB ?>;8B8G5A:>5 M;L4>@04>: 5A;8 A45;0BL 87 1>;LH8=AB20 <5=LH8=AB2>, B> >=> AB0=5B A0<K< 2;8OB5;L=K< <5=LH8=AB2>< 8 4>AB0B>G=>9 A8;>9 4;O A<5=K 2;0AB8 2 AB@0=5. "0:8< >1@07><, ;815@0;-=0F8>=0;8ABK >:@0H820NB B5@<8= @CAA:85 2 =0F8>=0;8AB8G5A:85 B>=0, ;8H0O 53> >1I5:C;LBC@=>3> A>45@60=8O, 0 B0:65 ?@8<5=ONB 53> 2 7=0G5=88 ?@>B5AB=> =0AB@>5==>3> ?>;8B8G5A:>3> <5=LH8=AB20. >2K5 <>45@=8ABK 815@0;L=K9 ?>4E>4 AB@>8BAO =0 ?>AB<>45@=8ABA:8E ?@8=F8?0E 8 >:@0H8205B B5@<8= @CAA:85 2 ?@>B82>@5G82K5 B>=0. CAA:>5 AB0;> >7=0G0BL 8 0=B8A>25BA:>5, 8 BQ<=K9 =0F8>=0;87<, 8 C3=5B05<>5 <5=LH8=AB2>. >?KB:8 ?@>B82>AB>OBL MB>9 8=B>=0F88 ?@825;8 : 2>7@>645=8N 8 C:@5?;5=8N 2 @>AA89A:>< 48A:C@A5 <>45@=8ABA:>3> ?>4E>40. 8@>2>77@5=85 <>45@=0 8 ?@>872>4=KE <>45@=8ABA:8E B5G5=89 2>7=8:;> 8 4>;3>5 2@5<O ACI5AB2>20;> :0: A?>A>1 >B@8F0=8O 8;8 ?> :@09=5 <5@5 :>@5==>3> ?5@5>A<KA;5=8O "@048F88. 4=0:> 2 A53>4=OH=8E CA;>28OE <>45@=, CABC?82H89 <5AB> M?>E8 ?>AB<>45@=0, A0< AB@5<8BAO 70=OBL =8HC :;0AA8:8 8 AB0BL =>2>9 B@048F859, 3;02=>9 0=B8B57>9 ?>AB<>45@=0. !>2@5<5==K9 <>45@= ?KB05BAO 2;>68BL 2 B5@<8= @CAA:85 4CE A>25BA:>3> ?0B@8>B87<0, =0F8>=0;87<0 8 <O3:>3> 0B587<0. $0:B8G5A:8 @>AA89A:85 <>45@=8ABK (N30=>2, C@38=O=, @>E0=>2) 8A?>;L7CNB A;>2> @CAA:89 :0: G0AB=>5 ?@>O2;5=85 A>25BA:>3> 8 :>=AB@C8@CNB =>2KE @CAA:8E-A>25BA:8E. BAN40 15@CB A2>Q =0G0;> 2A5 AB8;8AB8G5A:85 >A>15==>AB8 MB>3> ?>4E>40. !53>4=O C <>45@=8AB>2 @CAA:89 =0@>4 ?@54AB0QB :0:, 157CA;>2=>, =0@>4 8<?5@A:89 (2 A>25BA:>< ?>=8<0=88), =5>1O70B5;L=> ?@02>A;02=K9, => C2060NI89 ?@02>A;0285, 157=04Q6=> =>AB0;L38@CNI89 ?> A>25BA:8< 4>AB865=8O<, AB@5<OI89AO 2 1>;LH59 AB5?5=8 : B5E=8G5A:><C @0728B8N, G5< : 3C<0=8B0@=><C, 0 B0:65 : 8AB>@8G5A:><C @520=HC 70 ?>@065=85 2 E>;>4=>9 2>9=5. 1@07 @CAA:8E 2 A>2@5<5==>< ?>;8B8G5A:>< <>45@=5 G0AB> A>AB>8B 87 ?@>AB>3> @01>G53> =0@>40, =5 8<5NI53> O@:> 2K@065==KE =0F8>=0;L=KE >A>15==>AB59, => AB@5<OI53>AO : @5AB02@0F88 !!!  8;8 ?>4>1=>3> A25@E3>AC40@AB20. CAA:0O :C;LBC@0 ?@8 B0:>< ?>4E>45 @0AA<0B@8205BAO A:>@55 :0: AB@0B538G5A:89 M;5<5=B A>E@0=5=8O 3>AC40@AB25==>AB8, G5< A0<>F5==>ABL. !>2@5<5==K5 <>45@=8ABK 8A?>;L7CNB :>=F5?B @CAA:85 :0: ?@>AB>5 =587<5==>5 F5;>5, :0: >1O70B5;L=CN 45B0;L 3>AC40@AB25==>3> :0@:0A0. A=>2=0O >A>15==>ABL MB>3> 273;O40 2 B><, GB> >= ;8HQ= ?A8E>;>387<0. ;O =53> =5 ACI5AB2C5B 2>?@>A>2 >AB>52A:>3> > ?@8@>45 @CAA:>9 4CH8 8 <5B08AB>@8G5A:8E @07<KH;5=89 !>;>2LQ20 > @CAA:>9 8455. CAA:>5 70@C156L5 A>1K9 273;O4 =0 A;>2> @CAA:85 AD>@<8@>20;AO 2>:@C3 B5<K @CAA:>3> 70@C156LO, 7072CG02H59 2 >AA88 A =0G0;>< ?5@5AB@>9:8. =0 A>548=8;0 2 A515 8=B5@5A : 687=8 8 B2>@G5AB2C @CAA:>9 M<83@0F88, 4>@52>;NF8>==>9 >AA88 8 CB@0G5==>9 42>@O=A:>9 :C;LBC@5. !8;L=K< B>;G:>< 4;O ?@>1C645=8O MB>3> 8=B5@5A0 ?>A;C68;> <0AA>2>5 8740=85 2 >AA88 =0CG=KE 8 <5<C0@=KE B@C4>2 M<83@0=BA:8E 02B>@>2 2 1990-5 3>4K. A:>@5 ?>A;5 2>72@0I5=8O . . !>;65=8FK=0 2 >A:25 1K; >B:@KB >< @CAA:>3> 70@C156LO, 7040G59 :>B>@>3> AB0;> A>E@0=5=85 8 ?>?C;O@870F8O 4CE>2=>9 8 <0B5@80;L=>9 :C;LBC@K @CAA:>9 M<83@0F88. !>2@5<5==>5 A>>1I5AB2> 70@C156=8:>2 =5 8A?>;L7C5B B5@<8= @>AA89A:89: B>;L:> @CAA:0O M<83@0F8O, CAA:0O <5@8:0, @CAA:0O 8AB>@8O, @CAA:89 ?CBL, CAA:89 <8@ 8 4@. >=OB85 @CAA:85 2 O7K:5 70@C156=8:>2 0AA>F88@C5BAO A 2KAH8<, =081>;55 >1@07>20==K< A>A;>285<, E@0=8B5;O<8 2KA>:8E B@048F89 8AG57=C2H59 >AA88, 0 B0:65 A =5?@8OB85< 1>;LH5287<0 8 2A59 A>25BA:>9 AB8;8AB8:8. @0640=A:0O 2>9=0 2 >1@075 MB>3> A;>20 83@05B 1>;LH55 7=0G5=85, G5< ;N1>5 4@C3>5 8AB>@8G5A:>5 A>1KB85. @><5 B>3>, <=>385 M<83@0=BK ?@8=04;560;8 : 42>@O=0<, ?>MB><C 8 A0<>=0720=85 @CAA:85 ?@8>1@5;> C =8E >BB5=>: 2KA>:>9 A>A;>2=>AB8, 7=0G5=85 1K;>3> 25;8G8O. 0:>=5F =5>BJ5<;5<>9 A5<0=B8G5A:>9 G0ABLN MB>9 B@0:B>2:8 @CAA:8E O2;O5BAO ?@02>A;0285, :>B>@>5 =0@02=5 A @CAA:8< O7K:>< AB0;> 206=59H8< 0B@81CB>< 845=B8G=>AB8 ;N459 @CAA:>3> 70@C156LO. @02>A;0285 83@0;> 206=CN 845>;>38G5A:CN (>AC645=85 3>=5=89 =0 &5@:>2L A>25BA:>9 2;0ABLN) 8 A8<2>;8G5A:CN @>;L (?@02>A;02=0O >1@O4>2>ABL, F5@:>2=>A;02O=A:89 O7K: 2>A?@>872>48;8 >1@07 4>@52>;NF8>==>9 >AA88). CAA:85 >1I8=K 70 @C156>< 68;8 A GC2AB2><, GB> A>E@0=ONB 8AB>@8G5A:CN @CAA:CN 25@C 8 O2;ONBAO ?>A;54=8<8 5Q =>A8B5;O<8. 5A<>B@O =0 B>, GB> ?>:>;5=8O M<83@0=B>2 D878G5A:8, 8=D>@<0F8>==> 8 4CE>2=> ?>3@C78;8AL 2 4@C3CN @50;L=>ABL, A;C68;8 2 0@<88, AB0=>28;8AL ?0B@8>B0<8 A2>8E =>2KE AB@0= 8 ?>AB5?5==> 701K20;8 @CAA:89 O7K:, 8<5==> ?@02>A;02=0O A0<>845=B8D8:0F8O 70G0ABCN ?>72>;O;0 8< AG8B0BL A51O @CAA:8<8. =B>=0F8O @CAA:>3> 70@C156LO 1K;0 4;O ?>ABA>25BA:>9 >AA88 A25659 8 2>AB@51>20==>9. =0 AB0;0 GCBL ;8 =5 548=AB25==> 2>7<>6=>9 4;O 2K@065=8O =>AB0;L388 ?> F0@A:><C 2@5<5=8. >765, C65 2 2000-5 3>4K, 70BCH5202 2 =59 ?@8@>4=K9 0=B81>;LH5287<, 5Q ?5@5=O;8 B5>@5B8:8 :>=F5?F88 CAA:>3> <8@0  @>AA89A:85 8AB>@8:8 8 >1I5AB25==K5 45OB5;8 ($>=4 8AB>@8G5A:>9 ?5@A?5:B82K, =AB8BCB 45<>:@0B88 8 A>B@C4=8G5AB20, >AA89A:89 8=AB8BCB AB@0B538G5A:8E 8AA;54>20=89, D>=4 CAA:89 <8@ 8 4@C385). 5>O7KG5AB2> 0F8>=0;8AB8G5A:85 42865=8O 2 =>2>9 >AA88 >:070;8 A8;L=>5 AB8;8AB8G5A:>5 2;8O=85 =0 A>2@5<5==>5 72CG0=85 A;>20 @CAA:85. 5A<>B@O =0 <=>3>>1@0785 MB8E >@30=870F89 (CG0AB=8:8 CAA:>3> <0@H0, , =5>=0F8ABA:85 3@C??K) 8 ?5AB@>BC 8E 845>;>389 (8<?5@FK, 38B;5@>2A:85, <564C=0@>4=K5 8 A;02O=A:85 =5>=0F8ABK 8 4@.), 8E 8=B>=0F8O A2>48BAO : 548=><C 2>A?@8OB8N @CAA:8E  ?@8<8B82=>-O7KG5A:><C. =0 2:;NG05B 2K@065==CN =5?@8O7=L : 8=>?;5<5==8:0< 8 845N > A>1AB25==>< 35=5B8G5A:8< ?@52>AE>4AB25.  A2>59 >A=>25 MB>B 273;O4 78645BAO =0 <8AB8:5 :@>28 8 18>;>38G5A:>< O7K:5. 8AB8:0 :@>28 =0?>;=O5B 42865=8O =0F8>=0;8AB>2 M<>F8>=0;L=>9 M=5@3859, 0 18>;>387< A;C68B @0F8>=0;L=>9 >A=>2>9 4;O 2KAB@0820=8O 8 ?>445@60=8O 8E CG5=89. -B0 8=B>=0F8O >1@0I5=0 2 1>;LH59 AB5?5=8 : ;N<?5=C, 59 ?>:070=0 ?@8<8B82=>ABL. >?KB:8 =5:8< >1@07>< CA;>6=8BL MB> O7KG5A:>-18>;>38G5A:>5 ?>=8<0=85 @CAA:8E 254CB : 1KAB@><C @07;>65=8N 845>;>38G5A:8E :>=AB@C:F89 ?>4>1=KE =0F8>=0;8AB8G5A:8E 42865=89. @02>A;0285, @CAA:0O 8AB>@8O, ;8B5@0BC@0 8 D8;>A>D8O O2;ONBAO <0;>7=0G8<K<8 D0:B>@0<8 2 CG5=8OE MB8E >@30=870F89, B0: :0: =5 83@0NB @5H0NI59 @>;8 2 2>?@>A5 > A>E@0=5=88 18>;>38G5A:>3> 2840. =>340 MB8 >1;0AB8 ?@O<> >1JO2;ONBAO 845>;>38G5A:8 2@06451=K<8, 0 5A;8 8 ?@87=0NBAO, B> 8A?>;L7CNBAO D>@<0;L=>, 2 >B@K25 >B 8E E@8AB80=A:>3> MB8G5A:>3> 8 =@02AB25==>3> A>45@60=8O  4;O D>@<8@>20=8O =5>O7KG5A:>3> @CAA:>3> AB8;O. 081>;55 1;87:> : MB><C ?>4E>4C AB>OB ;815@0;-=0F8>=0;8ABK. 5>O7KG=8:8 B0: 65, :0: 8 ;815@0;-=0F8>=0;8ABK, 87>1@060NB @CAA:>5 1>;LH8=AB2> 2 ?0@0483<5 C3=5B05<>3> <5=LH8=AB20 8 =0AB@>5=K ?@>B82 F5=B@0;L=KE 2;0AB59, >128=OO 8E 2 =53@0<>B=>9 =0F8>=0;L=>9 ?>;8B8:5. ;02=>5 >B;8G85 2 B><, GB> =5>O7KG=8:8 2:;04K20NB 2 A;>2> @CAA:85 =5E@8AB80=A:89 <8AB8G5A:89 ?0D>A. !B8;8AB8G5A:89 <8AB8F87< >:@0H8205B =5>O7KG5A:8E =0F8>=0;8AB>2 (:0: ?@02KE, B0: 8 ;52KE) 8 A0< B5@<8= @CAA:85 2 BQ<=K5 B>=0.  B> 65 2@5<O ;815@0;-=0F8>=0;8ABK >AB0NBAO 2 A25BA:>9, ;815@0;L=>9 ?0@0483<5 8 @54:> C2;5:0NBAO O7KG5A:>9 <8AB8:>9. "5< =5 <5=55 87-70 8459=>9 1;87>AB8 MB8E ;035@59 <>3CB 2>7=8:0BL B@C4=>AB8 2 ?@>2545=88 <564C =8<8 @073@0=8G8B5;L=>9 ;8=88. =B83;>10;8ABK >AA89A:85 42865=8O 0=B83;>10;8AB>2 @0728BK A;01>, >=8 A2>5>1@07=K 8 B>;L:> >B40;Q==> <>3CB =0?><8=0BL 70?04=K5 0=0;>38. E @8B>@8:0 B>65 =0?@02;5=0 =0 :@8B8:C B@0=A=0F8>=0;L=KE :>@?>@0F89, :>=F5?F88 7>;>B>3> <8;;80@40, A>2@5<5==>9 <0AA>2>9 :C;LBC@K, ?@8=F8?>2 3;>10;L=>3> :0?8B0;87<0 8 845>;>388 =5>;815@0;87<0. B;8G8B5;L=0O 65 >A>15==>ABL >B5G5AB25==KE 0=B83;>10;8AB>2  2 H8@>:>< 8A?>;L7>20=88 ?@02>A;02=>9 8 ?0B@8>B8G5A:>9 AB8;8AB8:8 ( CAA:0O =0@>4=0O ;8=8O, AB0=L 70 25@C, @CAA:0O 75<;O, !>N7 ?@02>A;02=KE E>@C325=>AF52, 48><84>2FK, ?@>B82=8:8  8 4@.). =8 0:B82=> C?>B@51;ONB A;>2> @CAA:85, 2 :>B>@>5 2:;04K20NB A2>Q >A>1>5 <8@>>ICI5=85. 1>AB@Q==>5 MAE0B>;>38G5A:>5 2>A?@8OB85 A>2@5<5==>3> 8AB>@8G5A:>3> ?@>F5AA0 8 273;O4 =0 <8@ :0: =0 03@5AA82=>-2@06451=CN A@54C ?@82>4OB 8E : >1>@>=8B5;L=>9 845>;>388: @CAA:85  MB> >:@C6Q==0O :@5?>ABL, >AB@>2 4>1@0 2 <8@5 @0A?>;70NI53>AO 3;>10;87<0. -B> @0728205B C 0=B83;>10;8AB>2 :>=A?8@>;>38G5A:89 AB8;L <KH;5=8O, 0 B0:65 420 >A=>2=KE GC2AB20: >1@5GQ==>AB8 8 871@0==>AB8. 5@2>5 ?@840QB ?>4>1=K< 42865=8O<, :0: ?@028;>, 45?@5AA82=CN M<>F8>=0;L=CN AB8;8AB8:C, 2B>@>5  ?>72>;O5B 8E CG0AB=8:0< >ICB8BL A2>N C=8:0;L=>ABL 8 =048AB>@8G=>ABL. -B> =5?>A@54AB25==> >B@0605BAO =0 A>45@60=88 8A?>;L7C5<>3> A;>20 @CAA:85: @CAA:85 2 A;>20@5 0=B83;>10;8AB>2 O2;ONBAO 65@B2>9 >1<0=0 8 B09=>3> 703>2>@0 <8@>2KE M;8B. -B> 871@0==K9 =0@>4, >= A>E@0=O5B 2 <8@5 ?@024C 8 AB0=>28BAO ?> MB>9 ?@8G8=5 3;02=>9 <8H5=LN 3;>10;L=>3> 7;0, GB> 254QB : 53> 3815;8. CAA:89  B>B, :B> >1@5GQ= =0 3815;L. >=A?8@>;>38G5A:89 A?>A>1 <KH;5=8O >B5G5AB25==KE 0=B83;>10;8AB>2 B>;:05B 8E : ?>AB>O==><C ?>8A:C B09=KE <>B82>2 8 70<KA;>2 2 B5:CI8E >1I5AB25==>-?>;8B8G5A:8E A>1KB8OE. 1=0@C6820O A:@KBK5 A<KA;K, >=8 8E =0:0?;820NB, >1>1I0NB 8 8A?>;L7CNB 4;O ?>AB@>5=8O A>1AB25==>3> 273;O40 =0 <8@, GB> 70G0ABCN 254QB : M7>B5@87<C (=0?@8<5@, 2 ?>AB@>5=88 A>1AB25==>3> M7>B5@8G5A:>3> CG5=8O 8=>340 >128=ONB ?@02>A;02=KE 1>@F>2 A ).  A2>59 >A=>25 M7>B5@8:0 ?@>8AE>48B =5 B>;L:> 87 A:;>==>AB8 : <8AB8F87<C, => B0:65 87 0=0;8B8G5A:>3> <KH;5=8O  ?>?KB>: @0F8>=0;L=> >1JOA=8BL ?@>F5AAK, >ICI05<K5 8=BC8B82=>. ?@545;Q==>5 2;8O=85 =0 D>@<8@>20=85 8 @0A?@>AB@0=5=85 B0:>3> <KH;5=8O >:070;> A>>1I5AB2> A8;>28:>2. =>, A >4=>9 AB>@>=K, 2A5340 >ICI05B A51O =04 >1I5AB2><, :>B>@>5 70I8I05B, 0 A 4@C3>9  ACI5AB2C5B 2 A>AB>O=88 ?>AB>O==>9 1>@L1K A C3@>70<8 8 >??>=5=B0<8, 2 B>< G8A;5 ?;0=8@C5<K<8  38?>B5B8G5A:8<8 8 2>>1@0605<K<8. 06=59H59 7040G59 A8;>2>3> A>>1I5AB20 O2;O5BAO ?@542845BL C3@>7C B0<, 345 5Q =5 C2848B ?@>AB>9 G5;>25:. -B> A0<>>ICI5=85 871@0==>AB8 8 @01>B0 A A5:@5B=>9 8=D>@<0F859 (B09=K< 7=0=85<) <>3CB ?@82>48BL : :>=A?8@>;>38G5A:><C AB8;N <KH;5=8O, ?@>=8:0NI5<C 8 2 ?C1;8G=>5 ?@>AB@0=AB2>. -B> :>A25==> ?>4B25@6405BAO B5<, GB> 2 >AA88 2 =0G0;5 1990-E 3>4>2 2KE>4FK 87 A8;>2KE AB@C:BC@ A>740;8 @O4 8725AB=KE M7>B5@8G5A:8E A5:B (=0?@8<5@, ). &5@:>2L >AAB0=>2;5=85 E@0<>2 8 ?@8E>4A:>9 687=8 2 =>2>9 >AA88 ?@825;> : ?>AB5?5==>9 @5018;8B0F88 F5@:>2=>3> O7K:0 2 8=D>@<0F8>==>< ?@>AB@0=AB25. 5@2K5 45AOBL ;5B B5;5254CI85 ?@>87=>A8;8 =0720=8O ?@02>A;02=KE ?@074=8:>2 8 1>3>A;C651=KE B5@<8=>2 A 1>;LH8< B@C4><, ?CB0O C40@5=8O 8 70?8=0OAL. 020;> > A515 7=0BL =5 B>;L:> >BACBAB285 ?>4>1=>9 ;5:A8:8 2 A>25BA:>5 2@5<O, => 8 CAB>9G82>5 >ICI5=85 5Q B01C8@>20==>AB8: 2 A>25BA:>< >1I5AB25 >=0 1K;0 70 3@0=LN ?@85<;5<>3> 48A:C@A0. ?>A;54AB288 MB0 A8BC0F8O 1K;0 ?@5>4>;5=0. !53>4=O A25BA:>5 >1I5AB2> =0CG8;>AL ?>=8<0BL F5@:>2=CN ;5:A8:C, 8 A0<0 &5@:>2L AB0;0 @073>20@820BL A >1I5AB2>< 2=5 F5@:>2=>9 >3@04K, 2AQ G0I5 8A?>;L7CO A25BA:89 O7K:. "0:8< >1@07><, =0 ABK:5 F5@:>2=>9 8 A25BA:>9 ;5:A8:8 D>@<8@C5BAO A>2@5<5==K9 O7K: &5@:28, :>B>@K9 >:07K205B 2;8O=85 =0 2A5 AD5@K >1I5AB20, 2 B>< G8A;5 =0 7=0G5=85 A;>20 @CAA:85. !53>4=O 2 CAA:>9 @02>A;02=>9 &5@:28 ACI5AB2C5B 420 >A=>2=KE 2>A?@8OB8O @CAA:>9 B5<K. 5@2K9 ?>4E>4 >A=>20= =0 >?KB5 @CAA:>3> 70@C156LO, >= ?>;=>ABLN >B@0605B 53> MAB5B8G5A:CN 8 ?>;8B8G5A:CN AB8;8AB8:C, 2 :>B>@>9 @CAA:>ABL >7=0G05B 2KAH89 >1@07>20==K9 :;0AA, 0=B81>;LH5287<, =>AB0;L38N ?> F0@A:>9 >AA88. = ?@8ACI 2 1>;LH59 AB5?5=8 B5< ?@02>A;02=K< 8 4CE>25=AB2C, :>B>@K5 ?@8G8A;ONB A51O : 8=B5;;835=F88, >4=0:> >:07K205B :>;>AA0;L=>5 2;8O=85 8 =0 >AB0;L=CN G0ABL &5@:28. B>@>9 ?>4E>4 : @CAA:>AB8 B5A=> A2O70= A =0@>4=K< ?@02>A;0285<, 45@525=A:8< 1KB><, =0BC@0;L=K< E>7O9AB2>< 8 M:>;>3859. =>385 ?@8E>4K 2>A?@8=8<0NB @CAA:>ABL 8 ?@02>A;0285 G5@57 >1@07 CB5@O==>3> :@5ABLO=A:>3> 1KB0, :>B>@K9 ?KB0NBAO @5:>=AB@C8@>20BL. -B><C ?>4E>4C A?>A>1AB2C5B C:;04 1>;LH>3> :>;8G5AB20 A>2@5<5==KE <>=0ABK@59, :>B>@K5 70=8<0NBAO 682>B=>2>4AB2>< 8 A5;LA:8< E>7O9AB2><. B =8E ?>H;> F5;>5 =0?@02;5=85 A>2@5<5==>9 ?@02>A;02=>9 =0@>4=>9 8 M:>;>38G5A:>9 AB8;8AB8:8, >A=>20==>9 =0 8455 G8AB>3> ?8B0=8O (<>=0ABK@A:89 E;51, B@02O=K5 A1>@K, <Q4 8 4@C385 ?@>4C:BK). -B>B =5>45@525=A:89 AB8;L ?>;L7C5BAO ?>?C;O@=>ABLN 2 A>2@5<5==>< C@10=878@>20==>< >1I5AB25. !2O7K20O @CAA:CN ?@02>A;02=CN 845=B8G=>ABL A A5;>< 8 ?@8@>4>9, &5@:>2L D0:B8G5A:8 A>740QB =>2CN M:>;>38G5A:CN AC1:C;LBC@C. 15 @CAA:85 845=B8G=>AB8  70@C156=0O 8 45@525=A:0O  @072820NBAO 2 &5@:28 ?0@0;;5;L=> 8 =5 2@064CNB <564C A>1>9. A=>2=K5 845>;>38G5A:85 ?@>F5AAK ?@>8AE>4OB 2=CB@8 70@C156=>9 845=B8G=>AB8, :>B>@0O 70 ?>A;54=85 3>4K ?>AB5?5==> ?5@5AB0;0 2<5I0BL 2AN A;>6=>ABL F5@:>2=>->1I5AB25==KE ?@>F5AA>2 2 >AA88. !53>4=O 2 &5@:28 ?@>8AE>48B 5Q ?>AB5?5==0O B@0=AD>@<0F8O, 2 ?5@2CN >G5@54L G5@57 ?@5>4>;5=85 5Q 0=B81>;LH528ABA:>9 ?>;8B878@>20==>AB8, E0@0:B5@=>9 4;O M?>E8 E>;>4=>9 2>9=K. 0: >B<5G0;>AL 2KH5, B5<C @CAA:>3> ?@02>A;028O 0:B82=> 8A?>;L7CNB @07;8G=K5 F5=B@K A8;K (<>45@=8ABK, 0=B83;>10;8ABK, =5>O7KG=8:8 8 4@.). 4=0:> ?@02>A;02=0O A8<2>;8:0, =0@02=5 A ;N1>9 4@C3>9, O2;O5BAO 4;O =8E AB@>8B5;L=K< <0B5@80;><. =8 70=8<0NBAO :>=AB@C8@>20=85< A>1AB25==KE 48A:C@A>2, :>B>@K5 =C6=> >B3@0=8G820BL >B O7K:0 A0<>9 &5@:28. Russians #G0AB=8:8 A>2@5<5==KE ?>;8B8G5A:8E 48A:CAA89 G0AB> >1@0I0NB 2=8<0=85 =0 B>, GB> 2 1>;LH8=AB25 8=>AB@0==KE O7K:>2 (70 8A:;NG5=85<, =0?@8<5@, 15;>@CAA:>3> 8 C:@08=A:>3>) >BACBAB2C5B ?>=OB85 @>AA89A:89. 1I53@0640=A:0O =0F8O, :0: 8 =0F8>=0;L=>ABL, =0 =5<5F:><, 0=3;89A:><, D@0=FC7A:><, BC@5F:>< 8 B.4. >1>7=0G05BAO >4=8< A;>2><  @CAA:85.  >AA88 ?@8 87CG5=88 8=>AB@0==KE O7K:>2 8 ?>43>B>2:5 ?5@52>4G8:>2 CG0B @07;8G0BL, 2 :0:8E A;CG0OE 8=>AB@0==>5 Russisch, Russian, Russe, Rus 8 B.4. =C6=> ?5@52>48BL :0: @CAA:>5, 0 2 :0:8E  :0: @>AA89A:>5. &5;>AB=>5 2>A?@8OB85 8=>AB@0=F0<8 @>AA89A:>3> >1I5AB20 :0: @CAA:>3> <>6=> ?>GC2AB2>20BL 2 1KB>2>< >B=>H5=88, :>340 >:07K205HLAO 70 @C156><  B0< =0720=85 ?@85768E 87 >AA88 <5=O5BAO =0 @CAA:85, =57028A8<> >B 8E =0F8>=0;L=>9 ?@8=04;56=>AB8. >AA89A:85 >;8<?89FK, >:0702H8AL =0 A>@52=>20=8OE 2 70@C156=KE AB@0=0E, >:07K20NBAO @CAA:8<8 A?>@BA<5=0<8. @><5 B>3>, 8=>AB@0==>5 Russians 2;8O5B =0 2>A?@8OB85 >1I53@0640=A:>9 =0F88 8 2 >AA88. ?@545;5=85 A51O @CAA:8<8 2 7=0G5=88, AB8;8AB8G5A:8 1;87:>< : Russians, G0AB> <>6=> 2AB@5B8BL 2 8=8AB5@AB25 8=>AB@0==KE 45; 8 0@<88. !:07K205BAO ?@82K:0=85 : B><C, GB> 70@C156=K5 ?0@B=Q@K 8 ?>B5=F80;L=K5 ?@>B82=8:8 B51O =07K20NB @CAA:8<, 0 =5 @>AA89A:8<. @><5 B>3>, @01>B05B ?0<OBL > 2>9=0E, 3;02=K< >1@07>< > 5;8:>9 B5G5AB25==>9 2>9=5, :>340 =5<FK H;8 2>9=>9 =5 =0 @>AA8O= 8 =5 =0 <=>3>=0F8>=0;L=K9 A>25BA:89 =0@>4, 0 =0 @CAA:8E. 5;8:0O B5G5AB25==0O 2>9=0 A0:@0;87>20;0 ?>=OB85 @CAA:85, 2K25;0 53> 87 C7:>3> =0F8>=0;L=>3> 7=0G5=8O, A45;0;0 53> 8AB>@8:>-:C;LBC@=K<, F5==>AB=K< 8 @0A?@>AB@0=8;0 =0 25AL =0@>4. CAA:0O ;8B5@0BC@0 CAA:0O :;0AA8G5A:0O ;8B5@0BC@0 A53>4=O >AB0QBAO ?>GB8 548=AB25==>9 DC=40<5=B0;L=>9 >1;0ABLN, 345 A>E@0=O5BAO 2AO A;>6=>ABL 8 >4=>2@5<5==> F5;>AB=>ABL ?>=OB8O > @CAA:>< =0@>45. > >E20BC 8 3;C18=5 >=0 40;5:> >?5@5605B ?5@5G8A;5==K5 2KH5 D0:B>@K, 2:;NG0O ?0<OBL > ?5@568BKE =0@>4=KE 2>9=0E. CAA:0O ;8B5@0BC@0 >?8A0;0 @CAA:8E :0: =0@>4 ?@545;L=>3> =@02AB25==>3> 8 @5;838>7=>3> ?>8A:0, => =5 8<5NI89 BO38 : 4>3<0B878@>20=8N; E@8AB80=A:89 8 >1;040NI89 2A5;5=A:8< A>7=0=85<, => ?@>B82=K9 3;>10;87<C; ?>4?>;L=K9, => ;8HQ==K9 <0@38=0;L=>3> A0<>>1<0=0; ?>7=0NI89 <8@>740=85 G5@57 273;O4 2 A>1AB25==CN 4CHC, => GC64K9 =0F8>=0;8AB8G5A:>9 MB8:5. ;0AA8G5A:0O ;8B5@0BC@0 =5 <>65B A0<>AB>OB5;L=> ?@5>1@07>2K20BL A>2@5<5==>ABL. 5A<>B@O =0 A2>N 8A:@5==>ABL 8 25;8G85, >=0 =587156=> 1C45B AB0=>28BLAO 8=AB@C<5=B>< 2 @C:0E B2>@F>2 >B <8@0. 8B5@0BC@0 O2;O5BAO F5==59H8< @5AC@A><, => =5 ?>;8B8G5A:>9 A8;>9. *** "@038G5A:89 ?0D>A @0AI5?;Q==>AB8 ?>=OB8O @CAA:85 2 A>2@5<5==>< @CAA:>< O7K:5 =5 4>;65= 22>48BL =0A 2 701;C645=85. =>3>>1@0785 @CAA:8E A2845B5;LAB2C5B =5 > A;01>AB8 @CAA:>9 845=B8G=>AB8, 0 > <=>3>>1@0788 A8;, :>B>@K5 1>@NBAO 70 ?@02> 5Q B@0:B>20BL. >A;5 @0A?040 !!!  8 >:>=G0=8O 1KB8O A>25BA:>3> =0@>40 1K; 2254Q= B5@<8= @>AA8O=5.  B5G5=85 1990-E 3>4>2 AB0;> ?>=OB=>, GB> 5<C =5 C40QBAO AB0BL A>18@0B5;L=K< =0720=85< >1I5=0@>4=>9 845=B8G=>AB8. >AA89A:>ABL, @>482H0OAO 2> 2@5<O :@878A0 3>AC40@AB25==>AB8, B0: 8 >AB0;0AL AK@>9 84559, A8<2>;878@CNI59 M@70F-=0F8>=0;L=>ABL M?>E8 @048:0;L=>3> ;815@0;87<0.  MB> 65 2@5<O =0G0;8AL 1>;57=5==K5 8 AB8E89=K5 ?>8A:8 =>2>9 =0F8>=0;L=>9 8458, :>B>@K5 1K;8 >AB0=>2;5=K ?>GB8 04<8=8AB@0B82=> ?@8 =>2>< @C:>2>4AB25 2 =0G0;5 2000-E 3>4>2, :>340 15A?;>4=>ABL MB8E ?>8A:>2 AB0;0 >G5284=>9. ! ?@8E>4>< : 2;0AB8 . CB8=0 2 AB@0=5 =0ABC?8;0 1>;LH0O M?>E0 2=5H=59 ?>;8B8:8, ?@8 :>B>@>9 ;>38:0 ?>;8B8G5A:>3> <KH;5=8O 8AE>48;0 87 ?@8>@8B5B0 <564C=0@>4=>3> =04 2=CB@5==8< 2 @5H5=88 40;L=59H59 AC4L1K >AA88. >;LH8=AB2> ?>;8B8G5A:8E ?>154 MB>3> ?5@8>40 A2O70=K 8<5==> A 2=5H=59 ?>;8B8:>9: >B@065=85 03@5AA88 2 E>45 ?OB84=52=>9 2>9=K, "0<>65==K9 A>N7, ;8<?8040 2 !>G8, @K<, !8@8O.  2> 2=CB@5==59 ?>;8B8:5 >A=>2=K5 ?@5>1@07>20=8O A2O70=K A ?>?KB:0<8 C:@>B8BL 8 ?@8@CG8BL 03@5AA82=K9 8=>AB@0==K9 :0?8B0; 2 8=D>@<0F8>==>9 8 M:>=><8G5A:>9 AD5@5. 0 ?@>H54H85 A MB>3> <><5=B0 A5<=04F0BL ;5B <564C=0@>4=0O 845=B8G=>ABL >AA88 C:@5?8;0AL =0AB>;L:>, GB> AB0;> 1>;55 ?@5AB86=> 0AA>F88@>20BL A51O A =0720=85< AB@0=K, 0 =5 5Q =0@>40.  A>2@5<5==>< @CAA:>< ?>;8B8G5A:>< O7K:5 >AA8O  MB> 1>;LH5, G5< =0720=85 3>AC40@AB20. -B> 8 F828;870F8O, 8 AC4L10, 8 >B25BAB25==>ABL. -B0 M?>E0 2K?>;=8;0 A2>N 7040GC 8 ?>4E>48B : A2>5<C 7025@H5=8N. A;8 <>6=> 3>2>@8BL > <0AHB010E <564C=0@>4=>9 845=B8G=>AB8 >AA88, B> 2 A53>4=OH=8E CA;>28OE >=0 4>AB83;0 A2>53> <0:A8<C<0. 0;L=59H55 @0728B85 AB@0=K C?8@05BAO 2 =5>?@545;Q==>ABL 2=CB@5==59 845=B8G=>AB8, GB> A53>4=OH=55 ?>;8B8G5A:>5 @C:>2>4AB2> >A>7=0QB A ?>;=>9 OA=>ABLN. A;8 ?5@2K9 MB0? >E0@0:B5@87>20;AO ?5@5E>4>< >B @>AA8O= : >AA88, B> =0 2B>@>< MB0?5 ?@>87>94QB ?5@5E>4 >B >AA88 : @CAA:8<, :0: A>18@0B5;L=><C =0720=8N >1I5=0@>4=>9 845=B8G=>AB8, 2 >A=>25 :>B>@>9 ;560B @CAA:89 O7K:, @CAA:0O :C;LBC@0 8 E@8AB80=A:0O MB8:0  B5 M;5<5=BK, =0 :>B>@K5 2A5340 >?8@0;0AL @>AA89A:0O 3>AC40@AB25==>ABL. > 2=CB@5==59 ?>;8B8G5A:>9 48A:CAA88 A53>4=O =0<5G05BAO ?@>B82>AB>O=85 =5 <564C AB>@>==8:0<8 @>AA8O= 8 @CAA:8E, 0 70 8=B5@?@5B0F8N A0<>3> ?>=OB8O @CAA:85. 8 >4=0 87 ACI5AB2CNI8E A53>4=O B@0:B>2>: =5 40QB GQB:>3> D>:CA0. 1J548=8BL 8E, ;8H82 ;815@0;L=KE 8 =0F8>=0;8AB8G5A:8E >BO3>I5=89, 8 AD>@<8@>20BL OA=K9 8 >B:@KBK9 >1@07 =0@>40 >AA88  7040G0 =0ABC?0NI59 ?>;8B8G5A:>9 M?>E8. 0A8;89 )8?:>2 >;LH0O 2>9=0  A>2@5<5==>9 >AA88 :>=B@>;L 70 8=D>@<0F859 <>=>?>;878@>20= ?>;8B8G5A:8<8 3@C??0<8, :>B>@K5 AB>OB =0 :><?@04>@A:8E ?>78F8OE. -B> 254QB : ?>AB>O==><C 2>A?@>872>4AB2C :>=AB@C:B828ABA:8E 845>;>35<, :>B>@K5 2K40NBAO 70 157CA;>2=K5 >G5284=>AB8,  =0?@8<5@, 70 AB0=40@BK A>2@5<5==>3> F828;87>20==>3> >1I5AB20. > ?>4>1=K5 >G5284=>AB8 ?@>B82>@5G0B 8=B5@5A0< >1I5AB20 8 =0@CH0NB 682CN A2O7L =0@>40 A A>1AB25==>9 B@048F859. 4=>9 87 B0:8E 845>;>35< <>65B AG8B0BLAO =02O70==0O >1I5AB2C ?@82KG:0 : 87>;8@CNI5<C 8AB>@8G5A:><C <KH;5=8N. =0 2 ?5@2CN >G5@54L A2>9AB25==0 ?C1;8G=K< D>@<0< 8AB>@87<0, 4;O :>B>@KE >A>1>5 7=0G5=85 8<55B ?@>1;5<0 O7K:0 8AB>@8G5A:>3> 87;>65=8O. I 'B> B0:>5 87>;8@CNI55 8AB>@8G5A:>5 <KH;5=85? -B> <KH;5=85 >A=>20=> =0 ?>=8<0=88 %% 25:0 8 ?@5645 2A53> A>25BA:>3> ?5@8>40 :0: =5:>53> 0=><0;L=>3> >B@57:0 =0F8>=0;L=>9 8AB>@88, @0AA5:0NI53> 2@5<O 4> 8 2@5<O ?>A;5.  B0:><C ?>4E>4C A:;>==K :0: AB>@>==8:8, B0: 8 ?@>B82=8:8 :@0A=>3> ?@>5:B0. 07=8F0 <564C =8<8 A>AB>8B ;8HL 2 >F5=:0E, 2 ?5@5<5=5 ?;NA0 =0 <8=CA. @8GQ< MB8 ?@>B82>?>;>6=K5 ?>78F88 2708<=> CA8;820NB 4@C3 4@C30, A>74020O <0B@8FC 8AB>@8G5A:>3> A>7=0=8O, :>B>@0O A>E@0=O5BAO 2 :>;;5:B82=>9 ?0<OB8 8 ?5@540QBAO 45AOB8;5B8O<8. 07=8F0 2 >F5=:0E A>25BA:>3> ?5@8>40 =5 70B@038205B AB@C:BC@=K5 <>45;8 8AB>@8G5A:>3> ?>4E>40 8 A>740QB >G5=L C7:89 :>@84>@ 4;O @07=KE B>G5: 7@5=8O, ?@54AB02;ONI89 A>1>9 :;0AA8G5A:89 ?@8<5@ ;>6=>9 0;LB5@=0B82K.  @0<:0E B0:>3> :>@84>@0 <=5=89 %% 25:, :0: 2 ?@>A>25BA:><, B0: 8 2 0=B8A>25BA:>< 48A:C@A0E, ?@52@0I05BAO 2 =5:CN 0=><0;L=CN 7>=C 8AB>@8G5A:>3> 2@5<5=8, =5 ?>42;0AB=CN >1I8< 70:>=0< :C;LBC@=>-8AB>@8G5A:>9 48=0<8:8, 2 2K@20==K9 ;8AB 8AB>@88. > ACI5AB2C MB>B 273;O4 ?>4@07C<5205B, GB> =0F8>=0;L=0O B@048F8O ?@5@K205BAO 42064K 70 25:  2 1917-< 8 2 1991 3>4C,  0 270<5= =0G8=05BAO 01A>;NB=> =>2K9 ?@>5:B. > =0 A0<>< 45;5 MB> 2>?@>A A:>@55 M?8AB5<>;>388, =565;8 >=B>;>388 8AB>@88. 54L :>340 <K ?@8=8<05< 70 0:A8><C B578A > B><, GB> G5@540 @52>;NF89 %% 25:0  MB> =5>4=>:@0B=K9 @07@K2 B@048F88, <K 704=8< G8A;>< :>=AB8BC8@C5< 8 A0< D0:B, 8 AB5?5=L MB>3> @07@K20.  A2O78 A MB8< 2>7=8:05B 5AB5AB25==K9 2>?@>A: O2;ONBAO ;8 206=59H85 A>1KB8O %% 25:0 ?>;=>ABLN 7025@H82H8<8AO 2 459AB28B5;L=>AB8 8;8 B>;L:> =0H0 B@0:B>2:0 MB8E A>1KB89 40QB 8< >:>=G0B5;L=>5 ;>38G5A:>5 7025@H5=85? >E>689 AB5@5>B8? ?@8ACBAB2C5B 8 2 70?04=>< >A<KA;5=88 M?>E8 <>45@=0 (CA;>2=> A 1793-3> 4> 1991-9), E>BO 8 2K@065= 2 3>@074> <5=LH59 AB5?5=8, G5< 2 >AA88. 45O =0G0BL 8AB>@8N A G8AB>3> ;8AB0, A1@>A82 2AQ ;8H=55 A :>@01;O A>2@5<5==>AB8, E0@0:B5@=0 :0: 4;O ?5@2KE ;5B A>25BA:>9 2;0AB8, B0: 8 4;O ?5@8>40 1990-E 3>4>2.  >1>8E A;CG0OE ?@8ACBAB2C5B 65;0=85 ?>@20BL 2A5 A2O78 A ?@>:;OBK< ?@>H;K<. > 5A;8 2 ?5@2>< A;CG05 @5GL H;0 > @50;870F88 =5:>53> A>F80;L=>3> ?@>5:B0 (?@>5:B0 <;04H59, :><<C=8AB8G5A:>9 25@A88 <>45@=0, ?@>B82>AB>OI59 AB0@H59, ;815@0;L=>9), B> 2B>@>9 @07@K2 8AB>@8G5A:8 1K; =0?@02;5= ?@>AB> 2 =8:C40. 8 > :0:>9 ?@55<AB25==>AB8 ?> >B=>H5=8N : B@048F8O< 4>@52>;NF8>==>9 >AA88 @5G8 =0 A0<>< 45;5 =5 H;>, 40 8 =5;L7O 42064K 2>9B8 2 >4=C @5:C. 0 45;5 8AB>@8G5A:89 @07@K2 1990-E 8A?>;L7>20;AO 8 8A?>;L7C5BAO 2;8OB5;L=K<8 ?>;8B8G5A:8<8 M;8B0<8 2 :@09=5 =51;03>284=KE F5;OE, 0 8<5==> GB>1K ?>4B>;:=CBL >1I5AB2> : A>7=0B5;L=><C >B:07C >B A>F80;L=KE ?@02, 0 3>AC40@AB2>  : A1@>AC A>F80;L=KE >1O70B5;LAB2 8 C=8GB>65=8N :C;LBC@=>3> >?KB0 ?>GB8 F5;>3> AB>;5B8O. "0:>5 8A:CAAB25==>5 >1=C;5=85 =0F8>=0;L=>3> >?KB0 457>@85=B8@C5B >1I5AB2> 8 >B1@0AK205B AB@0=C =0704.  :>;;5:B82=>9 ?0<OB8 =0A8;LAB25==> CB25@6405BAO <>4CA @07@K20 2<5AB> <>4CA0 ?@55<AB25==>AB8.  MB8E CA;>28OE >1I5AB25==>5 A>7=0=85 @01>B05B 2 @568<5 A0<>>B@8F0=8O, ?>@>640O 3C18B5;L=CN 4;O =0F88 =530B82=CN 845=B8G=>ABL 8 =838;8AB8G5A:85 :C;LBC@=K5 <>45;8, =5 A?>A>1=K5 : A>740=8N 8 B@0=A;OF88 =>2KE A<KA;>2. 'B>1K MB> ?>=OBL, 4>AB0B>G=> ?@>25AB8 0=0;>38N A A0<>A>7=0=85< >B45;L=>3> G5;>25:0 8;8 A5<L8 8 704C<0BLAO > B><, =0A:>;L:> >?0A=K ?@8ABC?K 15A?0<OBAB20 8 :0:>2K <>3CB 1KBL 8E ?>A;54AB28O. >MB><C >4=0 87 206=59H8E 7040G =0F8>=0;L=> <KA;OI8E 8=B5;;5:BC0;>2 A>AB>8B 2 70I8B5 ?@8=F8?0 8AB>@8G5A:>9 =5?@5@K2=>AB8 8 F5;>AB=>AB8 B@048F88.  =0>1>@>B  2 87102;5=88 >1I5AB20 >B 2;8O=8O 4>:B@8=K ;>:0;L=>3>, 87>;8@CNI53> 8AB>@87<0, 2K@>AH53> =0 ABK:5 :><<C=87<0 8 0=B8A>25BA:>9 :>=B@CB>?88. 5>1E>48<> ?>AB028BL ?>4 2>?@>A <>=>?>;8N :>=AB@C:B828ABA:>3>, B5E=>:@0B8G5A:>3> <KH;5=8O 8 >15A?5G8BL A:;04K20=85 =>2>9 <>45;8 8AB>@87<0 2 >1I5AB25. "0:>9 ?>4E>4 O2;O5BAO =5>1E>48<K< CA;>285< 2AO:>3> =0F8>=0;L=>3> F5;5?>;030=8O. II B>-B> 87 8AB>@8:>2 %% 25:0 CB25@640;: AB>@8O  MB> ?>;8B8:0, >?@>:8=CB0O 2 ?@>H;>5. !;54>20B5;L=>, =5 ACI5AB2C5B 845>;>38G5A:8 8 ?>;8B8G5A:8 AB5@8;L=KE 8AB>@8G5A:8E :>=F5?F89. 0==>5 70<5G0=85 A>25@H5==> A?@0254;82>, => >=> CG8BK205B ;8HL >48= 0A?5:B >?>A@54>20==>AB8 8AB>@8G5A:8E :>=F5?F89  ?>;8B8:>-845>;>38G5A:89. 0 A0<>< 45;5 8718@0B5;L=>ABL 8AB>@8F87<0 40QB > A515 7=0BL 5IQ 4> 2AO:>9 ?>;8B8:8. 5;L7O =0?8A0BL 8AB>@8N 2A53> =0 A25B5. !CI5AB2CNB 8AB>@88 @52>;NF89, 8AB>@88 48=0AB89, 8AB>@88 :C;LBC@. AB>@8G5A:0O 48AF8?;8=0 8718@0B5;L=0 ?> A0<>9 A2>59 ?@8@>45. N1>9 8AB>@8G5A:89 48A:C@A ?@54?>;0305B 2K1>@ ?@54<5B0 87;>65=8O 8 ?>78F88 @0AA:07G8:0, 0 MB>, 2 A2>N >G5@54L, ?@54?>;0305B ?@5420@8B5;L=K9 2K1>@ O7K:0. G5=L 206=CN @>;L 83@05B =01>@ A8<2>;>2, :;NG52KE ?>=OB89 8 <>40;L=>AB59 B>3> O7K:0, :>B>@K9 <K 8A?>;L7C5<. 065= >=, @07C<55BAO, 8 4;O @073>2>@0 > ?>A;54=5< ?5@8>45 =0H59 8AB>@88. >;LH0O ?@>1;5<0 B0:>3> @073>2>@0, ?><8<> 87>;8@CNI53>, ;>:0;L=>3>, :>@>B:>3> 8AB>@8G5A:>3> <KH;5=8O, A>AB>8B 2 =5A>>B25BAB288 ?@54<5B0 8 O7K:0 87;>65=8O. !>2@5<5==K9 8AB>@8G5A:89 O7K: A;>68;AO =0 2>;=5 >B@8F0=8O <0@:A8ABA:>3> 8AB>@8G5A:>3> <0B5@80;87<0. , :0: 2> 2A5E ?>4>1=KE A;CG0OE, :@8B8:0 <0@:A8ABA:>3> ?>=8<0=8O 8AB>@8G5A:8E 70:>=><5@=>AB59 =587156=> 25;0 : 83=>@8@>20=8N :0B53>@88 8AB>@8G5A:8E 70:>=><5@=>AB59 2>>1I5 (0=0;>38G=K< >1@07>< >B@8F0=85 A>25BA:>9 <>45;8 A>F80;L=>3> 3>AC40@AB20 2K25;> A0<> ?>=OB85 A>F80;L=0O A?@0254;82>ABL 70 @0<:8 845>;>38G5A:8E =>@<0B82>2). >MB><C A;>682H89AO ?C1;8G=K9 8AB>@8G5A:89 48A:C@A :0: 1K A?5F80;L=> ?@8A?>A>1;5= 4;O >?8A0=8O >::078>=0;L=KE O2;5=89. = ?@54AB02;O5B 8AB>@8N :0: =01>@ B@038G5A:8E A;CG09=>AB59 8 ?>GB8 8A:;NG05B @073>2>@ > 4;8==KE 8AB>@8G5A:8E 70:>=><5@=>ABOE, :0: 5A;8 1K MB> 1K; O7K: 020=BN@=>3> 8;8 3>B8G5A:>3> @><0=0. -B>B O7K: A>740QB 2?5G0B;5=85 =5:>9 87=0G0;L=>9 =50CB5=B8G=>AB8 8AB>@88 2>>1I5 8 =0F8>=0;L=>9 8AB>@88 2 >A>15==>AB8. 0 :>=F5?BC0;L=>-B5>@5B8G5A:>< C@>2=5 MB0 <>40;L=>ABL ?>445@6820;0AL 8 ?>445@68205BAO @0AAC645=8O<8 > =8I5B5 8AB>@8F87<0 (. >??5@), :>=F5 8AB>@88 ($. $C:CO<0), ?5@5E>45 B@035488 2 D0@A 8 4@C38<8 ?@5B5=4CNI8<8 =0 25A><>ABL 8;8 >AB@>C<85 @8B>@8G5A:8<8 D>@<C;0<8. >6=> B0:65 A:070BL, GB> O7K: A>2@5<5==>3> ?C1;8G=>3> 8AB>@87<0  MB> O7K: >?8A0=8O ?A524><>@D>7. "0:>9 O7K: 2<5AB> @0728B8O =0F88, =0F8>=0;L=>9 B@048F88 8;8 8=KE A>>1I5AB2 >?8AK205B 783703>>1@07=CN ;>38:C 687=8 ?>;8B8G5A:8E @568<>2 8 A<5=C M;8B: 2 =0H5< A;CG05 2 >A=>2=>< D52@0;LA:>9, 1>;LH528ABA:>9, A@54=5A>25BA:>9, ?>74=5A>25BA:>9 8 ?>ABA>25BA:>9. /7K: 8AB>@8G5A:>3> >?8A0=8O @CAA:>9 8AB>@88 %% 25:0 D>@<8@C5B 8 :>=AB8BC8@C5B A>1AB25==K9 ?@54<5B >?8A0=8O, ?>3@C60O >1I5AB25==>5 A>7=0=85 2 E@>=8G5A:89 :>;;5:B82=K9 =52@>7 ?> ?>2>4C A>1AB25==>3> C60A=>3>, :@>202>3>, 01AC@4=>3> ?@>H;>3>. 0@B8=:0 65, :>B>@0O 2 8B>35 ?>;CG05BAO, =0?><8=05B :C:>;L=K9 B50B@ 2 A8;L=> =0:C@5==>9 :><=0B5, 345 >B B010G=>3> 4K<0 <>6=> B>?>@ 25H0BL. -B> @57C;LB0B =5A>>B25BAB28O O7K:0 ?@54<5BC >?8A0=8O. "0:>9 O7K:, :>=5G=>, =5 ?@8<5=8< 4;O 87;>65=8O 8AB>@88 =0@>40. > 5ABL 5IQ >4=0 ?@>1;5<0  =5A>>B25BAB285 O7K:0 8 <5B>40. 0< B@51C5BAO >?8A0=85 8AB>@8G5A:>3> ?@>F5AA0 A B>G:8 7@5=8O 2:;NGQ==>3> =01;N40B5;O, B> 5ABL =>A8B5;O @CAA:>9 :C;LBC@=>-8AB>@8G5A:>9 B@048F88. -B> B0:0O B@048F8O, 4;O :>B>@>9 2 A8;C 2870=B89A:>3> :C;LBC@=>3> 2;8O=8O E0@0:B5@5= A8AB5<=K9 8 :>=B8=C0;8ABA:89 273;O4.  MB>B 273;O4 =5 A>2<5AB8< A B5E=>:@0B8G5A:8< O7K:>< :>A<>?>;8B8G5A:>3>, 3;>10;8ABA:>3> >1I5AB20 ?>74=53> <>45@=0, :>B>@>5 ?@>B82>AB>8B >1I5AB2C @072820NI59AO B@048F88 8 682QB 70 AGQB 53> >B@8F0=8O. 0B> >= E>@>H> A>2<5AB8< A O7K:>< :@8B8G5A:>3> @0F8>=0;87<0 2=CB@8 A0<>3> <>45@=0. /7K: MB>3> =0?@02;5=8O (=0?@8<5@, 8AB>@8G5A:>9 H:>;K <8@>A8AB5<=>3> 0=0;870) 4>AB0B>G=> :@8B8G5=, >= A:5?B8G5A:8 @5038@C5B =0 35=5@0;870F8N ;815@0;L=>-?>78B828ABA:>3> 273;O40 =0 8AB>@8N. "0:>9 O7K: 2?>;=5 A>2<5AB8< A AC1AB0=F80;8ABA:8< 273;O4><  =0?@8<5@, A O7K:>< H:>;K ==0;>2 8;8 @5;838>7=>9 >@B>4>:A88. "0:>9 :@8B8G5A:89, 0=B8?>78B828ABA:89 O7K: 0;LB5@=0B82=>3> <>45@=0 (8;8 0=B8<>45@=0) :><?;5<5=B0@5= O7K:C B@048F88. 3> @0F8>=0;87< =5 >B@8F05B, 0 ?>4:@5?;O5B 8 >1>30I05B O7K: ;N1>9 =0F8>=0;L=>9 B@048F88. /7K: 8AB>@88, :>B>@K9 <K 2K18@05<,  MB> O7K: ?@O<>9 ?@8G0AB=>AB8 0:B>@>2 8AB>@8G5A:>3> ?@>F5AA0 : =0F8>=0;L=K< 7040G0<, F5==>ABO< 8 ?@>5:B0< 1C4CI53>. "0:, =0?@8<5@, CH54H85 ?>:>;5=8O 2 @0<:0E MB>3> B8?0 8AB>@87<0 8<5NB ?@02> 3>;>A0 2 >?@545;5=88 206=59H8E CAB0=>2>: 2 ?@>5:B0E 1C4CI53>. <5==> MB>B O7K: ?>72>;O5B @50;87>20BL ?@8=F8? 8AB>@8G5A:>9 =5?@5@K2=>AB8 A>?@8G0AB=>AB8, GB> ?@O<> A2O70=> A =0H59 @CAA:>-2870=B89A:>9 :C;LBC@>9. >MB><C 5<C =587156=> ?@54AB>8B AB0BL G0ABLN =>2>3> 8AB>@8G5A:>3> 48A:C@A0. >2K9 O7K: 2A5340 2E>48B 2 ?@>B82>@5G85 A >AB0B>G=K<8 M;5<5=B0<8 ?@56=59, >B682H59 A2>Q 8AB>@8G5A:>9 848><0B8:8, :>B>@0O >B@0605B A8AB5<C A;>682H8EAO 8 ?>@>9 CAB0@52H8E :>=F5?B>2. !5;5:F8O MB>3> <0B5@80;0 =5 <>65B 1KBL ?@>2545=0 <><5=B0;L=>, :0: 1K =0< MB>3> =8 E>B5;>AL. > 70?CA:0BL MB>B ?@>F5AA =5>1E>48<>, 8 =0G0BL 53> A;54>20;> 1K A BI0B5;L=>3> >B45;5=8O 7=0=89 >B >F5=>:, 871530O ?@8 MB>< A<5H0==KE ?@8G8==>->F5=>G=KE AC645=89.  0=0;87, 8 >F5=:8 =5>1E>48<K, => =5 :0: G0AB8 >4=>3> F5;>3>, 0 :0: 425 A>25@H5==> @07=K5 ?@0:B8:8. -B> ?>4@07C<5205B =0;8G85 42CE AC148A:C@A>2 2 A>AB025 ?C1;8G=>3> 8AB>@8G5A:>3> 48A:C@A0 8 420 @07=KE ;5:A8G5A:>-B5@<8=>;>38G5A:8E @O40. 48= ?@8<5=O5BAO : :C;LBC@=>-8AB>@8G5A:>9 48=0<8:5 2 F5;>< (=0?@8<5@, D>@<K >1I8==>3> C:;040, 8=B5;;835=BA:89 :@8B8F87<, =@02AB25==0O 4><8=0=B0 @CAA:>3> ?@02>A>7=0=8O, D5=><5= A0<>720=AB20, :C;LBC@=K9 ?>;8D>=87<, :0B53>@88 2870=B89A:>9 :C;LBC@K 8 B. ?.). @C3>9  : >F5=:5 :>=:@5B=KE ?>ABC?:>2 :>=:@5B=KE ;N459, =0?@8<5@, :>340 @5GL 84QB >1 C189AB25 02;0 I 8;8 8:>;0O II 8;8 > =5?@02>AC4=KE @5H5=8OE 8 48:B0B>@A:8E ?@0:B8:0E 2 ?5@8>4 AB0=>2;5=8O A>25BA:>9 3>AC40@AB25==>AB8. =>9 ?>4E>4 254QB :0: <8=8<C< : 4>:B@8=Q@AB2C, GB>, : A;>2C, 2 8B>35 A>740QB ?>G2C 4;O 3@0640=A:8E @0A:>;>2. 54L :0: B>;L:> <K >AB0=02;8205< =0H 0=0;87 ?@8G8==>-A;54AB25==KE A2O759 @048 >F5=>:, <K ?>?0405< 2 ;>2CH:C :0C70;L=>9 0A8<<5B@88, B> 5ABL 87 @O40 D0:B>@>2, ?>2;8O2H8E =0 =5:89 @57C;LB0B, <K 704=8< G8A;>< ?@>872>;L=> 2K18@05< >48= D0:B>@ 8 =07K205< 53> >A=>2=>9 ?@8G8=>9 ?@>87>H54H53>. 0?@8<5@, C189AB2> 5B@0 !B>;K?8=0 8 =5@5HQ==>ABL 75<5;L=>3> 2>?@>A0 70G0ABCN AB0=>28BAO 5420 ;8 =5 548=AB25==>9 ?@8G8=>9 @52>;NF88. ;8 <K <>65< 2K25AB8 =0 ?5@2K9 ?;0= 3@0640=A:89 0A?5:B 8 3>2>@8BL, GB> @52>;NF8N ?>4B>;:=C;8 &CA8<0 8 ?>@065=85 2 2>9=5 A /?>=859. -B> ?>@065=85 A>25BA:0O 8AB>@8>3@0D8O >1JOA=O;0 >BAB0;>ABLN F0@87<0, C?CA:0O ?@8 MB>< D0:B>@ A5@LQ7=>9 ?><>I8 /?>=88 A> AB>@>=K @8B0=88, :>B>@0O ?@82KG=> >B2>48;0 A515 @>;L :>>@48=0B>@0 A8AB5<K A45@65: 8 ?@>B82>25A>2 2 ?@545;0E 2@0788. >6=> 3>2>@8BL >1 >H81:0E 2 8=D>@<0F8>==>< >15A?5G5=88 2>9=K 1914 3>40  A>;40BK ?5@5AB0;8 ?>=8<0BL, 70 GB> 2>NNB. 064K9 87 =0720==KE D0:B>@>2 4>AB0B>G=> 2065=, => ?>AB@>5=85 :>=F5?F88 =0 >A=>25 B>;L:> G8AB> A>1KB89=>9 ?@8G8==>-A;54AB25==>9 ;>38:8 2A5340 254QB : ?5@5:>A0< 8 2K?OG820=8N >4=>3> 87 D0:B>@>2. >MB><C ?@>4C:B82=55 AB@>8BL 8AB>@8G5A:>5 >?8A0=85 =0 >A=>25 A>F8>:C;LBC@=>9 48=0<8:8, 0 =5 =0 >A=>25 :0C70;L=KE A2O759. 5>1E>48<> 2 ?5@2CN >G5@54L A<>B@5BL, :0: @50;87CNB A51O 2 :064>9 8AB>@8G5A:>9 A8BC0F88 8 2 :064>< :>=:@5B=>< @O4C ?@8G8= 8 A;54AB289 CAB>9G82K5 8 70:>=><5@=K5 0@E5B8?K B@048F88.  B>340 <K ;CGH5 ?>9<Q< 4286CI85 A8;K >:BO1@LA:8E A>1KB89 1917 3>40, 0 8<5==> :@5ABLO=A:>5 MAE0B>;>38G5A:>5 ?>=8<0=85 @52>;NF88 :0: 2A5>1I53> ?>@02=5=8O 8 @5?5B8F88 !C40, ?>9<Q< A2O7L 1917 3>40 A ?>A;54AB28O<8 0A:>;0 8 2A53> XVII 25:0, A ?C30GQ2I8=>9 8 70:>=0<8 :@5ABLO=A:>3> <i@0. =K<8 A;>20<8, ?>4;8==0O 7040G0 ?C1;8G=>3> 8AB>@8:0 A>AB>8B 2 B><, GB>1K >BA;56820BL 548=CN <0B@8FC 8 48=0<8G5A:85 70:>=><5@=>AB8 @CAA:>9 8AB>@88, A;>682H85AO A <><5=B0 5Q ?@02>A;02=>-2870=B89A:>3> 2K1>@0 8 >B=N4L =5 >B<5=Q==K5 1917 3>4><, GB> 1K ?> MB><C ?>2>4C =8 ?8A0;8 1>;LH528ABA:0O, M<83@0=BA:0O ?@5AA0 8;8 ;815@0;L=0O ?@5AA0 1990-E. !;54>20B5;L=>, 2 1;8609H55 2@5<O =0< ?@54AB>8B BI0B5;L=>5 ?5@5>A<KA;5=85 0@E820 7=0=89, =0:>?;5==>3> 70 A>25BA:85 8 ?>ABA>25BA:85 45AOB8;5B8O, ?@8<5=8B5;L=> : @CAA:><C %% 25:C. > ?@8 MB>< @5GL 84QB =5 >1 >B@8F0=88 8;8 0?>;>35B8:5 :0:8E-B> B5=45=F89  MB> 1K;> 1K ?@O<K< 8 3@C1K< 845>;>38G5A:8< 2<5H0B5;LAB2>< 8;8 0:B>< 3@0640=A:>9 25@K, => =8:0: =5 O2;5=85< =0C:8. 5GL 84QB > D>@<8@>20=88 ?@>4C:B82=>9 <0:@>8AB>@8G5A:>9 :>=F5?F88 A>1KB89, >A=>20==>9 =0 65;0=88 2845BL ;5A 70 45@52LO<8 8 8A?>;L7>20BL MB> ?>=8<0=85 4;O ?@8=OB8O 0:BC0;L=KE @5H5=89 2 =K=5H=8E 8AB>@8G5A:8E >1AB>OB5;LAB20E. III C5@548=0 8 :>=5F %% 25:0 B5A=> A2O70=K A 2>5==>9 B5<>9.  A>1KB89=><, 0 =5 2 :0;5=40@=>< >B=>H5=88 %% 25: ?>-=0AB>OI5<C =0G0;AO 2 1914 3>4C 2<5AB5 A 5@2>9 <8@>2>9 2>9=>9, :>B>@CN A>2@5<5==8:8 =07K20;8 5;8:>9. >;55 B>3>, 2>5==K5 ?5@8?5B88 2 7=0G8B5;L=>9 <5@5 >?@545;8;8 2AN ;>38:C A>1KB89 ?>A;54=53> AB>;5B8O, 2 B>< G8A;5 @52>;NF8>==KE 8 ?>AB@52>;NF8>==KE. ;O ;N1>3> @073>2>@0 > 5@2>9 <8@>2>9, 5Q ?>A;54AB28OE 8 @5F84820E, 2065= O7K:>2>9 0A?5:B. -B> :0A05BAO 8 E@>=>;>388 (2 :0:>9 A8AB5<5 ?>=OB89 >?8AK20BL 1914-9 8 2 :0:>9  1941-9), 8 20@80=B>2 =0720=89 (5@20O, 5;8:0O, B5G5AB25==0O), 8 A>2<5I5=8O AC148A:C@A>2 >?8A0=8O 2=5H=53> 8 2=CB@5==53> @O4>2 A>1KB89 (<8@>20O 8 3@0640=A:0O). B<5B8<, GB> 5@20O <8@>20O 2>9=0, 5Q A<KA;, F5;8 8 8B>38 1K;8 8 >AB0NBAO 2 =0H59 AB@0=5 :@09=5 =5?>?C;O@=>9 B5<>9. -B0 0=><0;8O ?@>O28;0AL >A>15==> O@:> 2 2014 3>4C, :>340 AB>;5B=89 N18;59 2>9=K ?@0:B8G5A:8 =8:0: =5 1K; >B<5G5= =0 >D8F80;L=>< C@>2=5, ! :0: 1C4B> 2>4K 2 @>B =01@0;8; 3>2>@8BL > ?@8G8=0E, F5;OE 8 A<KA;0E 1914 3>40 O2;O5BAO 5420 ;8 =5 =5?@8;8G=K<. 04> A:070BL, GB> MB> 83=>@8@>20=85 206=59H8E A>1KB89 =0G0;0 25:0 =01;N40;>AL 8 2 A>25BA:>5 2@5<O, 8 ?>A;5 =53>. @8G8=0 70<0;G820=8O 1C45B OA=0, 5A;8 >1@0B8BLAO : B5<5 :@0A=>3> ?@>5:B0.  :><<C=8AB8G5A:0O, 8 0=B8:><<C=8AB8G5A:0O B>G:0 7@5=8O 2KG;5=O5B ?5@8>4 1917-1991 3>4>2 87 ?>B>:0 @CAA:>9 8AB>@88 :0: @048:0;L=CN A<5=C =5 ?@>AB> >1I5AB25==>9 <>45;8, => 8 A0<>9 @CAA:>9 845=B8G=>AB8, GB>, :>=5G=>, ?@>B82>@5G8B 8AB>@8G5A:>9 @50;L=>AB8. 0: A>25BA:>9, B0: 8 0=B8A>25BA:>9 ?0@B8O< =5>1E>48<>, GB>1K :@0A=K9 ?5@8>4 AG8B0;AO >A52K< 2@5<5=5< @CAA:>9 8AB>@88, >BBO3820; =0 A51O 2A5 =0F8>=0;L=K5 A<KA;K 8 ?@>1;5<K. -B>, 2=5 2AO:>3> A><=5=8O, M?8AB5<>;>38G5A:0O ;>2CH:0 8 4;O >1K20B5;O, 8 4;O 8AB>@8:0. >A:>;L:C B0:8< >1@07>< CB25@6405BAO <>45;L =0F8>=0;L=>9 8AB>@88 2 2845 =5?@5:@0I0NI53>AO @07@K20 B@048F88, 7040QBAO >1@07 8AB>@8G5A:>3> 1572@5<5=LO, >AB0=>2:8 ?@>F5AA0 D>@<8@>20=8O =0F88 8, =0:>=5F, @0A:>;0 =0@>40 =0 :@0A=KE 8 15;KE. >78B82=> 8;8 =530B82=> >F5=820NBAO ?@8 MB>< A>1KB8O 2@5<Q= !!!   2 :>=5G=>< AGQB5 =5 B0: C6 206=>. 06=> B>, GB> >A52>5 2@5<O :@0A=>3> ?@>5:B0, E>@>H53> ;8, ?;>E>3> ;8, 27@K205B 548=AB2> 8AB>@8G5A:>3> ?@>F5AA0 =0 C@>2=5 >?8A0=8O. -B> 2<5AB> B>3> GB>1K 2AB@>8BLAO 2 >1I89 ?>B>: @CAA:>9 8AB>@88 =0 >1I8E >A=>20=8OE. 1I5AB2C 2 8AB>@8G5A:>< A<KA;5 =5 40NB 83@0BL 24>;3CN, <KA;8BL AB@0B538G5A:8. @8 MB>< =0 ?5@8D5@8N 8AB>@8G5A:>3> A>7=0=8O 2KB5A=ONBAO >G5=L 206=K5 C=825@A0;L=K5, >1J548=ONI85, :>=25@38@CNI85 A<KA;K 8AB>@88. @5645 2A53>, B0:85 A<KA;K, :>B>@K5 =5 >B<5=ONBAO =8:0:8<8 @52>;NF8O<8 8 2=CB@5==8<8 2>9=0<8, :>B>@K5 A2O70=K A 2>A?@>872>4AB2>< B@048F88. "5 A0<K5 A<KA;K, :>B>@K5 =587156=> =0E>48;8 A2>8 D>@<K 8 2 A>25BA:>< :>;;5:B82=>< A>7=0=88, => B>;L:> =5 2 2845 >D8F80;L=>9 845>;>388, =02O70==>9 A25@EC, 0 2 2845 2>A?@8OB8O A>25BA:>3> ?@>5:B0 A0<8< =0@>4><  A=87C. 4=8< 87 B0:8E 2KB5A=5==KE 2 8AB>@8G5A:>5 15AA>7=0B5;L=>5 A<KA;>2 O2;O5BAO, : A>60;5=8N, ?0<OBL > 2>9=5 G5BK@=04F0B>3> 3>40. 8HL 2 A0<>5 ?>A;54=55 2@5<O ?>O28;8AL A;01K5, 8=BC8B82=K5, 8<?C;LA82=K5 ?>?KB:8 :0:-B> A>548=8BL :@0O @07@K20  2 G0AB=>AB8, ?5@5:8=CBL <>AB8: <564C 42C<O 2>9=0<8. "0:, <=>38< ?0<OB5= ?>ABC?>: . >:;>=A:>9 =0 H5AB288 5AA<5@B=>3> ?>;:0, :>340 @O4>< A D>B>3@0D8O<8 ?>1548B5;59 D0H87<0 >=0 ?>4=O;0 ?>@B@5B 8:>;0O II. >=5G=>, <>6=> ?@848@0BLAO : G0AB=>ABO<. >6=> A:070BL, GB> 8:>;09 II AB@0==> A<>B@8BAO @O4>< A @O4>2K<8, ;59B5=0=B0<8 8 4065 35=5@0;0<8. 'B> <5AA546 1K; 1K 1>;55 ?>=OB5=, 5A;8 1K @O4>< >:070;8AL ?>@B@5BK, CA;>2=> 3>2>@O, 35=5@0;0 C:>20 8 35=5@0;0 @CA8;>20. "5< =5 <5=55 3;02=>5 1K;> A45;0=>. . >:;>=A:0O A;><0;0 H01;>=, 2KB0I8;0 A18BKE A B>;:C A>3@0640= 87 =025O==>9 8< 8AB>@8G5A:>9 ;5B0@388. 54L <=>385 4> A8E ?>@ =5 <>3CB >A>7=0BL >G5284=K9 D0:B: 8:>;09 II 2K=C645= 1K; 2>520BL A B5< 65 A0<K< 2@03><, GB> 8 !B0;8=, ?@8 2A59 3@><04=>9 @07=8F5 <564C MB8<8 D83C@0<8. =5 2AO:>3> A><=5=8O, 2>5==0O B5<0  :;NG520O 4;O ?>=8<0=8O :0: @CAA:>9, B0: 8 70?04=>52@>?59A:>9 8 0<5@8:0=A:>9 8AB>@88 %% 25:0. <5==> ?>MB><C A >A>1K< 2=8<0=85< A;54C5B ?>4>9B8 : 45A:@8?B82=K< <>45;O< 8AB>@88 ?>A;54=53> AB>;5B8O 8 : ?@>1;5<5 2K1>@0 O7K:0 8AB>@8G5A:>3> >?8A0=8O. @8GQ< ?@>1;5<0 MB0 2>7=8:05B C65 =0 MB0?5 2K1>@0 =0720=8O.  @CAA:>9 B@048F88 70 ?>=OB85< 2>9=0 G5BK@=04F0B>3> 3>40 70:@5?8;>AL B@8 >?@545;5=8O. 5@2>5 87 =8E  B>@0O B5G5AB25==0O. -B> =0720=85 >BAK;05B : 5@2>9 >B5G5AB25==>9 2>9=5 1812 3>40, :>340 >AA8O, : A;>2C, 2>520;0 =5 B>;L:> A $@0=F859: 0?>;5>= ?@82Q; A A>1>9 42C=045AOBL O7K:>2. -B>, :0: 8 25: A?CABO, 1K;0 1J548=Q==0O 2@>?0, => B>;L:> ?>4 D@0=FC7A:8< D;03><. !>1AB25==>, : MB>9 B@048F88 8 ?@8<K:05B ?>=OB85 5;8:0O >B5G5AB25==0O, :>B>@>5 ?>4GQ@:8205B 8 2K45;O5B 2>9=C 1941-1945 3>4>2 2 @O4C >B5G5AB25==KE. @C3>5 >?@545;5=85  5;8:0O 2>9=0  @0A:@K205B 8=>9 0A?5:B A>1KB89 1914-1918 3>4>2. => ?>4GQ@:8205B >A>1K9 E0@0:B5@ 2>9=K :0: ?5@2>9 2 8AB>@88 2>9=K 70 ?5@545; <8@0. !0< ?> A515 MB>B B578A > ?5@25=AB25 =5 15AA?>@5= 8 : B><C 65 2K7K205B 2>?@>A, >48=0:>2>5 ;8 A>45@60=85 2:;04K20NB 2 ?>=OB85 5;8:0O ?>;8B8G5A:85 :@C38 @07=KE AB@0=-CG0AB=8F. 0< ?@54AB02;O5BAO =081>;55 C4>1=K< B5@<8= >;LH0O 2>9=0 (8A?>;L7C5BAO, 2 G0AB=>AB8, .$C@A>2K<), :>B>@K9 2:;NG0; 1K 2 A51O ?>=OB85 B>@0O >B5G5AB25==0O. #4>1=K< >= ?@54AB02;O5BAO ?@5645 2A53> ?>B><C, GB> 25@5=8F0 2>9= %% 25:0, :>B>@0O, 27O2 =0G0;> 2 1914-<, ?@>4>;60;0AL =5 B>;L:> 2 1941-1945-<, => 8 2 2014-<, A B>G:8 7@5=8O AC4L1K >AA88 8 @CAA:8E O2;O5BAO 548=K< ?@>F5AA><, :>B>@K9 A2O70= A ?>?KB:>9 @0AG;5=5=8O 8 >BGC645=8O B5@@8B>@89, O2;ONI8EAO 8AB>@8G5A:8<8 B5@@8B>@8O<8 CAA:>9 75<;8 8 @CAA:>9 =0F88, 8 :>B>@K9 2AQ 5IQ =5 4>AB83 ;>38G5A:>3> :>=F0. . $C@A>2, 2KA:07K20OAL 2 70I8BC B5@<8=0 >;LH0O 2>9=0, ?>4GQ@:8205B: >-?5@2KE, =540;5:8 >B 8AB8=K 8AB>@8:8, ?>;030NI85, GB>, ?> ACB8, MB> 1K;0 >4=0 2>9=0  "@84F0B8;5B=OO 2>9=0 %% 25:0 (1914 1945 3>4K). >-2B>@KE, <5E0=87< 2>7=8:=>25=8O 42CE 3;02=KE 2>9= >;LH>9 2>9=K 2 F5;>< 1K; ?>GB8 >48=0:>2; ?>=8<0=85 ?5@2>3> 2> <=>3>< ?@>OA=8B 2B>@>9 8 ?>72>;8B 2KO28BL @5H0NICN @>;L 8<5==> 1@8B0=F52 2 @076830=88 <8@>2>3> :>=D;8:B0. >;LH0O 2>9=0 =5 70:>=G8;0AL, >=0 ?@>4>;605BAO. >MB><C A5@LQ7=>9 >H81:>9 1K;> 87JOB85 B5<K 2>9=K 87 :>=B5:AB0 =0F8>=0;L=>9 8AB>@88. IQ >4=>9 >H81:>9 1K;0 1K ?>?KB:0 3>2>@8BL > >;LH>9 2>9=5 2 ?@>H54H5< 2@5<5=8. @8<5G0B5;L=>, GB> <8H5=LN, 2 :>B>@CN =0?@02;5=K C40@K ?@>B82=8:0 2 E>;>4=K5 ?5@8>4K ?@>B82>AB>O=8O, O2;O5BAO B> O4@> @CAA:>9 F828;870F88, :>B>@>5 =5 8AG57;> 2 65@;5 @52>;NF88 8 3@0640=A:>9 2>9=K 8 >1J548=O5B 4>@52>;NF8>==>5 A0<>A>7=0=85 A A0<>A>7=0=85< ;N459 A>25BA:>3> 2@5<5=8 8 C?>20=8O<8 =0@>4=>3> 1>;LH8=AB20 >AA88 A53>4=OH=59, >@85=B8@>20==>3> =0 F5==>AB8 A>F80;L=>3> 3>AC40@AB20 8 @CAA:>9 (@CAA:>-2870=B89A:>9) B@048F88. @>?030=48ABA:85 8=AB@C<5=BK B>9 AB>@>=K =0?@02;5=K =0 A>740=85 48A:@5B=>9, ?@5@K28AB>9 <>45;8 =0F8>=0;L=>3> 8AB>@87<0 2 A>7=0=88 @CAA:>3> 1>;LH8=AB20.  G0AB=>AB8, 45;05BAO AB02:0 =0 :0B53>@8G=>5 ?@>B82>?>AB02;5=85 @CAA:>3> 8 A>25BA:>3>, =0 845N :C;LBC@=>9 8 F828;870F8>==>9 =5?>;=>F5==>AB8 @CAA:8E (A@. @0AAC645=8O > A>2:5, >@4K=AB25, 35=5B8G5A:>< @01AB25 8 B. ?.), :>B>@CN, : A>60;5=8N, ?>445@68205B G0ABL :@50B82=>3> :;0AA0, 2;0AB=KE M;8B 8 ;815@0;L=0O ?>AB8=B5;;835=F8O. -B> 3>2>@8B > ?>?KB:0E ?@>;>=38@>20BL 3@0640=A:CN 2>9=C 2 E>;>4=>9 D>@<5, => 2 B> 65 2@5<O 8 > =5:>B>@>< AC65=88 A>F80;L=>9 107K, =0 :>B>@CN >?8@05BAO ?@>B82=8:. %0@0:B5@=>, >4=0:>, GB> 4;O 2=CB@5==53> C?>B@51;5=8O 2 70?04=>9 :C;LBC@5 1K;0 8 >AB0QBAO 548=0O 8AB>@8O >AA88, B0: 65 :0: ?>=OB8O A>25BA:89, @CAA:89, @>AA89A:89 ?>:@K20NBAO >4=8< A;>2><  Russian. 5A<>B@O =0 @0728BCN B5=45=F8N @CA>D>188, =0HC 8AB>@8N 2>A?@8=8<0NB :0: 548=K9 ?@>F5AA A 548=K< AC1J5:B><, E>BO A0<><C @CAA:><C A>7=0=8N B0: =07K205<K<8 70?04=8:0<8 =02O7K20;0AL 8 =02O7K205BAO 48A:@5B=0O, D@03<5=B8@>20==0O <>45;L 8AB>@87<0. -B> =04> ?>=8<0BL 8 2AOG5A:8 2>A?8BK20BL 2 A515 <0:@>8AB>@8G5A:89, :>=B8=C0;8ABA:89 ?>4E>4 : =0F8>=0;L=>9 8AB>@88 2>>1I5 8 8AB>@88 %% 25:0 2 G0AB=>AB8. ;O B>3> GB>1K =09B8 4;O MB>3> >A=>20=8O, ?@84QBAO, @07C<55BAO, AB028BL 2 D>:CA =5 8AB>@8N ?@02OI8E 3@C??, 0 8AB>@8N =0@>40, ?@5645 2A53> B8BC;L=>9 >1I=>AB8. IV 4=> 87 8725AB=KE 2KA:07K20=89 ?0?K @8<A:>3> #@10=0 VII 3;0A8B: K ;N1>9 F5=>9 4>;6=K 4>AB8GL 2>AB>:0. -B>B 25:B>@ @0728B8O 70?04=>-E@8AB80=A:>9 F828;870F88, >1>7=0G05<K9 =0 ?@>BO65=88 @O40 25:>2 ;>7C=3>< Drang nach Osten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atria o muerte!, B> ;>7C=3 :>;>=80;L=>3> :0?8B0;87<0  -:A?0=A8O 8;8 A<5@BL!. !53>4=O MDD5:B82=>ABL :0?8B0;0 ?0405B, :>;5A> ?>=5<=>3C 70<54;O5B A2>9 E>4 8 C65 =0G8=05B :@5=8BLAO =0 1>:. > 2 =0G0;5 %% 25:0 >=> 5IQ 8<5;> E>@>H89 E>4. 0G0;> %% 25:0  MB> AC65=85 8AB>@8G5A:8E 2>7<>6=>AB59 4;O 2@>?K. >340 <8@>2K5 >:@08=K 1K;8 ?>45;5=K <564C <8@>2K<8 83@>:0<8  F5=B@0<8 :0?8B0;0,  2=>2L, :0: 8 2 !@54=85 25:0, :>340 >=8 1K;8 =54>ABC?=K, 2AB0; 2>AB>G=K9 2>?@>A. 48= 87 @0745;>2 38B;5@>2A:>9 Mein Kampf B0: 8 =07K205BAO: >AB>G=K9 2>?@>A 4;O 5@<0=88. B=K=5 52@>?59A:>5 @0728B85 <>3;> 84B8 C65 B>;L:> 2 2>AB>G=>< =0?@02;5=88.  MB> =587156=> >7=0G0;> 2KB5A=5=85 2>AB>G=KE A;02O=, 2:;NG0O 8 @CAA:8E, A 70=8<05<KE 8<8 B5@@8B>@89. 0: CB25@640; 2?>A;54AB288 . 8B;5@, 5A;8 2@>?5 =C6=K 75<;8, 8E <>6=> ?>;CG8BL B>;L:> 70 AGQB >AA88. -B>B ?@8=F8? 8<5; :0: G8AB> ?@03<0B8G5A:>5, B0: 8 M:78AB5=F80;L=>5 7=0G5=85, 2> 2AO:>< A;CG05, ?@8<5=8B5;L=> : @CAA:8<. CAA:>-2870=B89A:0O 25B2L E@8AB80=A:>9 F828;870F88 ?@54?>;0305B :>=B8=C0;8ABA:89, 0 =5 3;>10;8ABA:89 ?@8=F8? @0728B8O 8 ?>@>6405B >1I5AB2> A>B5@8>;>38G5A:>3> B8?0 A 25@B8:0;L=>9 (=@02AB25==>ABL 2KH5 ?@020), 0 =5 3>@87>=B0;L=>9 F5==>AB=>9 48=0<8:>9.  :>=5G=>< AGQB5 MB>B ?CBL @0728B8O 2 ?@>H;K5 25:0 2Q; : >1@07>20=8N <>45;8 <8@-8<?5@88 (CA;>285< 5Q @0728B8O =5 O2;O5BAO <8@>2>5 3>A?>4AB2>), =0@O4C A ?@>B82>AB>OI59 59 <5@:0=B8;8ABA:>-M:A?0=A8>=8ABA:>9 <8@-M:>=><8:>9. 4=>2@5<5==>5 ACI5AB2>20=85 42CE MB8E <>45;59 @0728B8O =5<KA;8<> 4;O 0?040. CAA:>-2870=B89A:89 :>=B8=C0;8ABA:89 B8? A>E@0=O5B 2 F5;OE A2>53> @0728B8O ?@O<CN A2O7L A E@8AB80=A:>9 B@048F859, B>340 :0: ?>;8B8G5A:89 0?04 2 F5;OE A>1AB25==>3> 3>@87>=B0;L=>3> @0728B8O 2K=C645= >B:07K20BLAO >B E@8AB80=A:8E F5==>AB59. > B5< A0<K< >= CB@0G8205B ?@02> 8AB>@8G5A:>3> ?5@2>@>4AB20, GB> 2 40;L=59 ?5@A?5:B825 3@>78B CB@0B>9 845=B8G=>AB8. 48=AB25==K9 A?>A>1 =5 ?>B5@OBL MB> ?@02>  C=8GB>68BL A0<C 2>7<>6=>ABL :C;LBC@=>-8AB>@8G5A:>9 0;LB5@=0B82K 2 ;8F5 4@C38E E@8AB80=. BAN40 548=AB25==K9 ?CBL: C=8GB>65=85 8AB>@8G5A:>9 AC1J5:B=>AB8 @CAA:8E ?CBQ< >:>=G0B5;L=>3> @5H5=8O @CAA:>3> 2>?@>A0. 0 ?5@2>< MB0?5 MB> AB@5<;5=85 ?@54?>;0305B 2KB5A=5=85 @CAA:8E :0: 0:B82=>3> 83@>:0 87 52@>?59A:>9 ?>;8B8:8 8 52@>?59A:>3> :C;LBC@=>3> ?@>AB@0=AB20, 2KB5A=5=85 >AA88 87 A@54875<=><>@A:>-G5@=><>@A:>-:0A?89A:>3> @538>=0. -B>B ?@>F5AA >1J5:B82=> 254QB : 0780B870F88 >AA88 ?@8 2=5H=5 70?04=8G5A:8E 0B@81CB0E 8 F5==>ABOE ?@02OI53> A;>O, @07@CH5=8N @CAA:>9 845=B8G=>AB8 8 @0AG;5=5=8N >AA88 =0 =5A:>;L:> B5@@8B>@89 8 7>= 2;8O=8O 70?04=KE 45@602. >?@5:8 A;>682H8<AO AB5@5>B8?0< @>AA89A:>9 845>;>388 8<5==> ?0B@8>BK 2 >AA88, 5A;8 8<5BL 2 284C CG0AB85 AB@0=K 2 52@>?59A:8E 45;0E 2 A>1AB25==KE 8=B5@5A0E, ?@54AB02;ONB 52@>?59A:89 25:B>@ @0728B8O, 0 ;815@0;K-70?04=8:8  25:B>@ 0780B870F88 >AA88 8 2KB5A=5=8O 5Q =0 2>AB>: ?@8 >4=>2@5<5==>< 3>A?>4AB25 B0: =07K205<KE 70?04=KE F5==>AB59 2 845>;>388 ?@02OI53> A;>O. 4=>9 87 D>@< 4>:B@8=K 2KB5A=5=8O @CAA:8E =0 2>AB>: O2;O5BAO :>=F5?F8O 564C<>@LO .. 8;AC4A:>3>  B> 5ABL A>740=85 0=B8@>AA89A:>9 D545@0F88 8;8 :>=D545@0F88 87 >;LH8, #:@08=K, 5;>@CAA88, 8B2K, 0B288, -AB>=88, 5;>@CAA88, '5E>A;>20:88, 5=3@88, C<K=88, .3>A;0288 8 $8=;O=488. !59G0A, 2 A2O78 A C:@08=A:8<8 A>1KB8O<8, MB0 845O 0:B82=> ?@5B2>@O5BAO 2 687=L. >=F5?F8N 564C<>@LO 4>?>;=O5B 4@C30O 845O 8;AC4A:>3>  ?@><5B587<, B> 5ABL 845O @0A?040 >AA88 A ?><>ILN @076830=8O <5AB=>3> =0F8>=0;87<0 8 @538>=0;87<0. >>1I5 3>2>@O, ?>4>1=K5 ?;0=K ?> >B=>H5=8N : >AA88 8<5; 8 @O4 4@C38E 3>AC40@AB2, :064>5 87 :>B>@KE ?@82=>A8;> 2 =53> A2>N A?5F8D8:C 2 A>>B25BAB288 A A>1AB25==K<8 =0F8>=0;L=K<8 8=B5@5A0<8. 0?@8<5@, 35@<0=A:85 ?;0=K 2 A2>59 0=B8@>AA89A:>9 G0AB8 :0: 425 :0?;8 2>4K ?>E>68 =0 ?;0=K .. 8;AC4A:>3>. K ;53:> C1548<AO 2 MB><, 5A;8 >1@0B8<AO : ?5@5?8A:5 :0975@>2A:>3> :0=F;5@0 D>= N;>20, >B=>AOI59AO 5IQ : 1890 3>4C. K 4>;6=K 2 :>=5G=>< AGQB5 >BB5A=8BL >AA8N >B >1>8E <>@59  >B 0;B89A:>3> 8 >B >=B0 2:A8=A:>3>, =0 :>B>@KE 8 78645BAO 5Q ?>;>65=85 <8@>2>9 45@602K,  ?8H5B D>= N;>2 ?@5AB0@5;><C BB> D>= 8A<0@:C. 10 @59E0, B>@>9 8 "@5B89, >?8@0;8AL =0 <8D > 25;8G88  HYPERLINK "https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" \o "!2OI5==0O 8<A:0O <?5@8O" !2OI5==>9 8<A:>9 <?5@88 35@<0=A:>9 =0F88. >MB><C =5<5F:0O 25@A8O 70?04=>52@>?59A:>3> M:A?0=A8>=87<0 A>45@60;0 2 A515 845N !5@548==>9 2@>?K (Mitteleuropa)  >1J548=5=8O &5=B@0;L=>9 8 >AB>G=>9 2@>?K 2>:@C3 5@<0=A:>9 8<?5@88, :0B53>@8G5A:8 8A:;NG0NI53> ?@8ACBAB285 2 =Q< >AA88. -B>B ?@>5:B ?>AB5?5==> 702;04520; C<0<8. "0:, =0?@8<5@, 2 1891 3>4C 2>7=8:;> >1J548=5=85 =5<5F:8E 8=B5;;5:BC0;>2, 2>5==KE, ;0B8DC=48AB>2 8 ?@><KH;5==8:>2 0=35@<0=A:89 A>N7 ?>4 ?@54A540B5;LAB2>< -. %0AA5. !>N7, :0: 1K 703;O4K20O 2 1C4CI55, 8740; 1@>HN@C ?>4 =0720=85< 5;8:0O 5@<0=8O 8 !@548==0O 2@>?0 2 1950 3>4C, :>B>@0O 1K;0 >?C1;8:>20=0 2 5@;8=5 2 1895 3>4C ?>4 ?A524>=8<>< 0=35@<0=5F. <5==> :>=F5?F8O !5@548==>9 2@>?K 8 AB0;0 ?@>>1@07>< 2@>?59A:>3> !>N70. @0240, @50;87>20;0AL 845O ! 2 :>=F5 :>=F>2 =5 2 D>@<5 "@5BL53> @59E0, :0: ?@54?>;030;>AL 2=0G0;5, 0 2 2845 A>2@5<5==>3> D>@<0B0 ?@>35@<0=A:>9 8 ?@>0B;0=B8ABA:>9 2@>?K. 5 :B> 8=>9, :0: 8725AB=59H89 M:>=><8AB . ><10@B 4>:07K20; =5>1E>48<>ABL 4;O 35@<0=A:>3> =0@>40 =>2>3> 687=5==>3> ?@>AB@0=AB20, 0 @O4 53> 548=><KH;5==8:>2 CB25@640;8, GB> ?@02> 5@<0=88 =0 3535<>=8N 2 2@>?5 >15A?5G5=> 8<5==> 5Q A5@548==K< ?>;>65=85<. !>3;0A=> 70<KA;C, Mitteleuropa 4>;6=0 1K;0 >15A?5G8BL 5@<0=88 687=5==>5 ?@>AB@0=AB2> (Lebensraum) =0 >AB>:5 8 CB25@48BL 5Q 3535<>=8N =0 :>=B8=5=B5, A45;02, 3>2>@O O7K:>< 35>?>;8B8:8, F5=B@>< 52@0789A:>3> E0@B;5=40. > 4;O MB>3> =04> 1K;> >?@545;8BL B5E, :><C >B2>48;0AL @>;L @0AE>4=>3> <0B5@80;0 40==>3> 0<18F8>7=>3> ?@>5:B0, @>;L >B1@>A>2 8AB>@88.  5A;8 =07K20BL 25I8 A2>8<8 8<5=0<8  @>;L :>;>=878@C5<KE. 1886 3>4 AB0; 3>4>< >A=>20=8O B0: =07K205<>9 >@>;52A:>9 @CAA:>9 :><8AA88 ?> :>;>=870F88.  G8A;5 ?@>G8E A2>9 2:;04 2 @07@01>B:C <0B5@80;>2 MB>9 :><8AA88 2=QA >48= 87 :;0AA8:>2 A>F8>;>388 . 515@, >?C1;8:>202H89 >17>@, 2 :>B>@>< >= @5:><5=4>20; A>1AB25==K9 ?;0= :>;>=870F88 20@20@A:>3> >AB>:0. !>02B>@>< . 515@0 2 MB>9 @01>B5 2KABC?8; 8AB>@8: . (<>;;5@, 27O2H89 70 8AE>4=CN B>G:C A2>8E C<>70:;NG5=89 ?> G0AB8 :>;>=870F88 ?@8<5@ ?@CAA:>3> Drang nach Osten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c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status guo ante bellum  ?>;>65=8O,ACI5AB2>202H53> 4> 2>9=K.  OAB@510<8 1K;8 ;815@0;K, :0: =8 =5?@8OB=> 1C45B MB> CA;KH0BL A53>4=OH=8< 8E ?>A;54>20B5;O<, :>B>@K< 40==K9 D0:B ;><05B 845>;>38G5A:89 H01;>=. >A;5 ?@8E>40 =0 ?>AB <8=8AB@0 8=>AB@0==KE 45; . . (BN@<5@0 ?>?KB:8 ?@8<8@5=8O A 5@<0=859 ?@>4>;60;8AL, => =54>;3>. -B0 ?>;8B8:0 2K720;0 C?>@=>5 ?@>B82>459AB285 A> AB>@>=K 0=3;89A:>3> ?>A;0 6. LN:5=5=0. LN:5=5= 8 AB>O2H85 70 =8< A8;K H;8 =0 3@C1>5 2<5H0B5;LAB2> 2 @01>BC @>AA89A:8E >@30=>2 2;0AB8. =8 <0=8?C;8@>20;8 :0@<0==>9 4C<A:>9 >??>78F859 8 8A?>;L7>20;8 5Q 4;O >BAB02:8 . . (BN@<5@0. >A;5 53> >BAB02:8 2=5H=NN ?>;8B8:C 27O;8 2 A2>8 @C:8 0=3;><0=K . $. "@5?>2 8 . . >:@>2A:89. E CAB0<8 0=3;8G0=5 B@51>20;8 >B >AA88 2>9=K 4> ?>154K. %0@0:B5@=>, GB> B0: =07K205<0O $52@0;LA:0O @52>;NF8O ?@>87>H;0 8<5==> 2 B>B <><5=B, :>340 =0;06820=85 @CAA:>-=5<5F:8E A2O759 AB0;> C3@>60BL 0=3;>-D@0=FC7A:8< ?;0=0<. 45AL =0?@0H8205BAO ?@8<5=5=85 AB0@>3> @8<A:>3> ?@8=F8?0 ><C 2K3>4=>?.  A2>8E <5<C0@0E, 2 3;025 1917 6. LN:5=5= ?@54?@8=8<05B <0AAC CA8;89, GB>1K >B:@5AB8BLAO >B >128=5=89 2 A>CG0AB88 2 A>1KB8OE D52@0;O 1917-3>. > 2KE>48B C =53> MB> =0BC6=> 8 =5 A;8H:>< C1548B5;L=>. >25@8BL 2 =52<5H0B5;LAB2> =B0=BK 2 @>AA89A:CN A8BC0F8N 4>2>;L=> B@C4=>. >A:>;L:C !>25B @07@CH0; 0@<8N A2>59 A>F80;8AB8G5A:>9 ?@>?030=4>9& ?@87=0=85 @5<5==>3> @028B5;LAB20 1K;>, ?> <>5<C <=5=8N, =5>1E>48<>,  ?8H5B LN:5=5=.  MB> =02>48B =0 >?@545;Q==K5 @07<KH;5=8O. !>AB>O=85 @CAA:>9 0@<88 459AB28B5;L=> >AB02;O;> 65;0BL ;CGH53>, => 1@8B0=A:0O 701>B0 > =59 2K7K205B ;8HL C;K1:C, 0 3>B>2=>ABL AE>4C ?@87=0BL =5;538B8<=>5 ?@028B5;LAB2>, ;8HL 1K >AA8O ?@>4>;60;0 2>520BL @048 0=3;89A:8E 8=B5@5A>2,  C65 =5A:>;L:> 8=K5 M<>F88. / ?@8=8<0; 2 ?>A>;LAB25 ;815@0;L=KE 2>6459, =07=0G5==KE :=O38=59 0;59& =8 =5 E>B5;8 2>71C640BL @52>;NF8N 2 B5G5=85 2>9=K& >340 @52>;NF8O ?@>87>H;0, B> C<0 AB0@0;0AL >2;045BL 5N, 402 59 A0=:F8N 548=AB25==>3> ;530;L=> >@30=87>20==>3> >@30=0 2 AB@0=5& . B0:, @52>;NF8O  548=AB25==K9 ;530;L=> >@30=87>20==K9 >@30=? -B> B>;L:> 2 >AA88 8;8 B0:>2> A2>9AB2> 2AO:>9 @52>;NF88?  :B> MB> 3>2>@8B: LN:5=5=, 5=8=, 0:C=8=? "5< =5 <5=55,  ?@>4>;605B C1560BL LN:5=5=,  <=>385 2AQ 5IQ 4C<0NB, GB> 8<5==> O 45@30; 70 25@Q2:C 8 ?CAB8; 5Q 2 E>4. 065 ?>A;5 <>53> 2>72@0I5=8O 2 =3;8N 2 =0G0;5 1918 3>40 MB> >128=5=85 =5>BABC?=> <5=O ?@5A;54>20;> 8 <=5 =8:>340 =5 C4020;>AL A1@>A8BL 53> A A51O. C6=K ;8 :><<5=B0@88? 06=0O 70:>=><5@=>ABL 70:;NG05BAO 2 B><, GB> 2BO3820=85 >AA88 2 <8@>2CN 2>9=C ?>@>48;> 3@0640=A:CN 2>9=C 2 A0<>9 >AA88, :>B>@0O A>?@>2>640;0AL ?>?KB:0<8 8=>AB@0==>9 8=B5@25=F88 8 @0AG;5=5=8O AB@0=K. -B8 A>1KB8O =0E>4OBAO ?@81;878B5;L=> 2 >4=>< 2@5<5==>< >B@57:5 A 02AB@>-25=35@A:8< B5@@>@>< ?@>B82 ?@02>A;02=KE @CAA:>O7KG=KE @CA8=, A =0?045=85< =0 !5@18N, A ?>445@6:>9 ?@>B82=8:0<8 >AA88 D52@0;LA:>9 A<CBK, 0 70B5< 8 1>;LH528ABA:8< :BO1@Q<. >4K 3@0640=A:>9 2>9=K A>?@>2>640NBAO =5<5F:8< 2B>@65=85< 2 0;>@>AA8N, ?@02;5=85< 35B<0=0 !:>@>?04A:>3>, 459AB28O<8 O?>=A:>3> AB02;5==8:0 !5<Q=>20, 2KA04:>9 0=3;8G0=, 0<5@8:0=F52 8 D@0=FC7>2 =0 @CAA:CN B5@@8B>@8N, 0 B0:65 ?>4?8A0=85< 7=0<5=8B>3> 0@86A:>3> A>3;0H5=8O > @0745;5 AD5@ 2;8O=8O 2 >AA88. 0 >=C 2>7=8:;> ?>4:>=B@>;L=>5 5@<0=88 :070F:>5 3>AC40@AB2>, :>B>@>5 2>73;028; 0B0<0= @0A=>2, 8 1K;0 ?@54?@8=OB0 ?>?KB:0 A>740=8O >=>-02:07A:>3> A>N70, :>B>@0O 2 A;CG05 CA?5E0 ?@825;0 1K : >B45;5=8N 02:070 >B >AA88. =K<8 A;>20<8, 3@0640=A:0O 2>9=0 A;C68;0 ?@>4>;65=85< <8@>2>9 2>9=K, ?>GB8 2 A>>B25BAB288 A ;5=8=A:8< B578A>< > ?@52@0I5=88 8<?5@80;8AB8G5A:>9 2>9=K 2 3@0640=A:CN. 5 ?@02 1K; 5=8= ;8HL 2 >4=><  2 C?>B@51;5=88 A;>20 ?@52@0I5=85. !53>4=O 2?>;=5 >G5284=>, GB>, ?>@>482 2=CB@5==89 :>=D;8:B <564C 15;K<8 8 :@0A=K<8, MB0 2>9=0, B5< =5 <5=55, >B=N4L =5 ?5@5AB0;0 1KBL 8<?5@80;8AB8G5A:>9.  ?>A:>;L:C >=0 1K;0 ?@>83@0=0 >AA859  ?@8GQ< 45 D0:B> >AA859 8 15;>9, 8 :@0A=>9,  A>25BA:>5 ?@028B5;LAB2> 2?;>BL 4> 1941 3>40 A;C68;> >1J5:B>< :>=:C@5=B=>9 1>@L1K 0=3;89A:>3> 8 =5<5F:>3> 2;8O=89.  B0:><C 65 2K2>4C :>A25==> 254QB 8 ;>38:0 =5:>B>@KE 52@>?59A:8E 8AB>@8:>2, =0AB0820NI8E =0 2708<>>1@0B8<>AB8 42CE 0A?5:B>2 2>9=K 8 ?>MB><C ?8HCI8E > 52@>?59A:>9 3@0640=A:>9 2>9=5, ?@0240, 2 0=B8A>25BA:>< 8 0=B8@CAA:>< 845>;>38G5A:>< :;NG5.  =0H5 2@5<O, :>340 ACI5AB2C5B B5>@8O 381@84=KE :>=D;8:B>2, C65 =5B A<KA;0 A?5F80;L=> >AB0=02;820BLAO =0 B><, :0: A2O70=K 2=CB@5==89 8 2=5H=89 0A?5:BK 2>5==KE 459AB289. ?@>G5<, 2 A@545 @>AA89A:8E 8AB>@8:>2 8 B0: ?@5>1;0405B B>G:0 7@5=8O, A>3;0A=> :>B>@>9 5A;8 1K =5 A;CG8;>AL 5@2>9 <8@>2>9 2>9=K, @52>;NF8O D52@0;O->:BO1@O 1917 3>40 ?@>AB> =5 <>3;0 1K A>AB>OBLAO. 0A:>;L:> MB0 B>G:0 7@5=8O 25@=0  2>?@>A 25AL<0 =5?@>AB>9, 8 A59G0A <K 53> :0A0BLAO =5 1C45<. > >1@0B8< 2=8<0=85 2>B =0 GB>. 0: ?>4GQ@:8205B, =0?@8<5@, 8AB>@8: !. (<84B, 8 =5 B>;L:> >=, 2 70?04=>9 8AB>@8G5A:>9 =0C:5, 2 A2>N >G5@54L, 5ABL B>G:0 7@5=8O, A>3;0A=> :>B>@>9 @07<0E @01>G53> 0=B8:0?8B0;8AB8G5A:>3> ?@>B5AB0 2 2@>?5 : 1914 3>4C 1K; =0AB>;L:> A8;L=K<, GB> B>;L:> <8@>20O 2>9=0 ?><5H0;0 ?@5B2>@5=8N 53> 8459 2 687=L. 4=8< 2>9=0 ?>40@8;0 A>F80;L=K9 <8@, 4@C38<  A>F80;L=CN 2>9=C. -B> >1I55 <5AB> 2 70?04=>9 8AB>@8>3@0D88 459AB28B5;L=> <=>3>5 >1JOA=O5B. 5@20O <8@>20O :0: D0:B>@, ?>402;ONI89 >48= @52>;NF8>==K9 ?@>F5AA 8 70?CA:0NI89 4@C3>9, ?>72>;O5B A45;0BL 2K2>4 > B5A=>9 A8AB5<=>9 2708<>7028A8<>AB8 2A5E B@QE D5=><5=>2.  @>3@0<<5 <8@0, ?@54AB02;5==>9 ?@57845=B>< !( >=3@5AAC 8 O=20@O 1918 3>40, >?B8<0;L=>9 <>45;LN @5H5=8O @CAA:>3> 2>?@>A0 ?@87=020;>AL @0AG;5=5=85 1K2H59 @>AA89A:>9 8<?5@88 =0 @O4 >B45;L=KE B5@@8B>@89 8 >?5:C=AB2> =04 =8<8 8 @>AA89A:8<8 45<>:@0B8G5A:8<8 A8;0<8.  :C40 B>;L:> 45;0AL 2KAH0O ;538B8<=>ABL @52>;NF8>==>9 2;0AB8 ?> LN:5=5=C? >74=55 =0 =>2KE :0@B0E >AA88 >B !@54=5@CAA:>9 2>72KH5==>AB8 >BA5:0;8AL 5;>@CAA8O, #:@08=0, !818@L, 02:07, @810;B8:0 8 !@54=OO 78O& >A;5 $52@0;O CA;>28O :0@48=0;L=> 87<5=8;8AL: 2 @57C;LB0B5 A<CBK >AA8O >A;01;0 =0AB>;L:>, GB> 2 ?5@A?5:B825 2K@8A>2K20;AO B>;L:> ?>E01=K9 @5ABA:89 <8@.  :>=:@5B=>  H8@>:0O ?@>3@0<<0 0==5:A88 D5;L4<0@H0;0 . D>= 8=45=1C@30 2 @0<:0E @5ABA:>3> <8@0. @5<O @07C<=KE 4>3>2>@Q==>AB59 ?@>H;>, >:=> 2>7<>6=>AB59 70:@K;>AL. >;CG0;AO <8@ ;N1>9 F5=>9, :>B>@K9 ?>445@6820;8 ;8HL 1>;LH528:8, =5 ?@87=0202H85 =0F8>=0;L=KE 8=B5@5A>2, => ?@87=0202H85 :;0AA>2CN F5;5A>>1@07=>ABL. E <>6=> 70 MB> >AC640BL. > GB> A:070BL > @52>;NF8>=5@0E-D52@0;8AB0E, :>B>@K5 =5 ?@87=020;8 2>>1I5 =8:0:8E ?@8=F8?>2 8 3>B>2K 1K;8 2> 2@5<O 2>9=K @07;><0BL 3>AC40@AB2> 2> 8<O M;8B0@=KE A2>1>4? :BO1@L 70<>@>78; >AA8N 2 D>@<0B5 B5E=>:@0B8G5A:>3> :@0A=>3> ?@>5:B0, :>B>@K9 ?> :@09=59 <5@5 =0 75 ;5B ?@8>AB0=>28; =0G0BK9 $52@0;Q< @0A?04. 1I8==K9 @5AC@A @CAA:>3> =0@>40 AB0; B>?;82>< MB>3> ?@>5:B0, 8<52H53> A>2A5< =5 4>;389 ?> 8AB>@8G5A:8< <5@:0< A@>: 687=8 (A 1917 ?> 1991 3>4).  MB>B @5AC@A 1K; ?>;=>ABLN 8AG5@?0=. 5GL > 53> 2>A?>;=5=88, > A15@565=88 =0@>40, C2K, =5 H;0. ;02=>9 2=CB@5==59 ?@>1;5<>9 !!!  1K; @07@K2 A =0F8>=0;L=>9 B@048F859, 0 3;02=>9 2=5H=59  =5A<>B@O =0 =>2CN A>F80;L=>-M:>=><8G5A:CN <>45;L  ?@82O70==>ABL : F5=B@0< 3;>10;L=>3> :0?8B0;0.  420 MB8 <8=CA0, :>=5G=>, 1K;8 2708<>>1CA;>2;5=K, => MB> C65 B5<0 4;O 4@C3>9 AB0BL8. VI B45;L=K9 2>?@>A A2O70= A >1I59 1@8B0=A:>9 AB@0B53859 2 >B=>H5=88 >AA88, :>B>@0O 1K;0 3;02=K< 1@8B0=A:8< ?@>B82=8:>< 2 2@0788. AB0; 2>?@>A >1 CAB@0=5=88 MB>3> ?@5?OBAB28O, ?@8GQ< =5 B>;L:> 8 =5 AB>;L:> 2 :0G5AB25 3>AC40@AB20, A:>;L:> 2 :0G5AB25 :>;;5:B82=>3> 8AB>@8G5A:>3> AC1J5:B0  =0@>40. =B8@CAA:0O 8AB5@8O 2 ?@5AA5, @K<A:0O 2>9=0  2AQ MB> >G5=L =0?><8=05B 45=L =K=5H=89, 2>B @0725 GB> 2KA04:0 2 @K<C 8 >A040 !520AB>?>;O =52>7<>6=K ?> ?@8G8=5 =0;8G8O C >AA88 0AB8>=>2, 0;81@>2 8 A8; O45@=>3> A45@6820=8O, => A0<>5 ;CGH55 >@C685 =5 AB@5;O5B, 5A;8 =0 MB> =5B ?>;8B8G5A:>9 2>;8. @K<A:0O 2>9=0 5IQ 2 XIX 25:5 ?@>25;0 @0745;8B5;L=CN ;8=8N, >1>7=0G82 :>=D;8:B F828;870F89. 5@<0=8O 1K;0 5AB5AB25==K< >1@07>< 8A?>;L7>20=0 @8B0=859 2 :0G5AB25 B0@0=0 ?@>B82 @CAA:8E, GB> =8A:>;L:> =5 8A:;NG0;> D>@<0;L=> A>N7=8G5A:8E >B=>H5=89. >?KB:8 >AA88 70:@5?8BLAO =0 0;:0=0E 8 @0AH8@8BL 2KE>4 : <8@>2K< <>@O<, >2;045BL ?@>;820<8 8 >4=>2@5<5==> 25@=CBL >=AB0=B8=>?>;L ?>B@51>20;8 CA:>@5==>3> 8 C65 >:>=G0B5;L=>3> @5H5=8O @CAA:>3> 2>?@>A0, 0 A =8< 8 2>?@>A0 ?@02>A;02=>3>. > =0@O4C A @CAA:8< 4;O =3;88 ACI5AB2>20; 8 ACI5AB2C5B 35@<0=A:89 2>?@>A. >MB><C 548=AB25==K< CAB@0820NI8< ;L18>= AF5=0@85< 1K;0 @CAA:>-=5<5F:0O 2>9=0, 2 :>B>@>9 AB>@>=K 1K >A;01;O;8 8 C=8GB>60;8 4@C3 4@C30.  B@C4=> =5 ?@87=0BL, GB> MB0 F5;L 1K;0 A CA?5E>< 4>AB83=CB0 42064K, 2 1914-< 8 2 1941-<, GB> A0<> ?> A515 ?@8E>48BAO :20;8D8F8@>20BL :0: ?>154C @8B0=88 (0 B0:65 5Q A>N7=8:>2  !( 8 $@0=F88) 8 ?>@065=85 >AA88, 2AB@88 8 5@<0=88.  1914-< 1@8B0=A:0O 48?;><0B8O ?@>2>48B M;5<5=B0@=K9 ?>;8B8G5A:89 30<18B, 703>=OO 5@<0=8N 2 2>5==>-?>;8B8G5A:CN <KH5;>2:C. CA>G:>< AK@0 A;C68B B>B 65 @CAA:89 2>?@>A, => 2 35@<0=A:>9 25@A88. =3;8O C156405B 8;L35;L<0 II 2 B><, GB> A>E@0=8B =59B@0;8B5B 2 A;CG05 =0G0;0 2>5==KE 459AB289. >A;5 MB>3> 5@<0=8O >1JO2;O5B 2>9=C >AA88, BCB 65 ?>;CG05B 0=0;>38G=>5 >1JO2;5=85 >B =3;88 8 2K=C645=0 25AB8 BO6Q;CN 2>9=C =0 420 D@>=B0."5?5@L 2AQ 84QB B0:, :0: =C6=> 0=3;8G0=0<.  8B>35 CA;>28O :0?8BC;OF88 ?@>48:B>20=K >4=>9 AB>@>=5  ?5B8F8O<8 45OB5;59 $52@0;O 8 A>;40BA:8E :><8B5B>2, 0 4@C3>9  ?C=:B0<8 ?>;>65=89 5@A0;LA:>3> <8@0. "0:, E>BO 8 =5 >:>=G0B5;L=>, 1K; @5HQ= @CAA:>-35@<0=A:89 2>?@>A. 070;>AL 1K, 8AB>@8O 4>;6=0 G5<C-B> CG8BL, => =5<5F:85 8 @CAA:85 ?>;8B8G5A:85 :@C38 CG8BLAO =5 E>BOB. 5@>OB=>, 3;02=0O ?@8G8=0 B0:>9 =5>1CG05<>AB8  G5;>25:>=5=028AB=8G5A:89 D0=0B87< "@5BL53> @59E0 8 8AB>@8G5A:0O MAE0B>;>38O !>25B>2. 0: 1K B0< =8 1K;>, ?5@54 5;8:>9 B5G5AB25==>9 2>9=>9 A8BC0F8O 2 >1I8E G5@B0E ?>2B>@O5BAO. =3;8G0=5, D@0=FC7K 8 0<5@8:0=FK A2>8<8 CABC?:0<8 (A40G0 '5E>A;>20:88, 0=H;NA 2AB@88 8 ?@.) B>;:0NB 8 254CB 8B;5@0 =0 2>AB>:. > A8E ?>@ B8@068@C5BAO AC645=85, GB> @8B0=8O ?>;030;0 C<8@>B2>@8BL 8B;5@0. 5B! !0<>5 AB@0H=>5 4;O 0=3;>A0:A>2 A;CG8;>AL 1K, 5A;8 1K 5@<0=8O C4>2;5B2>@8;0AL N=E5=>< 8 0=H;NA>< 2AB@88, :>B>@K5 1K;8 ?@8=OBK  45<>:@0B8G5A:8< A>>1I5AB2>< ,  A>25@H5==> A?@0254;82> ?8H5B . 0@>G=8F:0O 2 A1>@=8:5 0@B8BC@0 B>@>9 <8@>2>9. 5;> 2 B><, GB> 38B;5@>2A:85 ?;0=K 702>520=8O 2>AB>G=>3> 687=5==>3> ?@>AB@0=AB20 2?>;=5 2?8AK20;8AL 2 :>=F5?F8N 2KB0;:820=8O >AA88 =0 A525@>-2>AB>: 2@0788 (?@>5:B 564C<>@LO). 5<59:>< MB8E ?;0=>2, : A;>2C, O2;O5BAO A>2@5<5==K9 ?@>5:B >AB>G=>3> ?0@B=Q@AB20. >, A:>@55 2A53>, 0=3;8G0=5 7@O 2>;=>20;8AL 70 1C4CI55 2>AB>G=>3> ?@>5:B0. !;8H:>< C6 MB8 ?;0=K 2@>A;8 2 :>;;5:B82=>5 15AA>7=0B5;L=>5 =5<5F:>9 M;8BK. 0 1C<035 C65 402=> 3>B>28;8AL 75<5;L=K5 =045;K 4;O 35@<0=A:8E :>;>=8AB>2 =0 >AB>:5. @8 MB>< 8A?>254>20;AO ?@8=F8? B5@@8B>@88 157 =0A5;5=8O (A@. 2KA:07K20=8O A>2@5<5==KE :852A:8E ?>;8B8:>2: >=10AA 1C45B C:@08=A:8< 8;8 157;N4=K< 8 B. ?.). 0 AB>; 8B;5@C ;Q3 5=5@0;L=K9 ?;0=  AB ?> =5<5F:>9 :>;>=870F88 >AB>G=>9 2@>?K 8 2KA5;5=8N 5Q 8A:>==KE 68B5;59. = 1K; ?@8;>65=85< : ?;0=C 0@10@>AA0 (70E20B B5@@8B>@88 @0AE>4OI8<8AO C40@=K<8 3@C??8@>2:0<8 A ?@8<5=5=85< C40@>2 B0=:>2KE :;8=L52). @8<5G0B5;L=>, GB> <8=8AB@ ?@>4>2>;LAB28O 8 A5;LA:>3> E>7O9AB20 5@<0=88 5IQ 2 1936 3>4C CB25@640;, GB> 5AB5AB25==0O AD5@0 >18B0=8O =5<5F:>3> =0@>40  MB> B5@@8B>@8O : 2>AB>:C >B 59E0  4> #@0;0, : N3C  4> 02:070, 0A?89A:>3> <>@O, 'Q@=>3> <>@O. K 4>;6=K >A2>8BL MB> ?@>AB@0=AB2>. %0@0:B5@=>, GB> A>25BA:0O 48?;><0B8O ?>AB>O==> =0E>48;0AL 2 A>AB>O=88 B> ?@>1@8B0=A:>9 (8B28=>2), B> ?@>35@<0=A:>9 (>;>B>2) >@85=B0F88, 2KABC?0O 2 @>;8 A2>53> @>40 @07<5==>9 <>=5BK 52@>?59A:>9 ?>;8B8:8 <564C 42C<O 2>9=0<8  B0: =07K205<>3> A?>:>9=>3> 4204F0B8;5B8O, :>B>@>5 >B=N4L =5 1K;> A?>:>9=K<. >60;C9, 548=AB25==K< ?@>20;>< 1@8B0=A:>9 48?;><0B88 8 :@C?=K< CA?5E>< 48?;><0B88 A>25BA:>9 AB0; B>B A0<K9 ?0:B 8115=B@>?0->;>B>20, :>B>@K9 ?>425@3AO C4828B5;L=> 15AA<KA;5==>9 :@8B8:5 A> AB>@>=K 45@602, :>B>@K5 3>@074> @0=LH5 A0<8 70:;NG8;8 A 5@<0=859 A>3;0H5=8O > @0745;0E. > 4>3>2>@ 70B>@<>78; 35@<0=A:89 =0B8A: =0 2>AB>: ?@8<5@=> =0 420 3>40. =>3> MB> 8;8 <0;>? "@C4=> A:070BL. -B> 1K;> =5 @5H5=85 ?@>1;5<K, 0 A:>@55 ?5@54KH:0. "5< =5 <5=55 MB>B ?@>20; >:070;AO 4;O 0=3;8G0= 1>;57=5==K<. <5==> ?>MB><C ;815@0;L=0O >1I5AB25==>ABL 8 5Q 0=3;>-0<5@8:0=A:85 :C@0B>@K =8:>340 =5 ?@>ABOB @CAA:8< A0< D0:B 70:;NG5=8O 40==>3> 4>3>2>@0 8 1C4CB 15A:>=5G=> 2K45;OBL 53> 87 4;8==>3> @O40 0=0;>38G=KE A>3;0H5=89. BAN40 8 45<>=870F8O A0<>3> A>25BA:>-35@<0=A:>3> 4>3>2>@0, :>B>@K9 2 459AB28B5;L=>AB8 1K; A>25@H5==> >?@0240==>9 <5@>9 70I8BK AB@0=K 8 ?>A;54=8< 2 @O4C 0=0;>38G=KE 52@>?59A:8E 4>3>2>@>2. 0 8 >;LH0 =0 @>;L 65@B2K O2=> =5 3>48BAO.  ?>B><C GB> GCBL @0=LH5 A0<0 0:B82=> CG0AB2>20;0 2 @0745;5, >BE20B82 :CA>: '5E>A;>20:88.  ?> ?@8G8=5 A2>8E 8<?5@A:8E 0<18F89 8 <5GBK > >;LH5 >B <>@O 4> <>@O, :>B>@>9 8B;5@ 4>;65= 1K; >B40BL 8B2C 8 #:@08=C (=5 7@O 65 70?04=CN G0ABL #:@08=K 8 5;>@CAA88 2 >;LH5 4> A8E ?>@ =07K20NB 2>AB>G=>9 >;LH59).  2 A2O78 A 8A:@5==8< 65;0=85< 1KBL 2 020=30@45 38B;5@>2A:>3> ?>E>40 ?@>B82 !!! . #65 2 =0G0;5 2000-E ?>;LA:89 8AB>@8: . 5G>@:528G ?C1;8G=> A>:@CH0;AO > B><, GB> C >;LH8 2 1939 3>4C =5 ?>;CG8;>AL A0<>9 70:;NG8BL A45;:C A 8B;5@><. ">340 1K, ?8H5B 5G>@:528G, <K <>3;8 1K =09B8 =0 AB>@>=5 59E0 ?>GB8 B0:>5 65 <5AB>, :0: B0;8O& .  8B>35 <K 1K;8 1K 2 >A:25, 345 4>;LD 8B;5@ 2<5AB5 A K47-!<83;K (?>;LA:892>5=0G0;L=8: 8 ?>;8B8:  . ).) ?@8=8<0;8 1K ?0@04 ?>154>=>A=KE ?>;LA:>-35@<0=A:8E 2>9A:& . >, =5A<>B@O =0 >?@545;Q==K5 48?;><0B8G5A:85 4>AB865=8O, ?5@54 =0G0;>< 2B>@>9 D07K >;LH>9 2>9=K (1941-1945) A;>68;0AL A8BC0F8O, :>340 >AA8O :@0A=>3> ?@>5:B0 2 1C:20;L=>< A<KA;5 ?@>?CAB8;0 C40@. ?@>G5<, =5 ?@>?CAB8BL 53> <>6=> 1K;> B>;L:> >4=8< A?>A>1><  =0ABC?0BL ?@525=B82=>, B> 5ABL, ?>?@>ABC 3>2>@O, C40@8BL ?5@2K<8.  A>60;5=8N, A>25BA:0O M;8B0, ?>3@O7H0O 2 :;0AA>2KE 4>3<0E 8 15A:>=5G=KE 2=CB@5==8E G8AB:0E, =5 1K;0 A?>A>1=0 =0 @5H8B5;L=K5 8 A2>52@5<5==K5 459AB28O =0 <564C=0@>4=>< C@>2=5  =5A<>B@O =0 A>740==CN <=>3>;5B=59 8=4CAB@80;870F859 <>I=CN 2>5==>-?@><KH;5==CN 107C. -B> B5< 1>;55 C4828B5;L=>, GB> >1 CB25@645=88 8B;5@>< ?;0=0 0@10@>AA0 1K;> 8725AB=> 5IQ 2 1940 3>4C. 725AB=> 1K;> 8 B>, GB> @C:>2>48B5;N !! . 8<<;5@C 1K;8 40=K ?>;=><>G8O ?> @50;870F88 >A>1KE 7040G DN@5@0, 2KB5:0NI85 87 >:>=G0B5;L=>9 1>@L1K 42CE 2708<>8A:;NG0NI8E ?>;8B8G5A:8E A8AB5<. -B8 ?>;=><>G8O ?>72>;8;8 2 1C4CI5< >ACI5AB28BL 35=>F84 @CAA:>3>, 15;>@CAA:>3> 8 52@59A:>3> =0A5;5=8O. >;55 B>3>, 2 <0@B5 1941 3>40 !!!  ?>4?8A0; 4>3>2>@ > 4@C615 8 2708<>?><>I8 A .3>A;02859, :>B>@0O GCBL ?>765 1K;0 >::C?8@>20=0 5@<0=859. -B> 4020;> >AA88 2A5 N@848G5A:85 >A=>20=8O 4;O 2<5H0B5;LAB20. > A2>53> A>N7=8:0 <K =5 70I8B8;8, 2 >B;8G85 >B A8BC0F88 1914 3>40, :>340 03@5AA8O ?@>B82 !5@188 ?>;CG8;0 >B25B A> AB>@>=K >AA88. 564C B5< :0: @07 2 MB> 2@5<O 7=0G8B5;L=0O G0ABL =5<5F:8E 4828789 =0 0;:0=0E ?@54AB02;O;0 A>1>9 ?@5:@0A=CN <8H5=L 4;O C40@0 A BK;0. @8 ;N1>< @0728B88 A>1KB89 B>G=> =5 1K;> 1K :0B0AB@>DK, 0=0;>38G=>9 :0B0AB@>D5 ?5@2KE <5AOF52 2>9=K. C B>G:8 7@5=8O @O40 M:A?5@B>2, MB> 1K;0 C?CI5==0O 8AB>@8G5A:0O 2>7<>6=>ABL. "0:, ?> <=5=8N . %@0<G8E8=0 (0: <K >?>740;8 =0 ;54>:>;), 2>9=0 1K 70:>=G8;0AL ?@8<5@=> B0: 65, :0: 8 2 @50;L=>AB8, B>;L:> 7=0G8B5;L=> @0=LH5 8 A =5A@02=5==> <5=LH8<8 65@B20<8. 0H8 ?>B5@8 A>AB028;8 1K =5 27 <8;;8>=>2, 0 2@O4 ;8 1>;LH5 42CE <8;;8>=>2 G5;>25: (MB> 1K;8 1K ?>GB8 8A:;NG8B5;L=> ?>B5@8 2>>@C65==KE A8;). 0B5@80;L=K9 CI5@1, ?>=5AQ==K9 =0H59 AB@0=>9, 5AB5AB25==>, 1K; 1K =0 =5A:>;L:> ?>@O4:>2 =865, G5< >:070;AO 2 @50;L=>AB8& = (8B;5@  . ).) ?> D0:BC 03@5AA>@, 0 <K 65@B20, >B MB>3> D0:B0 =8:C40 =5 45BLAO, A>>B25BAB25==>, =52>7<>6=> 8  >B=OBL C =0A >154C  =8 N@848G5A:8, =8 <>@0;L=>. 4=0:>, ?>2B>@N, 2>?@>A <>6=> 2>>1I5 ?>AB028BL 8=0G5  0 =5 A>25@H8; ;8 !B0;8= ?@5ABC?;5=85, =5 C40@82 ?5@2K<?. ! B>G:8 7@5=8O @8B0=88, 5@<0=8O 2 A;CG05 CA?5E0 ?;0=0 0@10@>AA0 4>;6=0 1K;0 2KB5A=8BL !!!  70 >;3C, 702;045BL :02:07A:>9 =5DBLN, :0: @0=LH5 702;045;0 @C<K=A:>9,  8 B5< A0<K< >AB0=>28BL @CAA:CN 0280F8N 8 B0=:8, :>B>@K5 1K;> 1K =5G5< 70?@02;OBL. >72>;N A515 A>A;0BLAO =0 . 0@>G=8F:CN, :>B>@0O 40QB 25AL<0 B>G=K9 @8AC=>: @50;870F88 0=3;>-0<5@8:0=A:>3> ?;0=0. 5@<0=8O,  ?8H5B >=0,  1KAB@> 8AB>I0O A8;K A>25@H5==> =53>B>2>9 8 >15A:@>2;5==>9 @5?@5AA8O<8 A>25BA:>9 0@<88, >BB5A=O;0 1K !!!  70 >;3C 8 #@0;, A 02:070 A 53> =5DBLN 8 >B 'Q@=>3> <>@O. 025@=>5, A;54CO :0=>=0< A2>59 <=>3>25:>2>9 35>?>;8B8:8, @8B0=8O ?>AB0@0;0AL 1K 70?5@5BL ?@>;82K A> AB>@>=K !@54875<=>3> <>@O, 0 A> AB>@>=K 0;B8:8 8 !525@=>3> <>@O ?><>3;0 1K >;LH5. 0<0=82 8B;5@0 :0: <>6=> 40;LH5 =0 A>25BA:CN B5@@8B>@8N A2>8< =0G0;L=K< 157459AB285< 8 =5 ?>H525;82 ?0;LF5<, GB>1K ?><>GL @CAA:8<, ?>:0 B5E =5 >B>428=CB 40;5:> =0 2>AB>:, 0=3;>A0:AK, :>=5G=>, =5 ?>72>;8;8 1K 5@<0=88 AB0BL E>7O8=>< 2@0788. > >=8 18;8 1K 8B;5@0 A 70?040 =0 @>AA89A:>9 B5@@8B>@88, >4=>2@5<5==> >BB5A=OO >AA8N =025:8 87 >AB>G=>9 2@>?K, >B 0;B8:8 8 'Q@=>3> <>@O. @8B0=8O 8 !( 2>A?>;L7>20;8AL 1K ?>;>65=85< >AA88, GB>1K =02A5340 >B>428=CBL 5Q >B <>@59 2 3;C1L :>=B8=5=B0. @8 B0:>< 8AE>45 !!! , 8A?>;L7>20==K9 :0: 3;02=0O 65@B25==0O <0B5@80;L=0O A8;0, > :>B>@CN A?>B:=C;AO 1K 8B;5@, >AB0;AO 1K 2 BC=4@5, GB> >7=0G0;> :>=5F 53> 8AB>@88 ( >=F5@B 25;8:8E 45@602 =0:0=C=5 @5H0NI8E A>1KB89). 0;LH5 ?@>87>H;> 1K 8<5==> B>, GB> 1K;> =0<5G5=> 2 1918-1919 3>4K, => =5 >ACI5AB28;>AL ?>-=0AB>OI5<C,  @0AG;5=5=85 B5@@8B>@88 8AB>@8G5A:>9 CA8.  A;>2C, B>G=> B0: 65 @0AG;5=8;8 ?> 8B>30< 5@2>9 <8@>2>9 2AB@>-5=3@8N. VII >2>9 D07>9 >;LH>9 2>9=K AB0;0 E>;>4=0O 2>9=0, 2 :>B>@>9 :@0A=0O, A>25BA:0O >AA8O 4>1@>2>;L=> (0 =5 2K=C645==>, :0: ;N1OB 4>:07K20BL ?@>?030=48ABK) :0?8BC;8@>20;0. 'B>, @07C<55BAO, 40;> <>I=CN ?>4?8B:C @048:0;870F88 8 D0H870F88 70?04=>3> ?>;8B8G5A:>3> ?@>5:B0. 48= 87 =5<5F:8E >1I5AB25==KE 45OB5;59 A:070;: 40-O 3>4>2I8=0 :0?8BC;OF88 ?@8H;0 =0 40 ;5B @0=LH5 2@5<5=8. !:070=> MB> 1K;> 2 1985 3>4C, => 02B>@ =5 ?>4>7@520;, =0A:>;L:> 0:BC0;L=55 53> D@070 1C45B 72CG0BL G5@57 30 ;5B. A;8 2 1970-80-5 AG8B0;>AL, GB> =0F87< CHQ; 2 ?@>H;>5, 0 :><<C=87< ?@>F25B05B, B> A53>4=O A8BC0F8O @>2=> >1@0B=0O. !?>;70=85 =5>;815@0;87<0 : >B:@KBK< D>@<0< =5>=0F87<0 <>6=> AG8B0BL A25@H82H8<AO D0:B><. > <=>3>< <>@0;L=K9 H>: >B @5018;8B0F88 =0F87<0 2 =0G0;5 XXI 25:0 >1JOA=O5BAO 2;8O=85< CAK?;ONI53> <8D0 > 45=0F8D8:0F88 5@<0=88 8 2@>?K 2 F5;><. >A;5 =0F8ABA:>3> <0940=0 2 8525 8 A=5AQ==KE A ;8F0 75<;8 3>@>4>2 >=10AA0 <K 2848<, GB> MB> 40;5:> =5 B0:. ">G=> B0: 65 <K =01;N405< =0F8ABA:CN ?@>?8B:C 2A59 845>;>388 8 ?A8E>;>388 ;815@0;L=>3> A;>O. > C65 A;8H:>< ?>74=> 18BL 2 :>;>:>;0.  254L @5018;8B0F8O =0F87<0 ?>4 284>< =>@<0;870F88 =5<5F:>9 8AB>@88 =0G0;0AL 5IQ 2 1980-5, 2 E>45 B0: =07K205<>3> A?>@0 8AB>@8:>2.  ;>:><>B82>< ?@>F5AA0 <>6=> AG8B0BL 8AB>@8:0 -. >;LB5 8 53> H:>;C, 0 >4=8< 87 <0=8D5AB>2 42865=8O  :=83C 2@>?59A:0O 3@0640=A:0O 2>9=0.  B@C40E MB8E CGQ=KE ?@>2>48BAO ?5@5A<>B@ =5<5F:>9 845>;>388 =0G0;0 %% 25:0.  MB> 2@5<O, ?> ?@87=0=8N A0<>3> -. >;LB5, 845>;>38O ?0=35@<0=87<0 ?@8>1@5;0 A;54CNI89 284. =3;89A:89 =0@>4-2;0AB5;8= 8 A>N7=K5 A =8< 2 1C4CI5< =5<FK O:>1K 8<5NB @0A>2CN ?@8@>4=CN ?@54>?@545;Q==>ABL 2;0AB2>20BL 2 2@>?5 8 788. 7 MB>3> B578A0 2K2>48;>AL ?@02> ?5@59B8 =0 >AB>:5 : 75<5;L=>9 ?>;8B8:5 1C4CI53>, :>B>@0O 4>;6=0 >7=0G0BL :>=5F @CAA:>3> 3>AC40@AB20, ?>A:>;L:C ?>A;5 3815;8 1>;LH528:>2  MB8E 70<0@0==KE :@>2LN ?>4>=:>2  B0< =5 >AB0=5BAO @C:>2>4OI8E A;>Q2, A?>A>1=KE C45@60BL 3>AC40@AB2> >B @0A?040.  B0:>< 4CE5 -. >;LB5 :><<5=B8@C5B A>45@60=85 2B>@>3> B><0 38B;5@>2A:>9 09= 0<?D, :>B>@0O, ?> 53> <=5=8N, >B<5G5=0 ;8HL ?@5C25;8G5==K< 52@>?587<><. >;8B8:C :><<C=8AB8G5A:>9 M;8BK >= =07K205B =5 ?@>AB> ?@5ABC?=>9, => ?@5ABC?;5=85<, 548=AB25==K< 2 A2>Q< @>45 8, 2 =5:>B>@>< ?@>B82>@5G88 A ?@54K4CI8< >?@545;5=85<,  0780BA:8< ?@5ABC?;5=85<. B>@O 5<C, . %8;L3@C15@ 2 AB0BL5 2>9=>9 70:0B. @0E 35@<0=A:>3> @59E0 8 :>=5F 52@>?59A:>3> 52@59AB20 (1982) ?@8@02=8205B ?>@065=85 "@5BL53> @59E0 : ?>@065=8N 2@>?K. A=>2>9 :>=F5?F88 >;LB5 O2;ONBAO =5A:>;L:> M;5<5=B0@=KE B578A>2. >-?5@2KE, > B><, GB> A>25BA:89 @568< (8C45>1>;LH5287< 2 02B>@A:>9 B5@<8=>;>388) 8<5; 0780BA:89 E0@0:B5@. >-2B>@KE, GB> 8<5==> :><<C=8ABK, @0A:0G820O A>F80;L=>5 740=85 2@>?K, O:>1K =0G0;8 52@>?59A:CN 3@0640=A:CN 2>9=C, 0 38B;5@>2A:89 1@>A>: =0 2>AB>: 1K; ;8HL >B25B>< =0 MBC 03@5AA8N. @8GQ< 2 :0:>9-B> <><5=B @0AAC645=8O >;LB5 2KE>4OB 70 @0<:8 8AE>4=>9 ?0@0483<K 8 3@0640=A:0O 2>9=0 ?@52@0I05BAO 2 2>9=C 2KA>:>3> 52@>?59A:>3> 4CE0 A 0780BI8=>9. =B5@5A=> A@02=8BL MB>B ?5@5E>4 >B 8458 3@0640=A:>9 2>9=K : 8455 2>9=K 8<?5@80;8AB8G5A:>9 A 75@:0;L=K< ;5=8=A:8< ?>;>65=85< > ?@52@0I5=88 8<?5@80;8AB8G5A:>9 2>9=K 2 3@0640=A:CN. ?>;=5 >G5284=>, GB> 420 MB8 B578A0 2708<>>1@0B8<K. =5=85 >;LB5, 0=B8:><<C=8AB0 A D0H8ABA:8<8 273;O40<8, 2 A2>59 >A=>25 =5 ?@>B82>@5G8B ;5=8=A:><C: =5 1K205B 3@0640=A:>9 2>9=K 157 2=5H=59 03@5AA88 8 =0>1>@>B. >;LB5 ;8HL ?>-4@C3><C @0AAB02;O5B 7=0:8. ;02=K9 2>?@>A 4;O 1>;LH8=AB20 8AB>@8:>2 70:;NG05BAO 2 B><, :B> 8 :>340 =0G0; MBC 2>9=C. ;O =0G0;0 >B<5B8<, GB> 5IQ 2 1913 3>4C =0G0;L=8: 35@<0=A:>3> 35=5@0;L=>3> HB010 . >;LB:5-<;04H89 >1>A=>2K20; 845N =587156=>9 1>@L1K 2KAH59 35@<0=A:>9 @0AK ?@>B82 A;02O=AB20 8 C65 3>2>@8; > 2A552@>?59A:>9 2>9=5, E>BO 4> @52>;NF88 2 >AA88 >AB020;>AL G5BK@5 3>40. =0G8B, 45;> 1K;> 2AQ-B0:8 =5 2 1>;LH5287<5. > AB>8B 273;O=CBL =0 2>?@>A A =5A:>;L:> 8=>9 AB>@>=K  2 MB>< A;CG05 C7:>5 ?>=8<0=85 3@0640=A:>9 2>9=K 8 <8@>2KE 2>9= 4;O >B25B0 =0 =53> =5 3>48BAO. "0: 65 :0: =5 3>48BAO 4;O MB>3> 8 ;8=59=>5 ?@54AB02;5=85 >1 8AB>:0E >;LH>9 2>9=K 2 4CE5 0=B8:>;>=80;8ABA:>3> 2>AAB0=8O (2 ;52>9 25@A88) 8;8 2>9=K F828;870F89 (=5>=0F8ABA:0O 25@A8O >;LB5). 5@545; <8@0, =0G02H89AO 2 %% 25:5, ?>4@07C<520; =5:CN B>B0;L=>ABL. > ACI5AB2C 70?04=K<8 M;8B0<8 1K; ?>AB02;5= 2>?@>A > @07@CH5=88 3>AC40@AB2, GLO D8;>A>D8O 8 <>45;L @0728B8O ?@>B82>@5G8;8 <>45;8 :0?8B0;8AB8G5A:>9 <8@-M:>=><8:8, 0 8<5==> >AA88, 5@<0=88, 2AB@>-5=3@88, A<0=A:>9 8<?5@88. = 2:;NG0; 2 A51O 8 2>?@>A > =54>?CI5=88 D>@<8@>20=8O @CAA:>-35@<0=A:>3> A>N70 8 @CAA:>-35@<0=A:>3> 52@0789A:>3> E0@B;5=40. @8 MB>< 8A?>;L7>20;0AL 3>B>2=>ABL 5@<0=88 :>;>=878@>20BL 2>AB>G=K5 B5@@8B>@88 8 @5H0BL ?@>1;5<C 687=5==>3> ?@>AB@0=AB20. -B> 2KAH89 MB06 8AB>@8G5A:8E 8AB>:>2 8 70:>=><5@=>AB59 >;LH>9 2>9=K. > B>B 65 >;LB5 ?@54?>G8B05B A<>B@5BL =0 A>1KB8O 2 >A=>2=>< A =5<5F:>9 B>G:8 7@5=8O: 8B;5@ 8 53> ?0@B8O& >:070;8AL ;8HL =>2K< ?@>O2;5=85< B>3> 4@52=535@<0=A:>3> AB@5<;5=8O : <8@>2><C 3>A?>4AB2C, :>B>@>5 5IQ 4> 1914 3>40 A>548=8;>AL A ?@54AB02;5=8O<8 A>F80;L=>3> 40@28=87<0 > =5C<>;8<>9 1>@L15 18>;>38G5A:8E A8;& .  2 =5:>B>@>< A<KA;5 A =8< B@C4=> =5 A>3;0A8BLAO: B>, GB> A:070=>, B>65 ?@0240, ?@>AB> =5 2AO ?@0240. 54L, :0: 8725AB=>, 8 . 5115;LA 2 A2>59 7=0<5=8B>9 @5G8 5=8= 8 8B;5@ ?@>2>73;0A8; 845N >1I53> D@>=B0 2A5E 52@>?59A:8E 3>AC40@AB2 ?@>B82 @07@CH5=8O F828;870F88 =0 >AB>:5. @>AGQB 5115;LA0 8 >;LB5 70:;NG0;AO 2 B><, GB> 5@<0=8O B0:65 1K;0 >B=5A5=0 0B;0=B8AB0<8 : 0=B8F828;870F8>==K< D5=><5=0< 8 >1@5G5=0 =0 8AB>@8G5A:>5 70:;0=85. > 2=0G0;5 5@<0=8O 4>;6=0 1K;0 2K?>;=8BL @>;L 0=B8A>25BA:>3> 8 0=B8@CAA:>3> 2>5==>-?>;8B8G5A:>3> B0@0=0, :0: A59G0A 53> 2K?>;=O5B #:@08=0, B0:65 ?@8=5AQ==0O 2 65@B2C 25;8:>9 0<5@8:0=>-0=3;>A0:A>=A:>9 8455 >:>=G0B5;L=>3> @5H5=8O @CAA:>3> 2>?@>A0. @8GQ< =5 2 >48=>G:C, 0 :0: F5=B@ <>18;870F88 52@>?59A:8E @CA>D>1A:8E A8;. >;LB5 ?8H5B: 0E20B 2;0AB8 !  0:B 3@0640=A:89 8 ?>1540 3>AC40@AB20 8 A0<>9 <=>3>G8A;5==>9 ?0@B88 =04 ;52>9 ?0@B859 52@>?59A:>9 3@0640=A:>9 2>9=K 2 5@<0=88. > ?@0240 2 B><, GB> >1I552@>?59A:0O 3@0640=A:0O 2>9=0, 0 4;O =0A, @CAA:8E,  >;LH0O 2>9=0 %% 25:0, 15@QB 8AB>:8 2 3;C18=5 52@>?59A:>9 8AB>@88 >2>3> 2@5<5=8, 2 <0;LBC780=AB25, :0;L28=87<5, ?@>A25B8B5;LA:>< ?>78B8287<5 8 :>;>=80;87<5. 54L =0F87< =5 ?@>AB> 0:B>@ B>@>9 <8@>2>9. =  =>2K9 845>;>38G5A:89 ?@>4C:B B5E, :B> 8A?@02;O5B G5;>25G5A:CN ?>@>4C 8 =5AQB 1@5<O 15;>3> G5;>25:0. <5==> 745AL  =0G0;> 2>9=K.  ,   "HJLprtx򥓥xxlxhXLhCJOJQJaJhhHh5CJOJQJaJhhMbCJOJQJaJh. CJOJQJaJhlhCJOJQJaJ"hZDCJOJPJQJaJnHtHhlh3CJOJQJaJh5CJOJQJaJh3CJOJQJaJh+CJOJQJaJhZDCJOJQJaJhZD5CJ4OJQJaJ4hZD5CJOJQJaJ  |~ N j l n p r t v x gdZD $dha$gdZD dhgdZD * ,   "Jrtx&$Sdh`Sa$gd$Sdh`Sa$gd$a$gdZD$ddd[$\$a$gdZDgd3 $dha$gdZD $dha$gdZD*f&`z|8:   2 4 !!&"("""t$v$(())N+P+V+X+++, ,,,l0n000B3D36585777788888J彮h&0hCJOJQJaJhCJOJQJaJmH sH h5CJOJQJaJh h(**-13467778888$dh`a$gd $dha$gd dhgdgd$Sdh`Sa$gd8;4AEIjNR$W[TfVf^f`fkkl loww xxz dhgd$dh`a$gd$dh`a$gd$dh`a$gdJJJ^L^^^^kkl lw xx†֖ؖr$BD軫諻諻諻諻諻~rrhZCJOJQJaJ'hh\h6CJOJQJaJmH sH hg ACJOJQJaJh6CJOJQJaJhh\h6CJOJQJaJh5CJOJQJaJhCJOJQJaJmH sH h(CJOJQJaJmH sH hCJOJQJaJhRCJOJQJaJ)z}†Ԍ$֖ؖƜlprh"$B dh`gd dhgd $dha$gd$dh`a$gdBDH<Fp0J$dh`a$gd $dha$gd dh`gd$dh`a$gd dhgdvx8:H<>LVrtz|虌sc_hh&0h6CJOJQJaJh6CJOJQJaJhcCJOJQJaJh5CJOJQJaJhh\hCJOJQJaJhLKCJOJQJaJmH sH h(CJOJQJaJmH sH hCJOJQJaJmH sH hl`CJOJQJaJmH sH hCJOJQJaJhl`CJOJQJaJ  PTVtvz $dha$gd $dha$gd $dha$gd $dha$gd$dh`a$gd dh`gd$dh`a$gd|xz|~VX\^pr|~prX Z r ~    ""$"""##F$H$\$࿭࿭(h_6hCJOJPJQJaJnHtH0hrhCJOJPJQJaJmH nHsH tH"hCJOJPJQJaJnHtH(hrhCJOJPJQJaJnHtHhCJOJQJaJhrhCJOJQJaJhrh5CJOJQJaJ1$%*-15555<AIMTdZrc^k$txx $dha$gd $dha$gd$Sdh`Sa$gd\$$\%b%4&6&&'**P,R,225555&6:6<6(8*88888 ;;,;.;<<2=4===AAD DEEnG߰߀nnnnnn߀nn߀nn"hCJOJPJQJaJnHtH(hrhCJOJPJQJaJnHtH5hrhCJOJQJaJfHmH q sH -hrhCJOJQJaJfHq hRCJOJQJaJhCJOJQJaJhrhCJOJQJaJ"hFCJOJPJQJaJnHtH+nGpGIIKLMMMMMMNN~QQQQBTDTFTlTxTzTVV:YYYYbZdZ[[l\n\]]aaaaVbXbbbbbpcrcccccddddff^i`ikʵٟٟ*hCJOJPJQJaJmH nHsH tH(hF`@hCJOJPJQJaJnHtHhrhCJOJQJaJ(hrhCJOJPJQJaJnHtH"hCJOJPJQJaJnHtH>kk\k^k~llbodoooppqq$q&qjqlqrr4sJs"t$t>u@uuuvvwwxxxxxxyy{{||n}p}6~~~ٱٟٱو-hrhCJOJQJaJfHq "hK:CJOJPJQJaJnHtHhrhCJOJQJaJ0hrhCJOJPJQJaJmH nHsH tH(hrhCJOJPJQJaJnHtH"hCJOJPJQJaJnHtH/xxx{6~PL"tP.: $Sdh`Sa$gd $dha$gd~~~8v0pԁց>ڃ܄nprt.0<>ڈ܈ h>@">ԫԫl-hZ$hCJOJQJaJfHq +hrh6CJOJPJQJaJnHtH"hCJOJPJQJaJnHtH(hrhCJOJPJQJaJnHtH'hI`CJOJQJaJfHq -hrhCJOJQJaJfHq 'hCJOJQJaJfHq *>HJNP.0֑ؑȒ̒X\"$ptĚƚНܝ02TVȞʞpr ¤ܤޤ "觕觕"hCJOJPJQJaJnHtH(hrhCJOJPJQJaJnHtH/hCJOJQJaJfHmH q sH 'hCJOJQJaJfHq -hrhCJOJQJaJfHq :"$&^`>~Я֯prxzp±FH ퟊xfxx"hJlCJOJPJQJaJnHtH"hCJOJPJQJaJnHtH(hrhCJOJPJQJaJnHtH-hrhCJOJQJaJfHq hJlCJOJQJaJnHtH-jhrhCJOJQJUaJnHtHhCJOJQJaJnHtH$hrhCJOJQJaJnHtH( "$2\2<>FHR|~xzXZ68X٩llll``````l```hCJOJQJaJ$hrhCJOJQJaJmH sH hrhCJOJQJaJ5hrhCJOJQJaJfHmH q sH -hrhCJOJQJaJfHq 0hrhCJOJPJQJaJmH nHsH tH(hrhCJOJPJQJaJnHtH"hCJOJPJQJaJnHtH%02:<8:"$*,xz*NP ޷޷޷ޤ޷޷޷޷޷޷޷޷޷ށmm'hCJOJQJaJfHq -h(+hCJOJQJaJfHq hCJOJQJaJ$h(+hCJOJQJaJnHtHhCJOJQJaJnHtH-hrhCJOJQJaJfHq $hrhCJOJQJaJnHtHhrhCJOJQJaJ* \^.pp8<LV6:lnVXrtln "$46z|~,.ԚԚԚԚԚwswhjhUhCJOJQJaJhrhCJOJQJaJ-hrhCJOJQJaJfHq hCJOJQJaJnHtH$hrhCJOJQJaJnHtH'hCJOJQJaJfHq -h(+hCJOJQJaJfHq ,NnprRTdh>xFH*>rtrЪЪo[['hCJOJQJaJfHq 5hrhCJOJQJaJfHmH q sH hCJOJQJaJ&hCJKH$OJPJQJaJnHtH,hrhCJKH$OJPJQJaJnHtHhrhCJOJQJaJ-hrhCJOJQJaJfHq 0jhCJOJQJUaJfHq #xB.D("x*Z,"4r577T?ELvN@RW $dha$gd$Sdh`Sa$gd6 &tvln2`bt   >r:xXl|񯢯h|CJOJQJaJhCJOJQJaJmH sH h6CJOJQJaJhrh6CJOJQJaJ$hrhCJOJQJaJmH sH $hrhCJOJQJaJnHtHhCJOJQJaJhrhCJOJQJaJ4\^`pbd  \ b     r t 0 2 < > D F H J  * (*TvBDhUhCJOJQJaJh} hCJOJQJaJhCJOJQJaJmH sH $hrhCJOJQJaJmH sH "hrh56CJOJQJaJhCJOJQJaJhrhCJOJQJaJ4Jl^`hrt8:ln   !&!!!("""#x$z$$$嵣j*hCJOJPJQJaJmH nHsH tHhCJOJQJaJnHtH$hrhCJOJQJaJnHtH"hCJOJPJQJaJnHtH(hrhCJOJPJQJaJnHtHhCJOJQJaJhUhCJOJQJaJhrhCJOJQJaJh]``CJOJQJaJ)$$$$$$$ &&&''))&)()))))t**T,V,Z,,,..////112 2v2x244 4"4ռlllllll'hCJOJQJaJfHq "hCJOJPJQJaJnHtH$hrhCJOJQJaJnHtH-hrhCJOJQJaJfHq 1hrh0JCJOJQJaJfHq +h0JCJOJQJaJfHq (hrhCJOJPJQJaJnHtH*"4B4D4p5r5555555554666R6T67777.;0;6;V;;;R<T<<=T>V>T?@@bAdAjBBBBvjvhCJOJQJaJhrhCJOJQJaJ(hhCJOJPJQJaJnHtH"hCJOJPJQJaJnHtH(hrhCJOJPJQJaJnHtH$hrhCJOJQJaJnHtH'hCJOJQJaJfHq -hrhCJOJQJaJfHq )BBBBBCCCCCVC,D.DEEHHIIIIKPKRKTKK L"LHLLMMXNZNrNvNNNNOO>R@RBRԫ远n$hrhCJOJQJaJnHtHhCJOJQJaJhrhCJOJQJaJh| hCJOJQJaJ'hRCJOJQJaJfHq (hrhCJOJPJQJaJnHtH'hCJOJQJaJfHq -hrhCJOJQJaJfHq +BRSSSS TBTnTpTUVXX6[8[[[\\^^^^\_f_|a~aaaeeee h"h8hBHJPƍȍ@̏Ώ$Ʒ렇sscƷWWWWhCJOJQJaJhCJOJQJaJnHtH'hCJOJQJaJfHq 1hrh0JCJOJQJaJfHq -hrhCJOJQJaJfHq hrhCJOJQJaJ$hrhCJOJQJaJnHtH"hCJOJPJQJaJnHtH(hrhCJOJPJQJaJnHtH"$  P8:ܞޞ DӾӾӾӐӾӾӾ{{ӾdP'hCJOJQJaJfHq -hrhCJOJQJaJfHq (hBihCJOJPJQJaJnHtH(h7RhCJOJPJQJaJnHtH0hrhCJOJPJQJaJmH nHsH tH(hrhCJOJPJQJaJnHtH"hCJOJPJQJaJnHtHhCJOJQJaJhrhCJOJQJaJ$&prtvRT46fhبڨ LNTVXZDFLNƺƺƺƺƺƺƺƺƺƺƜƺƐƺyf$h; hCJOJQJaJnHtH,h; hCJOJQJaJmH nHsH tHhE2CJOJQJaJhL>NhCJOJQJaJh7RhCJOJQJaJhCJOJQJaJhrhCJOJQJaJ$hrhCJOJQJaJnHtH-hrhCJOJQJaJfHq (NRԮ\^*f8:lnʳ̳.0df.0VX  (  8:Tldf(* ַַַַַַַַַַַַַַַַַַַַַַַַַַ֨hhCJOJQJaJhCJOJQJaJ$hrhCJOJQJaJnHtHhrhCJOJQJaJhCJOJQJaJh; hCJOJQJaJBµ*HN59l<n<x<z<>ADILQQQQQ$Sdh`Sa$gd $dha$gd$Sdh`Sa$gdnpBD*,.2^fhhj00000114&4J5N56677b777769899999b:d::::;v;;n<v<x<z<$hrhCJOJQJaJmH sH Uh`:CJOJQJaJ$hrhCJOJQJaJnHtHhrhCJOJQJaJhCJOJQJaJF-B> 4;O >AA88 :><<C=87< AB0; =5:8< >?KB>< A>F80;L=>3> ?@>5:B8@>20=8O, 2 GQ<-B> 8=B5@5A=K<, 0 2 GQ<-B> B@038G5A:8<. ;O 0?040 >= O28;AO ;8HL @048:0;L=>9 D>@<>9 45:>;>=870F88 G0AB8 <8@>2>9 ?5@8D5@88. >9=0 =0G0;0AL A 2KA04:8 2>>@C6Q==KE ?>@BC30;LF52, 8A?0=F52 8 0=3;8G0= =0 >:@08=0E <8@0. >MB><C =5 =0F87< AB0; @50:F859 8 >B25B>< =0 :><<C=87<, :0: CB25@6405B >;LB5. 0?@>B82, :><<C=87< 2 >1I5<8@>2>< A<KA;5 AB0; >B25B>< 8 @50:F859 =0 :>;>=80;L=K9 :0?8B0;87<, B> 5ABL =0 254CICNAO 87 25:0 2 25: @0A>2CN 8 845>;>38G5A:CN 2>9=C 0?040 ?@>B82 >AB0;L=>3> <8@0, 70 =0A0645=85 B0: =07K205<KE 70?04=KE F5==>AB59. -B>B A8<2>; 25@K =5 8<55B =8G53> >1I53> A E@8AB80=A:>9 B@048F859. 52>;NF8O 459AB28B5;L=> ?>4B>;:=C;0 ?@>F5AA >A2>1>645=8O =0@>4>2. -B> 1K;0 0=B8<>45@=8ABA:0O @50:F8O, 2>AAB0=85 ?@>B82 45=56=>->;830@E8G5A:>9 48:B0BC@K. 0 ?5@2K9 273;O4  >A=>20==>5 =0 4>3<0E :><<C=87<0. 0 A0<>< 45;5  =0 F5==>ABOE B@048F88 8 B@048F8>==>9 A?@0254;82>AB8. >B><C-B> "0;5@3>D 8 "5@578= >:070;8AL ?@>;>3>< : MB=8G5A:>9 2>9=5 A ?@02>A;02=K<8 @CAA:8<8, E@0=8B5;O<8 :0: >1H8@=KE B5@@8B>@89, B0: 8 B5@@8B>@88 E@8AB80=A:>9 B@048F88. >B><C-B> 03@5AA>@>< 2KABC?8;0 5@<0=8O, 8A?>;=8B5;5<  1>;LH0O G0ABL 2@>?K, 0 70:07G8:0<8 8 @50;L=K<8 15=5D8F80@0<8  @8B0=8O 8 !(. > A>25BA:>9 >AA88 (:;NG52>5 A;>2> 745AL 8<5==> >AA8O) 1K; =0=5AQ= C40@ =5 B>;L:> 5@<0=859, => 8 2A59 ?@>35@<0=A:>9 2@>?>9  2A53> 1>;55 20 AB@0=-CG0AB=8F. -B>B D5=><5= <>6=> A@02=8BL A :>0;8F859 2@5<Q= @K<A:>9 2>9=K. "5< =5 <5=55 2>?@>A > 45=0F8D8:0F88 0?040 2 F5;><, 0 =5 >4=>9 ;8HL 5@<0=88, 4> A8E ?>@ =5 ?>AB02;5=. VIII  ?>ABA>25BA:89 ?5@8>4 =>2>9 70<5B=>9 25E>9 ?@>F5AA0 >:070;>AL C=8GB>65=85 .3>A;0288, :>B>@>5 8AB>@8G5A:8 O2=> @8D<C5BAO A 03@5AA859 ?@>B82 !5@188 2 1914-< 8 2 1941-<. >B B>;L:> 5;LF8=A:0O >AA8O =5 <>3;0 8 =5 65;0;0 ?@89B8 A5@10< =0 ?><>IL, E>BO ?@51K20=85 =5 C 45; >B=N4L =5 30@0=B8@>20;> A?>:>9AB28O A0<>9 >AA88. 0: ?8H5B . $C@A>2, 2>9=C 2 .3>A;0288 A5@548=K 1990-E 3>4>2 ?8A0B5;L . 0@:552 =0720;  <>45;L=>9  2 B>< A<KA;5, GB> 2 =59 >1:0BK20;8AL >?@545;Q==K5 <>45;8 459AB289 2 G@572KG09=KE A8BC0F8OE, 1C4CI8E 2>7<>6=KE 459AB289 ?@>B82 ?>;8MB=8G5A:>9 8 ?>;8:>=D5AA8>=0;L=>9 (:0: 8 .3>A;028O) >AA88, H;0 25@1>2:0 8 ;8:2840F8O GC68E, 70:;04K20;8AL @07254- 8 A?5FA5B8 4;O 1C4CI8E >?5@0F89. 5;8:0O B5G5AB25==0O 2>9=0 AB0;0 ?@>4>;65=85< 2>9=K 1914 3>40, 0 ?@>4>;65=85< 5;8:>9 B5G5AB25==>9 AB0;0 E>;>4=0O 2>9=0, ?>;C>::C?0F8O >AA88 2 1990-5 8 =5 >G5=L CA?5H=K5 ?>?KB:8 ?5@583@0BL 8B>38 ?@54K4CI53> MB0?0 2 2014-<, :>340 =0 ?>25AB:5 4=O >:070;AO 2>?@>A 2K6820=8O @CAA:8E 8 A>25BA:8E :0: 8AB>@8G5A:>3> AC1J5:B0. 0@04>:A0;L=K< >1@07>< 8<5==> ?@>4>;65=85 5@2>9 8 B>@>9 <8@>2KE 2>9= 2 2014-< ?>4B>;:=C;> ?@>F5AA D>@<8@>20=8O @CAA:>9 =0F88. >9=0 ?@>4>;605BAO, >=0 =5 >:>=G5=0. >AA8O A53>4=O, :0: 8 2 1917 3>4C, =5 2 A>AB>O=88 MDD5:B82=> >B25G0BL =0 2=5H=85 2K7>2K 87-70 459AB289 :><?@04>@A:8E M;8B. AQ A8;L=> =0?><8=05B A8BC0F8N, A;>682HCNAO 100 ;5B =0704, => A >4=8< ACI5AB25==K< >B;8G85<. !53>4=O 2 >AA88 5ABL @0A:>; <564C M;8B0<8 8 =0@>4><, => =5B @0A:>;0 2=CB@8 A0<>3> =0@>40. @>B82>AB>O=85 15;KE 8 :@0A=KE 2 >1I5AB25 1K;> ?@5>4>;5=> 1;03>40@O =0;8G8N >1I8E 2K7>2>2 8 >1I53> 2@030. -:A?5@BK 8 ?C1;8F8ABK =5@54:> A2O7K20NB =0G0;> =0F8>=0;L=>3> ?5@8>40 A @K<A:8< :>=A5=ACA><, 8<5O 2 284C ?@>OA=82H55AO A>>B=>H5=85 ?>;8B8G5A:8E A8; 2 @>AA89A:>< >1I5AB25 ?>A;5 >A2>1>645=8O @K<0: 85% ?@>B82 15%. 59AB28B5;L=>, =0 D>=5 MB>3> <=>385 ?>;8B8G5A:85 @07;8G8O 8 >A>15==>AB8 @07=KE ?0@B89 8 42865=89 ?5@5AB0;8 83@0BL ACI5AB25==CN @>;L. >;O@870F8O >1I5AB20 >1>1I8;0 A>F80;L=>-?>;8B8G5A:CN A8BC0F8N 8 2KO28;0 @50;L=>5 A>>B=>H5=85 A8;. >;LH0O 2>9=0 A =0F87<><, >B "0;5@3>D0 4> 2>AAB0=8O 2 >2>@>AA88, 4;8BAO C65 1>;55 100 ;5B.  E>45 MB>9 2>9=K @CAA:89 =0@>4 @5H5=> 1K;> 4@>18BL 8 C=8GB>60BL ?> G0ABO<. >A:>;L:C :>@=520O A8AB5<0 =0F87<0, A2O70==0O =5 B>;L:> A ?0=35@<0=87<><, => 8 A 845>;>38O<8 52@>?59A:>3> <>45@=0 2 F5;><, =5 1K;0 C=8GB>65=0 2 %% 25:5, =0F87< 2 2014 3>4C ?@8=O; >B:@KBCN D>@<C 2 2845 C=8GB>65=8O @CAA:8E =0 #:@08=5. !;54CNI0O >?5@0F8O 2 MB>9 2>9=5 1C45B @072Q@=CB0 =0H8<8 ?0@B=Q@0<8 (:0: 8E 2AQ 5IQ ?@8=OB> =07K20BL 2 @>AA89A:8E >D8F80;L=KE :@C30E) C65 =0 B5@@8B>@88 >AA88, 8 : MB><C =04> 1KBL 3>B>2K<8. >?@>A 1C45B AB>OBL > 2K6820=88 @CAA:8E :0: =0F88, :0: 8AB>@8G5A:>3> AC1J5:B0. 235=89 5;65;0@A:89 'C60O @5GL & !?CAB8;0AL =>GL, 0 20@20@K =5 ?@81K;8.  A 3>AC40@AB25==KE 3@0=8F =0< 4>=5A;8, GB> 8E 8 2>2A5 =5B C65 2 ?@8@>45.  GB> 65 45;0BL =0< B5?5@L 157 20@20@>2? 54L MB> 1K; 1K E>BL :0:>9-B> 2KE>4. >=AB0=B8=>A 020D8A,  >6840=88 20@20@>2 !53>4=O ;815@0;L=0O 48A:C@A82=0O A@540 83@05B @>;L A2>5>1@07=>9 ?@>H82:8 687=5==>3> <8@0 A>2@5<5==>3> G5;>25:0. A2>1>645=85 >B 5Q 2;8O=8O 40QBAO =5;53:>, ?@0240, B0:0O 83@0 AB>8B A25G. K@01>B:0 48AB0=F88 ?> >B=>H5=8N : ;815@0;L=K< =0@@0B820<, 8E ;5:A8:5, 848><0B8:5, A8=B0:A8AC 40QB =5?>2B>@8<K9 >?KB 2AB@5G8 A 8=>9 O7K:>2>9 @50;L=>ABLN 8 @0728205B 2:CA : =57028A8<><C <KH;5=8N. >MB><C @>;L 8AA;54>20=89 ;815@0;L=>3> O7K:0, :0: :>340-B> O7K:0 A>25BA:>9 :C;LBC@K, B@C4=> ?5@5>F5=8BL. *** $8;>A>D 8 ?>;8BB5E=>;>3  :064K9 ?>-A2>5<C  ?>=8<0NB 2AN CA;>2=>ABL O7K:>2KE :>=25=F89, >A<KA;820O 8E 2 @0<:0E A>1AB25==>9 M?8AB5<>;>388 8;8 8A?>;L7CO 4;O ?>;8B8G5A:8E ?@>5:B>2. > ?@>AB>9 >1K20B5;L =0E>48BAO 2 :C40 1>;55 A;01>9 ?>78F88. ;O >@85=B0F88 2 ?@>AB@0=AB25 ;815@0;L=>3> 48A:C@A0 >= 2K=C645= ?@8=8<0BL ?@54;>65==K5 ?@028;0 83@K, 0 =5 0=0;878@>20BL ?@8@>4C MB8E ?@028;. -B>B G5;>25: :0: =8:B> 4@C3>9 7028A8B >B 4>:AK  B>3>, GB> =07K20NB >G5284=>ABLN, 848><0<8 ?>2A54=52=>AB8, H01;>=0<8 25@10;L=>3> 8 =525@10;L=>3> ?>2545=8O. K?045=85 87 MB8E @0<>: C3@>605B 5<C :@878A>< A0<>845=B8G=>AB8. =K<8 A;>20<8, 8=48284CC< =0E>48BAO 2 01A>;NB=>9 7028A8<>AB8 >B O7K:0, :>B>@K9 8A?>;L7C5B 53> >:@C65=85. >MB><C 4;O <=>38E, ?@8GQ< =57028A8<> >B 8E ?>;8B8G5A:8E 273;O4>2, <KA;8BL 8 25AB8 A51O =5;815@0;L=>  >G5=L =5?@>AB0O 7040G0. A>15==> 2 CA;>28OE ?C1;8G=>AB8. 0?@8<5@, C<=K9 G5;>25: =5 AB0=5B 3>2>@8BL 2 ;815@0;L=>< :@C3C > B><, :0: !( 8 0=040 C:@K20;8 =0F8ABA:8E ?@5ABC?=8:>2, > ?@8<5=5=88 70@O4>2 A >154=Q==K< C@0=>< ?@8 >1AB@5;0E 5;3@040, > =5C40G=>9 ?>?KB:5 ;815@0;L=>3> ?5@52>@>B0 2 "C@F88 2 2016 3>4C, > A>F80;L=>< :>=AB@C8@>20=88 :>=F5?B0 02B>=><=>9 ;8G=>AB8 8 B><C ?>4>1=KE 25I0E. -B> =5 ?@8=OB> (2 MBC AB>@>=C 4C<0BL =5 =04>). >?KB:0 ?>4=OBL B0:85 B5<K ?@82>48B : @5?CB0F8>==K< ?>B5@O< 8 ?>=865=8N A>F80;L=>3> AB0BCA0 3>2>@OI53> ;81> : =5>1E>48<>AB8 ?C1;8G=> :0OBLAO 2 A:070==><. !@010BK205B 3;C1>:> C:>@5=82H89AO @5D;5:A: 5;L7O!. 0: ;N1OB 2K@060BLAO =5:>B>@K5 1;>35@K, 2 3>;>25 703>@05BAO :@0A=0O ;0<?>G:0. >=5G=>, MB> <>6=> >1JOA=8BL E0@0:B5@=>9 4;O ;815@0;L=>3> A>F8C<0 48A:@8<8=0F859, 845>;>38G5A:8<8 70?@5B0<8, >A>1K< E0@0:B5@>< 48AF8?;8=0@=>9 2;0AB8 2 CA;>28OE ;815@0;87<0 8 2>>1I5 =@020<8 ;815@0;L=>9 60=40@<5@88 (3>2>@O A;>20<8 . >70=>20).  MB> 1C45B ?@0240. > MB> =5 2AO ?@0240. 5;> =5 B>;L:> 2 A>F80;L=>< 8=AB8=:B5 A0<>A>E@0=5=8O, => 8 2 ;>38G5A:>9 B5E=8:5 40==>3> B8?0 <KH;5=8O. ABL B0:85 2>?@>AK, :>B>@K5 =0:0B0==K5 AE5<K 8 >3@0=8G5=8O ;815@0;L=>3> 48A:C@A0 4065 =5 40NB :0: A;54C5B ?>AB028BL, =5 B> GB> @5H0BL, 0 B5< 1>;55 0@B8:C;8@>20BL. 0?@8<5@, 2 ;815@0;L=>9 A8AB5<5 ?>=OB89 :@09=5 A;>6=> =0 4>;6=>< C@>2=5 >B@5D;5:A8@>20BL ?@>1;5<0B8:C B>B0;8B0@=>AB8. 06=> >1@0B8BL 2=8<0=85 =0 B>, GB> A0<> 87CG5=85 B>B0;8B0@87<0 (B>B0;8B0@=>3> >?KB0 G5;>25G5AB20, @568<>2 %% 25:0 8 B. ?.) A53>4=O 6QAB:> 2<5=O5BAO 2 >1O70==>ABL. 7CG5=85 B>B0;8B0@=>AB8 AB0=>28BAO B>B0;8B0@=K<, 8 C65 ?>O28;>AL ?>:>;5=85, :>B>@>5 A2>9 ?5@2K9 >?KB 2AB@5G8 A MB8< O2;5=85<, A 53> @5?@5AA82=K<8 ?@0:B8:0<8, ?>;CG8;> 8<5==> 2 2845 ?@8=C645=8O : 4>3<0B8:5, A2O70==>9 A B5<>9 B>B0;8B0@=>AB8. 45AL <>6=> 3>2>@8BL 8 > B@C4=>ABOE A >?@545;5=85< B>B0;8B0@=>AB8, 8 > B01C8@>20=88 ?>8A:0 8AB>@8G5A:8E :>@=59 MB>3> O2;5=8O, 8 >1 >1@0IQ==KE D>@<0E B>B0;8B0@=>AB8 2 2845 8718@0B5;L=>9 ?@02>70I8B=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8. > 4;O B0:>3> C@>2=O @5D;5:A88 =5>1E>48< 2KE>4 70 3@0=8FK ;815@0;L=>3> 48A:C@A0, GB> C40QBAO =5 2A5< 8 =5 G0AB>. 0: ?@028;>, 2 ?>4E>45 : B5<5 >?CA:05BAO B>B D0:B, GB> 2A5 D>@<K B>B0;8B0@87<0 2 %% 25:5 B0: 8;8 8=0G5 >:070;8AL ?@>872>4=K<8 >B @07=KE D>@< 845>;>388 <>45@=0, =081>;55 2;8OB5;L=K5 87 :>B>@KE  8<5==> ;815@0;87< 8 ?@>B>;815@0;87< (:>;>=80;87<). =B8B>B0;8B0@=K9 AC148A:C@A A53>4=O A0< 35=5@8@C5B B>B0;8B0@=K5 AE5<K <KH;5=8O A 15A?@5F545=B=>9 8=B5=A82=>ABLN. 0?@8<5@, >= ?@>872>48B 8 ?>445@68205B :>=F5?F8N :>;;5:B82=>9 8AB>@8G5A:>9 28=K, 8 MB>, 2=5 2AO:>3> A><=5=8O, 3535<>=8ABA:0O B>B0;8B0@=0O AB@0B538O. /@:8< ?@8<5@>< B0:>9 AB@0B5388 <>6=> AG8B0BL ?C1;8G=CN 45OB5;L=>ABL !. ;5:A8528G  02B>@0 :=838 # 2>9=K =5 65=A:>5 ;8F>, =>15;52A:>3> ;0C@50B0, C@>65=:8 0?04=>9 #:@08=K 8 15;>@CAA:>9 ?8A0B5;L=8FK, ?8HCI59 =0 @CAA:>< O7K:5 A>2A5< =5 > 15;>@CAA:8E ?@>1;5<0E. ;5:A8528G CB25@6405B, GB> =52>2;5GQ==0O ?>78F8O ?> >B=>H5=8N : D5=><5=C B>B0;8B0@=>AB8 (/ @>48;AO ?>765, : G5<C <5=O 2AQ MB> >1O7K205B?) <>@0;L=> =8GB>6=0, ?>A:>;L:C 65@B2K B0: 65 ?@>B82=K, :0: 8 ?0;0G8 8 O:>1K ACI5AB2C5B >?0A=>ABL ?>2B>@5=8O #0. -B> =0G0;> >BAB@>9:8 <8D0 > :>;;5:B82=>9 28=5. !;54CNI89 H03  ?5@5=>A >128=5=8O A :>=:@5B=KE CG0AB=8:>2 =0 =52>2;5GQ==KE, B> 5ABL =0 =0@>4, A :>B>@>3>, 2 >B;8G85 >B @50;L=KE 28=>2=8:>2, <>6=> A?@0H820BL 8 A?@0H820BL 15A:>=5G=>, ?>?CB=> 2K42830O =5:85 C;LB8<0B82=K5 B@51>20=8O 845>;>38G5A:>3> A2>9AB20. > 845=B8G=>9 AE5<5 AB@>8BAO 845>;>38G5A:0O D>@<C;0 C:@08=A:8E C;LB@0?@02KE: B> =5 A:0G5B, B>B <>A:0;L!. @8GQ< A>25@H5==> =5 206=>, :B> MB>B B>B (8 <>A:0;L ;8 >=), 2065= A0< ?@8=F8?.  >1I5<, B5<0 B8@0=88 8 ?>;8B8G5A:8E ?@02 402=>, :0: 3>2>@OB D8;>A>DK, 70:@CB8;0AL =0 A51O C;8B:>9. > 0=0;>388 A 8725AB=K< 0D>@87<>< ?> ?>2>4C 1>@L1K 70 <8@ 2?>;=5 <>6=> A:070BL: 1C45B B0:0O 70I8B0 ?@02, GB> =5;L7O 1C45B 8 274>E=CBL 157 @07@5H5=8O. > MB0 <KA;L A >3@><=K< B@C4>< B5<0B878@C5BAO A@54AB20<8 ;815@0;L=>9 ;5:A8:8 8 D@075>;>388 8 A>25@H5==> =5 ?>445@68205BAO ;815@0;L=>9 >1I5AB25==>9 ?>25AB:>9. 0 B0:>5 65 ?@51K20=85 2=5 :@8B8:8 >1@5GQ= >A=>2=>9 >=B>;>38G5A:89 0@3C<5=B ;815@0;87<0  845O >A>1KE ?@02 F828;87>20==>3> >1I5AB20 =04 <8@>< 20@20@AB20, O:>1K =5 682CI53> ?> 45<>:@0B8G5A:8< AB0=40@B0<. @8 MB>< ;815@0;L=K9 48A:C@A CA?5H=> ?@8A208205B GC685 AB@0B5388, 2 B>< G8A;5 8 :@8B8:C ;815@0;87<0, ?>@>640O 8<8B0F8N :@8B8G=>AB8 2 A>1AB25==>< 2=CB@5==5< ?@>AB@0=AB25 (?5AA8<8AB8G5A:89 ;815@0;87< . 5@;8=0, =57025@HQ==K9 <>45@= .. %015@<0A0 8 4@.). >G5<C B0: >1AB>8B 45;>? >G5<C <=>65AB2> 7=0G8<KE A>45@60=89 =5 ?@>AB> 70<0;G8205BAO, => 4065 B5E=8G5A:8 =5 2>A?@>872>48BAO, =5 B5<0B878@C5BAO 2 @0<:0E ;815@0;L=>3> 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=>3> ?>;O? 0G=Q< A B>3>, GB> A>2@5<5==K9 ;815@0;87<  =5 ?@>AB> ?>;8B8G5A:0O 4>:B@8=0 8;8 CG5=85, :0: MB> 1K;> 2 XVIII-XX 25:0E. >;8B8:>-845>;>38G5A:0O AB>@>=0 ;815@0;87<0 A>AB02;O5B A53>4=O ?5@8D5@89=K9 C@>25=L 53> A5<0=B8:8. 3> A8AB5<=0O 4><8=0=B0  MB> 6QAB:> 7040==K5 :@8B5@88 AC1J5:B=>AB8 8 A>F80;L=>AB8, 8 MB8 :@8B5@88 G5;>25: 2K=C645= ?@8=8<0BL 5IQ 4> B>3>, :0: >= =0G8=05B 704C<K20BLAO > ?>;8B8:5 8;8 2>?@>A0E :C;LBC@K. -B>B 0:B ?@8=OB8O, 8=4>:B@8=0F8O ?@>8AE>48B 4> B>3>, :0: C 8=482840 ?>O2;O5BAO 2>7<>6=>ABL A:>;L:>-=81C4L A2>1>4=>3> 2K1>@0 8 :@8B8G5A:>9 >F5=:8. A=>2K ;815@0;L=>9 <>45;8 <8@0 70:;04K20NBAO 2 A>7=0=85 4> 8 2=5 2AO:>9 :@8B8G5A:>9 45OB5;L=>AB8. 07C<55BAO, MB>B D0:B =5 >A>7=0QBAO >1;040B5;5< ;815@0;L=>9 845=B8G=>AB8. 3> 7028A8<>ABL >B lingua liberalis, ;815@;8=32K, =5 ?>72>;O5B 5<C =01;N40BL 3@0=8FK MB>3> O2;5=8O, >A>7=0BL 53> B>B0;L=>ABL 8 2 B> 65 2@5<O 53> >3@0=8G5==>ABL, 8A:CAAB25==>ABL, ?>GC2AB2>202 70 2A5< MB8< ?@>F5AA 3;C1>:>9 8 =5>1@0B8<>9 453C<0=870F88 8 453@040F88 ;815@0;L=>3> >1I5AB20.  MB> >B=N4L =5 B>;L:> 2>?@>A 845>;>388, ?>;8B8G5A:>9 0=3068@>20==>AB8 8;8 D>@<8@>20=8O <8@>2>77@5=8O. 5;> 2>>1I5 =5 AB>;L:> 2 B><, GB> G5;>25: 4C<05B, A:>;L:> 2 B><, :0:, :0:8< A?>A>1>< >= MB> 45;05B, :0: >@30=87>20= ?@>F5AA <KH;5=8O.  >@30=87>20= >= ?> 70:>=0< ;815@0;L=>3> O7K:0, A ?><>ILN :>B>@>3> D>@<8@C5BAO 2?>;=5 C7=0205<K9 48A:C@A. >A:>;L:C ;8G=>ABL 8 AC1J5:B82=>ABL 5ABL ?@>4C:B O7K:0, 2;0ABL MB>3> 48A:C@A0 ?@>A;568205BAO 2 <>45;OE ?>2545=8O =57028A8<> >B ;8G=>AB=>9 A0<>@5D;5:A88 8 =8:>340 =5 >B25@305BAO 2 E>45 @0F8>=0;L=>3> 2K1>@0, B> 5ABL >ACI5AB2;O5BAO =0 4>A;>2=>< C@>2=5. <5==> ?>MB><C :>=F5?B A2>1>4K 2K1>@0 8<55B 2KA>:89 AB0BCA 2 ;815@0;L=>9 :C;LBC@5 8 2A5340 ?@5?>4=>A8BAO :0: O:>1K 5AB5AB25==0O B>G:0 A1>@:8 B0: =07K205<>9 02B>=><=>9 ;8G=>AB8. 815@0;87< ?>@>6405B =5A@02=5==> 1>;55 MDD5:B82=K5 <5E0=87<K A>F80;L=>3> ?@8=C645=8O 8 1>;55 2KA>:89 C@>25=L B>B0;8B0@=>AB8, 1>;55 87>I@Q==CN 5Q D>@<C, =565;8 AB0@>@568<=0O B>B0;8B0@=>ABL A ?@>7@0G=K< 8 <>=>;8B=K< 845>;>38G5A:8< A>45@60=85<, :>B>@0O A;C68;0 8 A;C68B <8H5=LN 4;O :@8B8:8 A> AB>@>=K A0<>3> ;815@0;87<0. -B> ?@8=F8?80;L=>5 @07;8G85 2KB5:05B 87 A>>B=>H5=8O 42CE B8?>2 2;0AB8, <>=C<5=B0;L=>9 8 48AF8?;8=0@=>9 (2 @0<:0E B5@<8=>;>388 . $C:>). "0:8< >1@07><, A>2@5<5==K9 ;815@0;87<  ?@54<5B C65 =5 B>;L:> 8 =5 AB>;L:> A>F8>;>38G5A:89 8 ?>;8B8:>-845>;>38G5A:89, :0: 1K;> 4> =0G0;0 1990-E 3>4>2. !53>4=O MB> ?@54<5B :C;LBC@>;>38G5A:>3> 8 0=B@>?>;>38G5A:>3> 87CG5=8O 8, 2 G0AB=>AB8, D8;>A>DA:>-;8=328AB8G5A:>3> 0=0;870. !53>4=O ;815@0;L=0O M;8B0 =5 2 A>AB>O=88 ?@56=8<8 A@54AB20<8 ?>445@6820BL 206=K9 4;O =5Q ?>@O4>: 48A:C@A0, ?>MB><C 2 E>4 2AQ G0I5 84CB 3@C1K5 8=AB@C<5=BK: >B D0;LA8D8:0F89 =0 2K1>@0E (<0=8?C;OF88 A 1N;;5B5=O<8 2 !() 4> 2>7@>645=8O <8;8B0@87<0 8 C;LB@0?@02>9 845>;>388 (0@01A:0O 25A=0, C:@08=A:89 <0940= 8 B. ?). > MDD5:B82=>ABL 4065 B0:8E <5@ ?>AB>O==> ?0405B, O@:89 ?@8<5@  ?@>20; 2>5==>3> ?5@52>@>B0 BC@5F:8E ;815@0;>2 2 2016 3>4C. B:07 ;815@0;87<0 >B A>1AB25==KE 107>2KE ?@8=F8?>2 2> 8<O A>E@0=5=8O 3535<>=88 C65 2845= =52>>@C6Q==K< 3;07><. >@O4>: 48A:C@A0, 2 65@B2C :>B>@><C ?@8=>A8BAO 2AQ 8 5IQ =5<=>3>, C65 =0G8=05B ?>4@K20BL 70?04=K5 >1I5AB25==K5 8=AB8BCBK  =0?@8<5@, 0<5@8:0=A:89 8=AB8BCB ?@57845=BAB20 2 A2O78 A =565;0=85< G0AB8 M;8B ?@87=0BL ?@020 . "@0<?0 =0 >B?@02;5=85 ?@54?8A0==KE 5<C :>=AB8BCF859 2;0AB=KE DC=:F89. -;8BK A @5;838>7=K< ?K;>< 3>B>2K ?@54?@8=8<0BL 2AQ GB> C3>4=> 4;O A?0A5=8O A2>53> A8<2>;0 25@K.  MB8E CA;>28OE >1I5AB2> >A>15==> =C6405BAO 2 >F5=:5 8 3;C1>:>< 0=0;875 :C;LBC@=>-O7K:>2>9 A8BC0F88, 2 :>B>@>9 >=> =0E>48BAO 8 87 :>B>@>9 5<C @0=> 8;8 ?>74=> ?@54AB>8B 2K9B8. 1I5AB2> C65 =0G8=05B 8A?KBK20BL >BGC645=85 8 2KAB@0820BL ?A8E>;>38G5A:CN 48AB0=F8N ?> >B=>H5=8N : ;815@0;L=>9 :C;LBC@5.  MB0 48AB0=F8O 70?>;=O5BAO =>2K< A>45@60=85<.  >AA88 B0:>5 A>45@60=85 ?>O28;>AL 2 @57C;LB0B5 :@K<A:>3> :>=A5=ACA0 8 2>>1I5 A>1KB89 2014 3>40. >A;5 =8E AB0;> ?>=OB=>, GB> ;815@0;L=K9 48A:C@A  MB> 8=AB@C<5=B 2>9=K A =0F8>=0;L=>9 845=B8G=>ABLN 8 B@048F859. =0;>38G=K< >1@07>< =0 0?045 @0728205BAO 48A:C@A ?>4>7@5=8O (". 4>@=>) ?> >B=>H5=8N : ;815@0;L=>9 48A:C@A82=>9 A@545. 1I5AB2> >A>7=0QB >B25BAB25==>ABL ;815@0;87<0 70 M:A?0=A8>=8ABA:CN 8 <8;8B0@8ABA:CN ?>;8B8:C ?@02OI8E M;8B, 70 =02O7K20=85 AB0=40@B>2 <C;LB8:C;LBC@=>AB8, ?>;8B:>@@5:B=>AB8 8 >4=>2@5<5==> 70 @5018;8B0F8N =5>=0F87<0, 70 42>9=K5 AB0=40@BK 8 @07@CH5=85 A>F80;L=KE 8 ?@02>2KE 8=AB8BCB>2 70?04=>3> >1I5AB20. BAN40 2>7=8:05B CAB>9G82>5 65;0=85 :0: <>6=> <5=LH5 8A?>;L7>20BL AC148A:C@AK ;815@0;L=>3> O7K:0, 2 G0AB=>AB8 8<5NI85 >B=>H5=85 : D8=0=A8AB0< 8 1@NAA5;LA:>9 1N@>:@0B88. ">G=> B0: 65 :>340-B> 2 !!!  <=>385 8A?KBK20;8 65;0=85 ?5@5AB0BL 8A?>;L7>20BL ;5:A8:C :><<C=8AB8G5A:>3> =>2>O70 8 ?0@B89=>3> >D8F8>70. "0:8< >1@07><, ;815@0;L=K9 O7K: C65 A53>4=O 2>A?@8=8<05BAO :>=A5@20B82=>-45<>:@0B8G5A:8< 1>;LH8=AB2>< :0: =5GB> A?5F8D8G5A:>5 8 =55AB5AB25==>5, 0 2 1;8609H55 2@5<O 1C45B 2>A?@8=8<0BLAO :0: GC60O @5GL, =5 A?>A>1=0O 045:20B=> AB@C:BC@8@>20BL A>F80;L=CN @50;L=>ABL.  ?@>8AE>4OI8E 3;C1>:8E ?5@5<5=0E A2845B5;LAB2C5B ?@5645 2A53> A0< D0:B ?5@5E>40 ;815@0;L=>3> O7K:0 87 @07@O40 2KA:07K20=8O 2 @07@O4 2KA:07K205<>3>, ?@52@0I5=85 87 A@54AB20 (?> ?>2>4C :>B>@>3> =5 ?@8=OB> @5D;5:A8@>20BL)  2 ?@54<5B @5D;5:A88. <5==> ?5@5A5G5=85 MB>9 3@0=8FK, ?@52@0I0NI59 2KA:07K20=85 2 2KA:07K205<>5, 40QB 3>2>@OI5<C >?KB 2AB@5G8 A @50;L=>ABLN, =0E>4OI59AO 70 3@0=8F0<8 O7K:0, 2 ?;5=C :>B>@>3> >= 5IQ ?@51K205B. > >A2>1>645=85 87 ?;5=0 ?@>87>94QB C65 4>2>;L=> A:>@>. A?>;L7>20=85 ;815@0;L=>3> O7K:0 AB0=>28BAO 15AA<KA;5==K< C65 A59G0A.  1;8609H55 2@5<O 53> 45A:@8?B82=K5 8 :><<C=8:0B82=K5 2>7<>6=>AB8 1C4CB ?040BL, 53> ?>78B828ABA:0O >=B>;>38O CABC?8B <5AB> =>2>9  C=825@A0;8ABA:>9.  ?>A:>;L:C <K O2;O5<AO A>2@5<5==8:0<8 8 =>A8B5;O<8 ;815@0;L=>3> 48A:C@A0 2 M?>EC 53> C?04:0, ?5@54 =0<8 >B:@K205BAO C=8:0;L=0O 2>7<>6=>ABL 87CG0BL MB>B 48A:C@A >4=>2@5<5==> A ?>78F89 2=CB@8- 8 2=5=0E>48<>AB8, B> 5ABL A ?>78F89 =>A8B5;O O7K:0 8 2=5H=53> =01;N40B5;O, @0A?>;030O B>G:C >17>@0 ?> 3@0=8F0< 8=B5@5ACNI53> =0A O2;5=8O. "0:8< >1@07><, <K >A208205< O7K: 3;>10;L=>3> ;815@0;87<0, :>B>@K9 CB@0G8205B >1I57=0G8<K9 AB0BCA 8 :>B>@><C =0H0 @5GL C65 2 ?>;=>9 <5@5 =5 ?@8=04;568B. ***  =0AB>OI55 2@5<O <K 2AQ 5IQ 2K=C645=K 3>2>@8BL > ;815@0;87<5 :0: > <5B048A:C@A5, ?@8A20820NI5<, A0=:F8>=8@CNI5<, 2AB@0820NI5< 2 A51O ;81> :>=AB@C8@CNI5< 4@C385 48A:C@AK 2 ?@>AB@0=AB25 :C;LBC@K. =5 ;815@48A:C@A0 2 A>2@5<5==>< >1I5AB25 =52>7<>6=0 MDD5:B82=0O /-:>=F5?F8O: A MB8<, 2 G0AB=>AB8, A2O70= 48:B0B ;815@0;87<0 2 A>F8>3C<0=8B0@=>9 AD5@5, =0E>4OI59AO 70 ?@545;0<8 G8AB>9 M:>=><8:8 8 G8AB>9 ?>;8B8:8. ">B0;L=>ABL ;815@0;L=>3> 48A:C@A0 ?@52>AE>48B 2;8O=85 A>25BA:>3> :;0AA>2>3> ?>4E>40, :>B>@K9 ?@8 =5>1E>48<>AB8 ;53:> 2KG;5=O;AO 87 >1I59 AB@C:BC@K >1I5AB25==> 7=0G8<KE =0@@0B82>2. !53>4=O 65 45<0@:0F8>==K5 ;8=88 <564C 682K< A>F80;L=K< >?KB><, A>F8>3C<0=8B0@=K<8 =0C:0<8 8 ;815@0;L=K< 48A:C@A>< ?>;=>ABLN CB@0G5=K. >74=89 ;815@0;87< 2@064515= ;N1K< :C;LBC@=K< B@048F8O< 8 F5==>ABO<. 2B>@8B0@=>ABL 8 453C<0=870F8O ;815@0;L=>9 <>45;8 >1I5AB20 2KA>:8. > 2A59 2848<>AB8, AC4 =04 ;815@0;L=>9 MB8:>9 4>;65= AB0BL 70:>=><5@=K< ?@>4>;65=85< :>;;0?A0 2;0AB=KE ?@0:B8: ;815@0;87<0  E>BO 1K ?>B><C, GB> A0<0 ;815@0;L=0O <KA;L 2 A2>Q 2@5<O =0AB>9G82> >BAB0820;0 ?@>5:B AC40 =04 :><<C=87<><, A>7402 B5< A0<K< A>>B25BAB2CNI89 8AB>@8G5A:89 ?@5F545=B. > 2A5<C MB><C =587156=> ?@54H5AB2C5B :@>?>B;820O @01>B0 A O7K:><. >MB><C =0H0 7040G0  =0<5B8BL =5:>B>@K5 =0?@02;5=8O 1C4CI53> 0=0;870, 2K45;82 =081>;55 206=K5 A53<5=BK ;815@0;L=>3> 1>;LH>3> 48A:C@A0 8 >1>7=0G82 >A=>2=K5 :0B53>@88 A>2@5<5==>9 ;815@0;L=>9 :C;LBC@K. 5=578A 1@07 <8@0 8 G5;>25:0, 2H8BK9 2 ;815@0;L=K9 O7K:, 8<55B =5A:>;L:> 8AB>G=8:>2: ?>78B8287< (25@0 2 2>7<>6=>ABL @0F8>=0;L=>3> >1JOA=5=8O 25I59 :0: 1K 87 =8E A0<8E), :0;L28=87< (<8D 871@0==>AB8 8 ?@52>AE>4AB20), <0;LBC780=AB2> (<8D > ?>;L75 5AB5AB25==>3> >B1>@0 2 G5;>25G5A:>< >1I5AB25) 8 3=>AB8F87< (<8D > B09=>< 7=0=88 C7:>3> :@C30 6@5F>2, M:A?5@B>2, B5E=>:@0B>2 8 B. ?.).  :0G5AB25 845>;>38G5A:>3> >A=>20=8O MB>9 A8AB5<K A;54C5B 2K45;8BL :0;L28=8ABA:89 ?0D>A >@C48O 1>30 8 ?>=OB85 Manifest Destiny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deplorable  45?;>@0=BK, A>45@68<>5 :>@78=K 4;O 1C<03  2 ?@542K1>@=>9 @8B>@8:5 %. ;8=B>=).  >AA88 8=AB8BCB @C:>?>60B=>AB8 AD>@<8@>20;AO 2 @57C;LB0B5 >B@K20 53> AB>@>==8:>2 >B 8A:>==>9 8AB>@8G5A:>9 ?>G2K  0=B8A>25BA:>3> 48AA845=BA:>3> 42865=8O. A;8 2 ?5@8>4 ?>;8B8G5A:8E ?@5A;54>20=89 MB0 D>@<0 ?>2545=8O >15A?5G820;0 :>=A?8@0F8N, B> 2 =>2><, ?>ABA>25BA:>< :>=B5:AB5 >=0 ?@52@0B8;0AL 2 8=AB@C<5=B 3>A?>4AB20 >4=>9 87 ?@828;538@>20==KE A>F80;L=KE 3@C??  ;815@0;L=>-70?04=8G5A:>9 8=B5;;835=F88 (?>765 :@50B82=>3> :;0AA0), :>B>@0O 2K?>;=O5B 2 >AA88 @>;L :>;>=80;L=>9 04<8=8AB@0F88. 0 1>;55 3;C1>:><, A8<2>;8G5A:>< C@>2=5 A>2@5<5==0O @C:>?>60B=>ABL >7=0G05B AB@0E =5G8AB>BK 8 >A:25@=5=8O. -B0 A5<0=B8:0 A>?@>2>6405B A=865=85 :>3=8B82=>3> AB0BCA0 @C:>?>60B=KE 4> ?5@2>1KB=>3> A>AB>O=8O A>7=0=8O, =5><0387<0, 2 @0<:0E :>B>@>3> =5:0O 87=0G0;L=0O <038G5A:0O A8;0 5IQ =5 ?@52@0B8;0AL 2 @0728BCN A8AB5<C <>@0;L=KE =>@< 8 @53C;OB82>2, E0@0:B5@=CN 4;O B@048F8>==KE @5;8389. AC645=85 8 2>>1I5 AC4 70<5=O5BAO 2 MB>< A;CG05 ?@>:;OB85<. C:>?>60B=>ABL 2>AE>48B : 0@E08G=><C @8BC0;C 873=0=8O 87 ?;5<5=8. 53@5AA 8 AB@C:BC@=>5 C?@>I5=85 :C;LBC@=KE <>45;59, =>20O 48:>ABL 8 0@E0870F8O >1I5AB20 2 ?@8=F8?5 E0@0:B5@=K 4;O ?5@8>40 ?>74=53> ;815@0;87<0. K:;NG5=85 87 48A:C@A0 815@0;L=K9 48A:C@A A>740QB <5B0=0@@0B82=CN AE5<C, >BABC?;5=85 >B :>B>@>9 (=0@CH5=85 B01C) 2K:;NG05B AC1J5:B0 87 :><<C=8:0F88. 50:F859 ;815@0;L=>9 A@54K =0 B0:>5 >BABC?;5=85 >1KG=> AB0=>2OBAO =5 @0F8>=0;L=K5 0@3C<5=BK, 0 A83=0; : 2K:;NG5=8N 87 48A:C@A0. 0?@8<5@:  5IQ C =8E =53@>2 ;8=GCNB. ;8, 1>;55 <O3:>: 5 2AQ B0: ?@>AB>.  B> 8 4@C3>5  A83=0;K @07@K20 48A:C@A0 A>15A54=8:0, ?>A;5 :>B>@KE <>6=> 3>2>@8BL C65 GB> C3>4=>, =5 >1@0I0O 2=8<0=8O =0 A:070==>5 @0=55. @0240, 20@80=B ?>;C2K:;NG5=8O (5 2AQ B0: ?@>AB>) 8<55B A2>8 <8=CAK  >= ?>72>;O5B A>15A54=8:C 8A?>;L7>20BL MBC 65 <>40;L=>ABL 8 =0G0BL >B25B, =0?@8<5@, A> A;>2: 0 A0<>< 45;5 2AQ 5IQ A;>6=55& . >MB><C ?>;=>5 2K:;NG5=85 ?@54?>GB8B5;L=55. !<KA; B0:>3> 2K:;NG5=8O A>AB>8B 2 B><, GB>1K ?>4G5@:=CBL: 40==0O B5<0 =5@C:>?>60B=0, =0E>48BAO 2=5 >1I5?@8=OB>3> :>=B5:AB0, MB> B01C.  ?>B><C =5 B@51C5BAO @0F8>=0;L=>3> >B25B0, A>1;N45=8O =>@< 256;82>AB8 8 C2065=8O : A>15A54=8:C.  ACI=>AB8, B01C8@C5BAO 2 MB>< A;CG05 =5 B>;L:> A0<> 2KA:07K20=85, => 8 53> 02B>@. A;8 2 @0<:0E AB0@>@568<=>3> B>B0;8B0@=>3> O7K:0 =565;0B5;L=>5 AC645=85 ?>;CG0;> 845>;>38G5A:89 O@;K:, B> 2 @0<:0E 48AF8?;8=0@=>3> ;815@0;L=>3> O7K:0 ?@5>1;040NB 8<5==> A;>20-A83=0;K. -B8 A;>20 @0AA5:0NB ?@>AB@0=AB2> :><<C=8:0F88, 2>A?@>872>4O <>45;L @0745;Q==>3> >1I5AB20, 3@0=8FK <564C :C;LBC@>9 8 =5-:C;LBC@>9.  >AA88 =>A8B5;8 ;815@0;L=>3> O7K:0 =5@54:> A0<8 A51O E0@0:B5@87CNB :0: ?@8;8G=KE ;N459, GB> <>65B 1KBL 8=B5@?@5B8@>20=> :0: <0=8D5AB0F8O =5?@5>4>;8<>3> A>F80;L=>3> @0745;5=8O. >>1I5 ;815@0;L=K9 48A:C@A 8<?;8F8B=> A>45@68B 2 A515 @0A8ABA:CN <0B@8FC, B> 5ABL <>45;L @0745;Q==>3> <8@0, A>AB>OI53> 87 F828;87>20==>9 8 =5F828;87>20==>9 G0AB59, :>B>@K5 A2O70=K >B=>H5=8O<8 ?>4G8=5=8O. -B0 <>45;L 8AB>@8G5A:8 E0@0:B5@=0 4;O :>;>=80;87<0.  ?@>F5AA5 @5G8 MBC A8BC0F8N 2>A?@>872>4OB 4>A;>2=K5 M;5<5=BK 48A:C@A0 (D@07K-H8DB5@K), 0 B>B, :B> 8<8 ?>;L7C5BAO, 45<>=AB@8@C5B >14C<0==> 8@@0F8>=0;L=CN @50:F8N. !BK4. "@0=AD>@<0F8O ?>=OB8O 06=59H8< 4;O ;815@0;L=>3> O7K:0 O2;O5BAO ?>=OB85 ABK40. > A<KA; MB>3> ?>=OB8O 2 ?0@0483<5 ;815@0;L=>9 :C;LBC@K ?>;=>ABLN ?@>B82>?>;>65= B><C, :>B>@K9 ACI5AB2C5B 2 8AB>@8G5A:>9 B@048F88. "@048F8>==> ABK4 O2;O5BAO A;54AB285< 3@5E0, ?@><0E0 8;8 >H81:8 (3@5E 2 4@52=53@5G5A:>< 8 >7=0G05B ?@><0E) 8 ?@>O2;O5BAO 2 >B=>H5=8OE G5;>25:0 A >3><.  ;815@0;L=>9 ?0@0483<5 ABK4  D>@<0 >1;8G5=8O 4@C3>3> G5;>25:0. >A8B5;N ;815@0;L=>3> A>7=0=8O G0I5 2A53> 1K205B ABK4=> =5 70 A51O 8 =5 70 548=><KH;5==8:>2, 0 8<5==> 70 GC68E. =5 ABK4=> 70 MBC AB@0=C, <=5 ABK4=> 70 A53>4=OH=NN <5@8:C 3>2>@OB B>340, :>340 >AC640NB >??>=5=B>2, :>B>@K5 8A?>@B8;8 >1ICN B5@@8B>@8N 8 1@>A0NB ?A0< >1ICN A2OBK=N. >6=> A:070BL, GB> =01;N405BAO =5:0O D>@<0 B@0=AD5@0 2 >B=>H5=88 ?>=OB8O ABK40: CA;>2=K9 O ABK6CAL 70 B5E, :><C 4>;6=> 1KBL ABK4=>. "0:>9 ABK4 2?>;=5 8=AB@C<5=B0;5=. = G0AB> =0?@02;5= =0 2@06451=K5 ;815@0;87<C =5@K=>G=K5 F5==>AB8 8 :>=F5?BK 2@>45 A>F80;L=>9 A?@0254;82>AB8, ?0B@8>B87<0 8;8 @50;L=>9 45<>:@0B88. ;O =8E ;815@0;L=K9 O7K: 8A?>;L7C5B A2>9 =01>@ ?>=OB89-AB8:5@>2. 0?@8<5@: ?>?C;87<, 8<?5@A:0O =>AB0;L38O, B>B0;8B0@87<, :A5=>D>18O, ?0B@8>B8G5A:89 C30@. 8BC0;L=0O ABK4;82>ABL ?>4GQ@:8205B :><<C=8:0B82=K9 ?@>20; 2 :>=B0:B5 A >??>=5=B><, => =0 45;5 O2;O5BAO M2D5<87<><, A:@KBK< ?@87=0=85< A>F80;L=>9 GC64>AB8 (?5=A8>=5@K =5 2?8A0;8AL 2 @K=>:  ?CABL 2K<8@0NB 5AB5AB25==K< >1@07><). > 3;C1>:89 A>F80;L=K9 @07@K2 0:B82=> 2KB5A=O5BAO <8D>< >1 >1I53@0640=A:8E F5==>ABOE 8 3@0640=A:>< >1I5AB25.  :0G5AB25 :>4>2KE ?>=OB89, A:@5?;ONI8E MB> >1I5AB2>-2->1I5AB25, 8A?>;L7C5BAO =01>@ 848><: 2K9B8 =0 ?;>I04L, A5@28;L=>ABL, :@>202K9 @568<, :0:>9 ?>7>@! (8=>340 2 7=0: A>;840@=>AB8 A :852A:8< <0940=>< 8A?>;L7C5BAO C:@08=A:>5  0=L10!). !B@5<;5=85 >4=>2@5<5==> >AC48BL, 70:;59<8BL 8 ?5@5C1548BL 254QB : B><C, GB> ;815@0; ?@>?>254C5B ABK4 70 4@C38E. -B> AB5?5=L E0=65AB20, 4> :>B>@>9 40;5:> 4065 A0<K< 70<H5;K< :>=A5@20B>@0< 8 DCB;O@=K< ;N4O<. > ?0D>A=>5 <5=B>@AB2> 8 >4=>2@5<5==> B50B@0;L=>ABL MB>3> AC148A:C@A0, CA8;820O 4@C3 4@C30, ?>@>640NB A<5E>2>9 MDD5:B. >MB><C ;815@0;L=K9 <>@0;87< =5@54:> >B7K205BAO 1C@;5A:><, O2;OO <8@C A<5AL :;>C=04K 8 <>@0;8B5, :0: 5A;8 1K :;>C= G8B0; ?@>?>254L A 0<2>=0. > MB> 5IQ =5 2AQ. ><8<> 845>;>38G5A:>9 DC=:F88 D5=><5= ;815@0;L=>3> ABK40 2K?>;=O5B B0:65 :>4>2CN DC=:F8N, ?@52@0I0OAL 2 ?0@>;L 4;O C7:>3> :@C30. !2>8E >?>7=0NB :0: @07 ?> A?5F8D8G5A:><C GC2AB2C ABK40. 0: ?8H5B >48= 1;>35@, ;815@0;L=>5 A>>1I5AB2> A>740QB M<>F8>=0;L=K9 :0=0; 4;O :><<C=8:0F88 8;8 ?@>25@O5B MB>B :0=0;, ?@>25@O5B :0G5AB2> A2O78.  ;;>, 2K 745AL? K <5=O A;KH8B5? 0< 1>;L=>, ABK4=> 8 AB@0H=>?  ;;>, ?@8Q<! 0, =0< 1>;L=>, ABK4=> 8 AB@0H=>! K =5 >4=8!. AB0;L=K< ?@54;0305BAO ;81> ?>445@6820BL B0:>9 ?>@O4>: :><<C=8:0F88, ;81> 2K?0ABL 70 3@0=8FK :@C30 0:B82=>9 G0AB8 >1I5AB20, :>B>@0O 45;05B A2>9 2K1>@. >A;54=OO 848><0  M2D5<87<, <0A:8@CNI89 ?>4;8==K9 AB0BCA A>F80;L=>3> <5=LH8=AB20, :>B>@>5 B@51C5B A515 ?@828;5389 70 AGQB 1>;LH8=AB20. @@0F8>=0;87< @@0F8>=0;87<  >1I0O G5@B0, :>B>@CN G0AB> <>6=> 2AB@5B8BL, 0=0;878@CO ?>AB@>5=85 :;NG52KE D@07 ;815@0;-48A:C@A0. ;0AA8G5A:89 A;CG09  :>340 =0 107>2>< C@>2=5 @0AAC645=8O ?@8=8<0NBAO 425 2708<>8A:;NG0NI85 ?@54?>AK;:8. 0?@8<5@, ?;N@0;87< 8 >1I5G5;>25G5A:85 F5==>AB8 >4=>2@5<5==>. ! B>G:8 7@5=8O ;>38:8 >G5284=>, GB> ;81> =5B B0:8E 548=KE F5==>AB59, ;81> ?;N@0;87< =52>7<>65=. "8?8G=K9 ?@8<5@: 02=> ?>@0 68BL 8 ?@8=8<0BL @5H5=8O :0: 2 F828;87>20==KE AB@0=0E. > ?@8 AAK;:5 =0 <5@8:C 2 2>?@>A5 >1 >?KB5 381@84=KE 2>9= A;54C5B >B25B: !( <5=O =5 2>;=CNB, MB> =5 <>O AB@0=0. @C3>9 ?@8<5@. >A;5 2ABC?;5=8O 2 ?@57845=BA:CN 4>;6=>ABL . "@0<?0 0<5@8:0=A:8<8 45<>:@0B0<8 1K;> ?@>2545=> <=>65AB2> 0=B8B@0<?>2A:8E 45<>=AB@0F89. 0 >4=>9 87 B0:8E 45<>=AB@0F89 H;8 D5<8=8AB:8 A ?;0:0B0<8.  MB8 ?;0:0BK >4=>2@5<5==> ?@87K20;8 : 65=A:><C @02=>?@028N 8 : @07@5H5=8N <CAC;L<0=A:8< 65=I8=0< ?C1;8G=> =>A8BL E84601.  2KA>:>< A>45@60=88 ;>38G5A:8E ?@>B82>@5G89 2 A>AB025 ;815@0;L=>3> O7K:0 3>2>@OB B0:85 ?0@04>:A0;L=K5 >?@545;5=8O, :0: 3C<0=8B0@=K5 1><10@48@>2:8, ?>78B82=0O 48A:@8<8=0F8O, ?@8=C645=85 : <8@C. A5 MB8 ?@8<5@K A2845B5;LAB2CNB >B=N4L =5 >1 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=>< 15AA8;88 E>7O52 48A:C@A0. 0?@>B82, >=8 3>2>@OB > AB@5<;5=88 2K25AB8 :C;LBC@=>-O7K:>2CN ?0@0483<C ;815@0;87<0 87 A>AB>O=8O :@878A0 G5@57 3;C1>:CN B@0=AD>@<0F8N, 70<5=82 2KA>:89 D8;>A>DA:89 @0F8>=0;87<, 4>AB02H89AO 59 >B M?>E8 @>A25I5=8O, =0 8@@0F8>=0;L=K5 :>=AB@C:F88, => A>E@0=8BL AB8;8AB8G5A:CN >1>;>G:C 48A:C@A0, B> 5ABL @0F8>=0;8AB8G5A:CN 8 =0C:>>1@07=CN ;5:A8:C 8 <0=5@C 87;>65=8O. ! B>G:8 7@5=8O ;8=328AB8:8 2 MB>< A;CG05 <5B>=8<8G5A:0O DC=:F8O =0CG=>3> AC148A:C@A0, =0?@02;5==0O =0 =C64K 0=0;870 8 A8AB5<0B870F88 ?@54<5B=>9 AD5@K, CB@0G8205BAO. 0F8>=0;L=>-=0CG=0O B5@<8=>;>38O ?@52@0I05BAO 2 A8AB5<C <5B0D>@, :>B>@0O =5 A8AB5<0B878@C5B A2>9 ?@54<5B, 0 ;8HL C?>4>1;O5B 53> =5:>9 CA;>2=>9 (28@BC0;L=>9) A8AB5<5. "0:8< >1@07>< D>@<8@C5BAO >=B>;>38O ?>78B8287<0 8 :>=AB@C:B8287<0. > <5B0D878G5A:89 AB0BCA >?8AK20NI8E 5Q :>=F5?F89 <0A:8@C5BAO 70 2848<>ABLN =0CG=>AB8. AQ MB> >G5=L =0?><8=05B D>@<8@>20=85 O7K:0 A095=B>;>388 8 8=KE ?>78B828ABA:8E :2078@5;838>7=KE 4>:B@8=. "5E=>:@0B87< %0@0:B5@=>, GB> ?>=OB85 B5E=>:@0B >1;0405B 2 ;815@48A:C@A5 01A>;NB=> A0:@0;L=K< A<KA;><. ;O ?>=OB8O B5E=>:@0B =5 ?@54CA<>B@5=0 @02=>?@02=0O 48E>B><8G5A:0O ?0@0 (GB> :0: @07 A;C68;> 1K >B;8G8B5;L=K< ?@87=0:>< =0CG=>-B5E=>:@0B8G5A:>3> <KH;5=8O).  ?@>B82>25A 8;8 2 4>?>;=5=85 : ?>=OB8N B5E=>:@0BK =8:>340 =5 3>2>@OB > ?=52<>:@0B0E 8;8 A5=A>:@0B0E. ABL B>;L:> B5E=>:@0BK 8 2A5 >AB0;L=K5  =5-B5E=>:@0BK. "0:8< >1@07><, 2<5AB> A10;0=A8@>20==>9 :C;LBC@=>9 >??>78F88 2 MB>9 G0AB8 48A:C@A0 <K 8<55< ?@828;538@>20==>5 >7=0G0NI55, :0: A:070; 1K D8;>A>D . 5@@840. "> 5ABL >B?@02=CN B>G:C :C;LBC@=>9 3535<>=88. >B B8?8G=K5 2KA:07K20=8O:  ?@028B5;LAB2> ?@8H;8 B5E=>:@0BK 8;8 @8H;8 <>;>4K5 B5E=>:@0BK. B>@>5 2KA:07K20=85 O2=> B02B>;>38G=>: >?@545;5=85 <>;>4>9 2 ?>4>1=KE :>=B5:AB0E <>6=> >?CA:0BL, >=> 8 B0: ?>4@07C<5205BAO, ?@8GQ< =57028A8<> >B D0:B8G5A:>3> 2>7@0AB0 G5;>25:0.  @0<:0E ;815@48A:C@A0 01A>;NB=> =5<KA;8<K< 2K3;O48B 2K@065=85 AB0@K9 B5E=>:@0B. => 254QB : @07@K2C O7K:>2>3> H01;>=0. =0;>38G=K9 :><?;5:A ?>=OB89 A B5<0<8 <>;>4>AB8 8 =5A<5=O5<>AB8 (2 A>2>:C?=>AB8 >=8 2>AE>4OB : <8D>;>35<5 15AA<5@B8O) ACI5AB2>20; :>340-B> 2 @0<:0E A>25BA:>3> 48A:C@A0: ><A><>; =5 ?@>AB> 2>7@0AB, :><A><>;  <>O AC4L10!; !B>OB :><8AA0@K, AB>OB :><8AA0@K, :0: ?@5645, AB>OB C @C;O! 8 B. ?. "5E=>:@0B8G5A:89 AC148A:C@A 8A?>;L7C5BAO 2> <=>38E CAB0=>2>G=KE B5:AB0E, =0?@8<5@, 8<5NI8E >B=>H5=85 : A>F8>;>388 8 ?A8E>;>388, 42C< =081>;55 845>;>38G5A:8 =03@C65==K< 48AF8?;8=0<, =K=5 2KB5A=ONI8< =0 ?5@8D5@8N A<56=K5 A>F8>3C<0=8B0@=K5 =0C:8 8 ?@54?>G8B0NI8< 0=0;8B8:5 D>@<8@CNI85 B5E=>;>388.  ACI=>AB8, >=8 A53>4=O 83@0NB @>;L, :>B>@CN 83@0;8 8AB>@8G5A:89 8 480;5:B8G5A:89 <0B5@80;87< 2 @0<:0E A>25BA:>3> >1I5AB2>7=0=8O. -AE0B>;>38O (20B=K9 ?>:0;8?A8A) 8D>;>35<0 20B=>3> 0?>:0;8?A8A0 A>AB>8B 87 42CE <8D5<  20B=>AB8 (2 ?>=8<0=88 @C:>?>60B=KE  A>F80;L=>9 =5?>;=>F5==>AB8) 8 0?>:0;8?B8G5A:>3> >ICI5=8O :>=F0 7=0:><>3> <8@0, >1@CH5=8O >A=>2 ?@82KG=>3> <8@>?>@O4:0.  1990-5 1K2H0O A>25BA:0O ?@>D5AAC@0 ?@54AB02;O;0 A515 =0ABC?0NICN M?>EC 2 0?>:0;8?B8G5A:8E B>=0E: >A=>2K @CE=C;8, A8AB5<=>3> 7=0=8O 1>;LH5 =5B, :0: B5?5@L 68BL 8 @01>B0BL?!  3>2>@O >B:@>25==>, MB8 ;N48 2> <=>3>< >:070;8AL ?@02K. !53>4=O A ;815@0;L=>9 A8AB5<>9 A:;04K205BAO 2> <=>3>< AE>60O A8BC0F8O. >3<0B8:8 >B ;815@0;87<0 <KA;OB ?@8<5@=> B0: 65: GB> 45;0BL, <8@ 157 3;>10;L=>3> ;845@AB20 C45@60BL =5;L7O, ?@>87>94QB 2A5>1I89 20B=K9 0?>:0;8?A8A. "5?5@L 2AQ  C;O9, @20=8=0!. "0:, 2KABC?0O ?5@54 A?>=A>@0<8 A ?@542K1>@=>9 @5GLN, %. ;8=B>= 70O28;0, GB> ?>;>28=C AB>@>==8:>2. "@0<?0A;54C5B ?><5AB8BL 2 basket of deplorables  :>@78=C 4;O >B1@>A>2. !;>2> deplorabilis 8A?>;L7C5BAO 2 ?A8E80B@88, 2 2K@065=88 Aasus plane deplorabilis  ?>;=>ABLN 157=04Q6=K9 A;CG09. ;8=B>= @072820;0 A2>N <KA;L B0:: 0A8ABK, A5:A8ABK, 3><>D>1K, :A5=>D>1K, 8A;0<>D>1K  40;LH5 ?> A?8A:C.  A>60;5=8N, 5ABL B0:85 ;N48.  >= 8E ?>4=O;, @071C48;. -B8 @51OB0 =58A?@028<K, => : AG0ABLN, >=8 =5 <5@8:0. 815@0;L=K5 ?>;8B8:8 8 ! A>G;8, GB> %8;;0@8 =5 70 GB> 8728=OBLAO.  A59G0A, ?>A;5 ?>154K "@0<?0, >=8 ?@>4>;60NB B0: AG8B0BL. > ;>38:5 MB8E 70O2;5=89 A;54CNI89 H03  MB> >B:07 >B ?@8=F8?0 2A5>1I53> 8718@0B5;L=>3> ?@020. 0725 <>6=> ?@54>AB02;OBL =0@>4C ?@02> GB>-B> @5H0BL? -B> 65 =5 =0AB>OI89 =0@>4, 0 =0@>4-A0<>720=5F (1K4;>). 5<>:@0B8O E>@>H0, => =5 4;O 2A5E.  40;LH5 =0G8=05B @01>B0BL ;>38:0 8A:;NG5=8O 8 =>A8B5;L ;815@0;L=>9 845=B8G=>AB8 1KAB@> A:0BK205BAO : B@0:B>2:5 1>;LH8=AB20 :0: =5@5?@575=B0B82=>9 >1I=>AB8. ;O MB>3> 8A?>;L7C5BAO ?>=OB85 3@0640=A:>5 >1I5AB2>, :>B>@>5 ?@54?>;0305B :>=F5?B =5:>9 7@5;>AB8, =5:89 :C;LBC@=K9 F5=7, >1KG=> =5 2K@065==K9 2 OA=KE :@8B5@8OE, ?>A:>;L:C B>340 A;8H:>< @57:> >1=068;8AL 1K :C;LBC@-@0A8ABA:85 ?@54?>AK;:8 40==>3> ?>4E>40, :;0AA8G5A:85 ?@>O2;5=8O <8D0 ?@52>AE>4AB20.  8B>35 2 3@0640=A:>5 >1I5AB2> 70G8A;O5BAO =5A:>;L:> ?@>F5=B>2 >B =0A5;5=8O AB@0=K, => MB> =8:>3> =5 A<CI05B. 54L 40==K9 D0:B =5 >B>1@0605BAO 2 <8D5 8 =5 ?>4;568B @0F8>=0;870F88. 3> :0: 1K =5 ACI5AB2C5B. =>340 45;> 4>E>48B 8 4> >B:@>25==>3> @0A87<0, :>340 =0G8=0NBAO @073>2>@K > ?>B><AB25==KE @010E, =54>;N4OE 8 35=5B8G5A:8E >B1@>A0E. 'B>1K 87<5=8BL ;N459, =04> ?@5645 2A53> 87<5=8BL 8E O7K:.  ?5@2K9 H03 : 87<5=5=8N  MB> >A>7=0=85. /7K:>2>5 15AA>7=0B5;L=>5, :0: 8725AB=>, =5 ?>?0405B 2 ?>;5 @5D;5:A88, => :0: B>;L:> MB> 15AA>7=0B5;L=>5 >A>7=0QBAO, A@07C 65 =0G8=0NBAO A42838 2=CB@8 A8AB5<K. =8 =0:0?;820NBAO, 8 ?> 4>AB865=88 8<8 :@8B8G5A:>9 <0AAK ?@>8AE>48B A<5=0 ?0@0483<K. !<5=0 ;815@0;L=>9 ?0@0483<K, ?0@0483<K ;815@0;L=>3> <>45@=0  2>?@>A 2@5<5=8. -B0 A<5=0 ?@8254QB : =>2>9 D>@<5 C=825@A0;87<0 8 ?>AB@>5=8N >1I5AB20 =0 >A=>25 =>2KE, 1>;55 :><<C=8B0@=KE ?@8=F8?>2.  G0AB=>AB8, MB> >7=0G05B ?5@5E>4 : >B25BAB25==><C >1@0I5=8N A O7K:>< :0: 8=AB8BCB>< 2A5E >1I5AB25==KE 8=AB8BCB>2; 2K@01>B:C =5 >4=>9, 0 <=>65AB20 ;8=32>-D8;>A>DA:8E AB@0B5389. -B> >7=0G05B ?@02> 1@>A8BL ;8=328AB8G5A:89 2K7>2 D8;>A>D88 02B>=><=>9 ;8G=>AB8, CB25@482H59AO 2 @0<:0E ;815@0;L=>3> O7K:0 2 :0G5AB25 548=AB25==>9 845>;>388, :>B>@0O =5 <>65B 1KBL ?>AB02;5=0 ?>4 A><=5=85. "5<, :B> 20 ;5B =0704 3>2>@8; > :>=F5 8AB>@88, ?@84QBAO ?5@5A<>B@5BL A2>8 ?@>3=>7K. 5A=0 8AB>@88 A>2A5< =5 70 3>@0<8, 5Q 4KE0=85 C65 >ICB8<>. ;5:A0=4@ )8?:>2 A2>1>645=85 B@048F88 "5<0 =0F8>=0;L=>9 B@048F88, ?>8A:0 B0: =07K205<KE 8=20@80=B>2 >B5G5AB25==>9 8AB>@88 O2;O5BAO, 157 ?@5C25;8G5=8O, >4=>9 87 ?@8<5B B5:CI53> ?>;8B8G5A:>3> A57>=0. 45O > B><, GB> 3>AC40@AB25==>-?>;8B8G5A:85 D>@<K A>740NBAO @CAA:8< =0@>4>< A>3;0A=> 53> ?@54AB02;5=8N > 3>AC40@AB25==>AB8, 0 =5 2A;54AB285 ?@8<5=5=8O =5:8E ?@87=0==KE ?@>3@5AA82=K<8 @5F5?B>2 8 AE5<, =5 :065BAO C65 >A>15==> A<5;>9. "0:>20O A2>1>4=> 2KA:07K205BAO 2 A>>1I5AB20E M:A?5@B>2 8 :C;LBC@B@535@>2, ?@8<5@>< G53> O2;O5BAO, 2 G0AB=>AB8, 480;>3 @568AAQ@0 >=G0;>2A:>3> A ?8A0B5;5< 8 45OB5;5< >??>78F88 K:>2K<. 5AOB8;5B85 =0704 ?@575=B0F8O 3@C??>9 0;0H>2>9, C@>2>9 8 09HC;O 87 =AB8BCB0 =0F8>=0;L=>9 <>45;8 M:>=><8:8 71C:8 @CAA:>3> >1I5AB25==>-?>;8B8G5A:>3> O7K:0 2AB@5B8;0 =5?>=8<0=85.  ;CGH5< A;CG05 @01>BC A>G;8 70 8450;870F8N 8 ?0=538@8: >B5G5AB25==>9 0@E08:5; 2 EC4H5<, :0: .. !0<>4C@>2, 8A?>;L7>20;8 :0: ?>G2C 4;O >G5@54=KE @CA>D>1A:8E A?5:C;OF89 > @01A:>9 ?A8E>;>388 8 ?045=88 2 <@0G=>5 A@54=525:>2L5. @>1;5<0 D878G5A:>3> @07@K20 A B@048F859, >4=0:> 65, 70O2;5=0 1K;0 2?>;=5 B>G=>. 5H5=85 CA<0B@820;>AL @07@01>BG8:0<8, 2 ?5@2CN >G5@54L, 2 O7K:>2>9, ?A8E>A5<0=B8G5A:>9 ?;>A:>AB8. 09B8 >1I89 O7K: >7=0G05B 4>3>2>@8BLAO. >60;C9, @5GL H;0 > 1>;LH5<: > A2>5>1@07=>9 ?5@5703@C7:5 ?>=OB89 > B><, :0:8< >1@07>< 2K3;O48B ?@028;L=> @01>B0NI0O A8AB5<0 >1I5AB25==>-3>AC40@AB25==KE A2O759 (2 @0<:0E =0F8>=0;L=KE 8=20@80=B). > A;>20< . 09HC;O, =0H0 :C;LBC@0 AB>;L 1;87:0 70?04=>9, GB> <K A ;Q3:>ABLN 5Q 8<8B8@C5<.  MB> G0AB> A;C68B =0< ?;>ECN A;C61C: ?>25@E=>AB=>5 8A?>;L7>20=85 70?04=KE =0CG=KE :0B53>@89 A>740QB 2848<>ABL ?>=8<0=8O =0H59 AB@0=K, 0 ?>25@E=>AB=>5 :>?8@>20=85 70?04=KE 8=AB8BCB>2  2848<>ABL CA?5H=>9 <>45@=870F88. B>3>< AB0=>28BAO =5:>=A>;848@>20==K9 :>=A5@20B87< 8 B@048F8>=0;87<, =>?@>28=F80;87<, 7028A8<>ABL >B?>A;54=53> A;>20 ?>;8B>;>388, B@0=A;8@C5<>3>: =0< 1C:20;L=> 8A>7=0G8B5;L=K< >BAB020=85<. 4065 5A;8 ?>78F8N 0?040 ?@8=8<0BL 70AC3C1> 8AA;54>20B5;LA:CN, 2AQ @02=> :>=:C@5=B>A?>A>1=>ABL 8MDD5:B82=>ABL =0F8>=0;L=KE <>45;59, 2KAB@>5==KE 2B>?>3@0D88 70?04=>3> ?>;8B8G5A:>3> ?@>F5AA0, >H81>G=> ?@8=8<05<>3> 70C=825@A0;L=K9 8>1@07F>2K9, >AB0NBAO 25AL<0 >3@0=8G5==K<8. >AB0B>G=> 7040BLAO 2>?@>A><, 1K;;8 2 >B5G5AB25==>9 8AB>@88 !5@0D8< !0@>2A:89 B@048F8>=0;8AB>< 8;8 =>20B>@><, 2>AA>7402 D0:B8G5A:8 70=>2> B@048F8N C<=>3> 45;0=8O, GB>1K B>BG0A AB0;0 OA=0 :0B0AB@>D8G5A:0O C7>ABL 459AB2CNI59 ?>;8B8G5A:>9 <5B>4>;>388. ;8 8=0G5: ::0:>9 >:>=5G=>AB8 ?>;8B8G5A:>3> A?5:B@0, ;52>9 8;8 ?@02>9, >B=5AB8 B@048F8>==K5 D>@<K 88=AB8BCBK @CAA:>3> =0@>4>2;0AB8O? >A<>?>;8B8G5A:85 8;8 ?0B@8>B8G5A:85 =0G0;0 4286CB 2?5@54 >B5G5AB25==CN =0C:C, :C;LBC@C? 07>@20=>;8 235=80;L=KE C<0E AB@5<;5=85 :8AB8=5, :@0A>B5, >1I5G5;>25G5A:>9 ?>;L75 A65;0=85< 4>AB028BL >AA88 A;02C 81>;55 ?@03<0B8G5A:>9 F5;LN 70:@5?8BL 5Q=0?5@54>2KE @C1560E ?@>3@5AA0, @5H8BL :>=:@5B=K5 7040G8 3>AC40@AB25==>3> 8;8 M:>=><8G5A:>3> AB@>8B5;LAB20? 0=55 <=5 C65 ?@8E>48;>AL :0A0BLAO ?@>1;5< :>=A5@20B87<0 8B@048F8>=0;87<0 =0<0B5@80;5 687=8 ?@02>A;02=>9 >1I8=K 2 >AA88. 1990-5, =0@O4C A1C@=K< 5Q@0AH8@5=85<, =01;N40;0AL >BGQB;820O B5=45=F8O :0@E0870F88 @O40 ?@0:B8:: A5<59=>9, ?@8E>4A:>9, <>=0ABK@A:>9, >1@07>20B5;L=>9. 1>;LH8=AB25 A;CG052 @5:>=AB@C8@>20=85, >4=0:>, =5428=C;>AL 40;LH5 ?@>AB>9 AB8;870F88. A=>2=>5 70B@C4=5=85 2>7=8:;> 4065 =587-70 6QAB:>3> AB>;:=>25=8O AA>2@5<5==>ABLN. !C1J5:B82=>9 >:07K20;0AL A0<0 @5F5?F8O B@048F8>==>3>. >=:@5B=K5 8AB>@8G5A:85 ?@8<5@K ?@8=8<0;8AL 70>1@07F>2K5, B>340 :0: B@048F859 2?>;=>< 7=0G5=88 MB>3> A;>20 4>;6=0 1KBL ?@87=0=0 6820O 4@0<0BC@38O 4CE0, >B=>A8<0O :A2>5<C 2@5<5=8. E0@0:B5@=>< 4;O A>2@5<5==>AB8 ?>AB<>45@=>2>< :;NG5 @50;L=>ABL ?@>872>;L=> ?>4<5=O;0AL =0B>, GB> ?>@O4C AC1J5:B82=KE ?@8G8= 1>;LH5 CAB@0820;>. B45;L=K5 M;5<5=BK 2B8?8G=> ?>78B828ABA:>< 4CE5 87K<0;8AL 872@5<5==>3> :>=B5:AB0, 8450;878@>20;8AL, =045;O;8AL =5ACI5AB2CNI8<8 A2O7O<8 8A2>9AB20<8. @57C;LB0B5 =081>;55 AB@>3>, :>=A5@20B82=> AD>@<C;8@>20==K5 :>=F5?F88 =0?>25@:C >1=0@C6820;8 2A515 =081>;LH85 ?@87=0:8 =>2>45;0, >BGC64Q==>AB8, AC1J5:B82=>3> ?@>GB5=8O 88=B5@?@5B0F88, =0;>65=8O =08AB>@8G5A:85 40==K5 8?@02>A;02=K9 :0=>= AC1J5:B828ABA:>3> B@0D0@5B0. G5284=>, GB> ?>4>1=K9 :>=A5@20B87<, ::>B>@><C 1>;55 C<5AB=> ?@8<5=8BL ?@8AB02:C :2078-, 25AL<0 >B40;Q==>, >B45;L=K<8 88A:06Q==K<8 >15@B>=0<8 2>AE>48B :@50;L=>AB8 =0F8>=0;L=>3> 8;8 4CE>2=>3>. A=>2=>965 53> 35=578A >B=>A8BAO :B>9 >BG0AB8 15AA>7=0B5;L=>9, >BG0AB8 @5D;5:A82=>9 2=CB@5==59 <5E0=8:5 A>2@5<5==>3> 8=482840, :>B>@CN ?A8E>;>38O 2F5;>< C40G=> 2K@0605B A8<2>;8:>9 :><?;5:A>2, 70<5I5=89 82KB5A=5=89, :><?5=A0F89 8AC1;8<0F89. 3@><=0O ?@>1;5<0 745AL =5B>;L:> 2@0A?@>AB@0=5=88 M@70F52 :>=A5@20B87<0, ?0B@8>B87<0 8F5@:>2=>AB8, => 82B><, GB> C?><O=CBK5 D0=B><K =045;5 O2;ONB O@:85 ?@8<5@K 0=B8?>4E>40 80=B8?@>GB5=8O. @09=89, =>40;5:> =5548=AB25==K9 ?@8<5@ 745AL MB> <5GB0B5;L=0O M:;5:B8:0 . @>E0=>20 8 . 0;0H=8:>20: 83@K 2@0AG;5=Q==K5, ><5@B252H85 D@03<5=BK ?@02>A;02=>3> <8@>2>77@5=8O, A>25BA:>9 45@602=>AB8 8DCBC@8AB8:8, 8=>340 2KE>4OI85 =0C@>25=L ?@O<KE <@0:>15A8O 80;E8<88. ;;N78O =0<>B82K ?5@?5BCC< <>18;5 88<?5@A:>3> 2>7@>645=8O, 345 60640 @520=H0 8B>@65AB20 ala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ratio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hardware structure 8 software structure). >=8<0=85 A>2@5<5==KE ?@>1;5< 2 :>=B5:AB5 A<KA;0 E@8AB80=A:>3> 8A0=8O 8 @540=8O 4>AB8305BAO ?>A@54AB2>< 35@<5=52B8G5A:>3> ?>4E>40, :>B>@K9 ?>72>;O5B A=8<0BL :C;LBC@=K5 10@L5@K, G8B0BL 2 :0B53>@8OE >4=>9 :C;LBC@K 4@C3CN 8;8 4@C385 :C;LBC@K. 5>1E>48< 35@<5=52B8G5A:89 ?>4E>4 : :>=F5?B>AD5@5 F5@:>2=>3> O7K:0 8 CA8;8O ?> >ACI5AB2;5=8N <56:C;LBC@=>3> ?5@52>40. -B0 45OB5;L=>ABL B@51C5B 2K?>;=5=8O @O40 CA;>289. !@548 =8E  206=59H55 4;O E@8AB80=8=0 C<5=85 70=OBL @02=>C40;Q==CN ?>78F8N ?> >B=>H5=8N :> 2A5< 8AB>@8G5A:8< M?>E0<, 2:;NG0O A>2@5<5==CN. ">;L:> 2 MB>< A;CG05 >= <>65B A C25@5==>ABLN >ICI0BL A51O =0E>4OI8<AO 2=CB@8 B@048F88, :>B>@0O 5ABL O2;5=85 B@0=A8AB>@8G5A:>5 8 =5 >B>645AB28<>5 =8 A :>=F5?B>< ?@>H;>3> (:>=A5@20B82=K9 ?>4E>4), =8 A :>=F5?B>< A>2@5<5==>AB8 (;815@0;L=K9 ?>4E>4), =8 A 7>;>BK< 25:><, =8 A <>45@=8B8. @8 MB><, @07C<55BAO, 206=> 871530BL 8AB>@8:>-E@>=>;>38G5A:8E @07@K2>2, ?>@>640NI8E ?>;8B8G5A:85 HB0<?K 2@>45 !CI5AB2C5B ;8 1>3>A;>285 ?>A;5 #0 (A25=F8<0, %8@>A8<K, C0=B0=0<>  =C6=>5 ?>4G5@:=CBL)?. <5AB5 A B5< =04> 871530BL 8 A>1;07=0 ?>AB<>45@=8ABA:>9 >B=>A8B5;L=>AB8. ;O =0A ?@8=04;56=>ABL : E@8AB80=A:>9 B@048F88  MB> =5 @>;520O CAB0=>2:0, 0 B>65 G0ABL (G0AB8F0) MB>9 B@048F88, 4>AB>25@=K9 D0:B, 8 ?@8 MB>< A0<0 B@048F8O AB>;L 65 :>=25=F8>=0;L=0 (convention), A:>;L 8 AC1AB0=F80;L=0 (tradition). 0A8;89 5;8:89, @83>@89 >3>A;>2, >0== ;0B>CAB, 2@5;89 23CAB8=, 8>=8A89 @5>?038B, @83>@89 0;0<0, !5@389 04>=56A:89, ;5:A0=4@ 52A:89, ?0B@80@E8 5@<>35=, "8E>= 8 !5@389  2A5 >=8 3>2>@8;8, ?8A0;8, 459AB2>20;8 8 ?5:;8AL 2 B>< G8A;5 8 > 4=5 A53>4=OH=5<.  MB>9 C1564Q==>AB8 ?@>O2;O5BAO 4>3>2>@ F5@:>2=KE ?>:>;5=89, ?>3@C6Q==KE 2 @540=85: <K @50;87C5< =5 B>;L:> A2>8 ?><KA;K (70 :>B>@K5 =5AQ< >B25BAB25==>ABL ?5@54 >A?>4><), => 8 B5, GB> >AB028;8 =0< =0H8 ?@54H5AB25==8:8.  MB>9 B>G:5 15@QB =0G0;> 8 ?@8=F8? :>;;5:B82=>3> A?0A5=8O (A>1>@=>AB8 2 45;5 A?0A5=8O). 54L >G5284=>, GB> B5:ABK 23CAB8=0 1K;8 ?@54=07=0G5=K =5 B>;L:> 4;O =53> 8 53> A>2@5<5==8:>2, => 8 4;O =0H53> A?0A5=8O. >=8<0O MB> 8 ?>;L7COAL =0A;5485< 23CAB8=0, 8>=8A8O @5>?038B0, @83>@8O 0;0<K, <K 4>;6=K B0: 65 ?@><KA;8B5;L=> 4C<0BL 8 > A;54CNI8E ?>:>;5=8OE ?@02>A;02=KE 25@CNI8E. #:;>=OBLAO >B 2K1>@0 8 459AB28O =5 2 =0H59 2>;5, 81> >3 =045;8; =0A B0;0=B0<8 =5 70B5<, GB>1K <K 8E 70@K;8 2 ?>G2C B>9 8;8 8=>9 8AB>@8G5A:>9 M?>E8. <8B@89 >;:>2=8:>2 @O<>5 2KA:07K20=85  2 15AA<KA;8F5 A:><:0==>9 @5G8 7>I@Q==>ABL 8725AB=0O 5ABL. > 2>7<>6=> ;L <5GBK G5;>25GL8  65@B2C MB8< 701020< ?@8=5ABL? . 01>;>F:89 & 0: ?@>254QHL ?@54 A>1>N 2AQ, GB> A;CG8;>AL 2845BL: BC<0=, 59->3C, :0:>9-B> ?>94QB 2 3>;>25 & 8 87> 2A53> MB>3> B>;L:> :0:0O-B> BQ<=0O, <CA>@=0O :CG0 2KE>48B. . 5A:>2 I 0:>9 O7K: =081>;55 E0@0:B5@5= 4;O A>2@5<5==>9 :C;LBC@K? BAB@0=Q==K9 8 :0: 1K ?>AB>@>==89 273;O4 2K45;8B 2 =59 2 ?5@2CN >G5@54L =0?@02;5=85 contemporary art (MB>B B5@<8= 2@O4 ;8 AB>8B ?5@52>48BL A ?><>ILN CAB>O2H53>AO 2 @CAA:>< O7K:5 A;>2>A>G5B0=8O A>2@5<5==>5 8A:CAAB2>, A:>@55 ?>4>94QB ?>=OB85 =K=5H=55 8;8 B5:CI55). 4=0:> ?@54AB028B5;8 contemporary art 402=> ?@54?>G;8 70<5=8BL ?@>7@0G=CN D>@<C 8 =5:>5 :>=:@5B878@>20==>5 A>45@60=85 ?>8A:0<8 =5>?@545;Q==KE >ICI5=89, ?>?KB:8 2K@078BL :>B>@K5 >1KG=> 254CB : 15AA2O7=>AB8 8 =52=OB=>AB8. !>2@5<5==>5 2KAB02>G=>5 8A:CAAB2> >B40;> A51O =0 >B:C? A;CG09=>AB8, ?KB0OAL >BKA:0BL 2 ?@8@>4=>< 8 G5;>25G5A:>< E0>A5 :0: 1K A0<8 A>1>9 ?@>ABC?0NI85 A<CB=K5 G5@BK 8 >B3>;>A:8 F5;>AB=>AB8 <8@>CAB@>9AB20. =K<8 A;>20<8, A>2@5<5==0O :C;LBC@0 ?>4>1=0 @51Q=:C, 70:@K20NI5<C 3;070 8 A C482;5=85< ?KB0NI5<CAO @0AA<>B@5BL 2 1;8:0E A25B0, A;01> ?@>3;O4K20NI8E A:2>7L 25:8, E>BO 1K :0:8<-B> >1@07>< >A<KA;5==K5 7=0:8 8 D>@<K. 7 B0:8E MAB5B8G5A:8E ?@0:B8: G5;>25:C B@C4=> 872;5GL GB>-B> 4;O C4>2;5B2>@5=8O A2>8E M:78AB5=F80;L=KE 70?@>A>2. 5C4828B5;L=>, GB> 2 :>=F5 %% 25:5 87 B5;0 C<8@0NI59 2KA>:>9 :C;LBC@K 4CH0 AB0;0 ?5@5B5:0BL 2 :C;LBC@C <0AA>2CN 8 =87:CN.  B> 2@5<O, :>340 2 ?>8A:0E =58AAO:05<>3> 8AB>G=8:0 687=8 C<8@0NI55 A>2@5<5==>5 8A:CAAB2> >1@0B8;>AL : ?>;8B8G5A:><C 70:07C 8 >1A;C6820=8N 2:CA0 >?@545;Q==>9 G0AB8 M:>=><8G5A:8E M;8B, =5:078AB>5 8 =5?@83;O4=>5 <0AA>2>5 8A:CAAB2>, =0?@>B82, A;>2=> 304:89 CBQ=>:, =0G0;> @0A?@02;OBL :@K;LO. 7;5B8B MB>B CBQ=>: 8;8 =5B  C4>2;5B2>@8B ;8 >= M:78AB5=F80;L=K5 70?@>AK A>2@5<5==>3> G5;>25:0  7028A8B 8A:;NG8B5;L=> >B B>3>, A<>65B ;8 >= 2 ?>;=>9 <5@5 >A2>8BL O7K: =0ABC?0NI59 M?>E8. 5>1E>48<> >3>2>@8BLAO: ?>4 <0AA>2>9 :C;LBC@>9 <K ?>=8<05< =5 :0:>9-B> :>=:@5B=K9 AB8;L 8;8 60=@, => A0< A?>A>1, <5B>4 ACI5AB2>20=8O :C;LBC@K. >=OB8O M;8B0@=>3> 8 <0AA>2>3> 2 C7:>< 7=0G5=88 (:0:, =0?@8<5@, C @B538-8-0AA5B0) A53>4=O ?>AB5?5==> B5@ONB AB@>385 >G5@B0=8O. A;8 %% 25: C25@5==> >B45;8; 8A:CAAB2> @048 @072;5G5=8O >B 8A:CAAB20 @048 MAB5B8:8, B> 2 XXI 25:5 8 >4=>, 8 4@C3>5  B>;L:> 20@80=BK AC1:C;LBC@ 548=>9, 2A5>1J5<;NI59 :C;LBC@K.  2A5>1J5<;NI0O :C;LBC@0 @C:>2>4AB2C5BAO >4=8< 3;02=K< ?@8=F8?><  3>2>@8BL =0 O7K:5, ?>=OB=>< 2A5< 8 :064><C. II /7K: :C;LBC@K 2A5340 ?>4AB@0820;AO ?>4 70?@>AK 8 2:CAK G5;>25:0 >?@545;Q==>9 M?>E8. 5@2>1KB=K9 G5;>25: =5 2845; A51O 2=5 8 =5 2KG;5=O; A51O 87 >:@C602H53> 53> ?@8@>4=>3> <8@0. <5==> ?>MB><C 2 53> A>1AB25==KE 87>1@065=8OE >= ?>O2;O5BAO ;8HL =51>;LH>9 8 <0;5=L:>9 B5=LN 2 A@02=5=88 A ?@8@>4>9, GB> ACI5AB2C5B 2>:@C3 =53>,  A;>2=> @51Q=>:, O :>B>@>3> =0E>48BAO ;8HL 2 ?@>F5AA5 D>@<8@>20=8O. =B8G=0O 8450;870F8O >1@070, =0?@>B82, <5@8B A51O G5;>25G5A:8<8 @0<:0<8: :@0A82 B>B, :B> 1KAB@55, 2KH5, A8;L=55 4@C38E  ?>MB><C 8450;>< :@0A>BK AB0=>28BAO 0B;5B, ?>1548B5;L >;8<?89A:8E 83@. !>3;0A=> A>740==K< ?> =5<C :0=>=0< (=0?@8<5@, 7>;>B><C A5G5=8N >;8:;5B0) 87<5@O5BAO 25AL >AB0;L=>9 <8@; 4065 1>38 2K3;O4OB A>3;0A=> MB8< :0=>=0<. 8@ ?>A;5 %@8AB0 C2845; A51O 2=5 75<=>3> <8@0, ?>A<>B@5; =0 A51O 872=5. >A;5 MB>3> 2>72@0B : 70<:=CB>9 >9:C<5=5 0=B8G=>AB8 8 0@E08:8 AB0; =52>7<>65=. 450; :@0A>BK AB0;> =52>7<>6=> 87>1@078BL 8 >B>1@078BL B>;L:> 2=5H=8<8, <0B5@80;L=K<8 A?>A>10<8  G5;>25:C ?@>AB> ?5@5AB0;> E20B0BL 4;O MB>3> 8=AB@C<5=B>2, 8 B>B ?5@5<5AB8;AO 2 >1;0ABL 4CE0. @0A>B0 A<KA;0, 2=CB@5==53> A>45@60=8O, =@02AB25==>3> ?>@O4:0 AB0;0 >B=K=5 B5< 8=AB@C<5=B><, B5< O7K:><, A ?><>ILN :>B>@>3> <>6=> 1K;> ?@8:>A=CBLAO : CB25@6405<><C 8450;C. =5H=OO :@0A>B0 AB0;0 B>;L:> :>A25==K< >B@065=85< :@0A>BK 2=CB@5==59, A;54CO B25@4><C MAB5B8G5A:><C C15645=8N 52@>?59F0, GB> 2=CB@5==OO :@0A>B0 8A:;NG05B ;N1>5 ?@>O2;5=85 C@>4AB20 2=5H=53>; >4=0:> >=0 =04>;3> ?5@5AB0;0 1KBL F5=B@>< :C;LBC@K 8 B>9 <5@:>9, ?> :>B>@>9 87<5@O;AO 8 85@0@E5878@>20;AO <8@. AQ 87<5=8;> >2>5 2@5<O. 04>@=>5 65;0=85 EC4>6=8:0 A45;0BL B>, GB> 2 ?>;=>9 <5@5 5IQ =8:><C =5 C4020;>AL, C?@>AB8BL MAB5B8:C 8 25@=CBLAO >B =5 >E20BK205<>9 G5;>25:>< 25G=>AB8 : 70<:=CB>9 MAB5B8:5 G5;>25G5A:>3>, 75<=>3> 8 =5B@0=AF5=45=B=>3>, ?@825;8 : :>@5==><C 87<5=5=8N O7K:0 :C;LBC@K. >2>@8BL =0?@O<CN AB0;> =5 <>4=>. C40 8=B5@5A=55 @07304K20BL @51CA, ?@54;0305<K9 EC4>6=8:><: A=0G0;0 G8AB> 287C0;L=K9, :0:, =0?@8<5@, 2 8G520=88 %@8AB0 45;;0 $@0=G5A:8; 70B5< A8<2>;8G5A:89 8 0;;53>@8G5A:89, :0:, =0?@8<5@, =0 10@>G=KE =0BN@<>@B0E !=5945@A0; ?>A;5  <8D>;>38G5A:89 2 @><0=B87<5 8 B0: 40;55; 2 :>=F5 :>=F>2, 2 XX AB>;5B88, 2<5AB5 A ?@8E>4>< 020=30@40, > OA=>AB8 <KA;8 8 A>45@60=8O 701K;8 2>2A5. >45@= 2A59 A2>59 8AB>@8G5A:>9 ;>38:>9 2Q; : CA;>6=5=8N, : @0745;5=8N 8 @0AG;5=5=8N, : <8D>;>3870F88 O7K:0.  8B>35 :C;LBC@0 ?@>AB> 701K;0, :0: MB>B O7K: <>6=> C?@>AB8BL, A>548=8BL 8 45<8D>;>3878@>20BL. >MB><C XX 25: AB0; M?>E>9 A0<>3> =5?@O<>3> 2KA:07K20=8O 87 2>7<>6=KE: ?>4B5:AB AB0; 83@0BL 1>;LHCN @>;L, G5< A0< B5:AB, 8=B5@?@5B0F8O AB0;0 206=55 02B>@0. !>AC4 4CE0, :>B>@K< 1K;0 :C;LBC@0, ?5@5AB0; 1KBL =0?>;=5==K< A>45@60=85< 8 AB0; >1>7=0G0BL A0<>3> A51O. 5?@O<>5 2KA:07K20=85 XX 25:0 AB0;> <5B>4><, G5@57 :>B>@K9 2K@060;8AL 8=>340 A>25@H5==> @07=K5 D>@<K: >B M7>B5@87<0 8 A8=:@5B87<0 5B5@1C@30 =4@5O 5;>3> 4> =5><8D>;>387<0 ?>ABB>;:85=>2A:>3> DM=B578; >B 38?5@@50;87<0 ;48=3B>=0 2 !<5@B8 35@>O 4> <038G5A:>3> @50;87<0 0@:5A0; >B C?>Q==>3> DCBC@87<0 1920-E 4> @07>1;0G0NI59 0=B8CB>?88 1940-E 8 ?C30NI53> :815@?0=:0 1980-E. -B>B A?8A>: <>6=> ?@>4>;60BL 15A:>=5G=>, >4=0:> 2A5 ?@85<K 8A:CAAB20 ?@>H54H53> AB>;5B8O: 83@C, A>=, D0=B0AB8:C, ?0@>48N, 45:>=AB@C:F8N, <8=8<0;87<, 01AB@0:F8>=87<, D0=B078N 8 4@C385  >1J548=O5B AB@5<;5=85 02B>@0 702C0;8@>20BL A2>9 ?>AK;, 2?;>BL 4> B>3>, GB> 53> @5GL >:>=G0B5;L=> ?>B5@O5B 2AO:CN >AB0B>G=CN A2O7=>ABL 8 @071>@G82>ABL. #E>48B ;8 >= 2 <8=8<0;87< 8 45:>=AB@C:B8287< 8;8, =0>1>@>B, @5?@5AA8@C5B G8B0B5;O, 7@8B5;O 8;8 A;CH0B5;O G@57<5@=>9 M:A?@5AA82=>ABLN 8 87;8H5AB2><, EC4>6=8: =587156=> O2;O5BAO 70;>6=8:>< 8458 > ?>4B5:AB5; 8458 > B><, GB> A>45@60=85, 70O2;5==>5 ?@O<>,  10=0;L=>ABL. III 025@H05BAO M?>E0 ?>4B5:AB0 ?>AB<>45@=87<><. >482H8AL :0: >G5@54=0O, 40;5:> C65 =5 ?5@20O ?>?KB:0 <>45@=8ABA:>3> 8A:CAAB20 ?@540BL A0<>3> A51O, ?>AB<>45@=87< 1KAB@55 4@C38E ?>=O; 8 >A>7=0; 01AC@4=>ABL B0:>3> ?>4E>40. 48=AB25==>9 >AB02H59AO ;0759:>9 8=AB8=:B0 A0<>A>E@0=5=8O 52@>?59A:>9 :C;LBC@K AB0; ?>153 2 AB>@>=C B@048F88. 0A=C2 =0 8AE>45 AB0@>3> BKAOG5;5B8O 8 ?@>A=C2H8AL C65 2 =>2><, <K A C482;5=85< >1=0@C68;8, GB> =8:0:>3> 70:0B0 2@>?K, :>=F0 8AB>@88 8 C<8@0=8O 8A:CAAB20 =5B 8 =8:>340 =5 1K;>. 0< >1JOA=8;8, GB> =8:0:85 020=30@48ABK =5 >1JO2;O;8 @07@K2>2 A B@048F859, 0 ;>7C=38 A1@>A8BL CH:8=0 A :>@01;O A>2@5<5==>AB8  ?@>AB> 40=L @52>;NF8>==><C 2@5<5=8 8 =5 A0<0O C40G=0O HCB:0. 'B> 8:0AA> 8 0;8 =5 >B@8F0;8 :;0AA8G5A:85 ?;0AB8G5A:85 D>@<K, 0 @072820;8 >A>1K9 02B>@A:89 273;O4 2 :>=B5:AB5 <8@>2>9 EC4>65AB25==>9 B@048F88. 'B> 6>9A =5 874520;AO =04 =0A;5485< @><0=0 XIX 25:0, 0 ?@5>1@060; 8 @072820; 53>. 'B> 2 <07=5 >;;>:0 284=K =0AB>OI85 ?@8@>4=0O :@0A>B0 8 30@<>=8O, 0 >B:> ?@>4>;60; ;52K5 0=B81C@6C07=K5 B@048F88, >B:0702H8AL 25H0BL A2>8 :C1K =0 AB5=0E <>4=>3> 0<5@8:0=A:>3> @5AB>@0=0.  8B>35 ?>;CG0;>AL, GB> =5 AB>;L:> EC4>6=8:8 B2>@8;8 :C;LBC@C XX 25:0, A:>;L:>, =0>1>@>B, :C;LBC@0 M?>E8 A>740;0 EC4>6=8:>2. =8 =5 <>3;8 B2>@8BL 8=0G5, ?>B><C GB> >:07K20;8AL 70;>6=8:0<8 2@5<5=8 8 3>A?>4AB2>202H8E 2 MBC M?>EC =0@@0B82>2 8 :>4>2, B0:8E, :0: E>;>4=0O 2>9=0, >BB5?5;L, E>;>:>AB, >1I5AB2> ?>B@51;5=8O 8 B0: 40;55. A:CAAB2>2545=85 XXI 25:0  2 GQ<-B> F8=8G=0O <C<8D8:0F8O B5;0, 87 :>B>@>3> 402=> CH;0 687=L, => :>B>@>5 ?@8 MB>< 2=>2L 8 2=>2L 2KAB02;ONB =0 B>@38. <5==> 745AL :@>5BAO D0B0;L=>5 ?@>B82>@5G85: C65 =5B 2KA>:>3> 8A:CAAB20, ?>A:>;L:C 87 =53> CH;8 2KA>:0O <>@0;L 8 1>;LH0O 8AB>@8G5A:0O 7040G0. 5 ACI5AB2C5B B>3> <8@0, 2 :>B>@>< merde d'artista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contemporary art, =8 ?>AB<>45@=87< =8:C40 =5 45=CBAO. > >=8 >1@5G5=K =0 ?>;C-ACI5AB2>20=85, 8< C3>B>20=0 ?5G0;L=0O AC4L10, A2O70==0O A 2K25B@820=85< 87=0G0;L=> 70;>65==KE 2 =8E A<KA;>2, A 2>7=8:=>25=85< 2A52>7<>6=KE =>2KE B@0:B>2>: 8 B>;:>20=89, 2@>45 ?>AB<>45@=87<>2 2B>@>9 8;8 B@5BL59 2>;=K.  :>=5G=>< AGQB5 >=8 1C4CB 2K=C645=K ?>4AB@>8BLAO 8;8 <8<8:@8@>20BL ?>4 =>2K5 @50;88.  : MB><C 2@5<5=8 459AB28B5;L=> 87<5=8BAO A0<0 :>=AB@C:F8O :C;LBC@K 8 O7K:0, =0 :>B>@>< MB0 :C;LBC@0 3>2>@8B. /7K:, ?@8720==K9 2>A:@5A8BL 8 >6828BL B5;> :C;LBC@K ?>O2;O5BAO C65 A59G0A. @O<>5 2KA:07K20=85, :>B>@>5 ?@>18205B A515 4>@>3C,  MB> ?>?KB:0 =5 ?@>AB> =07K20BL 25I8 A2>8<8 8<5=0<8, => 25@=CBLAO : >A=>20< :C;LBC@K, : 5Q 107>2K< ?>=OB8O<. N1>2L, =5=028ABL, ABK4, AG0ABL5, 35@>87<, ?@0240, ;>6L, 4@C610, 25@=>ABL, G5AB=>ABL  2AQ MB> >4=>7=0G=K5 8 2=CB@5==5 =545;8<K5 ?>=OB8O, A<KA; :>B>@KE =5 7028A8B >B B@0:B>2:8. >340 =0 M:@0=5 B5;5287>@0 8;8 AB@0=8F0E :=838 @5GL 70E>48B > ;N128  7@8B5;L 8 G8B0B5;L >:07K20NBAO 70;>6=8:0<8 >4=>7=0G=>3> ?>=8<0=8O 02B>@A:>3> 70<KA;0. @8B5;L GC2AB2C5B, =0AB>OI0O MB> ;N1>2L 8;8 =5B, >= B>G=> 7=05B, 25@8B ;8 >= 02B>@C; 8 2=5 7028A8<>AB8 >B AB5?5=8 53> 4>25@8O  5<C =5G53> B@0:B>20BL B0<, 345 B5:AB 8 ?>4B5:AB AB0=>2OBAO >4=8< 8 B5< 65. A:CAAB2> ?@O<>3> 2KA:07K20=8O >4=>7=0G=> =57028A8<> >B A2>59 D>@<K, ?>4>1=> B><C, :0: 3@5G5A:89 E@0< 1K; >4=>7=0G5= 2 A2>Q< 2=CB@5==5< 548=AB25 8 AB@>3>9 A>>B=5AQ==>AB8 A2>8E G0AB59. 5;0;0 ;8 53> B0:0O >4=>7=0G=>ABL ?@8<8B82=K<? >2A5 =5B. =0 ?@84020;0 5<C BC C1564Q==>ABL 8 ?>;=>BC, :>B>@K5 ?>72>;8;8 M;;8=8AB8G5A:>9 :C;LBC@5 70E20B8BL ?@0:B8G5A:8 25AL <8@. !;>< 8 >1=>2;5=85 O7K:0, ?@>87>H54H85 425 BKAOG8 ;5B =0704 8 1078@>202H85AO =0 3@5G5A:>9 C1564Q==>AB8 2 548=AB25 >A=>20=89 <8@>CAB@>9AB20 (=04> B>;L:> >BKA:0BL >A=>2K MB>3> 548=AB20 8 ?@840BL 8< D>@<C), ?>4=O;8 :C;LBC@C =0 =52840==CN 4> MB>3> 2@5<5=8 2KA>BC 8 70@O48;8 5Q B2>@G5A:>9 M=5@3859 =0 AB>;5B8O 2?5@Q4. ! B5E ?>@ 8A:CAAB2> ?@5B5@?5205B ;8HL =51>;LH85 87<5=5=8O D>@<K, => =587156=> 2>72@0I05BAO : 107>2K< 0@E5B8?8G5A:8< ?>=OB8O<. =0G8B, 8AB>G=8: M=5@388, :>B>@K9 ?>4?8BK205B :C;LBC@C  MB> =5 2=>2L CB25@6405<0O =>287=0, => 0@E5B8?K 8 A8<2>;K, :>B>@K5 =5;L7O 87<5=8BL 8;8 8A:078BL 8 :>B>@K5 70;>65=K 2 A0<>9 ?@8@>45 G5;>25:0. E <>6=> ;8HL 70B<8BL 8 702C0;8@>20BL, => =5;L7O >B =8E >B:070BLAO. !53>4=O >=8 B@51CNB ?@O<>3> 2KA:07K20=8O. "0:>2 70?@>A A>2@5<5==>3> G5;>25:0, :>B>@K9 157CA?5H=> 8I5B A<KA;K 2 7083@02H5<AO 0:BC0;L=>< 8A:CAAB25. > >= =094QB 8E 2 8A:CAAB25 1C4CI53>  8A:CAAB25 ?@O<>3> 2KA:07K20=8O. >B><C GB> <5GBK G5;>25GL8, AB>;L 4>;3> ?@8=>A8<K5 2 65@B2C 701025 8 83@5, =587156=> 2>7L<CB A2>Q. 8:>;09 8>B@>2A:89 3;02;5=85 B A>AB028B5;O& & & & & & & & & & & & & . )8?:>2 . . CAA:89& & & & & & & & & & 5;65;0@A:89 . . >;LH0O 2>9=0& & & . )8?:>2 . . 'C60O @5GL& & & & & & & & & >3>7O=A:89 . . A2>1>645=85 B@048F88& .. >;:>2=8:>2 . . /7K: &5@:28& & & & & & . 8>B@>2A:89 . . @O<>5 2KA:07K20=85& & . /+ !1>@=8: AB0B59 > AB0=>2;5=88 @CAA:>3> 48A:C@A0 . . 5;65;0@A:89, . . 8>B@>2A:89, . . >;:>2=8:>2, . . >3>7O=A:89, . . )8?:>2, . . )8?:>2 !>AB028B5;L ;5:A0=4@ ;048<8@>28G )8?:>2 540:B>@ =0AB0A8O ;8<>20 >4?8A0=> 2 ?5G0BL 07.04.2017 $>@<0B 60E84/16. 1J5< 8,37 CA;. ?5G.;. "8@06 1000 M:7. B?5G0B0=> 2 >AA88 ISBN 978-5-98604-613-6 740B5;LAB2>  -2000 B5;. (495) 287-06-19 e-mail: probel-2000@mail.ru  0A>2>-845>;>38G5A:CN 2>9=C ?@>B82 A2>53> =0@>40 2 %%  =0G0;5 %%I 25:0 @CAA:85 8=B5;;5:BC0;K =07K20NB 2 =0F8>=0;L=>< 4CE5  ?;0E>9 (A8=>=8< @CAA:>9 :0B0AB@>DK). !<. A1>@=8: ;0E0, 2KH54H89 2 A25B 2 2016 3>4C.  !<.: )8?:>2 . . "@8 B>B0;8B0@87<0 // >A:20. 2013. ! 11. !. 173-183.  0==K9 B5@<8= 2?5@2K5 8A?>;L7>20= HYPERLINK "https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90" \o "5<>:@0B8G5A:0O ?0@B8O !(" 45<>:@0B>< HYPERLINK "https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%9E%E2%80%99%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" \o " !0;;820=, 6>= (AB@0=8F0 >BACBAB2C5B)" 6>=><  !0;;820=>< 2 1845 3>4C 2 AB0BL5 ==5:A8O A =0<Q:>< =0 B>, GB> HYPERLINK "https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" \o "!>548=5==K5 (B0BK <5@8:8" !>548=Q==K5 (B0BK <5@8:84>;6=K ?@>AB8@0BLAO >B HYPERLINK "https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD" \o "B;0=B8G5A:89 >:50=" B;0=B8G5A:>3>4> HYPERLINK "https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD" \o ""8E89 >:50=" "8E>3>>:50=0.  !<.: )8?:>2 . . !BK4=> <=5 70 4@C38 A2>O // "5@@8B>@8O &5@:28. .: =4@8:, 2012.  !. 161-164.  !@. ?@8<5@ 87 A>2@5<5==>3> D>;L:;>@0: > ?>2>4C ?;N@0;87<0 42CE <=5=89 1KBL =5 <>65B.  0BC@ . >2>3> 2@5<5=8 =5 1K;>. -AA5 ?> A8<<5B@8G=>9 0=B@>?>;>388 / ?5@. A D@. . /. 0;C38=0. !?1.: 2@>?59A:89 C=-B 2 !0=:B-5B5@1C@35, 2006.  %015@<0A .. >45@=  =57025@HQ==K9 ?@>5:B (@5GL ?> A;CG0N 2@CG5=8O ?@5<88 8<5=8 ". 4>@=>) // %015@<0A .. >;8B8G5A:85 @01>BK. URL:  HYPERLINK "http://e-libra.ru/read/353621-politicheskie-raboti.html" http://e-libra.ru/read/353621-politicheskie-raboti.html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z<>??????$@&@AA4BnBBBEFFFFFIILL$MMNOO޻޻񤐤|g[hCJOJQJaJ(hrhCJOJPJQJaJnHtH'h`:CJOJQJaJfHq 'hCJOJQJaJfHq -hrhCJOJQJaJfHq $h0hCJOJQJaJnHtHhCJOJQJaJnHtH$hrhCJOJQJaJnHtHhrhCJOJQJaJOOOOO"P$PDPFPLPNPQQQQQQQQRRFSȸȸȸȸȣzmziYJ:hsh6CJOJQJaJhshCJOJQJaJhsh5CJOJQJaJhh5CJOJQJaJh3Inh6CJOJQJaJh6CJOJQJaJhCJOJQJaJ(hrhCJOJPJQJaJnHtHhCJOJQJaJnHtH$hrhCJOJQJaJnHtHhrhCJOJQJaJ)jhrh0JCJOJQJUaJQQQRRbRRRJSSSSSSWWWP]c*hnrz $dha$gd$Sd`Sa$gd$Sdh`Sa$gd$Sdh`Sa$gdFSHSSSSSSTTUUU$V*V,VWWWWWW$X"[$[2[[[N]P]]]^ ^____B`~`:cxcee jǸӘ~n~hshCJOJQJ]aJhRCJOJQJaJh@CJOJQJaJ hsh@CJOJQJaJhhCJOJQJaJhq2}hCJOJQJaJhCJOJQJaJhshCJOJQJaJhsh6CJOJQJaJhR6CJOJQJaJ+ j j&j(jdjfjXmZmnnnn^p`prr&sfs~ss*u,uuubwdwww*z,zzzL~N~~~,.TVb jl ʅ̅܅ޅ$hshCJOJQJaJmH sH hRCJOJQJaJ2jh4h0JB*CJOJQJUaJphhshCJOJQJaJhCJOJQJaJ=zL4ƔV6DX־ؾ $dha$gdh\$Sdh`Sa$gdLvĈ&:<DFL,2rx\^&(02FRT”ĔTVܙޙ HŹŹŹŹŪŹŋŹŹŹŹŹŹŹŹŹh^yCJOJQJaJ$h hCJOJQJaJmH sH h hCJOJQJaJhCJOJQJaJhshCJOJQJaJhRCJOJQJaJhGhCJOJQJaJhsh6CJOJQJaJ6H24&(LN؝ڝfHJBD¯įԸָٖh^yCJOJQJaJhhCJOJQJaJ(hsh>*B*CJOJQJaJphp0%hshB*CJOJQJaJphp0hRCJOJQJaJhCJOJQJaJhshCJOJQJaJ7npһԻjlؾ﹥hTEhshCJOJQJaJ'hCJOJQJaJfHq Cjh4h0JB*CJOJQJUaJfHphq 5hshCJOJQJaJfHmH q sH 'hRCJOJQJaJfHq -hshCJOJQJaJfHq "hsh6CJOJQJ]aJhCJOJQJ]aJhshCJOJQJ]aJfN&(>@xz$Sdh`Sa$gdRThjlxz|~&௑zzzz-hshCJOJQJaJfHq :h4h0JB*CJOJQJaJfHphq 0hshCJOJQJ\aJfHq hRCJOJQJaJhCJOJQJaJhshCJOJQJaJhsh6CJOJQJaJ)VX~*,  |  jl4 "<Z @xhҶңҶҶ%hshB*CJOJQJaJphp0hsh6CJOJQJaJhRCJOJQJaJhshCJOJQJaJhCJOJQJaJ$hshCJOJQJaJmH sH @hj<>@BTV(*,.DF46BR.0DF =h4h0J6B*CJOJQJaJfHphq hsh6CJOJQJaJhRCJOJQJaJ)jhsh0JCJOJQJUaJhshCJOJQJaJhCJOJQJaJ7\H  2N   @^V!'.81$Sdh`Sa$gd   0246J ܾ~o_R_R_o_E_R_o_E_E_E_hRCJOJQJ]aJhCJOJQJ]aJhshCJOJQJ]aJhshCJOJQJaJ:h4hR0JB*CJOJQJaJfHphq Cjh4h0JB*CJOJQJUaJfHphq :h4h0JB*CJOJQJaJfHphq hsh0JCJOJQJaJ#hsh0J6CJOJQJaJJ L N      $&( *h> 68JL  &!(!*!,!V!!!!!"""""""d#f###&&'ӴӴӤƤƤƤƤƤƤƤhv hCJOJQJ]aJ"hsh6CJOJQJ]aJhCJOJQJ]aJhshCJOJQJ]aJhshCJOJQJaJhRCJOJQJ]aJ@'''--H......,/./*0,0006111111022233&4(455,6.666666777ƺƮƮƮƮƮƺƢƢƮƮƓƆvrhhsh6CJOJQJaJh6CJOJQJaJh hCJOJQJaJhCJOJQJaJhCJOJQJaJhRCJOJQJaJhshCJOJQJaJhCJOJQJ]aJhRCJOJQJ]aJhshCJOJQJ]aJ(8125667 77:7<7;>4BdHFNXag@nhqszʀ $dha$gd$Sdh`Sa$gd$Sdh`Sa$gd787:7&9,9BBrOO]]xx(*.ԝ֝ jp*ӿoWooKWhCJOJQJaJ/hCJOJQJaJfHmH q sH 'hRCJOJQJaJfHq 'hd%CJOJQJaJfHq 'h/onCJOJQJaJfHq 'hr-CJOJQJaJfHq 'hCJOJQJaJfHq -h[whCJOJQJaJfHq *h5CJOJQJaJfHq dԛ:Fj0Hnprvx $dha$gd $dha$gd $dha$gd$Sdh`Sa$gd*4Hlnvxzׯי|m`PCPm3heOh6CJOJQJaJhR5CJOJQJaJheOh5CJOJQJaJh5CJOJQJaJheOhCJOJQJaJh0h[wh6CJOJQJaJfHq *h6CJOJQJaJfHq 'h$tCJOJQJaJfHq 'hRCJOJQJaJfHq 'hCJOJQJaJfHq 'hW+CJOJQJaJfHq <>r|(:8\ <Nf0 P&).2 ;ACILVXZ$Sdh`Sa$gdPR<.HNP|~HJfhdf (x8Xƶƪƪƶttƪƪƪƪ h3h0JCJOJQJaJ hR0Jh0JCJOJQJaJ heOh0JCJOJQJaJhCJOJQJaJheOh6CJOJQJaJheOhCJOJQJaJhR6CJOJQJaJh6CJOJQJaJh,Ih6CJOJQJaJ-XZ&46 jl24bv  ( l t v , .     r t 4602vhJWCJOJQJaJheOh6CJOJQJaJ!jheOh0JCJUaJheOhCJOJQJaJhCJOJQJaJETV8lDF\^bd  !!("*"""""4#6###$$$$&P&''''((**\+^+z-|---..r0t03333446627\777ht)3hCJOJQJaJheOh6CJOJQJaJhCJOJQJaJheOhCJOJQJaJhRCJOJQJaJI7; ;;;;;<<@AAAAABBFFHIIII,KJKKKKKKKLLNN(Op@pBpDpNppssssstt"t$t&tvvvwxwwwzz |"|$|&|H}J}Z~n~~~&(*VX΄ЄԆh6CJOJQJaJh $hCJOJQJaJhRCJOJQJaJ!jheOh0JCJUaJ$heOhCJOJQJaJmH sH heOh6CJOJQJaJheOhCJOJQJaJhCJOJQJaJ2Ԇֆ؆ކ  "fz|~˾ˮn\PA5PhCJOJQJaJh8|hCJOJQJaJhCJOJQJaJ"hh\hh\56CJOJQJaJ'h8|h5CJOJQJaJmH sH hh\5CJOJQJaJhR6CJOJQJaJ"h8|h56CJOJQJaJh8|h6CJOJQJaJh5CJOJQJaJh8|h5CJOJQJaJhhd)h6CJOJQJaJh h6CJOJQJaJ|  B\  $dha$gd$dh`a$gd$dh`a$gd $dha$gdċ8PRXZf *:^nŽ֎؎`z   " Pպէպպպպ՛պպպպպպպՌՀՀՀՀhCJOJQJaJhdS8hCJOJQJaJhRCJOJQJaJ$h8|hCJOJQJaJmH sH h8|hCJOJQJaJhCJOJQJaJhCJOJQJaJh|bhCJOJQJaJhCJOJQJaJmH sH 2"$ 02@Bdh|   RVbtt˷˧pppؘ˧pp$h8|hCJOJQJaJmH sH )jh8|h0JCJOJQJUaJh8|hCJOJQJaJhh\hh\5CJOJQJaJ'h8|h5CJOJQJaJmH sH h5CJOJQJaJhRCJOJQJaJhCJOJQJaJmH sH hCJOJQJaJ,tvDF:H`b^`d6j:TxRTZ^hv>ɽ$h8|hCJOJQJaJmH sH h&CJOJQJaJhCJOJQJaJhCJOJQJaJmH sH h8|hCJOJQJaJhRCJOJQJaJC|4>BZ^  Tzb<@JlprĴhCJOJQJaJhRCJOJQJaJ$h8|hCJOJQJaJmH sH hh\hh\5CJOJQJaJh5CJOJQJaJ'h8|h5CJOJQJaJmH sH h8|hCJOJQJaJhCJOJQJaJ6N0z$dh`a$gd$dh`a$gd $dha$gd $dha$gd$dh`a$gd.@:d *,J|"6n&dfn .X^դh5CJOJQJaJhh6CJOJQJaJh01h6CJOJQJaJh/h6CJOJQJaJh8|h6CJOJQJaJh8|hCJOJQJaJhCJOJQJaJ9(*8Nrt0Rz8< `bսɽsg[LhlhmCJOJQJaJhmCJOJQJaJh^ CJOJQJaJhlh^ CJOJQJaJhlhlCJOJQJaJhmh85CJOJQJaJhmh`5CJOJQJaJh CJOJQJaJhh\CJOJQJaJhCJOJQJaJhRCJOJQJaJhSh5CJOJQJaJhShCJOJQJaJz8:< b&n48<gdl$a$gdT$a$gdm$a$gdm$dh`a$gdbrt468:<>@ʻwdwdO@4@hTCJOJQJaJh/=hTCJOJQJaJ)jh/=hT0JCJOJQJUaJ$hTh`CJOJQJaJmH sH $hTh8CJOJQJaJmH sH $hThq;CJOJQJaJmH sH hTh8CJOJQJaJhlh8CJOJQJaJhThTCJOJQJaJhTCJOJQJaJhlh^ CJOJQJaJhmCJOJQJaJhlh`CJOJQJaJ<>n"HV.@BFHLNRTXZ$a$ dgdz|gd`gdgd$a$gd $dh`a$8:bdfҽᮽ~vrvY1hT&hT0JCJOJQJaJfHq hjhU1hT&hT0JCJOJQJaJfHq -hT&hTCJOJQJaJfHq hT&hTCJOJQJaJ)jhT&hT0JCJOJQJUaJh/=hTCJOJQJaJhTCJOJQJaJ$h/=hTCJOJQJaJmH sH RTz|~dfħwcwħMwħw+hT0JCJOJQJaJfHq 'hTCJOJQJaJfHq -hT&hTCJOJQJaJfHq 1hT&hT0JCJOJQJaJfHq 1hT&hT0JCJOJQJaJfHq hjhU1hT&hT0JCJOJQJaJfHq 4jh0JCJOJQJUaJfHq dnp "$Fڿ{lWlKlKlKlWlKl=KjhT0JCJUaJhTCJOJQJaJ)jhT&hT0JCJOJQJUaJhT&hTCJOJQJaJ'hTCJOJQJaJfHq -hT&hTCJOJQJaJfHq 1hT&hT0JCJOJQJaJfHq 4jh0JCJOJQJUaJfHq 1hT&hT0JCJOJQJaJfHq hjhUFHJdJPTVPRVXZ,.02$NP<>@BDHJN⽹sdsdsdhChTCJOJQJaJhTCJOJQJaJ)jhChT0JCJOJQJUaJjhT0JUjh0JCJU\aJhT0JCJ\aJhjhUhTCJOJQJaJmH sH hTCJOJQJ\aJhTCJOJQJaJjhT0JCJUaJhT'NPTVZ\$hTh`CJOJQJaJmH sH hTjhUmHnHuh4mHnHuhjhU  $dh`a$21h:ph\. A!"m#$n%  s666666666vvvvvvvvv666666>6666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666hH6666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666662&6FVfv2(&6FVfv&6FVfv&6FVfv&6FVfv&6FVfv&6FVfv8XV~ 0@ 0@ 0@ 0@ 0@ 0@ 0@ 0@ 0@ 0@ 0@ 0@ 0@ 0@ OJPJQJ_HmHnHsHtHL`L ZD1KG=K9 dCJ_HaJmHsHtH BA`B A=>2=>9 H@8DB 0170F0XiX 01KG=0O B01;8F04 l4a .k . 0 5B A?8A:0 N`N # 57 8=B5@20;0CJ_HaJmHsHtH V@V z|05@E=89 :>;>=B8BC;dE$FF z|05@E=89 :>;>=B8BC; =0:T "T z|086=89 :>;>=B8BC;dE$D1D z|086=89 :>;>=B8BC; =0:BOAB aDapple-converted-space2&`Q2 0 =0: A=>A:8H*:U`a: 0 8?5@AAK;:0 >*B*phOq iw@ 0"5:AB A=>A:8,single space,Footnote Text Char =0:,Footnote Text Char,"5:AB A=>A:8 =0: =0: =0: =0:,"5:AB A=>A:8 =0: =0: =0:,"5:AB A=>A:8 =0: =0:,"5:AB A=>A:8 =0: =0: =0: =0: =0: =0: =0: =0:,"5:AB A=>A:81,Char =0: Char Ch dCJPJ^JaJ/ 0"5:AB A=>A:8 =0:,single space =0:,Footnote Text Char =0: =0:,Footnote Text Char =0:1,"5:AB A=>A:8 =0: =0: =0: =0: =0:,"5:AB A=>A:8 =0: =0: =0: =0:1,"5:AB A=>A:8 =0: =0: =0:1,"5:AB A=>A:8 =0: =0: =0: =0: =0: =0: =0: =0: =0:CJPJ^JaJ"o" str^JPK![Content_Types].xmlN0EH-J@%ǎǢ|ș$زULTB l,3;rØJB+$G]7O٭VCW]{'ސ{g?x݈]"$q+_,y>8{7 K }xLވHe 2{Rܜaˋ??<ߟdžSr$L].<İT̟72S"ѵ_JwL&BJ05kZVyVy|xC OO|x>+<>@(:??/>5{yxFDdm 3^q5'=q6nib-$RB}}YGq=xK@;)^qbha79g . pUʹ;bbmc[$c'a}5KKfH5HL!ݦ&|mK{N6M6hq v|y 58+zH  *~ HHy\K*t@G>{sA}"))y sGfۡqǾ'w E1 [8>ܤ4Aбt׎~ls14_>,Ȭ7TT GqME=w-i>mo[oiBszbP:j5if F 9Pɉ* k\ A ;!N`.{I SցD p3˅5veU}AbvyA/g 氚 Z N+lR~aeԩj9&&CLgMʼn7a A0ƀHEA3~{q q1vƨl効9)>൜fN1N FIrdq8Y^:_73.|3 f%Jش?MOY s 3;} Rc0`d[鯠$ÿ - έhǴ"P 6T{TUٴ+9E28Y*MOt0O9Bݍqg7Ŕ9O)z?7#]u rBIHAאTpl>՟,SpT4@~BA%}'0+{eRF&rĪ#uu\{BHuM6`pG}N+!'_oN콶3a3dXZzCyCUɪ嶂ZZZ۱f,fAg-@`g v6V?Dhf6t=M&ʺ6ײ'݉#֚>d8s9xN=ڮjAv11;u2%M2oN1uo%տPK! ѐ'theme/theme/_rels/themeManager.xml.relsM 0wooӺ&݈Э5 6?$Q ,.aic21h:qm@RN;d`o7gK(M&$R(.1r'JЊT8V"AȻHu}|$b{P8g/]QAsم(#L[PK-![Content_Types].xmlPK-!֧6 0_rels/.relsPK-!kytheme/theme/themeManager.xmlPK-!Ƶtheme/theme/theme1.xmlPK-! ѐ' theme/theme/_rels/themeManager.xml.relsPK] {XzD|VW<_|9$r ? 9f (((((+J|\$nGk~~>"  $"4BBRbsJ$Nz<OFS jHh J '7*X7ToԆtbFNpsvy{}~    !#$%&()+-./01 &8zBxWµQz81Z|z<qrtuwxz|  "'*,2>A9X "$+!H'24 U-G`"'  XXXXXtXTL# @0(  B S  ?DQ$$((99::::==?%?BBBB{EEFF8PFP=RDREXQX[[O]a]@^O^__``c di'iMi[i4j=jjjfltl;rCrRrWr[r^r0v=vuxx'|3|MX%4؞ Ǡ [it{gs+5gnƺҺ&4>OQa#$)!$*"29Fm+gr  9C#$)V^06+1  =CDGHLMSSd6'A'335566 ;-;>>hArAAAsB~BEETI^I+M6MWWfXlX\ZbZZZ[[i\o\\\]]W^a^<_J_S_Y___``1a?abbddqewegg hhh-hiiMkRkZm`mnnoooossctwtttttgutuLzUz}}}}y~*݄ąBCQRde{`ݏߏ[{|%JK`?@SqKqr~{-.C LTwx@klbrAab|Qtu&r%  &?AKybxy4IKjCDQ ./L+CDVr#*n)*@;<Y  !2K]^xy/ ABLx(OQl Kln1SUqRrsMNm        " <    >ab{  " I J s y    ! " ""S$v$w$$a,|,},,j----////0 0!0@0A0f0h000000122,244445555 6>6?6a6667*7+777? @ @*@gAAxCCCCUEzE{EEFFFFG$GGGGG)HHHIH^HAIrIsIIIJJ5JLLLLLMlNNNNNNNNNNNOrOwOxOOOOO PkRRRRRRRSS+SSSSSSSS TT9T:TTTUToTqTTTTTUUVV$V%V+V-VOV}WWWWWWWWWSXTXhX}XXXXZ4Z5ZRZ']/]1]X]Y]k]]]]]^^^__=_?_M_ `&`(`F````````aaaaacdGeaebe|ei&j'j>jWnynznnnnnnnnno&pCpfrrrrsI~>g?\?g AXC. JmJ1AL[LkNAOTGV|RYeeZh\Ed^xW`]``Mbx\bcdVfEh/on oobqoVqZsqs$t+x:xPy^y|C 8ZLKz|\Zcd%R OJW `M=( }Y)`: Lm/AJlm/H!B13"u4);1U"0ZD&,#. r.yG@Z+K:W+(uu|aDlDI`Dl`@L9Rk98z0UnknownG.[x Times New Roman5Symbol3. .Cx Arial7.*{$ CalibriACambria Math"1h%Zg%Zgjafnljfs'q0NHP  $P/2!xx 1234N4OOh+'0h  $ 0 <HPX`1234Normal2Microsoft Office Word@F#@~sG=@~sG=fja՜.+,D՜.+,4 hp  Krokozn   D  8@ _PID_HLINKSA*Dhttps://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F408http://e-libra.ru/read/353621-politicheskie-raboti.htmlS> \https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BDPm https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BDOhttps://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8- https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%9E%E2%80%99%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1mchttps://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./012356789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUWXYZ[\]_`abcdenRoot Entry F`OG=p1Table4!BWordDocument4fSummaryInformation(VDocumentSummaryInformation8^CompObjr  F Microsoft Word 97-2003 MSWordDocWord.Document.89q