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ISBN 5-88060-110-2 0;><=8:J, 2006 D>@<;5=85, . . 0;8=8=0, 2006 5@5?8A:0 A2OB8B5;O 3=0B8O @O=G0=8=>20 A 4@C7LO<8 8 7=0:><K<8 !B5?0= <8B@8528G 5G052 02=> =5 2848<AO 4@C3 A 4@C3><, =5 15A54C5< ;8F>< : ;8FC, ?8H5< 4@C3 4@C3C =5 G0AB>, 0 A1;8605<AO 1>;55 8 1>;55. !2OB8B5;L 3=0B89 !B5?0=0 <8B@8528G0 5G0520 (1792-1860) ?> ?@02C B0:65 <>6=> 2:;NG8BL 2 G8A;> 70<5G0B5;L=KE ;8G=>AB59, =0E>482H8EAO 2 4@C65A:8E >B=>H5=8OE A> A2OB8B5;5< 3=0B85<. = ?@>8AE>48; 87 1>30B>9 42>@O=A:>9 A5<L8, 2 <>;>4>AB8 C2;5:0;AO ?>MB8G5A:8< B2>@G5AB2><, >?C1;8:>20; <=>65AB2> AB8E>2 =0 A;CG09, <04@830;>2, @><0=A>2; 1K; 7=0:>< A . !. 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"CB 459AB2C5B 5@AB >689, 1;03>45B5;LAB2CNI89 2A5< CG0AB2CNI8< 8 2 8740=88 8 2 GB5=88 ?KB>2. >B@C48AL ?5@540BL !. . !=5AA>@52>9, GB> ;CGH0O AB0BLO > <>=0H5AB25, > ?>;L75, ?@8=5A5==>9 <>=0H5AB2>< E@8AB80=AB2C 8 G5;>25G5AB2C, ?><5I5=0 2 Dictionnaire de theologie par Iabbe Bergier. 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'C2AB2> 8A:@5==53>, :0: 1K AK=>2=53> ?>G8B0=8O ?@82>48B <5=O : 0< A ?@825B>< ?>74@02;5=8O 0A A =0ABC?0NI8< 4=5< @>645=8O 0H53> 8 1;03>65;0=8O<8 <>8<8 0< 2A53> ;CGH53>, 2>7<>6=>3> G5;>25:0< 2 75<=>9 687=8 8E. !B@>:8 MB8 ?8HC 0< 87 >A:2K, 345 O >AB0=>28;AO =0 =5A:>;L:> 4=59, A;54CO >1@0B=> 87 5B5@1C@30 =0 0109:8.  5B5@1C@35 1K;, GB>1 ?>A;548BL 70 E>4>< 45;0 <>=0ABK@A:>3> 2 !8=>45, 0 745AL >AB0=>28;AO, GB>1 ?>A;548BL 70 2K74>@>2;5=85< ?;5<O==8FK <>59, 2KE>4OI59, 1;03>40@O >30 87 2>72@0B=>9, B8D>7=>3> A2>9AB20 3>@OG:8, 1;03>?>;CG=> <8=>202H59. >;L=0O >:>;> 2-E <5AOF52 =5 2KE>48;0 87 ?>AB5;8. 04CNAL 70 A51O, GB> 2>72@0I0NAL 4><>9, 81> 2 5B5@1C@35 2A5 2@5<O 1>;5;, 25@>OB=>, 2A;54AB285 B0<>H=8E 60@>2, ?@>?8B0==KE 7;K<, >AB@K< E>;>4><. @>AO 0A =0?><=8BL >1> <=5 2A5< 0H8<, ?@>HC 0A >B 2@5<5=8 4> 2@5<5=8 ?@8 0H8E 2>A?><8=0=8OE > ;N4OE, :>B>@KE AC4L10 AB028;0 21;878 0A 8 2 7028A8<>AB8 =5?>A@54AB25==>9 >B 0A, =5 701K20BL 8 0H53> ?> 8<5=8 8 ?> GC2AB2C 2A5340 0H53> @O=G0=8=>20. 4 8N;O 1866 3>40 >A:20 8AL<0 83C<5=89 #ABL-542548F:>3> @5>1@065=A:>3> <>=0ABK@O @A5=88 (!51@O:>2>9) : 5B@C ;5:A0=4@>28GC @O=G0=8=>2C !1(1) / 2>>1I5 =5 ;N1;N AB5A=OBL A51O ?5@5?8A:>9 <8@A:>9, => ;N1;N 8=>340 ?5@54020BL A2>8 <KA;8 8 GC2AB20 B5<, :B> <>65B 8E ?>=8<0BL 8 A>GC2AB2>20BL 8< 8, 5A;8 =5;L7O CAB=>, B> E>BL ?8AL<5==>. 0H5 ?8AL<> <5=O CB5H8;>.  K ?><=8B5 <5=O, 0 4;O <5=O MB> 4>@>3>. > @048 >30, ?@>HC 0A =5 ?@52>7=>A8B5 <5=O B0:, MB> =5A?@0254;82>, 8 O 8728=ON 20H8 A;>20 B>;L:> B5<, GB> 20H5<C 4CE>2=>->A8@>B52H5<C GC2AB2C E>B5;>AL 1K B0: 2845BL... 8 20< ?>:070;>AL, GB> 2K 2848B5 7=0:><K5 G5@BK B>3> 4>@>3>3>, 2KA>:>3>, A2OB>3> >1@070, A>75@F0=85 :>B>@>3> >A25I05B 20HC 4CHC. C45< 65 2<5AB5 A>75@F0BL 53>, 2 53> 25;8:8E 8 482=KE B2>@5=8OE, 0 4;O A51O 65;0;0 1K E>BL =5:>B>@>3> ?>7=0=8O A2>8E =5<>I59 8 3@5E>2=>AB8, > G5< ?@>HC 20A ?><>;8BLAO >A?>4C, >40B5;N 1;03. 7 >:BO1@O 1870 3. ! 2 (2) ?>;=5 25@N, GB> 2>;O >68O >B:@K205BAO 2 >1AB>OB5;LAB20E, >:@C60NI8E =0A, 8 286C, GB> =0AB>OI85 >1AB>OB5;LAB20 B0:>2K, GB> =C6=> C1530BL 2 3>@K, => ?@8 2A5< MB>< 286C, GB> 4;O <5=O C:070=85 =5?>;=>,  2 >1AB>OB5;LAB20E, <5=O >:@C60NI8E... ;O <5=O 2>645;5==0 687=L, 2?>;=5 >B@5H5==0O >B 2A53> 75<=>3>, 8 ?>B><C-B> <>O 4CH0 AB@5<8BAO : =59 8=>340 4>2>;L=> ?>@K28AB>, 8 O 1>NAL C2;5GLAO ?>@K2>< GC2AB20, GB>1 =5 27OBL ?@5645 2@5<5=8 B>3>, GB> <>65B E>@>H> B>;L:> 2> 2@5<O A2>5. ...0 4=OE O ?>;CG8;0 >B <;5:A0=4@K> <0A8;L52=K> [0=4@] ?OBK9 B><. 0: E>@>H> 2K A45;0;8, GB> ?@8;>68;8 E>BL : MB><C B><C ?>@B@5B 2;04K:8  5?8A:>?0 3=0B8O. >A?>4L 2@07C<8; 20A.  :0: E>@>H MB>B ?>@B@5B!  =0AB>OI55 2@5<O O G8B0N MB>B B><, 8 :0: 87@5G5=8O A2OBKE >BF>2, B0: 8 273;O4 =0 A2OB>5 ;8F> 2;04K:8, 459AB2C5B =0 <5=O =5>1K:=>25==> E>@>H>. 'C2AB2C5HL A51O :0:-B> A>A@54>B>G5==59, :>340 A>75@F05HL MB> 87>1@065=85, A>18@05HL 2A5 ?><KA;8 A2>8, 8A?>254C5HL 2A5 B>=:85 C:;>=5=8O A2>53> A5@4F0, :>340 A<>B@OB =0 20A MB8 ?@>7>@;82K5 3;070, A<>B@OB 2 A0<CN 3;C18=C 4CH8. 2 =>O1@O 1870 3. ! 3 (6) ...0 20H8 ?8AL<0 <...> A:06C >4=>: 2K :0:-B> G0AB>, 2A?><8=0O > A<5@B8, 2KA:07K205B5 65;0=85 A2>59 4CH8, GB>1 2 MB8 AB@0H=K5 <8=CBK 8<5BL ?><>IL >B ;N459, GB8<KE 20<8. -B> 65;0=85 20H59 4CH8 B0: A8;L=>, GB> >=0 8I5B :0: 1K C25@5=8O, GB> MB> 1C45B B0:. > <8;>A5@48N >68N, >=> 459AB28B5;L=>, 8 1C45B B0:, 5A;8 ?@8 687=8 =5 ;8H8BAO 4CH0 4CE>2=>3> >1I5=8O A B5<8 4CH0<8, 2 ?><>I8 :>B>@KE >=0 =C6405BAO.... 20 D52@0;O 1871 3. ! 4 (22) "5?5@L 2K C65 2 <5B5@1C@>35. >A?>4L 1;03>A;>28B 20A 8 40 ?><>65B 20< ?>B@C48BLAO =0 ?>;L7C 8AB8=K. K 1>8B5AL @0AA5O==>AB8 ?@8 2AB@5G5 A @>4=K<8 8 7=0:><K<8 8, :>=5G=>, @0AA5O==>ABL 1C45B, => B>;L:> 1>OBLAO 55 =5 A;54C5B. !84O 2 :5;;88, <K 1>@5<AO A ?><KA;0<8 AB@0AB=K<8, 3@5E>2=K<8, 0 A@548 ;N459  A A0<8<8 AB@0ABO<8. >B 8 2KE>48B >4=> 8 B> 65, B>;L:> 2 ?>A;54=5< A;CG05 1>@L10 >1H8@=55, 68255, 459AB28B5;L=55.  :5;;88 <K 87CG05< A;>2> >685, 0 A@548 ;N459 4>;6=K AB0@0BLAO 8A?>;=OBL 53>. 4 <0@B0 1872 3. !5(41) K A?@0H8205B5 > <>;8B25. > O <=>3> 3>2>@8BL > =59 =5 <>3C ?> <0;>>?KB=>AB8. >;8B20 25@K, <>;8B20 ?@8 A>7=0=88 A2>59 3@5E>2=>AB8, 2A5AB>@>==59 =5<>I=>AB8 8 =54>AB0B>G=>AB8  2>B 548=AB25==0O =5?@5;5AB=0O <>;8B20 G5;>25:0, =5 4>AB83H53> G8AB>9 <>;8B2K.  > G8AB>9 <>;8B25 <=5 3>2>@8BL =5?@8;8G=>, :0: =5 8<5NI59 55. =0 40@ >689, >=0 25=5F 687=8 8=>G5A:>9, >=0 2>7<>6=0 ?@8 459AB288 1;03>40B8 >6859 2 A5@4F5, 8;8 ;CGH5 A:070BL, >=0 5ABL A0<> B> 459AB285 1;03>40B8. CBL : =59  G8AB>B0... 20 023CAB0 1874 3. ! 6 (45) @>G8BK20;0 O ?@8A;0==>5 20<8 A=>2845=85 !=5AA>@52>9, 8 =0E>6C, GB> 2A5, =0?8A0==>5 2 =5<, 8AB8=0. ?8A0=85 4CE>2 8 8E 459AB28O =0 C< G@572KG09=> 25@=>. >340 G5;>25: 6825B 75<=>N 687=8N, B> >= =5 <>65B ?>7=020BL =0A:>;L:> 4CE 53> =0E>48BAO 2 ?>@01>I5=88, 2 7028A8<>AB8 >B 4@C3>3> 4CE0, =5 <>65B MB>3> 2?>;=5 ?>7=020BL ?>B><C, GB> C =53> 5ABL 2>;O, :>B>@>N >= 459AB2C5B, :0: 8 :>340 E>G5B. > :>340 A> A<5@B8N >B=8<5BAO 2>;O, B>340 4CH0 C2848B GL59 2;0AB8 >=0 ?>@01>I5=0. CE >689 2=>A8B ?@0254=KE 2 25G=K5 >18B5;8, ?@>A25I0O 8E, >A25I0O, 1>3>B2>@O. "5 65 4CH8, :>B>@K5 8<5;8 >1I5=85 A 4802>;><, 1C4CB 8< >1;0?0=K... ..."@C4 2 70?>254OE >688E  548=K9 =5;>6=K9 ?CBL : A?0A5=8N. 21 8N=O 1875 3. ! 7 (60) 8AL<> ;5:A5O 5B@>28G0 20A 2AB@52>68;>, => ?>AB0@09B5AL ?> 2>7<>6=>AB8 ?@540BL 53> 2>;5 >6859... 0H5 2;8O=85 =0 =53> 1>;LH>5, 0 ?>B><C A;54>20;> 1K B5?5@L >AB5@530BLAO 4020BL 5<C A>25BK, >=8 <>3CB 1KBL BO65;K 4;O =53> 8 A;8H:>< C3=5BCB 53> 2=CB@5==55 GC2AB2>. 10 =>O1@O 1876 3. ! 8 (62) 075BK 8725AB8;8 =0A, 5I5 2> 2@5<O <>53> ?@51K20=8O 2 !51@>25, > :>=G8=5 ?@5>A2OI5==>3> 5>=840 C 20A =0 0109:0E, 0 ?>B><C O >A>15==> 1K;0 @040 20H8< ?8AL<0<, ?@8=5AH8< <=5 ?>4@>1=>5 >?8A0=85 2A5E MB8E 4>AB>?0<OB=KE 4=59. >B :0: 482=K AC4L1K >689! / 1K;0 ?>@065=0 1;03>3>259=K< C482;5=85< ?@8 GB5=88 8725AB8O >1 MB>< A>1KB88. >A?>4L A?>4>18; 20A ?>A;C68BL 482=>9 B09=5: ?5@5E>4C 4CH8 2 25G=>ABL 85@0@E0, 1>3>;N182>3>, ?>428702H53>AO >B N=>AB8, 70G0B>3> 2 4CE>2=CN 687=L A5<5=5< A;>20 >68O, ?@5?>40==>3> ;04K:>9. 5 O=20@O 1877 3. ! 9 (75) 87=5>?8A0=85 ;04K:8 O ?>;CG8;0 8 G8B0;0. '8B0;0 A 1>;LH8< C4>2>;LAB285<, A 4CH52=K< CB5H5=85< 8 =07840=85<. >@>38 A;>20 A0<>3> ;04K:8, 53> A>1AB25==>5 A2845B5;LAB2> > A515. !:070BL > =5< A;>2> <>65B B>;L:> B>B, :B> 2>72KA8;AO 4> ?>=8<0=8O 2A5E 53> 45O=89. '5< <5=LH5 > =5< A:070=>, B5< ;CGH5. 21 <0@B0 1882 3. ! 10 (90) =5 2A5 4C<05BAO, GB> 1>;57=L 20H0 =5 : A<5@B8... 0?><=N 20<.  ?5@2K9 @07, :>340 O 2845;0 20A, 2K A:070;8 <=5, GB> =8G53> =5 8<5O, G5< <>3;8 1K A?0AB8AL, 65;05B5 B>;L:> >4=>3>, GB>1 2 >18B5;8 2;04K:8 1KBL, ?>4>1=> <0;5=L:>9 A>10G:5. -B> A;>2> 682> =0?><=8;>AL <=5. 0, MB> 8 1C45B.  =515A=>9 >18B5;8 A2OB>3> 2;04K:8 3=0B8O, C3>B>20=> 8 20< A25B;>5 <5AB>. 5@C9B5 8 @04C9B5AL. A;8 ?@845B C=K=85 8;8 AB@0E, >B3>=8B5 53>, A =04564>N 8 @04>AB8N 4C<09B5 > ?5@5E>45 2 703@>1=CN 687=L 8 B5<, :B> AB5@565B 2> 2@0B0E 4CHC, GB>1 2>AE8B8BL 55, A:068B5 A 45@7=>25=85<: 5 8<55B5 2K G0AB8 2> <=5, O ?>A;CH=8: <>8E >BF>2, :>B>@K5 >B25G0NB 70 <5=O ?@54 >A?>4>< >3>< <>8<. <8=L. 20 D52@0;O 1890 3. ! 11 (93) !;020 >3C 70 2A5! ;O 20A B5?5@L ?> A>AB>O=8N 74>@>2LO 20H53>, ?> =5<>I8 AB0@G5A:8E A8;, A0<>5 3;02=>5 1KBL 2 <8@5 A> 2A5<8 >:@C60NI8<8 8 GC2AB2>20BL <8@ 2 4CH5. 5=O >G5=L CA?>:>8;>, GB> A >BF>< ;859 2K A>H;8AL... / 3>2>@N B>;L:>, GB> ?CBL =0H, ?CBL 3@5H=8:>2, :0:85 <K 5ABL 8 5A<K =0 A0<>< 45;5. !<8@OBLAO =04> 8 =5 AE>48BL A MB>3> ?CB8 ?>:0O=8O, =5 1@0BL ;8G8=K ?@0254=8:0, :>340 <K 3@5H=8:8, 8 =5 8A:0BL A515 >?@0240=8O, 0 G0OBL 8 25@>20BL, GB> =0H5 >?@0240=85  %@8AB>A. 2 023CAB0 1890 3. 8AL<> ;5:A5O 5B@>28G0 @O=G088=>20 : 8:>;0N 8:>;0528GC !5;8D>8B>2C 8;>AB82K9 >AC40@L 8:>;09 8:>;0528G! 0H5 4>1@>5 @0A?>;>65=85 : ?>G82H5<C <>5<C @>48B5;N 405B <=5 =5:>B>@>5 ?@02> ?@54AB028BL 0< ?@8 A5< ?5G0B=K9 M:75<?;O@ @5G8, A:070==>9 >. 5=80<8=>< ?@8 ?>3@515=88 <>53> >BF0. -B> B>B A0<K9 >. 5=80<8=, > =07=0G5=88 :>53> =0AB>OB5;5< 01052A:>3> <>=0ABK@O E;>?>B0; <>9 >B5F, ?>A;5 A<5@B8 >. 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'. 1. !. 286-288. 0;>F:>9 ;5:A59 ;5:A0=4@>28G (1806-1875)  35=5@0;-;59B5=0=B, 4> 023CAB0 1859 3.  3C15@=0B>@ !B02@>?>;LA:>3> :@0O; A> A2OB8B5;5< 3=0B85< 1K; 2 4@C65A:8E >B=>H5=8OE A 45BAB20.  !<.: @8BG. 9.1.  > A2845B5;LAB2C . . @O=G0=8=>20, ?8AL<> MB> 1K;> :0: 1K =0?CBAB285< : . . ;5I552C, ?8A0=> : =5<C 70 <5AOF 4> A<5@B8 53>, :>340 5I5 =8:B> =5 3>2>@8; 8 =5 4C<0; > 1;87>AB8 A<5@B=>3> 53> G0A0. >:>9=K9 ;5I552 =0720; MB> ?8AL<> ?>4>@>6=>9 A2>59 2 25G=>ABL, E@0=8; 53> 2> 2A5 ?>A;54=85 4=8 ?>4 ?>4CH:>9; 1>;57=L ?@5?OBAB2>20;0 @E8<0=4@8BC 3=0B8N A0<><C ?@85E0BL : C<8@02H5<C 4@C3C.  1> =8:B> 87 =0A =5 6825B 4;O A51O, 8 =8:B> =5 C<8@05B 4;O A51O ( 8<. 14.7).  !>D8O 02;>2=0 "8B>20  A5AB@0 ==K 02;>2=K ;5I552>9  A<. A. 110, ?8AL<> ! 7.  =. 6.44.    . $. 425.  4. ! 21. C1;8:C5BAO 2?5@2K5; >B25B !2OB8B5;O 2 ?8AL<5 ! 7 (. (0D@0=>20).  @>B>85@59 C:0 D@5<>2. 87=5>?8A0=85 ". . >B5<:8=>9. , 1870.  @0D !5@389 (5@5<5B52. ><0H=OO AB0@8=0. ., 1900. !. 108.   =5< A<. B. 7, A. 199-200.  CH5?>;57=>5 GB5=85. ., 1870. '. 1-4. !. 1-8.  ;03>B2>@OI89 154=><C 405B 2709<K >A?>4C, 8 = 2>740AB 5<C 70 1;03> 45O=85 53> (@8BG. 19.17).  =O38=O "0BLO=0 0A8;L52=0 .AC?>20 (1767-1841)  4>GL ?>;:>2=8:0 0A8;8O =4@5528G0 -=35;L30@4B0 8 0@DK ;5:A0=4@>2=K, C@>645==>9 >B5<:8=>9 (A5AB@K :=O7O . . >B5<:8=0).  ?5@2>< AC?@C65AB25 1K;0 70 2=CG0BK< 4O45N ?> <0B5@8, 8E08;>< !5@35528G5< >B5<:8=K< (C<5@ 2 1791 3.); 2> 2B>@><  70 :=O75< 8:>;05< >@8A>28G5< .AC?>2K< (1751- 1831). 1781 3. 1K;0 ?>60;>20=0 2> D@59;8=K. >3@515=0 2 ;03>25I5=A:>9 F5@:28 ;5:A0=4@>-52A:>9 ;02@K. !<. > =59 2 ?8AL<5 !2OB8B5;O : !. . 5 G052C ! 27, A. 30.  8AL<> A2OB8B5;O 3=0B8O : MB>9 AB0@8F5 A<. B. 7, A. 208-209.  ..F0@L, 40 1C45B 1;03>C3>45= B515 A>25B <>9: 8A:C?8 3@5E8 B2>8 ?@024>N 8 15770:>=8O B2>8 <8;>A5@485< : 154=K<; 2>B G5< <>65B ?@>4;8BLAO <8@ B2>9 (0=. 4. 24).    . $. 425.  1.  D. 7. 20.  D.9.17.  >A;54>20=85 ?0=8E84K. 0 ;;8;C80 AB8E 1.  !<. ?8AL<> A2OB8B5;O 3=0B8O : =0<5AB=8:C !5@3852>9 ?CABK=8 >. 3=0 B8N (0A8;L52C) Ms 16, B. 7, A. 358.  ...?@0E BK 8 2 ?@0E 2>72@0B8HLAO (KB. 3.19).  A. 102.5.  4 D52@0;O 1848 3. A2OB8B5;L 3=0B89 =0?8A0; A2>5<C =0<5AB=8:C 2 !5@3552C ?CABK=L:  8:>;0N 8:>;0528GC ==5=A:><C O ?8A0; ?8AL<>, CB5H0O 53>, 8 A>25BCN =5 >AB02;OBL A5<59AB2> ?> ?>@K2C >3>@G5=8O. "K >G5=L E>@>H> A45;0;, 4>;>682 @5>A2OI5==><C > 53> ?@51K20=88 2 >18B5;8.   . $. 1927. ! 288. !. 273-274.  !<. B. 7, A. 541-542.  >;=>5 687=5>?8A0=85 A2OB8B5;O 3=0B8O 02:07A:>3>. !. 152.  . $. 1661. . 1098. $. 472. . 62. >=AB0=B8= !B5?0=>28G !5@18=>-28G (1795-1874)  B09=K9 A>25B=8:, G;5= ><8AA88 ?> ?@8=OB8N ?@>H5=89; A<. B0:65 > =5< ?@8<5G. 0AB>OI53> 8740=8O, B. 5, A. 517.  0@OB8=A:89 . . (1815-1879)  :=O7L, A 1856 ?> 1861 3. =0<5AB=8: 02:07A:89.    . $. 425. . 1.   .$.425...!19.   .$.425...!11.  . $. 942. ?. 1. . 559. C1;8:0F8O, ?>43>B>2:0 B5:AB0 . . N1><C4@>20. C1;8:C5BAO 2?5@2K5.  ?8AL<5 845B @5GL > 70<5I5=88 4>;6=>AB8 !<>B@8B5;O =20;84=>3> 4><0. =20;84=K9 4>< =0 30 C25G=KE 2>8=>2, 0 B0:65 F5@:>2L <G. 0;5@80=0 1K;8 ?>AB@>5=K 2 1809 3. 1@0BLO<8 C1>2K<8 2 ?0<OBL 0;5@80=0 C1>20, A:>=G02H53>AO >B @0=, ?>;CG5==KE 2 ?5@A84A:>< ?>E>45.  ;>AB@0645B ;8 :B> 87 20A, ?CABL <>;8BAO (0:. 5.13).  -B8 ?8AL<0 1K;8 =0?8A0=K A2OB8B5;5< 3=0B85< 2 8:>;>-01052A:>< <>=0ABK@5, :>340 >= =0E>48;AO B0< 2 11-<5AOG=>< >B?CA:5 4;O ;5G5=8O. >?88 A =8E 1K;8 A=OBK :5;59=8:>< !2OB8B5;O !B5D0=>< (2 <>=0H5AB25 !8<5>=><). >765 A2OB8B5;L 3=0B89 ?> ?@>AL15 A2>8E CG5=8:>2 >B@540:B8@>20; 8E 8 ?>43>B>28; 4;O ?5G0B8. ?5@2K5 >=8 1K;8 >?C1;8:>20=K 0@E8<0=4@8B>< 3=0B85< (0;KH52K<) 2 1881 3. :0: ?@8;>65=85 : 87=5>?8A0=8N 5?8A:>?0 3=0B8O @O=G0=8=>20, 0 A 1886 3. ?><5H0;8AL 2 !>1@0=8O B2>@5=89 !2OB8B5;O 2 4-< B><5. (@8 ?>43>B>2:5 0AB>OI53> 8740=8O 87 61 ?8AL<0, ?><5I5==KE 2 4-< B><5, ?>!4-B8 1K;8 CAB0=>2;5=K 04@5A0BK.)  ...C<=>6L 2 =0A 25@C (:. 17. 5).  =>9 ?CAB>A;>2 CO72;O5B :0: <5G><, 0 O7K: <C4@KE  2@0GC5B (@8BG. 12.18).  = 87JO72;5= 1K; 70 3@5E8 =0H8 8<CG8< 70 15770:>=8O =0H8; =0:070=85 <8@0 =0H53> [1K;>] =0 5<, 8 @0=0<8 3> <K 8AF5;8;8AL (A. 53.5).  8B85 ?@5?>4>1=>9 0@88 38?5BA:>9. '5BL8-8=58, 1 0?@5;O.  1> <K ?@87=05<, GB> G5;>25: >?@024K205BAO 25@>N, =57028A8<> >B 45; 70:>=0. ..@0240 >68O G5@57 25@C 2 8ACA0 %@8AB0 2> 2A5E 8 ?0 2A5E 25@CNI8E, 81> =5B @07;8G8O, ?>B><C GB> 2A5 A>3@5H8;8 8 ;8H5=K A;02K >6859, ?>;CG0O >?@0240=85 40@><, ?> 1;03>40B8 3>, 8A:C?;5=85< 2> %@8AB5 8ACA5 ( 8<. 3.28,22-24).  !@.: ..=8A?@>25@305<... 2AO:>5 ?@52>7=>H5=85, 2>AAB0NI55 ?@>B82 ?>7=0=8O >68O (2 >@. 10.4,5).  ...87102;5==CN >B <5G0, A>1@0==CN 87 <=>38E =0@>4>2, =0 3>@8 7@08;52K, :>B>@K5 1K;8 2 ?>AB>O==>< 70?CAB5=88 (57. 38.8).  A> AB@0E>< 8 B@5?5B>< A>25@H09B5 A2>5 A?0A5=85 ($;?. 2.12).  ...AB@0H5=... 4;O 2A5E >:@C60NI8E 3> (A. 88.8).  D.5.9  D.25.36.  ..=8:B>, 2>7;>682H89 @C:C A2>N =0 ?;C3 8 >78@0NI89AO =0704, =5 1;03>=04565= 4;O &0@AB28O >68O (:. 9.62).  =5 409 C:;>=8BLAO A5@4FC <>5<C : A;>20< ;C:02K< 4;O 8728=5=8O 45; 3@5E>2=KE(A. 140.4).  B>@. 4.24; 2@. 12. 29.  8AB8=0 A45;05B 20A A2>1>4=K<8 (=. 8.32).  D. 6.22.  5O=.2.40.  A. 18.10.  ..@07C< 1C45B >E@0=OBL B51O (@8BG. 2.11)  A. 106.10.  ...A5@4F5< 25@CNB : ?@0254=>AB8, 0 CAB0<8 8A?>254CNB :> A?0A5=8N ( 8<.10.10).  ..<=>385 ;65?@>@>:8 2>AAB0=CB, 8 ?@5;LABOB <=>38E; 8, ?> ?@8G8=5 C<=> 65=8O 15770:>=8O, 2> <=>38E >E;0455B ;N1>2L (D. 24.11,12).  :. 18.8.  ../ 3>2>@8; =5 >B !51O; => ?>A;02H89 5=O B5F, = 40; =5 70?>254L, GB> A:070BL 8 GB> 3>2>@8BL.  / 7=0N, GB> 70?>254L 3> 5ABL 687=L 25G=0O. B0:, GB> / 3>2>@N, 3>2>@N, :0: A:070; =5 B5F (=. 12. 49,50).  5 1>9AO, <0;>5 AB04>! 81> B5F 20H 1;03>2>;8; 40BL 20< &0@AB2>. E>48B5 B5A=K<8 2@0B0<8, ?>B><C GB> H8@>:8 2@0B0 8 ?@>AB@0=5= ?CBL, 254CI85 2 ?>3815;L, 8 <=>385 84CB 8<8; ?>B><C GB> B5A=K 2@0B0 8 C7>: ?CBL, 254CI85 2 687=L, 8 =5<=>385 =0E>4OB 8E (:. 12.32; D. 7.13,14).  ...>6L53> =8:B> =5 7=05B, :@><5 CE0 >68O (1 >@. 2.11).  ...>3 ?>AB028; 2 &5@:28, 2>-?5@2KE, ?>AB>;0<8, 2>-2B>@KE, ?@>@>:0<8, 2-B@5BL8E, CG8B5;O<8 (1 >@. 12. 28).  =5 45;09B5AL @010<8 G5;>25:>2 (1 >@. 7.23).  2 <5NI89 =525ABC 5ABL 65=8E, 0 4@C3 65=8E0, AB>OI89 8 2=8<0NI89 5<C, @04>ABLN @04C5BAO, A;KH0 3>;>A 65=8E0. !8O-B> @04>ABL <>O 8A?>;=8;0AL. <C 4>;6=> @0AB8, 0 <=5 C<0;OBLAO (=. 3, 29-30).  :B> C=8605B A51O, B>B 2>72KA8BAO ( D. 23.12).  =. 14.15.  >;. 3.14.  >B, / ?>AK;0N 20A, :0: >25F A@548 2>;:>2: 8B0: 1C4LB5 <C4@K, :0: 7<88, 8 ?@>ABK, :0: 3>;C18.AB5@5309B5AL 65 ;N459: 81> >=8 1C4CB >B4020BL 20A 2 AC48;8I0 8 2 A8=03>30E A2>8E 1C4CB 18BL 20A... 8 1C45B5 =5=02848<K 2A5<8 70 8<O >5 (D. 10.16-17,22).   <=5 25AL<0 ?>GB5==K 4@C7LO B2>8, >65 (A. 138.17).  A. 118.25.  :. 12.32.  =. 8.44.  !<.: A. 64. 6.  A.29.7,8.  D. 18.3.  1  . $. 1927. . 288. !. 275-276.   . $. 1927. . 288.  !<. > =5< B. 7, A. 181-184.  !<. > =5< B. 7, A. 181-184.    . $. 425. . 1    . $. 425. . 1.1    . $. 425. . 1.  @54AB02LB5 A515, AC40@K=O.   .$.425..1.  !<. > =5< B. 7, A. 114-116.    . $. 425. . 1.  ,  .$.425..4.8 3.   =59 A<. 0AB>OI55 8740=85, B. 5,A. 487-510.  070@52 8E08; 5B@>28G (1788-1851)  2K40NI89AO 45OB5;L @CAA:>3> D;>B0 8 D;>B>2>45F, CG5=K9 8AA;54>20B5;L =B0@:B8:8, 04<8@0;.  1827 3. >B;8G8;AO 2 020@8=A:>< A@065=88, 2 :>B>@>< ?>4 53> :><0=4>20=85< CG0AB2>20;8 . !. 0E8<>2, . . >@=8;>2, . . AB><8=. ! 1832 3. >= =0G0;L=8: HB010 '5@=><>@A:>3> D;>B0, A 1833  3;02=K9 :><0=48@ '5@=><>@A:>3> D;>B0 8 ?>@B>2 '5@=>3> <>@O. !>740; =0 D;>B5 >A>1CN H:>;C ?>43>B>2:8 8 2>A?8B0=8O <>@O:>2  ?0B@8>B>2 >48=K.  >@=8;>2 ;048<8@ ;5:A5528G (1806-1854)  2K40NI89AO @CAA:89 2>5==>-<>@A:>9 45OB5;L, 1;8609H89 A>@0B=8: 8 CG5=8: . . 070@520. 48= 87 3;02=KE >@30=870B>@>2 !520AB>?>;LA:>9 >1>@>=K.  1848 3.  :>=B@-04<8@0;, A 1852  28F5-04<8@0;.  >;=>ABLN @0AA:07 A<. 0AB>OI55 8740=85, B. 5, A. 519-520. &  $. 1166. ?. 1..4.. 171-173.  (0E>20 . . !>1@0=85 A>G8=5=89 2 AB8E0E / 740; 2=C: 02B>@0 . . (0E>2. !1.: :0B5@8=8=A:0O B8?>3@., 1911. - XIV, 212, 130,322 A. 0;55: !>1@0=85 A>G8=5=89 2 AB8E0E.    , ! 3558-3602.  (0E>20 . ?KB 2 AB8E0E ?OB=04F0B8;5B=59 4528FK. 8A0=> 2 1836 3. !1.: "8?>3@. . 8=3515@0, 1837. - 23 A J  "@C4K 8<?5@0B>@A:>9 >AA89A:>9 0:045<88: '. 1. !1.: "8?>3@. 8<?. >AA89A:>9 :045<88, 1840. !. 77.  (0E>20 . >25AB8 2 AB8E0E. !1.: "8?>3@. . 8=3515@0 8 AK=0, 1842.  167 A.  (0E>20 . 845=85 452CH:8 [!B8E>B2>@5=85] // 81;8>B5:0 4;O GB5=8O. 1837. ". 21. ! 4, B4. V. !. 108-112  1 CG0AB88 . (0E>2>9 2 MB8E 8740=8OE A<. 2 A=>A:0E : 55 2B>18>3@0D88, ?C1;8:C5<>9 2 0AB>OI5< 8740=88. !. 280-293. 0;55 C:070=8O =0 2B>18>3@0D8N 40NBAO 2 B5:AB5 ?C1;8:0F88.  >;52>9 8:>;09 ;5:A0=4@>28G (1796-1846)  ?8A0B5;L, 6C@=0;8AB, 8AB>@8:, G;5=.-:>@. >AA89A:>9  (1831). 740B5;L 6C@=0;0 >A:>2A:89 B5;53@0D. 2B>@ AB>@88 @CAA:>3> =0@>40 (B. 1 -6). &  >;52>9 . >25AB8 2 AB8E0E ;87025BK (0E>2>9. !1.: "8?>3@. . 8=3515@0 8 AK=0, 1842 // CAA:89 5AB=8:. 1842. ". 6. B4. III. !. 28.   @C1@8:5 >2K5 @CAA:85 :=838. 18423>4.|  ;5B=52 5B@ ;5:A0=4@>28G (1792-1865)  ?>MB, :@8B8:, 4>:B>@ D8;>A>D88, 0:045<8: >AA89A:>9 :045<88 =0C: (1841), 2 1838-1846 8740B5;L 8 @540:B>@ 6C@=0;0 !>2@5<5==8:, ?@>D. :0D54@K @CAA:>3> O7K:0 8 A;>25A=>AB8 (1832-1850), 70B5< @5:B>@ 5B5@1C@3A:>3> C=825@A8B5B0 (1840-1861).  >25AB8 2 AB8E0E ;87025BK (0E>2>9. 1. 5@AB >689, 2. !B@0==K9 :@0A025F, 3. 73=0==8: 8  -?8;>3 // !>2@5<5==8:. 1842. ". 26, B4. II. !. 51-52. - 2B.: . ;5B=52.  !<.: !>2@5<5==0O 181;8>3@0D8G5A:0O E@>=8:0: CAA:85 :=838: !B8E>B2>@5=8O ;87025BK (0E>2>9. !1.: "8?>3@. 8<?. >AA89A:>9 :045<88, 1839. // B5G5AB25==K5 70?8A:8. 1839. ". 6, B4. VII. !. 148; CAA:0O ;8B5@0BC@0: !B8E>B2>@5=8O ;87025BK (0E>2>9. !1.: "8?>3@. 8<?. >AA89A:>9 :045<88, 1839 // !525@=0O ?G5;0. !1., 1839.9 =>O1@O, ! 254. !. 1015.  H8<>20 ;5:A0=4@0 >A8D>2=0 (A8?>2=0) (1804, ?> 4@C38< A2545=8O< 1803-1881)  45BA:0O ?8A0B5;L=8F0, ?5@52>4G8F0, 8740B5;L 45BA:8E 6C@=0;>2. 2B>@ AB>@88 >AA88 2 @0AA:070E 4;O 45B59. ('. 1-6. !1., 1837-1840; 5-5 874. '. 1-3. !1., 1862), ?@8=5AH59 59 =081>;LHCN 8725AB=>ABL. 5@2K5 25 @0AA:07>2 AB>@88... H8<>20 ?>:070;0 . . ;5B=52C 5I5 2 @C:>?8A8, :>B>@K9 2KA>:> 8E >F5=8; 8 225; H8<>2C 2 :@C3 ;8B5@0B>@>2 (>:. 1834), AB02 55 ;8B5@0BC@=K< ?>:@>28B5;5< 8 =0AB02=8:><. '5@57 ?>A@54=8G5AB2> ;5B=520 2 :>=F5 1830-E 3>4>2 <>;>40O ?8A0B5;L=8F0 1K;0 ?@83;0H5=0 ?@5?>4020BL @CAA:89 O7K: G;5=0< F0@A:>9 D0<8;88. ! .  ;5B=52K< 8 /. . @>B>< C H8<>2>9 CAB0=>28;8AL >A>15==> 4@C65A:85 >B=>H5=8O.  @>B /:>2 0@;>28G (1813-1893)  D8;>;>3, 8AB>@8:, >@48=0@=K9 0:045<8: 5B5@1C@3A:>9 :045<88 =0C: (1858). :>=G8; A 7>;>B>9 <540;LN &0@A:>A5;LA:89 ;8F59 (1832), A;C68; 2 :0=F5;O@88 :018=5B0 <8=8AB@>2, A 1834 3.  2 >AC40@AB25==>9 :0=F5;O@88. ! 1840 3. A>B@C4=8G0; 2 6C@=0;5 !>2@5<5==8:.  1841-1852 33. ?@>D5AA>@ :0D54@K @CAA:>3> O7K:0, A;>25A=>AB8 8 8AB>@88 5;L-A8=3D>@A:>3> C=825@A8B5B0, 1852-1858 3B. ?@5?>4020; @CAA:89 O7K:, =5<5F:89 O7K:, 8AB>@8N 8 35>3@0D8N 25;8:8< :=O7LO< 8:>;0N ;5:A0=4@>28GC 8 ;5:A0=4@C ;5:A0=4@>28GC; 2 1853-1862 33. ?@>D5AA>@ :0D54@K A;>25A=>AB8 ;5:A0=4@>2A:>3> ;8F5O 2 5B5@1C@35. ! 1859 3.  G;5=, A 1866 3.  ?@54A540B5;L 8B5@0BC@=>3> D>=40. |  (0E>20 .  =0G0;5 687=8 8 =0 ?>@>35 25G=>AB8. (>A2OI5=> ?0<OB8 . !. "C@35=520. 1883 3.) // CAA:0O AB0@8=0. 1913. ". 153. ! 1. !. 164. - C1;8:0F8O . . (0E>20.  !B8E>B2>@5=8O ;87025BK (0E>2>9 // !>2@5<5==8:. 1840. ". 17, B4. II. ! 65-66.  2B.: . . ;5B=52. &  !?0A>->@>48=A:89 2 G5ABL 5@C:>B2>@=>3> 1@070 >A?>40 8ACA0 %@8AB0 65=A:89 <>=0ABK@L. A=>20= 2 1838 =0 >@>48=A:>< >;5, 1;87 4. !5<5=>2A:>5 24>2>9 35@>O B5G5AB25==>9 2>9=K 1812 3. 35=5@0;-<09>@0 A. . "CG:>20 . . "CG:>2>9 (2?>A;54AB288 83C<5=859 0@859) =0 <5AB5 3815;8 55 <C60. &  D0=0AL52 . . !E8<>=0E8=O 0@8O (!  ..)(;87025B0 8:8B8G=0 (0E>20, 1822-1899)//C@=0; >A:>2A:>9 0B@80@E88. 1995. !. 12. !. 72.  A>60;5=8N, 2 =51>;LH>< ?> >1J5<C ?@548A;>288 02B>@ 4>?CA:05B =5A:>;L:> D0:B8G5A:8E >H81>:, 2 B>< G8A;5 8 2 =0720=88.  (0E>20 . . @02K9 8 =5?@02K9 AC4 [!B8E>B2>@5=85} // !>2@5<5==8:. 1843. ". 29. !. 269; 25 4C<:8: I. 040=L5 =0 ;C=C. II. 57AB@0AB85 [!B8E>B2>@5=8O] // !>2@5<5==8:. 1843. ". 32. !. 352-353; @>8AE>645=85 0@DK: 7 "><0A0 C@0 [!B8E>B2>@5=85] // !>2@5<5==8:. 1844. ". 34. !. 77-78; <5=8==8:C: 7 . 8F:528G0 [!B8E>B2>@5=85] // !>2@5<5==8:. 1844. ". 34. !4. !. 82;  &52=8F5 (7 . 0;5AA:>3>, A ?>;LA:>3>) [!B8E>B2>@5=85] // >A:28BO=8=. 1844. '. 4. !. 7, 7OI=0O A;>25A=>ABL: !B8E>B2>@5=8O. !. 4. |  8:>;>-01052A:89 2> 8<O A2OB8B5;O 8:>;0O <C6A:>9 <>=0ABK@L. A=>20= ?>A;5 1500 3. 2 ?>A045 >;LH85 A>;8 (635 :< >B >AB@><K 8 628 :< >B /@>A;02;O) =0 ?@02>< 15@53C >;38 ?@8 2?045=88 2 =55 @5:8 !>;>=8FK. &  0AB>OI55 8740=85. ". 7. !. 350-351.  (0E>20 . . 0<OB=K5 70?8A:8 > 687=8 83C<5=89 0@88, >A=>20B5;L=8FK !?0A>->@>48=A:>3> >1I568B5;L=>3> <>=0ABK@O, 2 <8@5  0@30@8BK 8E09;>2=K "CG:>2>9, C@>645==>9 0@KH:8=>9. !1., 1865. !. 91.  "0< 65. !. 93-94. &  0;00<A:89 <>=0ABK@L !1.: B8?. . @09O, 1847. - 27 A. >4?8AL: . . . "> 65. - !1.: B8?. . @09O, 1847. - 40 A. &  0AB>OI55 8740=85. ". 7. !. 346.1  "0< 65. !. 339.  >A?><8=0=85 > >@>48=A:>< <>=0ABK@5 // 81;8>B5:0 4;O GB5=8O, 1847. ". 85. 0C:8 8 EC4>65AB20. !. 121-122. - >4?8AL: . &  !<. B. 7, A. 372, ?8AL<> ! 28. KH;> B0:65 >B45;L=K< 8740=85<: >A?><8=0=85 > >@>48=A:>< <>=0ABK@5. !1.: B8?. . @09O, 1847.  4 A.  >4?8AL: , &  !>1@0=85 A>G8=5=89 2 AB8E0E. '. 2. !. 2.  0AB>OI55 8740=85. ". 4. !. 473.  0AB>OI55 8740=85. ". 7. !. 375. 8AL<> ! 34. ||  <==>:5=B89 (>@8A>2), 0@E85?8A:>?.> 5;8:89 ?>AB 8;8 5A540 =0 !2. '5BK@545AOB=8FC. %0@L:>2, 1847. 368 A.  2B>@ =5 C:070=. "> 65: 2-5 874. !>G8=5=85 ==>:5=B8O, 0@E85?8A:>?0 %5@A>=A:>3> 8 "02@8G5A:>3>. !1., B8?. >@A:>3> :0;. >@?CA0, 1850. [4], II, 322 A. 1  0AB>OI55 8740=85. ". 7. !. 378. 8AL<> ! 38.  !>1@0=88 A>G8=5=89 . (0E>2>9 5ABL F8:; AB8E>B2>@5=89, ?>A2OI5==KE 5;8:><C ?>ABC. !<.: !>1@0=85 A>G8=5=89 2 AB8E0E. '. 2. !. 109-121. @5<O A>740=8O AB8E>B2>@5=89 =58725AB=>, => >?C1;8:>20;0 8E <0BL 0@8O 2 3075B5 >AA8O 2 1880 3. ! 1,4 -7. &  4 (0E>20 . 8@O=:0 8 >BH5;L=8F0. !B8E>B2>@5=8O:  2 G. !1.: "8?>3@.  8=3515@0, 1849.  4, 346, IV A. &  8B5@0BC@=0O ;5B>?8AL: 8@O=:0 8 >BH5;L=8F0. !B8E>B2>@5=8O ;87025BK (0E>2>9:  2 G. !1.: "8?>3@. . 8=3515@0, 1849 // 81;8>B5:0 4;O GB5=8O. 1849. ". 95. ! 6, B4.#1. !. 36-39.  !>1@0=85 A>G8=5=89 2 AB8E0E. '. 2. !. 11.  . & 181;8>3@0D8G5A:0O E@>=8:0: >2K5 A>G8=5=8O: 8@O=:0 8 >BH5;L=8F0. !B8E>B2>@5=8O ;87025BK (0E>2>9:  2 G. !1.: "8?>3@. . 8=3515@0, 1849 // B5G5AB25==K5 70?8A:8. 1849. ". 64, B4. VI. !. 95-100.  0AB>OI55 8740=85. ". 4. !. 552.  $;5@8 ;>4 (Abbe'Fleury; 1640-1723)  0110B, 8AB>@8: F5@:28, G;5= $@0=FC7A:>9 0:045<88. 2B>@ B@C40 Histoire ecclesiastique (Paris, 1719). &    . ! 3558. &  !<.: A0:>2 !5@359. ;5:A59 >;8:0@?>2K< >G:>2. 8>3@0D8G5A:89 >G5@:.  0AB>OI55 8740=85. ". 4. !. 565-596  0AB>OI55 8740=85. ". 4. !. 530-531. &  "0< 65. !. 532.  !<.: 8AL<0 83C<5=0 =B>=8O : . (0E>2>9, 0 70B5< <0B5@8 0@88.   , 3589. &  K =5 @0A?>;0305< 4>AB>25@=K<8 A2545=8O<8 > ?5@2KE H030E <>=0H5A:>9 687=8 . (0E>2>9: =58725AB=>, 1K; ;8 ?>AB@83 2 @OA>D>@, 345 8 :>340 >= A>AB>O;AO. &  0AB>OI55 8740=85. ". 4. !. 548. &  (0E>20 . 87=L AE883C<5=88 2?@0:A88. ( !B0@>-04>6A:>< 4528GL5< <>=0ABK@5, #A?5=8O @5A2OB>9 >3>@>48FK) // !B@0==8:. 1860. ". 1. ! 3, B4. I. !. 65-99.  (0E>20 . !25B;0O CB@5=O [!B8E>B2>@5=85! // !B@0==8:. 1862. ". 2, ! 4, B4. . !. 203-210.  0AB>OI55 8740=85. ". 4. !. 550. ||  "0< 65.  "0< 65. !. 551. & (0E>20 . 0<OB=K5 70?8A:8 > 687=8 83C<5=89 0@88, >A=>20B5;L=8FK !?0A>->@>-8=A:>3> >1I568B5;L=>3> <>=0ABK@O, 2 <8@5  0@30@8BK 8E09;>2=K "CG:>2>9, C@>645==>9 0@KH:8=>9 // !B@0==8:. 1865. ". 1. ! 5, B4. I. !. 61-W6; ! 6, B4. I. !. 123-172. B4. >BB8A:: !1., 1865. - 112 A.  !>1@0=85 A>G8=5=89 2 AB8E0E. '. 2. !. 85. &  "0< 65. !. 86.  >A2OI05BAO @E8<0=4@8BC 3=0B8N (0AB>OB5;N !5@3852A:>9 ?CABK=8). !>1@0=85 A>G8=5=89 2 AB8E0E. '. 2. !. 106-108.  1866 3. AB8E>B2>@5=85 1K;> 8740=> >B45;L=>9 1@>HN@>9 70 ?>4?8ALN 8:B>@0 A:>G5=A:>3>. $0:B MB>B ?>:0 >1JOA=8BL =5 C40;>AL. . . A:>G5=A:89, :0: @540:B>@ 6C@=0;0 ><0H=OO 15A540, 1K; E>@>H> 7=0:>< 8 A> A2OB8B5;5< 3=0B85< 8 A 83C<5=>< =B>=85<, GL8 ?@>872545=8O >= ?C1;8:>20; 2 A2>5< 6C@=0;5.    . 3589.  !>1@0=85 A>G8=5=89 2 AB8E0E. '. 2. !. 94.  !>:>;>2 . . ?8A:>? 3=0B89 @O=G0=8=>2: 3> 687=L, ;8G=>ABL 8 <>@0;L=>-0A:5B8G5A:85 2>77@5=8O.  2 G. 852, 1915. '. 2. @8;>65=85. !. 127. 1   :0:8E AB8E0E 3>2>@8B 0@E8<0=4@8B 3=0B89, CAB0=>28BL =5 C40;>AL.  !:>@55 2A53>, 0@E8<0=4@8B 3=0B89 8<5; 2 284C ?>A;54=89 A1>@=8: AB8E>2 . 09:>20. G5@:8 8<0. !1.:  B8?>3@. . ;07C=>20 8 ., 1847.  >BB> 0A8;89 ;5:A0=4@>28G (1836-1911), 35=5@0;-;59B5=0=B, 2K?CA:=8: :045BA:>3> :>@?CA0 2>@O=A:>3> ?>;:0, ?> >:>=G0=88 :>B>@>3> 2 1855 3. 1K; =0?@02;5= 2 459AB2CNICN 0@<8N =0 02:07. @8=8<0; CG0AB85 2 1;>:045, HBC@<5 8 A40G5 0@A0. > >:>=G0=88 "C@5F:>9 2>9=K ?CB5H5AB2>20; ?> 02:07C 8 A>18@0; @0AA:07K, ?5A=8 8 8AB>@8G5A:85 ?@540=8O > 02:07A:8E 2>5==KE A>1KB8OE, :>B>@K5 ;53;8 2 >A=>2C F5;>3> @O40 53> B0;0=B;82KE 8AB>@8:>-2>5==KE ?@>872545=89, >1J548=5==KE ?>765 2 DC=40<5=B0;L=CN :=83C: &" >BB>. 02:07A:0O 2>9=0 2 >B45;L=KE >G5@:0E, M?87>40E, ;535=40E 8 18>3@0D8OE. ". 1-5. !1., 1885-1890.  3075B=>9 ?C1;8:0F88 D0<8;8O 02B>@0 =0?8A0=0 A >4=>9 B, G5<C, 25@>OB=>, =5 ?@84020;>AL 1>;LH>3> 7=0G5=8O.  B5:AB5 ?8AL<0 2<5AB> 3075B=>9 D0<8;88 >B> =0?5G0B0=> 5B>, GB> <>65B 1KBL @02=> :0: >H81:>9 0@E8<0=4@8B0 3=0B8O, B0: 8 =5B>G=K< ?@>GB5=85< 02B>3@0D0, ?> :>B>@><C 45;0;0AL ?5@20O ?C1;8:0F8O.  >A?8B0==8: 2>@O=A:>3> ?>;:0, 0A8;89 >B>. >;8B20 70 F0@O. CAA:0O ?5A=O // CAA:89 8=20;84. 1854.19 <0@B0, ! 65. !. 281. &4  ?C1;8:0F88 B0:!  >BB> . . >;8B20 70 &0@O. CAA:0O ?5A=O. !1.: >5==0O B8?>3@0D8O, 1854.4 A.  !<.:  ?0<OBL 50-;5B=53> N18;5O 2>5==>-;8B5@0BC@=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8 3.-;. . . >BB>/>4 @54. :0=4. D:;. 4>;LD0 815@<0=0. "8D;8A, 1909. 77 A. #   ?8AL<0E A2OB8B5;O 3=0B8O : !. . !=5AA>@52>9 A<. ?C1;8:0F8N . :A5=5=:> 2 0AB>OI5< 8740=88. ". 5. !. 487-538.  !<.: !. . !=5AA>@520. 2B>18>3@0D8G5A:0O 70?8A:0>. "0< 65. !. 539-554. I  "0< 65. !. 518-520.  0AB>OI55 8740=85. ". 7. !. 152. 8AL<> ! 48.   09:>2 . @5;. [!B8E>B2>@5=85] // 81;8>B5:0 4;O GB5=8O. 1835. ". 9. B4. 1. !. 123-124. ||  (0E>20 . 845=85 452CH:8 [!B8E>B2>@5=85] // 81;8>B5:0 4;O GB5=8O. 1837. ". 21. B4. V. !. 108-112. I  !<.: 052A:89. !. 09:>2 . .// CAA:85 ?8A0-B5;8.1800-1917. ". 3. , 1994. !. 454-455.  5=548:B>2 ;048<8@ @83>@L528G (1807-1873), ?>MB, ?5@52>4G8:. 5@2K9 53> A1>@=8: !B8E>B2>@5=8O 5=548:B>20 (!1., 1835) 8<5; A5=A0F8>==K9 CA?5E, ?>A;5 :>B>@>3> =5?@>4>;68B5;L=>5 2@5<O, 4> =0G0;0 1940-E 3>4>2, >= 1K; >4=8< 87 ?>?C;O@=59H8E ?>MB>2 2 @07=KE A;>OE >1I5AB20 >B A0<>3> 2KA>:>3> 4> >1K20B5;LA:>3>. !<.: 8=71C@3 . /. 5=548:B>2 . . "0< 65. ". 1. !. 233-237. &  . . (0E>20 ?>A2OB8;0 . . 5=548:B>2C =5A:>;L:> AB8E>B2>@5=89, >4=> 87 =8E ?>O28;>AL 2 G8A;5 55 ?5@2KE 6C@=0;L=KE ?C1;8:0F89: (0E>20 . . 5=548:B>2C [!B8E>B2>@5=85] // 81;8>B5:0 4;O GB5=8O. 1839. ". 32. !. 2, B4. I. !. 63-65.  C1:>2 . . 7 8AB>@88 @CAA:>9 ?>M<K 40-60-E 3>4>2 XIX 25:0: . . (0E>20 // @>1;5<K 8AB>@88 ;8B5@0BC@K: !1. AB0B59 ?> @CAA:>9 8 70@C156=>9 ;8B5@0BC@5. ., 1961. K?. 1. !. 190-191. \\  09:>2 5>=84 8:>;0528G (1839-1900)  8AB>@8: ;8B5@0BC@K, 181;8>3@0D, MB=>3@0D; 0:045<8: >AA89A:>9  (1891).    . 17256. . 2.     . $. 155; 1894 3. C@=0; XXI. 5;> ! 7. |    . $. 540. ?. 2. ! 384. |  . . (0E>2 @>48;AO 1785 3., ?@>8AE>48; 87 42>@O=. 1795 3. ?>ABC?8; 2 >@A:>9 :045BA:89 :>@?CA. !;C68; ?@8 ?5B5@1C@3A:>< 8 :@>=HB04BA:>< ?>@B0E, CG0AB2>20; 2 @CAA:>-H254A:>9 2>9=5 1808-1809 33. !<.: 1I89 <>@A:>9 A?8A>:. !1., 1892. '. 6. !. 241-242. ||  2B>@ >?8AK205B >1AB>OB5;LAB20 ?>42830 8 @0=5=8O >BF0 =5 2?>;=5 B>G=>. !>3;0A=> 4>:C<5=B0<, 2 <05 1808 3. . . (0E>2 ?@>872545= 2 ;59B5=0=BK.  023CAB5 MB>3> 65 3>40, :><0=4CO ?;02CG59 10B0@559 ! 11, >= CG0AB2>20; 2 A@065=88 A> H254A:8< 3@51=K< D;>B>< 2 .=3D5@-C=45 8 2> 2@5<O =0?045=8O H254>2 <=>3> A?>A>1AB2>20; : >B=OB8N 35<0<0 (<5;:>A84OI53> 3@51=>3> AC4=0.  ..) !B@>8 8>@=, =0E>4OI53>AO 2 @C:0E =5?@8OB5;O, 70 GB> 8<5; ?>E20;L=K9 0BB5AB0B >B :><0=4CNI53> D;>B8;85N :0?8B0=-;59B5=0=B0 >2>:I5=>20 8 > G5< @5:><5=4>20=> :><0=4CNI5<C.  >:BO1@5 B>3> 65 3>40 2 A>AB025 MA:04@K 28F5-04<8@0;0 OA>54>20 . . (0E>2 CG0AB2>20; 2 A@065=88 A> H254A:>N D;>B8;85N ?@8 >AB@>25 0;L25, 2> 2@5<O :>B>@>3> 1K; :>=BC65=, => B0:65 @5:><5=4>20= >B;8G=>. >A;5 MB>3> >= CG0AB2>20; 2 45;5 ?@8 @0718B88 H254A:8E 020=?>AB>2 C >AB@>20 !CB59;0.  MB>< 65 3>4C (0E>2 1K; 2 >B?CA:5 4;O 87;5G5=8O ?>;CG5==>9 2 ?;5G> :>=BC788 ( >AA89A:89 3>AC40@AB25==K9 0@E82 >5==>-<>@A:>3> D;>B0, D. 406, >?. 7, !. 124, ;. 987-988  1814, A5=B. >A;C6=>9 A?8A>: :><0=4K 4 0AB>2>3> M:8?060 D;>B0 ;59B5=0=B0 8:8BK (0E>20).  =03@0645=88 (0E>20 >@45=>< A2545=89 =5B.   1815 3. . . (0E>2 C2>;5= A 2>5==>9 A;C61K ?> ?@>H5=8N (87-70 1>;57=8) 2 G8=5 :0?8B0=-;59B5=0=B0. !<.: 1I89 <>@A:>9 A?8A>:. '. 6. !. 242. ! <0@B0 1817 3. 5<C 2> C2065=85 4>1@>?>@O4>G=>9 A;C61K 8 @0AAB@>5==>3> 74>@>2LO >B ?>;CG5==>9 2 A@065=88 :>=BC788 =07=0G5=0 ?5=A8O ?> 175 @C1. 2 3>4. ! 1820 3. >= ?>ABC?05B =0 3>AC40@AB25==CN A;C61C 2 HB0B >DD8=B5=40=BA:>9 :>=B>@K 8, A<5=82 =5A:>;L:> 4>;6=>AB59, >?@545;O5BAO 2 ;02=>5 C?@02;5=85 @528788 3>AC40@AB25==KE AG5B>2. !<.: , D. 576, >?. 5, 4. 3235, 7;. 1834, 8N=O 28 ($>@<C;O@=K9 A?8A>: > A;C615 D;>B0 :0?8B0=-;59B5=0=B0 (0E>20 . .) &  . . (0E>2 C<5@ 2A:>@5 ?>A;5 C2>;L=5=8O.  8N=5 1834 3. >= ?> ?@>H5=8N C2>;5= 87-70 1>;57=8 2>2A5 >B A;C61K A 4>;6=>AB8 M:75:CB>@0 8 :07=0G5O @5<5==>9 :>=B@>;L=>9 :><8AA88 4;O @528788 >BG5B>2 254><AB20 CB59 A>>1I5=8O. 0 420 <5AOF0 4> MB>3> >= ?> ?@>H5=8N ?>;CG8; ?@02> 2<5AB> G8=>2=8:0 9 :;0AA0 8<5=>20BLAO ?@56=8< G8=>< D;>B0 :0?8B0=-;59B5=0=B><. ("0< 65, ;. 6 >1.)  0BL . . (0E>2>9 ;5>?0B@0 2AB0D852=0 (C@>645==0O !KB8=0).   > 40==K< =081>;55 @0==53> A;C651=>3> 4>:C<5=B0 >BF0 (>A;C6=>9 A?8A>:..., ;. 987 >1.), . . (0E>20 @>48;0AL 2 A0<>< =0G0;5 1812 3. 1   A?@02>G=>9 ;8B5@0BC@5 8 0@E82=KE 4>:C<5=B0E C:070=8O =0 3>4 @>645=8O . . (0E>2>9 :>;51;NBAO >B 1821 4> 1824 3. 07=>1>9 MB>B >B@078;AO 2 =5<=>3>G8A;5==KE ?C1;8:0F8OE > =59. 2B>18>3@0D8G5A:89 >G5@:... 405B >A=>20=85 AG8B0BL =081>;55 4>AB>25@=K< 1822 3>4 @>645=8O. 0BC 65 @>645=8O  30 <0@B0  =07K205B . . (0E>2, ?>B><>: ?>MB5AAK, 2 @0B:>< 18>3@0D8G5A:>< >G5@:5 > =59. !<.: (0E>2 . . . . (0E>20 // (0E>20 . . !>1@0=85 A>G8=5=89 2 AB8E0E / 740; 2=C: 02B>@0 . . (0E>2. !1., 1911. !. VIII-XIV.  09B8 ?>4B25@645=85 MB><C D0:BC, @02=> :0: 8 ACI5AB2>20=8N :0:8E-;81> A2O759 <564C @>48B5;O<8 . (0E>2>9 8 . !. CH:8=K< 8 . . O75<A:8< =5 C40;>AL.  40=>2 8E08; 02;>28G (1810-1877)  ?>B><AB25==K9 42>@O=8=, 459AB28B5;L=K9 AB0BA:89 A>25B=8:. >A;5 >:>=G0=8O %0@L:>2A:>3> C=825@A8B5B0 2 1832 3. =0G0; A;C61C 2 5?0@B0<5=B5 >AC40@AB25==KE 8<C-I5AB2 :>;;56A:8< A5:@5B0@5<, 70B5< AB>;>=0G0;L=8:><, AB0@H8< AB>;>=0G0;L=8:><, 0 A 1839 3.  G8=>2=8:>< >A>1KE ?>@CG5=89.  1838 8 1839 3B. ?> A;C651=K< 45;0< (A F5;LN =01;N45=8O 70 A>AB>O=85< >B5G5AB25==>3> A5;LA:>3> E>7O9AB20) >1J5E0; 7=0G8B5;L=CN G0ABL 52@>?59A:>9 >AA88. ?5G0B;5=8O > ?>574:5 2?>A;54AB288 A>AB028;8 :=83C: 40=>2 8E08;. CB52K5 70?8A:8 ?> >AA88, 2 4204F0B8 3C15@=8OE.... !1., 1843.  1854-1856  E0@L:>2A:89 28F5-3C15@=0B>@. &  CBK@A:89 8:8B0 20=>28G (1783 8;8 1784-1848)  >48= 87 ?5@2KE ?@>D5AA>@>2 ?5B5@1C@3A:>3> C=825@A8B5B0 8 AB8E>B2>@5F, M:AB@0>@48=0@=K9 ?@>D5AA>@ :0D54@K @>AA89A:>9 A;>25A=>AB8 (1819-1835); G8B0; :C@A ;5:F89  A;>25A=KE =0C:0E 2>>1I5.  (8H:>2 ;5:A0=4@ !5<5=>28G (1754-1841)  04<8@0;. ! 1796 3. >= 1K; G;5=><, 0 A 1813 3. ?@57845=B>< >AA89A:>9 :045<88 (1783-1841)  A2>5>1@07=>3> 3C<0=8B0@=>3> F5=B@0 >AA88, CG@5645==>3> ?> C:07C :0B5@8=K II ?@5645 2A53> 4;O A>740=8O ?5@2>3> B>;:>2>3> A;>20@O 8 3@0<<0B8:8 @CAA:>3> O7K:0. . !. (8H:>2 ?@825BAB2>20; ?>O2;5=85 <>;>4KE ;8B5@0B>@>2, ?><>30; 8< 2 ?C1;8:0F88 A>G8=5=89.  A>AB02;5==>< . !. (8H:>2K< 2 1818 3. CAB025 >AA89A:>9 :045<88 1K; ?C=:B > ?>>I@5=88 02B>@>2 8=B5@5A=KE @01>B, 2 G0AB=>AB8, =03@0645=85< <540;O<8 8 45=56=K<8 ?@5<8O<8. !<.: $09=HB59= . (.  A;02C $@0=F88 2 >AA88 ?@527>9B8...: >AA89A:0O :045<8O (1783-1841) 8 @0728B85 :C;LBC@K 8 3C<0=8B0@=KE =0C:. .; !1., 2002. !. 51.   >?C1;8:>20==KE >BG5B0E >AA89A:>9 :045<88 =0< =5 C40;>AL >1=0@C68BL :0:8E-;81> A2545=89 > ?@8AC645=88 . . (0E>2>9 7>;>B>9 <540;8. (!<.: "@C4K 8<?5@0B>@A:>9 >AA89A:>9 0:045<88. !1., 1840. '. 1.)   >?C1;8:>20==KE >BG5B0E >AA89A:>9 :045<88 >1 MB>< A>1KB88 8<55BAO A;54CNI0O 70?8AL: ?KBK 2 AB8E0E G5BK@=04F0B8;5B=59 4528FK (0E>2>9 >1@0B8;8 =0 =55 2=8<0=85 :045<88, :>B>@0O =03@048;0 55, 2 1837 3. 500 @C1. 2 ?>>I@5=85 : 40;L=59H5<C C?@06=5=8N ("@C4K 8<?5@0B>@A:>9 >AA89A:>9 0:045<88. !. 77). ||  5@20O :=86:0 AB8E>B2>@5=89 . (0E>2>9  ?KB 2 AB8E0E ?OB=04F0B8;5B=59 4528FK ;87025BK (0E>2>9. 8A0=> 2 1836 3. (!1., 1837)  1K;0 8740=0 =5 >AA89A:>9 :045<859, 0 2 B8?>3@0D88 . 8=3515@0. 0 =5A:>;L:> <5AOF52 4> 2KE>40 2 A25B :=86:8 . . !5=:>2A:89 2 A2>5< 6C@=0;5 81;8>B5:0 4;O GB5=8O 2?5@2K5 >?C1;8:>20; AB8E>B2>@5=85 . (0E>2>9  845=85452CH:8 (1837. ". 21. B4. 5. !. 108-112), 0 B0:65 >1JO28; > ?>O2;5=88 2 ;8B5@0BC@5 <>;>4>3> ?>MB8G5A:>3> B0;0=B0 8 =03@0645=88 55 >AA89A:>9 :045<859 45=56=>9 ?@5<859 ("0< 65. B4. 6. !. 62). !>?>AB02;5=85 F5=7C@=>3> @07@5H5=8O (>B 3 <0@B0 1837 3.) =0 2KH5=0720==K9 B>< 81;8>B5:8 4;O GB5=8O A F5=7C@=K< @07@5H5=85< =0 ?KB 2 AB8E0E... (>B 12 <0O 1837 3.) 405B 2>7<>6=>ABL ?@54?>;>68BL, GB> :=86:0 <>3;0 1KBL 8740=0 =0 ?@5<80;L=K5 45=L38, ?>;CG5==K5 >B >AA89A:>9 :045<88.  B>@0O :=86:0  !B8E>B2>@5=8O ;87025BK (0E>2>9. !1., 1839. (&5=7C@=>5 @07@5H5=85 >B 21 =>O1@O 1838 3.)  8740=0 2 B8?>3@0D88 8<?5@0B>@A:>9 >AA89A:>9 :045<88.  >?C1;8:>20==>< >BG5B5 > 45OB5;L=>AB8 >AA89A:>9 :045<88 >B<5G5=>, GB> (0E>20 >?@0240;0 40==>5 59 4;O ?>445@6:8 55 ?>MB8G5A:8E >?KB>2 45=56=>5 2>7=03@0645=85, ?@54AB0282 2 1839 3. =>2K5 A2>8 AB8E>B2>@5=8O. <...> :045<8O, =0?5G0B02 55 AB8E>B2>@5=8O 2 G8A;5 800 M:75<?;O@>2, 2A5 8E ?@54>AB028;0 2 55 ?>;L7C ("@C4K 8<?5@0B>@A:>9 >AA89A:>9 0:045<88. !. 77). |  !B8E>B2>@=>3> 8;8 :0:>3>-;81> 8=>3> ?>A2OI5=8O . (0E>2>9 A@548 8725AB=KE ?@>872545=89 . . C:>2A:>3> >1=0@C68BL =5 C40;>AL. >A;0=85< 02B>@ <>3;0 =0720BL ?@8;>65==>5 : ?>40@:C ?8AL<>. !<.:   . 3592.  1 ;5B=52 5B@ ;5:A0=4@>28G (1792-1865)  ?>MB, :@8B8:, 4>:B>@ D8;>A>D88, ?@>D. :0D54@K @CAA:>3> O7K:0 8 A;>25A=>AB8 (1832-1850), 0:045<8: >AA89A:>9 :045<88 =0C: (1841), 2 1838-1846 8740B5;L 8 @540:B>@ 6C@=0;0 !>2@5<5==8:; @5:B>@ 5B5@1C@3A:>3> C=825@A8B5B0 (1840-1861).  H8<>20 ;5:A0=4@0 >A8D>2=0 (A8?>2=0) (1804, ?> 4@C38< A2545=8O< 1803-1881)  45BA:89 ?@>708:, ?5@52>4G8F0, 8740B5;L 45BA:8E 6C@=0;>2. 2B>@ AB>@88 >AA88 2 @0AA:070E 4;O 45B59. ('. 1-6. !1., 1837-1840; 5-5 874'. 1-3. !1., 1862), ?@8=5AH59 59 =081>;LHCN 8725AB=>ABL. 5@2K5 25 @0AA:07>2 AB>@88... H8<>20 ?>:070;0 . . ;5B=52C 5I5 2 @C:>?8A8, :>B>@K9 8E 2KA>:> >F5=8; 8 225; H8<>2C 2 :@C3 ;8B5@0B>@>2 (>:. 1834), AB02 55 ;8B5@0BC@=K< ?>:@>28B5;5< 8 =0AB02=8:><. '5@57 ?>A@54=8G5AB2> ;5B=520 2 :>=F5 1830-E 3>4>2 <>;>40O ?8A0B5;L=8F0 1K;0 ?@83;0H5=0 ?@5?>4020BL @CAA:89 O7K: G;5=0< F0@A:>9 D0<8;88. ! . . ;5B=52K< 8 /. . @>B>< C H8<>2>9 CAB0=>28;8AL >A>15==> 4@C65A:85 >B=>H5=8O.  @>B /:>2 0@;>28G (1813-1893)  D8;>;>3, 8AB>@8:, >@48=0@=K9 0:045<8: >AA89A:>9 :045<88 =0C: (1858). :>=G8; A 7>;>B>9 <540;LN &0@A:>A5;LA:89 ;8F59 (1832), A;C68; 2 :0=F5;O@88 :018=5B0 <8=8AB@>2, A 1834 3.  2 >AC40@AB25==>9 :0=F5;O@88. ! 1840 3. A>B@C4=8G0; 2 6C@=0;5 !>2@5<5==8:.  1841-1852 33. ?@>D5AA>@ :0D54@K @CAA:>3> O7K:0, A;>25A=>AB8 8 8AB>@88 5;LA8=3D>@A:>3> C=825@A8B5B0, 1852-1858 33. ?@5?>4020; @CAA:89 O7K:, =5<5F:89 O7K:, 8AB>@8N 8 35>3@0D8N 25;8:8< :=O7LO< ;5:A0=4@C ;5:A0=4@>28GC 8 8:>;0N ;5:A0=4@>28GC; 2 1853-1862 33. ?@>D5AA>@ :0D54@K A;>25A=>AB8 ;5:A0=4@>2A:>3> ;8F5O 2 5B5@1C@35. ! 1859 3.  G;5=, A 1866 3.  ?@54A540B5;L 8B5@0BC@=>3> D>=40.  #20@>2 !5@359 !5<5=>28G (1786-1855)  <8=8AB@ =0@>4=>3> ?@>A25I5=8O (1833-1849), ?@57845=B :045<88 =0C: (1818-1855). 0E>48;AO 2 1;87:8E >B=>H5=8OE A C:>2A:8<. 1831 3. 871@0= 2 459AB28B5;L=K5 G;5=K >AA89A:>9 :045<88. &  @>B0A>2 8:>;09 ;5:A0=4@>28G (1799-1855)  3@0D, 35=5@0; >B :020;5@88, G;5= >AC40@AB25==>3> !>25B0.  1835 3.  B>20@8I <8=8AB@0 =0@>4=>3> ?@>A25I5=8O. ! 1836 3. 8 4> A<5@B8 8A?>;=O; 4>;6=>ABL >15@-?@>:C@>@0 !2. !8=>40. &  -B> A>1KB85 1K;> >B<5G5=> 2 ?5G0B8. !0=:B-5B5@1C@3A:85 254><>AB8 ?8A0;8: >AC40@L <?5@0B>@, C4>AB>82 1;03>A:;>==>3> ?@8=OB8O ?>4=5A5==K9 3> 5;8G5AB2C 3. #?@02;ONI8< 8=8AB5@AB2>< =0@>4=>3> @>A25I5=8O M:75<?;O@ !B8E>B2>@5=89 4528FK (0E>2>9 ?>60;>20BL 59 1@8;;80=B>2K5 D5@<C0@ 8 A5@L38. ( !0=:B-5B5@1C@3A:85 254><>AB8. 1839.3 45:., ! 277. !. 1247).  !@. ?8AL<> A2OB8B5;O 3=0B8O : ". . >B5<:8=>9  A. 798- 799 8 : 1>;L=>9 AB0@8F5>  A. 799. &  !2545=8O 02B>@0 =5 B>G=K. 075B0 ?>4 =0720=85< !K= >B5G5AB20 874020;0AL A 1862 ?> 1905 3. !1838 ?> 1842 3>4K AB8E>B2>@5=8O ?>MB5AAK 8 @5F5=788 =0 =8E ?><5I0;8AL 2 6C@=0;5 !K= B5G5AB20 (!1., 1812-1852 A ?5@5@K2>< 2 1844-1946 33.), => 8<5==> 2 1840-1841 33. #?><8=0=89 > . (0E>2>9 2 =5< =5B.  MB8 3>4K 55 AB8E>B2>@5=8O 8 >B7K2K =0 =8E ?C1;8:C5B . . ;5B=52 2 A2>5< 6C@=0;5 !>2@5<5==8:.  !525@=0O ?G5;0 (!1. 1825-1864)  3075B0 ?>;8B8G5A:0O 8 ;8B5@0BC@=0O. 3 @070 2 =545;N.  3075B5 ?5G0B0;8AL >?>25I5=8O > 2KE>45 2 A25B A1>@=8:>2 AB8E>B2>@5=89 . (0E>2>9 2 1837,1839,1842 33.  !?0A>->@>48=A:89 2 G5ABL 5@C:>B2>@=>3> 1@070 >A?>40 8ACA0 %@8AB0 65=A:89 <>=0ABK@L >A=>20= 2 1838 3. =0 >@>48=A:>< >;5, 1;87 4. !5<5=>2A:>5 24>2>9 35@>O B5G5AB25==>9 2>9=K 1812 3. 35=5@0;-<09>@0 . . "CG:>20 . . "CG:>2>9 (2?>A;54AB288 83C<5=L59 0@859) =0 <5AB5 3815;8 55 <C60.   O=20@5 1834 3. 0@E8<0=4@8B 3=0B89 ?> @5H5=8N <?5@0B>@0 8:>;0O I 1K; =07=0G5= =0AB>OB5;5< "@>8F5-!5@3852>9 ?CABK=8, :>B>@>9 CA?5H=> C?@02;O; 4> >:BO1@O 1857 3. ! A5@548=K 023CAB0 1847 3. 4> A5@548=K <0O 1848 3. 0@E8<0=4@8B 3=0B89 =0E>48;AO =0 ;5G5=88 2 8:>;>-01052A:>< <>=0ABK@5. > 4>@>35 87 5B5@1C@30 : <5ABC ;5G5=8O, 2 :>=F5 8N;O 1847 3., >= ?>A5B8; !?0A>->@>48=A:89 <>=0ABK@L. ?5G0B;5=8O >B ?>A5I5=8O <>=0ABK@O >B@078;8AL 2 =0?8A0==>9 8< A@07C ?>A;5 >?@545;5=8O =0 <5AB> ;5G5=8O =51>;LH>9 1@>HN@5 >A?><8=0=85 > >@>48=A:>< <>=0ABK@5. !<.: >A?><8=0=85 > >@>48=A:>< <>=0ABK@5 // 81;8>B5:0 4;O GB5=8O. 1847. ". 85, 0C:8 8 EC4>65AB20. !. 121-122. - >4?8AL: .; "> 65. !1.: B8?. . @09O, 1847. ->4?8AL: . 0AB>OI55 8740=85. ". 4. !. 473-475.  $;5@8 ;>4 (Abbe Fleury, 1640-1723)  0110B, 8AB>@8: F5@:28, G;5= $@0=FC7A:>9 :045<88. !=0G0;0 1K; 8725AB=K< 042>:0B>< ?0@86A:>3> ?0@;0<5=B0, ?>B>< ?@8=O; 4CE>2=K9 A0=; A 1689 3. 1K; =0AB02=8:>< 45B59 :>@>;O N4>28:0 XIV, 70B5< ?@8>@>< F5@:28 0@86A:>9 >3><0B5@8. > 2@5<O @535=BAB20 1K; 4CE>2=8:>< N4>28:0 XV. 7 B@C4>2 $;5@8 >A>1>5 7=0G5=85 8<55B 53> Histoire ecclesiastique (Paris, 1719), 4>2545==0O 8< 4> 1414 3. Histoire du christianisme>.  0@E825 . . (0E>2>9 E@0=8BAO 1>;LH0O @C:>?8AL 7 8AB>@88 %@8AB80=AB20 110B0 $;5@8. 5O=8O A54L<8 2A5;5=A:8E A>1>@>2: ?5@52545==K5 5N 2 1849 3. <0B5@80;K ?5@2KE B@5E 2A5;5=A:8E A>1>@>2. (   , ! 3558.)  #A?5=A:89 !B0@>;04>6A:89 65=A:89 <>=0ABK@L >A=>20= 2> 2-9 ?>;>28=5 XV 2. 2 A5;5 !B0@0O 04>30 =K=5H=59 5=8=3@04A:>9 >1;0AB8. &  @E8<0=4@8B 3=0B89 1K; 2>72545= 2 A0= ?8A:>?0 02:07A:>3> 8 '5@=><>@A:>3> 27 >:BO1@O (AB0@>3> AB8;O) 1857 3. %8@>B>=8O ?@>E>48;0 2 070=A:>< A>1>@5 !0=:B-5B5@1C@30. &   <>=0ABK@5 A<.: AB>@8G5A:0O 70?8A:0 > "25@A:>< >645AB25=A:>< 4528GL5< <>=0ABK@5 8 53> 4>AB>?0<OB=>ABOE / !>AB02;5=> ?>4 @C:>2. =0AB>OB5;L=8FK <>=<0ABK@O> 83C<5=L8 0@88, ?> 4>AB>25@=K< A2545=8O<, 872;5G5==K< 87 0:B>2 B>3> <>=0ABK@O 2 F5;>AB8 >AB0NI8EAO. "25@L, 1856. &  0:A8<8;80=0-8;L35;L<8=0-23CAB0-!>D8O-0@8O 5AA5=A:0O (1824-1880)  8<?5@0B@8F0 A5@>AA89A:0O, AC?@C30 8<?5@0B>@0 ;5:A0=4@0 II.  >1;0AB8 1;03>B2>@8B5;L=>AB8 206=>9 70A;C3>9 0@88 ;5:A0=4@>2=K O2;O;0AL >@30=870F8O @0A=>3> @5AB0.  8B@. >A8D (!5<0H:>) (1798-1868)  3;02=K9 45OB5;L ?> 2>AA>548=5=8N C=80B>2 A ?@02>A;02=>9 &5@:>2LN.  1840 3. ?>;CG8; A0= 0@E85?8A:>?0 8B>2A:>3> 8 8;5=A:>3>. B:@K; A2KH5 200 ?@02>A;02=KE F5@:>2=>-?@8E>4A:8E H:>; 8 4@C38E CG8;8I.  5=A:>5 CG8;8I5 4;O 2>A?8B0=8O A8@>B 4CE>25=AB20 8 4>G5@59 G8=>2=8:>2, A>AB>OI8E =0 A;C615 2 A525@>-70?04=>< :@0N, =0E>48;>AL ?@8 0@88-0340;8=8=A:>< 65=A:>< ?5@2>:;0AA=>< <>=0ABK@5, >A=>20==>< 2 1864 3. 2 3. 8;L=>.  ">G=>5 =0720=85: 87=L AE883C<5=88 2?@0:A88 (74. 2. !1., 1862).  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D. 5.15.  5 7=0N, > :>< E>B5; A:070BL @<5>A2OI5==K9> 3=0B89, =5 =07202 F5=7>@0, ?5@5402H53> 5<C B09=>5 @0A?>@O65=85, => 7=0N 25@=>, GB> 0@H02A:89 @E85?8A:>? >0==8:89, 1K2H89 =5:>340 B0:65 F5=7>@><, B> 65 A0<>5 ?5@54020; !.-5B5@1C@3A:>9 :C?5G5A:>9 65=5 "0BLO=5 !5<5=>2=5 8B@>?>;>2>9 (8:8D>@>2>9).  @8<5G. . . @O=G0=8=>20.  !>;><>= 5B@ 20=>28G  AB0BA:89 A>25B=8:, 8@5:B>@ :0=F5;O@88 !2OB59H53> !8=>40.  2 5B. 3.8.  A:>G5=A:89 8:B>@ ?0BL52K< (1813-1879)  @540:B>@-8740B5;L 6C@=0;0 ><0H=OO 15A540.  ;5:A0=4@0 0A8;L52=0 0=4@  ?;5<O==8F0 A2OB8B5;O 3=0B8O.  8A0=> 2 >B25B =0 ?@54;>65=85 459AB2>20BL ?@>B82 @0A?@>AB@0=5=8O 7;>-CG5=8O @5F5=788 0B2552A:>3> G@57 2KAH55 4CE>2=>5 =0G0;LAB2>.  @8<5G. . . @O=<0=8=>20.  1 5B. 5.8.  5 2K 5=O 871@0;8, 0 / 20A 871@0; (=. 15.16).  @E8<0=4@8B >0== (!>:>;>2)  > =5< A<. 0AB>OI55 8740=85, B. 2, A. 451 8 40;55.  ;5<O==8F0 A2OB8B5;O 3=0B8O.  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