ࡱ> X Z = > ? @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W |tbjbj7s ;(((((<<<8tLl<v#, , , , , !!!q"s"s"s"s"s"s"x%(s"(!!!!!s"((, , 0#9"9"9"!^(, (, q"9"!q"9"9"9", ~<e!9"]"F#0v#9"(""(9"((9"$!!9"!!!!!s"s"9"!!!v#!!!!(!!!!!!!!!( :8:>;09 8:>;0528G 5?><=OI89 -:7>B8G5A:0O 7>>;>38O !5@8O: -=F8:;>?548O 70304>G=>3> 8 =5254><>3>  Scan, OCR, SpellCheck: Miger, 2007 5?><=OI89 . . -:7>B8G5A:0O 7>>;>38O: !", ;8<?; .; 1997 ISBN 5-7390-0147-1 ==>B0F8O CA0;:8, 20A8;8A:8, 548=>@>38& !B0@8==K5 :=838 ?>;=K @0AA:07>2 > 2AB@5G0E A MB8<8 <8D8G5A:8<8 A>740=8O<8.  1K;8 ;8 >=8 2 459AB28B5;L=>AB8? :07K20;AO ;8 :B>-=81C4L 2 >1JOB8OE <>@A:>9 452K? @0240 ;8, GB> ACI5AB2CNB A=56=K9 G5;>25: 8 ;>E-=5AA:>5 GC4>28I5? ABL ;8 2 D@8:5 48=>702@K? >6=> ;8 2AB@5B8BLAO A ?B5@>40:B8;5< =0 >AB@>25 0@A0-5;L<5A? 1 MB>< 8 5I5 > <=>3>< 4@C3>< 2K C7=05B5, ?@>G8B02 :=83C -:7>B8G5A:0O 7>>;>38O A5@88 -=F8:;>?548O 70304>G=>3> 8 =5254><>3>. 8:>;09 5?><=OI89 -"'!/ / 095 K:>2>9, =0H54H59 A2>53> A=56=>3> G5;>25:0, 8 0;5@8N @;>2C, 25G=><C ?52FC 15;>3> :@5G5B0, ?>A2OI0N MBC :=83C " "  4=064K 2 D@8:5 A> <=>9 ?@8:;NG8;0AL B0:0O 8AB>@8O. 5;> 1K;> 2 >70<18:5, 2 >3>< 701KB>9 ?@>28=F88, :C40 =0H0 35>;>38G5A:0O 3@C??0 1K;0 =0?@02;5=0 4;O ?>4AG5B0 70?0A>2 ?53<0B8B>2>3> <5AB>@>645=8O 8 53> >F5=:8. 0 =>GL 2A5 @0A?>;>68;8AL 2>7;5 1>;LH>3> >75@0, 25@=55 1>;>B0, 8 AB0@8: 87 <5AB=>3> ?;5<5=8 2K720;AO 70 =51>;LHCN ?;0BC ?@>4C:B0<8 (745AL 3>;>40;8) ?>1KBL A =0<8 =>GLN  GB>1K G53> =5 A;CG8;>AL. 04> ;8 3>2>@8BL, GB> 4> @0AA25B0 <K =5 A><:=C;8 3;07: >48= @0AA:07 0D@8:0=F0 A<5=O;AO 4@C38<, 8 :>=F0 8< =5 1K;>. #65 ?>4 CB@>, :>340 BC<0= AB0; @0AA5820BLAO 8 <K A<>3;8 @07;8G0BL 15@53 8 @54:85 @0AB5=8O =0 =5<, AB0@8: ?>25; =0A : 2>45.  !<>B@8B5, C:070; >= =0 O2AB25==K5 A;54K =0 <>:@>9 3;8=5, MB> >=! ">B, > :>< O @0AA:07K20; 20< MB>9 =>GLN. @C7LO-35>;>38 CAB028;8AL =0 :@C?=K5, ?> 284C ;O3CH0GL8 >B?5G0B:8. =8 =5 1K;8 ?>E>68 =8 =0 :0:85 87 8725AB=KE =0< A;54>2 <5AB=KE 682>B=KE.  <564C =8<8 :B>-B> 1C4B> ?@>B0I8; >3@><=CN 4C18=C 25;8G8=>9 A B5;53@0D=K9 AB>;1.  "0: MB> E2>AB! 2>A:;8:=C; A0<K9 4>304;82K9 87 =0A. =0G8B, @5?B8;8O?   ?>G5<C =5 75<=>2>4=>5? ?0@8@>20; 4@C3>9. > =5 :@>:>48; 8 =5 G5@5?0E0  B>G=>. ">340 :B>? 7 @0AA:070 AB0@>3> 0D@8:0=F0 <K C7=0;8, GB> <5AB=K5 68B5;8 402=> 70?@8<5B8;8 2 1>;>B5 :0:>5-B> :@C?=>5 =5254><>5 8< 682>B=>5, :>B>@>5 ?> =>G0< 874020;> 3@><:85 :@8:8 8 H8?5=85 8 2K;570;> 87 2>4K =0 15@53. =8 =0720;8 53> CE>< >75@0 8 >1>65AB28;8.  #2845BL 53> <>6=> B>;L:> =>GLN, 3>2>@8; AB0@8:, ?>B><C GB> 4=5< >=> CE>48B ?> ?@>B>:0< 2 A0<CN G0IC 8 >B;568205BAO 2 O<0E 8 ?5I5@0E. 07<5@0<8, =025@=>5, A 38??>?>B0<0. >;>20 <0;5=L:0O, =0 4;8==>9 H55, B5;> ?>E>65 =0 1>G:C, ;0?K A:>@55 =0?><8=0NB @K1L8 ?;02=8:8& ;O G53> O 2A5 MB> @0AA:07K20N? KA;L > 2K6820=88 4@52=8E 682>B=KE 70E20B8;0 <5=O =0 2AN 687=L. / AB0; A>18@0BL 2A52>7<>6=K5 A2545=8O > 70304>G=KE ACI5AB20E, >B:@KBKE 8 701KBKE =0C:>9, 8 B5E, GB> 4> A8E ?>@ ?@OGCBAO 2 =5?@>E>48<KE ;5A0E, 3>@0E, 3;C1>:8E <>@OE 8 >:50=0E ?;0=5BK. >7=0:><8;AO A ;N4L<8, :>B>@K5 >B4020;8 687=8 ?>8A:0< A>:@>25==KE 725@59 8 ?B8F. =>38E 87 =8E, : A>60;5=8N, C65 =5B A@548 =0A. < O 8 ?>A2OI0N MBC :=83C. '0ABL ?5@20O "+ $'! !!  0=B8G=K5 2@5<5=0 20A8;8A:>< =07K20;8 <0;5=L:CN 7<5N A 15;>9 <5B:>9 =0 3>;>25, 682CICN 2 8289A:>9 ?CABK=5 8 8725AB=CN A2>8< A<5@B>=>A=K< O4>< 8 A?>A>1=>ABLN ?5@542830BLAO A ?>4=OB>9 3>;>2>9. 7>1@065=8O 20A8;8A:0 C:@0H0;8 3>;>2=K5 C1>@K 538?5BA:8E D0@0>=>2 8 8720O=89 1>3>2.  5@>3;8D8:5 >@0?>;;> <K =0E>48< ;N1>?KB=K9 >B@K2>:, :0A0NI89AO >B=>H5=8O 4@52=8E 538?BO= : MB><C C4828B5;L=><C ACI5AB2C: >340 >=8 E>BOB 87>1@078BL A;>2>  25G=>ABL , >=8 @8ACNB 7<5N, E2>AB :>B>@>9 A?@OB0= 70 55 B5;><. # 538?BO= MB0 7<5O 7>25BAO #@09>=, 0 C 3@5:>2  0A8;8A:& A;8 >=0 4>E=QB =0 ;N1>5 4@C3>5 682>B=>5, 4065 =5 :CA0O 53>, 65@B20 C<8@05B. >A:>;L:C MB0 7<5O >1;0405B 2;0ABLN =04 687=LN 8 A<5@BLN, >=8 ?><5I0NB 55 =0 3>;>2K A2>8E 1>3>2.  3@5G5A:>< O7K:5 20A8;8A: >7=0G05B <0;5=L:89 F0@L. 0: 8 53> 8<O, =0H5 ?@54AB02;5=85 > 20A8;8A:5 ?@8H;> 87 @5F88. ;O 3@5:>2 20A8;8A: 1K; >4=8< 87 GC45A 70<>@A:>9 ?CABK=8, >4=0:> 4> =0H53> 2@5<5=8 3@5G5A:85 ;8B5@0BC@=K5 8AB>G=8:8 > 20A8;8A:5 =5 4>H;8. !B0BLO > 20A8;8A:5 A>45@68BAO 2 AB5AB25==>9 8AB>@88 @8<A:>3> ?8A0B5;O ;8=8O !B0@H53> (I 25: =. M.), 2 B>< G8A;5 =0?8A0==>9 8 =0 >A=>25 B@C4>2 3@5G5A:8E 8AB>@8:>2 8 E@>=8AB>2. >B >?8A0=85 ;8=8O: 0A8;8A: >1;0405B C4828B5;L=>9 A?>A>1=>ABLN: :B> 2848B 53>  A@07C C<8@05B. = 6825B 2 8@5=08:5. (0 53> 3>;>25  15;>5 ?OB=>, =0?><8=0NI55 48045<C. 3> 4;8=0  =5 1>;LH5 30 A0=B8<5B@>2.) = >1@0I05B 4@C38E 7<59 2 153AB2> A2>8< H8?5=85< 8 ?5@5428305BAO =5 873810OAL 2A5< B5;><, 0 ?@8?>4=8<0O A2>N A@54=NN G0ABL. 5 B>;L:> >B ?@8:>A=>25=8O, => 8 >B 4KE0=8O 20A8;8A:0 :CABK 8 B@020 70AKE0NB, 0 :0<=8 2>A?;0<5=ONBAO. 3> 459AB285 =0 4@C38E 682>B=KE 8 ;N459 C60A=>: @0AA:07K20NB, GB> >4=064K 2A04=8: ?>@078; 20A8;8A:0 A2>8< :>?L5< 8 O4, ?>4=O2H89AO G5@57 :>?L5, C18; =5 B>;L:> G5;>25:0, => 8 ;>H04L. 4=0:> 4065 4;O MB>9 C4828B5;L=>9 7<58 C:CA ;0A:8 A<5@B5;5=  B0:>2 70:>= ?@8@>4K: =8:B> =5 >AB0;AO 157 4>AB>9=>3> A>?5@=8:0& >;E2K ?@8=>AOB :@>2L 20A8;8A:0 2 65@B2C =515A0<. 0 A>;=F5 >=0 3CAB55B, :0: A<>;0, 8 =0?><8=05B A<>;C ?> F25BC. A;8 :@>2L 20A8;8A:0 @0AB2>@8BL 2 2>45, >=0 AB0=>28BAO :@0A=55, G5< :8=>20@L. "0:>2 =0AB>OI89 20A8;8A:. ;02=0O 53> G5@B0, 70:@5?;5==0O 2 8<5=8, F0@AB25==>ABL. >7<>6=>, >=0 A2O70=0 A >A>1>9 >B<5B8=>9 =0 3>;>25 20A8;8A:0 8;8 A 53> A?>A>1=>ABLN ?5@542830BLAO =5 >?CA:0O 3>;>2K (MB>B 0A?5:B, 2848<>, 1K; >G5=L 7=0G8< 4;O 4@52=8E 538?BO=). 0A;C68205B 2=8<0=8O 8 B>B D0:B, GB> =525@>OB=0O 3C18B5;L=0O A8;0 70:;NG5=0 2 B0:>< =51>;LH>< ACI5AB25. !;>2> 20A8;8A: <>6=> 2 >?@545;5==>< :>=B5:AB5 ?5@525AB8 8 :0: <0;5=L:89 B8@0=. 5C4828B5;L=>, GB> 20A8;8A: =5A5B 2 A515 2 >A=>2=>< =530B82=K5 :0G5AB20 F0@AB25==>3> ACI5AB20. 0A8;8A: ?@0:B8G5A:8 =5 C?><8=05BAO 2 ;8B5@0BC@5 4@52=>AB8. A:;NG5=85 A>AB02;ONB B>;L:> ?0@0 >B@K2:>2 87 5BE>3> 7025B0 8 ?>M<0 3@5:0 >;8>4>@0 -D8>?8:0, 2 :>B>@>9 ACI5AB2>20=85 7;>3> 3;070 ?>4B25@6405BAO B5<, GB> 20A8;8A: >4=8< ;8HL 273;O4>< 8 4KE0=85< C18205B 2A5, GB> ?>?0405BAO 5<C =0 ?CB8.  5O=8OE <<80=0 0@F5;;8=0 (IV 25: =. M.) >48= 87 ?5@A>=0659 A@02=8205BAO A 20A8;8A:><, :>B>@K9 >?0A5= 4065 =0 @0AAB>O=88.  $0@A0;88 C:0=0 >?8AK205BAO 18B20 0@<88 0B>=0 A> 7<5O<8. 0A8;8A: >1@0I05B 7<59 2 153AB2> 8 2 >48=>G:C ?@>B82>AB>8B 0@<88. !>;40B ?>@0605B 20A8;8A:0 8 8715305B CG0AB8 2A04=8:0, >?8A0==>3> ;8=85<, B>;L:> 1;03>40@O B><C, GB> >B@C105B A515 @C:C, 45@602HCN :>?L5.  :064>< 87 MB8E >B@K2:>2 20A8;8A: 70A;C68; C?><8=0=85 =5 A2>59 :>@>=>9 8;8 ?>4=OB>9 3>;>2>9, 0 A2>8< O4><. !>>1I5=85 ;8=8O > A2>9AB20E 53> :@>28 C:07K205B =0 874@52;5 ACI5AB2>202H89 8=B5@5A : 2>7<>6=><C ?@8<5=5=8N A2>9AB2 20A8;8A:0 2 <548F8=5 8 4@C38E >1;0ABOE. !>3;0A=> ?>25@LN, H:C@C 20A8;8A:0 25H0;8 2 E@0<0E, GB>1K >B?C3820BL 7<59 8 A:>@?8>=>2. 48= 87 02B>@>2 3>2>@8B > B><, GB>, 5A;8 =0B5@5BL A5@51@> ?5?;>< 20A8;8A:0, >=> ?@8>1@5B05B 2A5 A2>9AB20 7>;>B0. "0:85 ?@54AB02;5=8O 1K;8 A>1@0=K 8 A8AB5<0B878@>20=K 2 A@54=525:>2KE 15AB80@8OE (A>G8=5=8OE > @50;L=KE 8 D0=B0AB8G5A:8E 682>B=KE) 8 0;E8<8G5A:8E B@0:B0B0E M?>E8 >7@>645=8O.  2@0645 <564C 20A8;8A:>< 8 ;0A:>9 2?5@2K5 A>>1I05BAO 2 B@C45 III 25:0 4> =. M., ?@8?8AK205<>< 5<>:@8BC.  A@54=85 25:0 ?>O2;ONBAO 8 4@C385 A@54AB20 1>@L1K A 20A8;8A:><: ?@>B82>O485< 53> C189AB25==><C O4C 8 4KE0=8N A;C60B O4 8 70?0E ;0A:8; H8?5=85 20A8;8A:0 A<5@B5;L=>, => 8 A0< >= ?>38105B >B :@8:0 ?5BCE0, 0 53> A<5@B>=>A=K9 273;O4 <>65B 1KBL >1@0I5= ?@>B82 =53> A0<>3> ?@8 ?><>I8 >1KG=>3> 75@:0;0. >A;5 ?045=8O 8<A:>9 8<?5@88 2@>?0 =04>;3> ?>B5@O;0 A2O7L A D@8:>9, :>B>@0O 2A;54AB285 MB>3> AB0;0 5I5 1>;55 70304>G=K< :>=B8=5=B><.  A@54=525:>2>9 2@>?5 20A8;8A: ?@54AB02;O;AO =0AB>OI8< GC4>28I5<. =B5@5A=>, GB>, ?@8>1@5B0O 2A5 =>2K5 8 =>2K5 7;>25I85 :0G5AB20, 20A8;8A: AB0=>28;AO 2A5 <5=55 M:7>B8G5A:8< ACI5AB2><. = @0AA<0B@820;AO C65 =5 :0: 68B5;L 40;5:>9 D@8:8, 0 :0: =5GB>, =0 GB> <>6=> A =5?>?@028<K<8 ?>A;54AB28O<8 =0ABC?8BL ?@O<> 70 ?>@>3>< A>1AB25==>3> 4><0. > >4=>9 87 25@A89, =3;8O =5:>340 ?@>AB> :8H5;0 20A8;8A:0<8. @52@0I5=85 20A8;8A:0 2 A:07>G=>5 GC4>28I5 >1CA;>2;5=> A0<>9 8AB>@859 53> @>645=8O.  3@5G5A:>< ?5@52>45 181;59A:>9 =838 ?@>@>:0 A098 G8B05<: B> ?>5AB O8F 8E  C<@5B, 0 5A;8 @074028B  2K?>;75B 20A8;8A:.  E@8AB80=A:8E :><<5=B0@8OE 20A8;8A: 2>A?@8=8<05BAO :0: 2>?;>I5=85 A0<>3> 4LO2>;0, :>B>@K9 4065 ?5@54 =8725@65=85< 2 04 3>@4> 45@68B 3>;>2C. A0;>< 90 2K@0605B 25@C 2> 2A5<>3CI5AB2> >30: 0 0A?840 8 20A8;8A:0 =0ABC?8HL. LO2>;LA:0O ?@8@>40 20A8;8A:0, >?@545;5==0O 2 !2OI5==>< ?8A0=88, 8 >BACBAB285 53> G5B:>3> >?8A0=8O ?>A;C68;8 1;03>40B=>9 ?>G2>9 4;O <=>38E ?>A;54CNI8E 2K<KA;>2. KA;L > B><, GB> C?><O=CB>5 A0959 O9F>  ?B8GL5, ?@>8AE>48B, 2848<>, 87 8AB>@88 >1 818A5.  5O=8OE <<80=0 0@F5;;8=0 @0AA:07 > 20A8;8A:5 A;54C5B =5?>A@54AB25==> 70 C?><8=0=85< > B><, GB> 818A :>=B@>;8@C5B G8A;5==>ABL 7<59 2 38?B5, ?8B0OAL 8E O9F0<8. @><5 B>3>, A>3;0A=> <<80=C, 818A >B:;04K205B A2>8 O9F0 G5@57 :;N2 (2>7<>6=>, >= =5?@028;L=> 8=B5@?@5B8@>20; >1@07 818A0 A> 7<58=K< O9F>< 2 :;N25).  38?B5 ACI5AB2>20;> ?>25@L5, GB> 818A, ?>540NI89 7<59, A0< 8=>340 >B:;04K205B 7<58=K5 O9F0. !>2@5<5==8: <<80=0, 7=0B>: 38?B0 0AA80= :0B53>@8G5A:8 CB25@6405B, GB> =5B A><=5=8O 2 B><, GB> 20A8;8A:8 @>640NBAO 87 O8F ?B8FK, :>B>@CN 2 38?B5 7>2CB 818A><. %>BO 845O > ?@>B82>AB>O=88 20A8;8A:0 8 ?5BCE0 (2848<>, :0: >B@065=85 B>3> D0:B0, GB> =5G8AB0O A8;0 1>8BAO ?5BCH8=>3> :@8:0) 8725AB=0 A> II 25:0 =.M., =5OA=> B>;L:>, 2 :0:>5 2@5<O A ?5BCE>< AB0;8 A2O7K20BL 8 ;535=4C > @>645=88 20A8;8A:0.  15AB80@88 L5@0 45 >25 (1218) @0AA:07K205BAO > B><, GB> O9F> 20A8;8A:0 =0G8=05B D>@<8@>20BLAO 2 B5;5 AB0@>3> ?5BCE0. 5BCE >B:;04K205B 53> 2 C:@><=>< <5AB5 =0 :CGC =02>70, 345 53> =0A868205B 6010. 7 O9F0 2K;C?;O5BAO ?5BCE A 4;8==K< 7<58=K< E2>AB><, :>B>@K9 8 5ABL A0<K9 =0AB>OI89 20A8;8A:. 5 >25 B0:65 >?8AK205B AF5=C >E>BK =0 20A8;8A:0 A 75@:0;><, A2845B5;5< :>B>@>9 >=, ?> 53> A;>20<, 1K; A0<. >25@L5 > B><, GB> O4>28BK9 273;O4 <>65B 1KBL >1@0I5= =0 A0<>3> 20A8;8A:0, 2848<>, 2>AE>48B : <8DC > 54C75, :>B>@0O ?>381;0 >B A>1AB25==>3> >B@065=8O =0 I8B5 5@A5O. -B> B5< 1>;55 25@>OB=>, 5A;8 2A?><=8BL, GB> C:0= AG8B0; 20A8;8A:0 >4=8< 87 GC4>28I, @>482H8EAO 87 :@>28 54C7K.  ?>74=5< A@54=525:>2L5 A;>2> 20A8;8A: =5@54:> 2AB@5G05BAO 2 0;E8<8G5A:8E B@0:B0B0E 2 :0G5AB25 D8;>A>DA:>3> :0<=O.  ;L1@5EB 03=CA 2 B@C45  682>B=KE >B25@305B 8AB>@88 > :@K;0B>< 20A8;8A:5, @>645==>< 87 ?5BCH8=>3> O9F0, :0: 2K4C<:8. ! @0AF25B>< 5AB5AB25==KE =0C: 2 M?>EC >7@>645=8O C?><8=0=8O > 20A8;8A:5 AB0=>2OBAO @54:8<8. >A;54=89 @07 20A8;8A:0 2845;8 2 0@H025 2 1587 3>4C. 2C<O 45AOB8;5B8O<8 @0=55 H259F0@A:89 5AB5AB2>8A?KB0B5;L >=@04 5A=5@ 2KA:070; 2 A2>59 AB>@88 682>B=KE A:5?B8G5A:>5 <=5=85 >B=>A8B5;L=> ACI5AB2>20=8O 20A8;8A:0. -420@4 ">?A5;; 2 AB>@88 7<59 3>2>@8B > B><, GB> ?5BCE A> 7<58=K< E2>AB><, 2>7<>6=>, ACI5AB2C5B (>B@8F0BL MB>B D0:B >7=0G0;> 84B8 ?@>B82 F5@:>2=KE 4>3<), =>, 2> 2AO:>< A;CG05, >= =5 8<55B =8G53> >1I53> A 20A8;8A:><. @0C= 2 1646 3>4C 845B 5I5 40;LH5: -B> ACI5AB2>  =5 B>;L:> =5 20A8;8A:, => 8 2>>1I5 =5 ACI5AB2C5B 2 ?@8@>45. #4828B5;L=> B>, GB>, :0: B>;L:> <8D > 20A8;8A:5-?5BCE5 1K; >B25@3=CB, 0D@8:0=A:89 20A8;8A: B>65 1K; 701KB.  M?>EC >7@>645=8O 1K;> A>740=> =5<0;> GCG5; 20A8;8A:0, A>AB02;5==KE 87 G0AB59 <>@A:8E A:0B>2 8 4@C38E @K1, G0AB> A @0A:@0H5==K<8 3;070<8. "0:85 GCG5;0 <>6=> 8 A53>4=O C2845BL 2 <C75OE 5=5F88 8 5@>=K. >;LH8=AB2> 87>1@065=89 20A8;8A:0, >B=>AOI8EAO : XVI XVII 25:0<, >A=>20=K 8<5==> =0 B0:8E <C;O60E. !CI5AB2CNB <=>3>G8A;5==K5 87>1@065=8O 20A8;8A:0 =0 F5@:>2=KE 10@5;L5D0E, <540;L>=0E 8 35@10E.  A@54=525:>2KE 35@0;L48G5A:8E :=830E 20A8;8A: 8<55B 3>;>2C 8 ;0?K ?5BCE0, ?B8GL5 B5;>, ?>:@KB>5 G5HC59, 8 7<58=K9 E2>AB; B@C4=> >?@545;8BL, G5< ?>:@KBK 53> :@K;LO  ?5@LO<8 8;8 G5HC59. 7>1@065=8O 20A8;8A:0 M?>E8 >7@>645=8O >B;8G0NBAO G@572KG09=K< @07=>>1@0785<. 5GB> =0?><8=0NI55 20A8;8A:0 87>1@065=> =0 D@5A:0E 6>BB> 2 G0A>2=5 !:@>25=468 2 04C5. =B5@5A 2K7K205B 8 ?>;>B=> 0@?0GG> !2OB>9 "@8D>=89, ?>25@30NI89 20A8;8A:0. > ;535=45, A2OB>9 873=0; 4LO2>;0, ?>MB><C =0 :0@B8=5 20A8;8A: 87>1@065= B0:8<, :0:8<, ?> <=5=8N 682>?8AF0, 4>;65= 1KBL 4LO2>;: C =53> G5BK@5 ;0?K, B5;> ;L20 8 3>;>20 <C;0. 0102=>, GB>, E>BO 4;O 0@?0GG> 20A8;8A:  =5 <8D>;>38G5A:>5 ACI5AB2>, 0 8<5==> 4LO2>;, =0720=85 AK3@0;> A2>N @>;L 8 :0@B8=0 ?>2;8O;0 =0 40;L=59H55 ?@54AB02;5=85 > 20A8;8A:5. 0A8;8A: 4>2>;L=> G0AB> C?><8=05BAO 2 ;8B5@0BC@5, E>BO =8:>340 =5 1K205B 3;02=K< 35@>5<. ><8<> <=>3>G8A;5==KE :><<5=B0@852 : 81;88 8 15AB80@852, >4=>7=0G=> 8<5=CNI8E 20A8;8A:0 2>?;>I5=85< 4LO2>;0 8 ?>@>:0, 53> >1@07 =5@54:> 2AB@5G05BAO 2 0=3;89A:8E 8 D@0=FC7A:8E @><0=0E. > 2@5<5=0 (5:A?8@0 20A8;8A:0<8 =07K20;8 ?@>AB8BCB>:, >4=0:> 0=3;89A:89 4@0<0BC@3 8A?>;L7>20; MB> A;>2> =5 B>;L:> 2 A>2@5<5==>< 5<C 7=0G5=88, => 8 >1@0I0OAL : >1@07C O4>28B>3> ACI5AB20.  B@035488 8G0@4 III =525AB0 8G0@40 ;548 -== 65;05B AB0BL 20A8;8A:><, ACI5AB2>< O4>28BK<, => 2 B> 65 2@5<O F0@AB25==K<, :0: 8 ?>;0305BAO 1C4CI59 :>@>;525.  ?>M788 XIX 25:0 E@8AB80=A:89 >1@07 20A8;8A:0-4LO2>;0 =0G8=05B BCA:=5BL. # 8BA0, >;@8460 8 (5;;8 20A8;8A:  A:>@55 1;03>@>4=K9 538?5BA:89 A8<2>;, G5< A@54=525:>2>5 GC4>28I5.  45 : 50?>;N (5;;8 ?@87K205B 3>@>4: C4L, :0: 8<?5@A:89 20A8;8A:, A@0609 2@03>2 =52848<K< >@C6L5<. 0A8;8A: =5 ?>;L7C5BAO 1>;LH>9 ?>?C;O@=>ABLN 2 =0H8 4=8. = =5 8<55B >A>1>3> A8<2>;8G5A:>3> 7=0G5=8O, :0: 548=>@>3 8;8 @CA0;:0. 5AB> 2 <8D>;>388, :>B>@>5 <>3;> AB0BL >?@545;5==>9 =8H59 4;O 20A8;8A:0, ?@>G=> 70=OB> 4@0:>=><, GLO 8AB>@8O 4@52=55 8 >1H8@=55. =>385 87 =0A, 2AB@5B82 87>1@065=85 20A8;8A:0, ;53:> A?CB0NB 53> A 4@0:>=><. >7<>6=>, 5ABL 4>;O 8AB8=K 2 ?>25@L5, GB> B>B, :B> 2845; 20A8;8A:0 2?5@2K5, =5 ?>38105B >B 53> 273;O40. "0: 8;8 8=0G5, A53>4=O <K <>65< A<>B@5BL =0 87>1@065=85 20A8;8A:0 =0 10@5;L5D5 8;8 D0A045 740=8O =5 B>;L:> =5 ?>425@30O A2>N 687=L >?0A=>AB8, => 4065 8 =5 70<5G0O 53>.    A>2@5<5==>9 0=3;89A:>9 ?5A5=:5 > 30@?88 >=0 ?@54AB05B ?5@54 =0<8 :0: 25A5;>5 ?>NI55 ACI5AB2>, =0E>4OI55 ?@5;5ABL 2 HC<=KE 25G5@8=:0E: @8H5; O A 0@D>9 : 30@?88,  AB0;8 <K ?5BL 8 83@0BL, 8:B> =5 <>65B, :0: 30@?8O, 0 0@D5 B0: A;02=> 1@5=G0BL.  MB>9 ?5A5=:5 =5 >AB0;>AL =8G53> >B B5E 4@52=8E ACI5AB2  >1KG=> 8E 1K20;> B@>5, :>B>@K5 CAB@5<;O;8AL 2=87 A =515A, E20B0;8 ?8IC :>3BO<8 8;8 4;8==K<8 ;0?0<8 8 ?@8=8<0;8AL =8725@30BL 55 =0 B5E, :><C ?>AG0AB;828;>AL B@0?57=8G0BL =5?>40;5:C. !53>4=O, :>340 A;>2> 30@?8O 8A?>;L7C5BAO 2 C=8G868B5;L=>< A<KA;5, ?@8@>40 B0:>3> 0=B8>1I5AB25==>3> ?>2545=8O 30@?89, ?>E>65, ?>701KB0. 0@?88 87=0G0;L=> ?@>A;028;8AL =5 87-70 8E :0B53>@8G5A:>3> =5?@8OB8O ?@028; ?@8;8G8O. !0<> MB> A;>2> ?@>8AE>48B >B 3@5G5A:>3> harpazein  AE20B8BL.  4@52=59 <8D>;>388 30@?88 0AA>F88@>20;8AL A> HB>@<>2K<8 25B@0<8, :>B>@K5 C=>A8;8 B5E, :><C 1K;> AC645=> 8AG57=CBL. ><5@ 2 ;8045 =07K205B B>;L:> >4=C 87 =8E ?> 8<5=8  >40@3C, <0BL ;>H0459 E8;;5A0, @>482HCN >B 5D8@0, ?@>872>4OI53> 25B5@. @52=53@5G5A:89 ?>MB 5A8>4 2 "5>3>=88 C?><8=05B 42CE: 15;>:C@CN M;;> 8 :8?5BC, :>B>@0O 4@C68B A 25B@0<8 8 ?B8F0<8, 8 55 1KAB@K5 :@K;LO 2>7=>AOB 55 2KA>:> =04 75<;59. 0@?88 >1KG=> 87>1@060NBAO 2 2845 E8I=KE ?B8F A 3>;>2>9 8 3@C4LN 65=I8=K; =081>;55 G0AB> 2AB@5G0NI85AO 8E 8<5=0  5;5=>, 8:>-B5>= 8 "85;;0. B5F B@035488 -AE8; (>:. 525  456 4> =. M.), =025@=>5, 1K; >4=8< 87 ?5@2KE, :B> 70<5B8;, GB> 30@?88 C@>4;82K (Eumenides). >;55 ?>;=>5 >?8A0=85 8E 8<?C;LA82=>3> ?>2545=8O 8 ?>204>: ?>O2;O5BAO 2 M?8G5A:>< F8:;5 >1 0@3>=02B0E.  ?>8A:0E 7>;>B>3> @C=0 0@3>=02BK 2AB@5B8;8 $8=5O, :>B>@K9 1K; =0:070= A;5?>B>9 8 ?@56452@5<5==>9 AB0@>ABLN 70 7;>C?>B@51;5=85 40@>< ?@>@>:0. $8=59 3>;>40; 87-70 30@?89: 0@?88 2A5340 =01;N40NB 70 <>59 54>9. / CAB0; 8 =5 7=0N, :0: <=5 871028BLAO >B =8E; >=8 B>BG0A =0;5B0NB G5@=K< >1;0:><. I5 8740;5:0 ?> HC<C :@K;L52 O A;KHC, GB> ?@81;8605BAO 5;5=>. =8 ?@8;5B0NB 8 C=>AOB 2AN <>N ?8IC, >?@>:84K20NB 8 >A:25@=ONB G0H8. 0A?@>AB@0=O5BAO B0:>5 7;>2>=85 8 =0G8=05BAO C60A=0O 1>9=O, 81> MB8 <>=AB@K B0: 65 3>;>4=K, :0: 8 O.  1;03>40@=>ABL 70 ?@>@>G5AB20 $8=5O, :>B>@K5 ?><>3;8 0@3>=02B0< 2 8E AB@0=AB28OE, 5B 8 0;084 ?>15640NB 30@?89 8 C2>4OB 8E =0 !B@>D04A:85 >AB@>20 2 -359A:>< <>@5, 8 B5 >15I0NB =8:>340 1>;LH5 =5 4>A0640BL $8=5N. "0< 30@?88 4>6840;8AL -=5O, :>B>@K9 A?0AAO 87 3>@OI59 "@>8 8 ?@83>B>28; C3>I5=L5 4;O A2>8E 3>;>4=KE 4@C759. 5@>9 -=584K 5@38;8O (I 25: 4> =. M.) B0: ?>765 >?8H5B MB>B M?87>4 :>@>;525 84>: 5B =8:>3> C60A=55 30@?89, =8 GC<0, =8 3=52 1>3>2 =5 <>65B A@02=8BLAO A =8<8, 27<K20NI8<8 A> !B8380=A:8E 2>4. -B> ?B8FK A ;8F0<8 N=KE 452. #60A=K9 A<@04 8AE>48B 87 8E 65;C4:>2, C =8E :>3B8 =0 ;0?0E, 8 >=8 2A5340 1;54=K >B 3>;>40& =570?=> >=8 A>A:0;L7K20NB A 3>@ =0 =0A, 3@><:> E;>?0O :@K;LO<8, E20B0NB ?8IC A2>8<8 3@O7=K<8 ;0?0<8, 45;0O 55 =5AJ54>1=>9, @0A?@>AB@0=OO C60A=>5 7;>2>=85, >3;CH8B5;L=> :@8G0. 0:>=5F 30@?88 8AG570NB, 8 >4=0 87 =8E, 5;5=>, CA068205BAO =0 A:0;C 8 ?@>:;8=05B -=5O. = =5 ?>AB@>8B >15B>20==K9 3>@>4 2 B0;88, 3>2>@8B 5;5=>, 8 >=0 87-70 3>;>40 1C45B 2K=C645=0 3;>40BL A>1AB25==K5 AB>?K. 16>@AB2> B@048F8>==> ?@8?8AK20;>AL 30@?8O< 5I5 2> 2@5<5=0 >@0F8O (I 25: 4> =. M.). >@074> @0=LH5 30@?88 =0G0;8 2>A?@8=8<0BLAO 0;;53>@8G5A:8. # 3@5G5A:>3> D8;>A>D0 5@0:;8B0 30@?88, :>B>@K5 ;8H0;8 $8=5O ?8I8, 1K;8 2KA>:>F5=8<K<8 ?@>AB8BCB:0<8, :>B>@K5 ?>68@0;8 2K45;5=8O <>;>4KE <C6G8=. -B0 845O ?>2B>@O5BAO C 2AB0D8O 8 4@C38E D8;>A>D>2. > 2@5<5=0 2AB0D8O, :>340 0;;53>@8O AB0=>28BAO H8@>:> @0A?@>AB@0=5==>9 2 @5;8388 8 H8@>:> 8A?>;L7CNBAO <8D>;>38G5A:85 B>;:>20=8O, "@5B89 0B8:0=A:89 B>;:>20B5;L <8D>2 >1J548=O5B DC@89 8 30@?89 8 >1JOA=O5B, GB> 8E =0?045=8N ?>425@30NBAO A:C?FK.  XV 25:5 6>20==8 5;;8=8 =045;O5B 30@?89 ?>E>68<8 DC=:F8O<8.  A5@88 0;;53>@8G5A:8E ?0==>, 8;;NAB@8@CNI8E A5<L A<5@B=KE 3@5E>2, EC4>6=8: 87>1@078; 30@?8N 2 2845 0;;53>@8G5A:>9 D83C@K, >;8F5B2>@ONI59 0;G=>ABL, 2>4@C782 55 =0 420 7>;>BKE H0@0. (0@K A8<2>;878@>20;8 AA>@C 30@?89 A 5A?5@840<8, 4>G5@O<8 B;0A0, AJ52H8<8 O1;>:8, :>B>@K5 >=8 AB>@>68;8. A5 MB> C:@5?;O;> @5?CB0F8N 30@?89 :0: 604=KE ACI5AB2.  XVI 25:5 8B0;LO=A:89 A>18@0B5;L <8D>2 0B0;5 >=B8 70O28;, GB> 2=5H=89 >1;8: 30@?89 405B ?@54AB02;5=85, :0:8<8 <>3CB 1KBL 4CH8 A:C?F>2. "0: :0: 30@?88 E>@>H> ?>4E>48;8 4;O 4840:B8G5A:8E F5;59, A@54=525:>2K5 <>@0;8ABK 8 02B>@K :=83 A8<2>;>2 M?>E8 >7@>645=8O AB0;8 ?@0:B8G5A:8 8A?>;L7>20BL ;535=4C > =8E, 45;0O 0:F5=B =0 GC2AB25 8E 28=K. >B GB> 70?8A0=> 2 >4=>9 87 =8E: 0@?8O 8<55B ?>4>185 G5;>25:0 8 60645B C18BL ?5@2>3> 2AB@5B82H53>AO, => :>340 >=0 ?@81;8605BAO : 2>45 8 A<>B@8B =0 A2>5 >B@065=85, B> 2848B, GB> C18;0 A515 ?>4>1=>3>, 8 3;C1>:> A>60;55B, GB> ?>2AB@5G0;0 G5;>25:0. -B> A8<2>;878@C5B 4CHC, :>B>@0O C18;0 %@8AB0 70 55 3@5E, 8 >=0 ?>E>60 =0 =53>, ?>B><C GB> A>740=0 ?> 53> ?>4>18N.  :>340 2A?><8=05B, :0: C<5@ 8ACA 70 =0H8 3@5E8, 30@?8O 2?0405B 2 25;8:CN A:>@1L 8 ?5G0;L. 8=A5=B 45 >25 ?5@5A:070; MBC ;535=4C 2 A2>59 M=F8:;>?548G5A:>9 @01>B5, 0 2 @54:8E A;CG0OE, :>340 30@?8N 2:;NG0NB 2 15AB80@88, >=0 87>1@0605BAO :0: @0A:0820NI0OAO C189F0.  >4=>< 15AB80@88 :@K;0BK9 <>=AB@ A G5;>25G5A:>9 3>;>2>9 8 ;L28=K<8 ;0?0<8 AB>8B =04 B@C?><, ?>E>68< =0 A8@5=C; 0 :0: A:070=> 2 15AB80@88 L5@0 45 >25, 30@?8O-C189F0 ?>E>60 8 =0 ;>H04L, 8 =0 G5;>25:0, C =55 BC;>28I5 ;L20, :@K;LO 7<58, ;>H048=K9 E2>AB. > >4=>9 25@A88, 30@?8O 8A?KBK205B AB>;L A8;L=K5 C3@K75=8O A>25AB8, GB> :>=G05B 687=L A0<>C189AB2><. ! MB>9 ;N1>?KB=>9 8AB>@859, 25@>OB=>, A2O70=> >?8A0=85 30@?89 C 0=B5 2 A54L<>< :@C35 040. 3> 30@?88 54OB =0 ;8ABLOE :>;NG53> :CAB0@=8:0, 2 :>B>@K5 2>?;>B8;8AL ?>A;5 A<5@B8 4CH8 A0<>C189F. ">;L:> AB@040O >B :@>2>B>G0I8E @0=, ?@8G8=O5<KE MB8<8 B20@O<8, :>B>@K5 >A:25@=ONB 2A5, : G5<C ?@8:0A0NBAO, 3@5H=8:8 <>3CB ?>;CG8BL 8A:C?;5=85 A2>8E ?>ABC?:>2. %>BO 8 =5 G0AB>, 30@?88 ?>O2;ONBAO 2 >1@075 C189F 2> 2@5<5=0 5=5AA0=A0 2 8;;NAB@8@>20==KE :=830E =@02>CG8B5;L=KE AB8E>2, =0?8A0==KE 2 :;0AA8G5A:>9 B@048F88 8 8725AB=KE :0: :=838 A8<2>;>2. >4 2;8O=85< B@0:B0B0 Homicidia sui ipsius Ultor (#189F0 <AB8B A0< A515) 02@5=B89 -:B0=89 8 /:>2 45 5BB5@ @0AA:07K20NB > 30@?88, :>B>@0O 2>=705B 7C1K 2 :8H:8 G5;>25:0. > ?8@H5AB2> 4;8BAO =54>;3>, B0: :0: :>340 30@?8O 2848B 2 2>45 A2>5 >B@065=85 B0:8<, :0:>9 >=0 ?@54AB0=5B ?>A;5 A<5@B8, ?5G0;L C2;5:05B 55 2 ?CG8=C 2>4, 8 30@?8O ?>38105B. !B8E 70:0=G8205BAO ?@87K2>< : 7;>45O< @0A:0OBLAO 2 A2>8E ?@5ABC?;5=8OE. %>BO C?><8=05BAO B>;L:> >4=0 30@?8O, =0 3@02N@5 87>1@065=K B@8.  8725AB=K9 ?8A0B5;L-A8<2>;8AB 59A=5@ =07K205B 30@?89 =5 8=0G5 :0: Tria Animi Monstra, B@8 <>=AB@0 @07C<0. =3;89A:89 A>2@5<5==8: MB8E ?8A0B5;59 5=@8 8G5< ?5@5<5I05B 30@?89 =0 :>@>;52A:89 42>@ 8 A>?@>2>6405B A2>9 AB8E C4828B5;L=K<8 3@02N@0<8, =0 :>B>@KE 87>1@065=K ?B8FK A 3>;>2>9 65=I8=K, A 1>;LH>9 3@C4LN 8 2>;>A0<8 4> ?;5G. @8=FK =0 3@02N@0E 2KABC?0NB 2 @>;8 $8=5O, >=8 A;5?K 8 8E B5@70NB B@8 30@?88  ;3C=LO, ;LAB8F0 8 BC=5O4:0.  MB><C 2@5<5=8 C65 1K;8 CAB0=>2;5=K >A=>2=K5 E0@0:B5@8AB8:8 30@?89. 59AB28B5;L=>, 7>>;>3 >=@04 5A=5@ (1516  1565), >B<5G0O, GB> CG5=K5 >B>645AB2;ONB 30@?89 A :@K;0BK<8 45<>=0<8, A<5@G0<8 8 3>;>4=K<8 ?A0<8, A:5?B8G5A:8 >B=>A8BAO : 8E CB25@645=8O<. 5CB><8<K9 M=F8:;>?548AB ;L4@>20=48, >1>1I82H89 :;0AA8G5A:85 8 A@54=525:>2K5 8AB>@88 > 30@?8OE, 2K45;8; A;54CNI85 @C1@8:8-E0@0:B5@8AB8:8: 604=>ABL, =5=0AKB=>ABL, =5G8AB>?;>B=>ABL. !>3;0A=> 53> >?8A0=8O<, 30@?88 8<5NB BC;>28I0 E8I=KE ?B8F, CH8 <54254O, >?5@5==K5 ;0?K, G5;>25G5A:85 =>38, >3@><=K5 :>3B8 8 15;CN 65=A:CN 3@C4L; 8E AG8B0;8 7;K<8 1>65AB20<8, 45<>=0<8, A8<2>;0<8 A<5@G0. E B0:65 =07K20;8 canes Jovis (?A0<8 .?8B5@0), B0: :0: >=8 1K;8 DC@8O<8, ?>4@CG=K<8-<AB8B5;L=8F0<8 52A0. =8 =5 2 A>AB>O=88 C45@6820BL ?8IC, 8, :0: @57C;LB0B, 2A5, : G5<C ?@8:0A0NBAO, >A:25@=O5BAO =5G8AB>B0<8, 8725@305<K<8 87 8E :8H5G=8:>2. ;L4@>20=48 3>2>@8B, GB> C G5;>25:0 B0:>5 A>AB>O=85 4>:B>@0 =07K20NB A>10GL8< 0??5B8B><.  H5:A?8@>2A:>9 C@5 @>A?5@> A>25BC5B @8M;N >1@0B8BLAO 30@?859, GB>1K 2A5 C3>I5=LO 8AG57;8 4> B>3>, :0: 8E =0G0;8 5ABL. 5=548:B 87 =>3> HC<0 87 =8G53> 70O2;O5B, GB> :0A05BAO 50B@8A, B> >= ;CGH5 ?>945B =0 :@09 75<;8, G5< ?5@5:8=5BAO B@5<O A;>20<8 A MB>9 30@?859.  5@8:;5 (5:A?8@0 B0:0O @5?;8:0: "K :0: 30@?8O, 3>2>@8B ;5>= A2>59 7;>1=>9 65=5, :>B>@0O ?@5405B; BK, A B2>8< 0=35;LA:8< ;8G8:><, 2?8205HLAO >@;8=K<8 :>3BO<8.  2>B :0:85 A8<2>;K 2 35@0;L48:5 ?@8?8AK20; 30@?8O< ?>74=89 D02>@8B 0=3;89A:>9 :>@>;52K ;87025BK I 6>= C8;;8< (XVI 25:). = AG8B0; 30@?89 >A>15==K<8 682>B=K<8 8 2K45;O; 425 8E 35@0;L48G5A:85 @07=>284=>AB8. 4=0 2K3;O48B B0:: 65=A:>5 ;8F>, BC;>28I5, :@K;LO 8 :>3B8 E8I=>9 ?B8FK; C 4@C3>9  65=A:>5 ;8F> 8 BC;>28I5 8 ?B8GL8 :@K;LO 8 :>3B8. C8;;8< 3>2>@8B > ?5@2>< B8?5: 0@?8O ?@54AB02;O5BAO ;07C@=>9 A @0A?@02;5==K<8 :@K;LO<8 8 @072520NI8<8AO 2>;>A0<8. ;8 70:>20==>9 2 1@>=N. "0:0O 1@>=O 5ABL 2 F5@:28 %0=B8=3B>=0. 5@38;89 >?8AK205B 8E B0:: 7 2A5E GC4>28I  C60A=59 =5B; >=> ?>@>645=L5 5;8:>3> 3=520, GB> >3 =0A;0; =0 @>4 ;N4A:>9 7 04A:8E ?CG8=; A ;8F>< N=>9 452K MB> B2>@5=L5, 5=0AKB=>5 G@52>, :>3B8ABK5 ;0?K  2>B >1;8: :0:>9. B>@>9 B8?, ?8H5B C8;;8<, 8A?>;L7>20= 2 35@15 N@=15@30, 8 40;55, AAK;0OAL =0 ?B>=0, 70O2;O5B, GB> 30@?89 A;54C5B 2K4020BL ;N4O< ?> >:>=G0=88 AB@0H=>9 18B2K, GB>1K >=8, 3;O4O =0 A2>8 7=0<5=0, <>3;8 @0A:0OBLAO 2 3;C?>AB8 A2>53> =0?045=8O.  <><5=B 2KE>40 :=838 C8;;8<0 ?> 35@0;L48:5 2 N6=>< =5D5 C=825@A8B5BA:>9 F5@:28 %@8AB0-A?0A8B5;O 2 .6=>< >=4>=5 1K; CAB0=>2;5= ?0<OB=8:, 2 :>B>@>< 30@?88 0AA>F88@>20;8AL A ;>H04L<8. 04?8AL =0 =5<, ?> :@0O< :>B>@>9 1K;0 2K3@028@>20=0 ?0@0 30@?89, 3;0A8;0, GB> ?0<OB=8: 2>74283=CB 2 G5ABL 6>=0 8=35<0, H>@=8:0 ;87025BK I 8 /:>20 I. "0:0O 0AA>F80F8O, >4=0:>, 1K;0 O2;5=85< 8A:;NG8B5;L=K<, 0 =5 A;8H:>< ;5AB=>5 2KA:07K20=85 ?B>=0 >B=>A8B5;L=> 30@?89, :070;>AL 1K, ?@8720=> 1K;> >B18BL 65;0=85 8A?>;L7>20BL 8E 87>1@065=8O 2 35@0;L48:5.  :>=FC XIX 25:0, ?> A2845B5;LAB2C #8;LO<0 >@<0=0, 30@?88 2 35@0;L48:5 AB0;8 <5=55 ?>?C;O@=K<8. =8 4065 AB0;8 ?@54<5B>< =0A<5H5:. -B> ACI5AB2>, A2845B5;LAB2C5B . X. -430@, =0?>;>28=C 65=I8=0, =0?>;>28=C ?B8F0, =025@E ?>A<>B@8HL  :@0A028F0, 2=87 ?>A<>B@8HL  ?B0E0. 0 8;;NAB@0F88, A>?@>2>640NI59 B5:AB . X. -430@0, <>;>40O 65=I8=0 A BC;>28I5< ?B8FK :C@8B A830@5BC 8 45@68B 2 ?@02>9 ;0?5 AB0:0= A 28=><. ?;>BL 4> =0H53> 25:0 604=>ABL ?@>4>;60;0 @0AA<0B@820BLAO :0: =5>BJ5<;5<0O G5@B0 E0@0:B5@0 30@?89. 4=> 87 >?@545;5=89, 2>H54H55 2 :AD>@4A:89 A;>20@L, 1K;> B0:8<: 0@?8O  E8I=>5 604=>5 ACI5AB2>, =0?040NI55 =0 ;N459 8 3@01OI55 8E. 5A><=5==>, 8<5==> MB8 :0G5AB20 8<5NBAO 2 284C, =0?@8<5@, 2 2KA:07K20=88 ?@5?>4>1=>3> -. >1E5<0 @C5@0 (1900): = :0: 30@?8O, @07C<5N ?>4 MB8<: B>B, :B> E>G5B ?>6828BLAO =0 GC6><; B>B, :B> 157 C3@K75=89 A>25AB8 6825B 70 GC6>9 AG5B. 4=0:> 3>@074> G0I5 A;>2> 30@?8O >7=0G05B A:>@55 A20@;82>ABL, G5< 604=>ABL, 8 C?>B@51;O5BAO ?> >B=>H5=8N : 65=I8=5. "0:>9 ?@8<5@ <K =0E>48< @0=55 C "5::5@5O: 5C65;8 MB> <>O A25:@>2L, 604=0O, 3=CA=0O, @0A?CB=0O, 15AABK4=0O 30@?8O?!  2>A:;8F05B ;548 0@8O, :>340 C7=05B, GB> :B>-B> @0A:@K; B09=C 55 2>7@0AB0. '5@BK >1;8:0 30@?88 =5B@C4=> >1JOA=8BL A B>G:8 7@5=8O ?A8E>;>388: :@K;LO 8 ?B8GL5 BC;>28I5 A8<2>;878@CNB 65=I8=C-<0BL, :>3B8  @07@CH8B5;L=K9 8=AB8=:B, A>E@0=82H89AO A 45BAB20, :>B>@K9 ?@52@0I05B 65=I8=C-<0BL 2 65AB>:CN E8I=8FC. >MB><C ?>GB8 2A5 7=0<5=8BK5 <8D>;>38G5A:85 <0B5@8-1>38=8 =045;5=K 2=5H=>ABLN ?B8F. >@0?>;;> >?8AK205B 538?5BA:CN <0BL-1>38=N :0: E8I=CN ?B8FC. =0 >1;0405B G5@B0<8, 8=>340 ?@8?8AK205<K<8 30@?8O<, >=0 7015@5<5=5;0 >B 25B@0 8 =045;5=0 40@>< ?@>@>G5AB20, >=0 ?@8=>A8B A<5@BL 8 ?>68@05B B@C?K. >2>@O > 30@?8OE, 3@5G5A:85 8 @8<A:85 ?8A0B5;8 ?@840NB 1>;LH>5 7=0G5=85 8E =530B82=>9 @>;8 :0: 3C18B5;L=8F 682>3> 8 >1J5:B0 <C6A:>3> AB@0E0 8 =5=028AB8. "5< =5 <5=55 C?><8=0=8O > @072520NI8EAO 2>;>A0E, F5;><C4@5==KE ;8F0E 30@?89, B0: 65 :0: 8 87>1@065=85 BC38E 3@C459 8 ?;02=KE ?B8GL8E 87381>2 BC;>28I0 30@?89, A2845B5;LAB2CNB > 1>;LH>< 7=0G5=88 A8<2>;0 65=I8=K-<0B5@8 5I5 2 3;C1>:>9 4@52=>AB8. 0?@8<5@, B0: =07K205<K9 ?0<OB=8: 30@?88, ?5@52575==K9 2 @8B0=A:89 <C759 A @C8= A0=B>A0, 4@52=59 AB>;8FK 8:88 2 0;>9 788, 87>1@0605B ;5BOICN 30@?8N, :>B>@0O 45@68B @515=:0 C 3@C48, 2F5?82H8AL 2 53> =>38 :>3BO<8. A5 MB> 3>2>@8B > B><, GB> 20@80F89 2=5H=53> >1;8:0 30@?89 >G5=L <=>3> 8 >=8 2>7=8:;8 704>;3> 4> C?><8=0=89 > =8E 2 :;0AA8G5A:>9 ;8B5@0BC@5. B8FK A G5;>25G5A:8<8 3>;>20<8 D83C@8@>20;8 2 4@52=5< 8A:CAAB25 =488, 5@A88, !@54=59 788 8 B. 4. 0@?88 =0@O4C A> AD8=:A0<8 1K;8 ?>?C;O@=K 2 A@54=525:>2>< 8A;0<A:>< 8A:CAAB25  =0 3>15;5=0E, <0=CA:@8?B0E, =0AB5==KE @>A?8AOE, 2 0@E8B5:BC@5, :5@0<8:5 8 4065 2 @>A?8A8 CB20@8. =8 157>H81>G=> C304K20NBAO 2 AB8;87>20==KE D83C@0E =0 ?;0D>=0E D0B8<84A:8E ;NAB@ (!525@=0O D@8:0, X XII 25:0 =. M.). -B8 D83C@K 8<5NB B5<=K5 2>;>AK =0 3>;>25, 70G5A0==K5 70 CH8, G5B:> 2K@065==K5 :@K;LO, BC;>28I5 8 :>3B8 E8I=>9 ?B8FK. =8 B>65 4LO2>;LA:85 30@?88, ?@54A:07K20NI85 =5AG0ABLO.  $ @8D>= ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>9 <;5:>?8B0NI55 > G5BK@5E =>30E A :@K;LO<8. -B0 @07=>284=>ABL 48:8E 682>B=KE 70@>48;0AL 345-B> 2 A525@=KE H8@>B0E ;81> 2 3>@0E. "5;>< 3@8D>= ?>E>6 =0 ;L20, 0 :@K;LO<8 8 3>;>2>9  =0 >@;0. ! 8A:;NG8B5;L=>9 =5?@8O7=LN >B=>A8BAO : ;>H04O<. >65B 3@8D>= @0A?@028BLAO 8 A G5;>25:><, :>;L A:>@> 8E 4>@>30< 1C45B AC645=> ?5@5A5GLAO. "0: >?8AK205BAO 2 A@54=525:>2>< 15AB80@88 >4=> 87 A0<KE 70304>G=KE A>740=89 87 F0@AB20 2K<KH;5==KE 682>B=KE. C4CG8 ?> ?@8@>45 A2>59 ACI5AB2>< 25AL<0 ?@>B82>@5G82K<, 3@8D>= A>548=O5B 2 A515 :0G5AB20 ?B8FK 8 725@O, =515A0 8 75<;N, 4>1@> 8 7;>. = A @02=K< CA?5E>< <>65B 1KBL 03@5AA>@>< 8 65@B2>9, <0@>45@>< 8 25@=K< AB@065<. @8D>= (8=>340 53> =07K20NB 3@8DD8=) 2?5@2K5 >1JO28;AO 345-B> =0 ;86=5< >AB>:5 >:>;> ?OB8 BKAOG ;5B =0704. 04>;3> 4> B>3> :0: C?><8=0=8O > =5< ?>O28;8AL 2 ?8AL<5==KE 8AB>G=8:0E, >1;8: 3@8D>=0 C65 1K; =5>4=>:@0B=> 70?5G0B;5= =0 A;>=>2>9 :>AB8, :0<=5, H5;:5, 2>9;>:5, 1@>=75, A5@51@5 8 7>;>B5. 09B8 MB8 87>1@065=8O <>6=> 1K;> ?>2AN4C: =0 2070E 8 AB5=0E 42>@F>2, <>708G=KE ?>;0E 8 =043@>1LOE. ! :0@020=0<8 B>@3>2F52, 0@<8O<8 702>520B5;59 8 :>G52K<8 ?;5<5=0<8 3@8D>= 4>1@0;AO >B 8@0=A:8E 2KA>:>3>@89 4> 8<0;052 8 8B0O =0 2>AB>:5 8 4> ?>15@56LO @;0=488  =0 70?045.  A@54=85 25:0 >= 2A5 G0I5 8 G0I5 2AB@5G05BAO =0 35@10E, AB5=0E A>1>@>2 8 AB@0=8F0E <0=CA:@8?B>2. >;LH8=AB2> ;N459 1K;8 01A>;NB=> C25@5=K 2 @50;L=>< D878G5A:>< ACI5AB2>20=88 3@8D>=0. > 2>B ?@8H5; XVI 25:, 3@O=C;0 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=0O @52>;NF8O, ?>A5O2H0O 75@=0 A><=5=8O: 0 1K;8 ;8 >=8 =0 A0<>< 45;5, MB8 A:07>G=K5 ACI5AB20, :>B>@K5, ?> ?@540=8O<, >18B0;8 345-B> 2 >B40;5==KE C3>;:0E 4@52=53> <8@0?  :>=FC XVII AB>;5B8O AG8B0;>AL C65 4>:070==K< D0:B><, GB> =8:0:8E 3@8D>=>2 8 2 ?><8=5 =8:>340 =5 1K;>. > B5< =5 <5=55 8 ?>A;5 MB>3> 3@8D>=K, :0: 8 ?@5645, 70=8<0;8 G5;>25G5A:>5 2>>1@065=85. !0< >1;8: 3@8D>=0 8 53> =@02 70<5B=> @07;8G0NBAO 2 @07=KE :C;LBC@0E 8 2> <=>3>< >B>1@060NB A;>682H85AO 2 B>< 8;8 8=>< >1I5AB25 ?@54AB02;5=8O 8 A8AB5<K F5==>AB59. '0I5 2A53> 704=OO G0ABL BC;>28I0 C =53> 2K3;O48B :0: ;L28=0O, E>BO 2AB@5G0NBAO 87>1@065=8O, 345 C 3@8D>=0, : ?@8<5@C, ;0?K ?0=B5@K (20@80=B  A>10:8), >= <>65B 8<5BL E2>AB, :0: C 4@0:>=0 8;8 7<58. >340 3@8D>= 87>1@065= A >B:@KBK< :;N2><, B> 2?>;=5 <>6=> @073;O45BL O7K: 8 7C1K. 0 3>;>25 :@0AC5BAO ?02;8=89 E>E>;>: 8;8 10@0=L8 @>30, :>@>;52A:0O :>@>=0 8;8 65 ?@>AB> =5:0O 45:>@0B82=0O 2K?C:;>ABL (>A>15==> G0AB> MB> 2AB@5G05BAO =0 3@5G5A:8E 87>1@065=8OE). %>BO 3@8D>=0 >B=>AOB : ?B8F0<, 53> =5@54:> 87>1@060NB A CH0<8, GB>, ?> 2A59 2848<>AB8, 4>;6=> A2845B5;LAB2>20BL > =0;8G88 >B<5==>3> A;CE0. !:8DA:85 3@8D>=K C25=G0=K @>30<8 0=B8;>?  A8<2>;>< @0AB>@>?=>AB8. (5O <>65B 1KBL C:@0H5=0 @O4>< H8?>2 (MB@CAA:85 3@8D>=K), =5@54:> 3@82>9 ;L20 8;8 ;>H048. >4 :;N2>< 8=>340 8<55BAO ?CG>: ?B8GL8E ?5@L52, A<0E820NI89 =0 1>@>4:C. 5>1KG=0O @07=>284=>ABL 3@8D>=0 2AB@5G05BAO 2 0=3;89A:>9 35@0;L48:5. # =53> =5B :@K;L52, 70B> 87 53> B5;0 2KABC?0NB >AB@K5 >B@>AB:8, A3@C??8@>20==K5 ?> B@8. 48= 87 B0:8E 3@8D>=>2 ?>445@68205B 35@1>2K9 I8B ==K >;59=, AC?@C38 5=@8E0 VIII, AC4L10 :>B>@>9, :0: 8725AB=>, 1K;0 ?5G0;L=0. %>BO 3@8D>=K 8 O2;ONBAO 7;59H8<8 2@030<8 ;>H0459, B5< =5 <5=55 >=8 8<5NB >1I53> ?>B><:0. 07K205BAO >= 38??>3@8D. >;>20, :@K;LO 8 ?5@54=85 :>=5G=>AB8 38??>3@8D0 2 B>G=>AB8 :0: C 3@8D>=0, 0 A?8=0 8 704=85 :>=5G=>AB8 4>AB0;8AL 5<C O2=> >B ;>H048. !>25@H5==> =58725AB=K9 2 0=B8G=K5 2@5<5=0, MB>B <>=AB@ =5 GB> 8=>5, :0: B2>@5=85 2>>1@065=8O ?>MB>2 ?>74=53> A@54=525:>2LO. C4CG8 >4=>9 87 @07=>284=>AB59 ;5B0NI59 ;>H048, 38??>3@8D 2 MB>< A<KA;5 ?@8E>48BAO @>4AB25==8:>< :@K;0B><C 530AC 87 @5F88, 2>AL<8=>3><C !;8?=8@C, ?@8=04;5602H5<C A:0=48=02A:><C 1>3C 48=C, A5@51@O=><C :>=N, :>B>@>3> 03><5B ?>;CG8; >B 0@E0=35;0 02@88;0. 5<5F:89 CG5=K9 X. @8=F ?@54?@8=O; ?>?KB:C :;0AA8D8F8@>20BL 2A5 8725AB=K5 @07=>284=>AB8 3@8D>=0 8 @0745;8; 8E =0 B@8 >A=>2=K5 3@C??K: 3@8D>=-?B8F0, 3@8D>=-7<5O 8 3@8D>=-;52. 5:>B>@K5 A?5F80;8ABK >A?0@820NB ?@02><5@=>ABL ?>4>1=>3> ?>4E>40. 54L 3@8D>=-7<5O 8 3@8D>=-;52, >1>A=>2K20NB >=8 A2>N B>G:C 7@5=8O, =5 1>;55 G5< @07=>284=>ABL 4@0:>=0, ?>A:>;L:C 8 B>B 8 4@C3>9 >1KG=> 87>1@060NBAO A BC;>28I5<, ?>:@KBK< G5HC9:0<8, :0: C @5?B8;89.  ;8HL 3@8D>=-?B8F0, 682>B=>5 A ?B8GL59 3>;>2>9 8 ;L28=K< BC;>28I5<, <>65B A ?>;=K< ?@02>< =07K20BLAO A>1AB25==> 3@8D>=><, =5206=>, 87>1@0605BAO ;8 >= ?@8 MB>< A :@K;LO<8 8;8 157 =8E. >7<>6=>, B0:0O :0B53>@8G=>ABL =5A:>;L:> G@57<5@=0. !:065<, =5:>B>@K5 4@0:>=K =0 :8B09A:8E @8AC=:0E >G5=L A8;L=> A<0E820NB =0 3@8D>=>2, 0 2 A@54=525:>2KE B5:AB0E =5 2A5340 ?@>2>48BAO G5B:>5 @07;8G85 <564C 3@8D>=0<8 8 4@0:>=0<8; 2 8=KE A;CG0OE A0<8 MB8 =0720=8O >:07K20NBAO 2708<>70<5=O5<K<8. C4CG8 >1@07>< A>18@0B5;L=K<, 3@8D>= 8<55B >B=>H5=85 8 : AD8=:AC, 8 : E8<5@5, 8 : 30@?8O< 8 ?@>G8< ?>4>1=K< <>=AB@0<, :>B>@K5 ?>O28;8AL ?@8<5@=> 2 >4=> 8 B> 65 2@5<O 8 2 >4=>< 8 B>< 65 @538>=5 2 70?04=>9 G0AB8 788. @02 3@8D>=0 2?>;=5 ?>4 AB0BL 53> A28@5?><C >1;8:C. -B> E8I=>5 A>740=85 2A5340 =0AB>@>65, >=> 25G=> 2KOA=O5B A :5<-B> >B=>H5=8O. CGH5 AB@060 =5 =09B8; 2 :0G5AB25 <AB8B5;O >= 1C45B ?@5A;54>20BL 7;>45O, =5 2540O ?>I04K. A5 MB> 2> <=>3>< >1JOA=O5B, ?>G5<C 3@8D>= 8A?>;L7>20;AO 2 :0G5AB25 M<1;5<K =0G8=0O A 4@52=59H8E 2@5<5=. !>548=OO 2 A515 <>IL 0=B8G=KE 35@>52 8 25;8G85 1>3>2, 3@8D>= ?@5:@0A=> ?>4E>48; =0 @>;L 35@0;L48G5A:>3> 682>B=>3>. -B>B F0@AB25==K9 725@L 2A5340 0AA>F88@>20;AO 2 ?@54AB02;5=88 ;N459 A ?@028B5;O<8 =510 8 75<;8: >B D0@0>=>2 8 :@8BA:8E F0@59 4> ;5:A0=4@0 0:54>=A:>3> 8 A0<>3> >A?>40. >O282H8AL =0 F0@A:8E ?5G0BOE 8 <>=5B0E 2 4@52=85 2@5<5=0, 3@8D>= ?@8H5;AO >G5=L :AB0B8 8 2 E@8AB80=A:CN M?>EC. 3> >E>B=> 87>1@060;8 =0 >@C688 @KF0@8, :>B>@K5, 2?>;=5 2>7<>6=>, 2> 2@5<O :@5AB>2KE ?>E>4>2 ?5@5=O;8 ?>4>1=CN B@048F8N C 0@01>2. 48= 87 A0<KE @0==8E 35@0;L48G5A:8E 3@8D>=>2 ?>O28;AO =0 I8B5 8G0@40 45 825@A0, 3@0D0 -:75B5@A:>3> 2 1167 3>4C. 7>1@065=85 3@8D>=>2 8;8 3>;>2 3@8D>=>2 1K;> G@572KG09=> ?>?C;O@=> 2 XV  XVII 25:0E. /2=K< 3>A?>4AB2>< 3@8D>=0 2 35@0;L48:5, 2>7<>6=>, >1JOA=O5BAO 8 B>, GB> <=>385 @0A?@>AB@0=5==K5 =K=5 D0<8;88 ?@>87>H;8 >B =0720=8O MB>3> A:07>G=>3> ACI5AB20. >7L<5<, : ?@8<5@C, D0<8;88 @8DD>@4, @8DD5= 8;8 5I5 1>;55 ?>?C;O@=CN @8DD8=.  ;N1>< 0<5@8:0=A:>< 8;8 0=3;89A:>< B5;5D>==>< A?@02>G=8:5 ;N48, =>AOI85 ?>4>1=K5 D0<8;88, 70=8<0NB =5 >4=C 8 =5 425 :>;>=:8. 5<5F:0O @07=>284=>ABL 3@8D>=>2>9 D0<8;88  <=>3>G8A;5==K5 20@80F88 A :>@=5< 3@09D  G@572KG09=> @0A?@>AB@0=5=0 2 AB@0=0E &5=B@0;L=>9 2@>?K.  ;0B8=878@>20==>< 20@80=B5 3@09D 72CG8B :0: 3@8D8CA, 8<5==> B0:>9 20@80=B ?@54?>G5; 2 A2>5 2@5<O 8725AB=K9 =5<5F:89 ?>MB M?>E8 10@>::> =4@50A @8D8CA (1616 1664). @><5 B>3>, 2 5@<0=88, 2AB@88 8 (259F0@88 5ABL =5<0;> <5AB, GL8 =0720=8O >?OBL-B0:8 2>AE>4OB : 3@8D>=C: @09DA20;L4, @09D5=15@3, @09D5=E035=, @09D5=755 8 <=>385 4@C385. !0<> A;>2> 3@8D>= 8;8 3@8DD8= ?@>8AE>48B >B 3@5G5A:>3> grops (;0B8=A:>5 gryphos). ?>;=5 25@>OB=>, GB> grops :0:-B> A2O70=> A 4@C38< 3@5G5A:8< A;>2>< grupos, GB> 7=0G8B :@82>9, 87>3=CBK9. @0BLO @8<< 2KA:07K20;8 ?@54?>;>65=85, GB> 3@5G5A:>5 grups 1K;> ?>708<AB2>20=> 87 2>AB>G=KE O7K:>2  =0?@8<5@, 5ABL 0AA8@89A:>5 k'rub, B> 5ABL D0=B0AB8G5A:>5 :@K;0B>5 ACI5AB2>, 8;8 52@59A:>5 kerub, :@K;0BK9 0=35;. >7<>6=>, :AB0B8, GB> ACI5AB2C5B >?@545;5==0O A2O7L <564C =5<5F:8< A;>2>< greifen, GB> 7=0G8B E20B0BL, 8 A>72CG=K< 5<C 0=3;89A:8< grip, 8<5NI8< B> 65 7=0G5=85.  =5<5F:>< O7K:5 A>E@0=8;>AL B0:65 ?>=OB85 greifvogel, :>B>@K< >1>7=0G0NBAO 2A5 E8I=K5 ?B8FK: >@;K, OAB@51K, A>:>;K, 3@8DK. K;> 1K ;>38G=> ?@54?>;>68BL, GB> MB8 ?B8FK 2 A2>5 2@5<O 8 ?>A;C68;8 ?@>B>B8?0<8 <8D8G5A:>3> 3@8D>=0, 0 ;L28=K5 53> 0B@81CBK  C65 1>;55 ?>74=85 =0A;>5=8O. !:07>G=K5 ?B8FK 1K;8 =5?@5<5==K<8 459AB2CNI8<8 ;8F0<8 4@52=8E <8D>;>389. !:;04K205BAO 2?5G0B;5=85, GB> 4;O ?5@2>1KB=KE ?;5<5= 2> 2A5E C3>;:0E A>;=F5 8 =515A0, ?5@54 :>B>@K<8 >=8 ?@5:;>=O;8AL, >;8F5B2>@O;8AL 2 2845 >3@><=>9 ?B8FK. 0728BK5 F828;870F88 A>548=8;8 =5A:>;L:> 1>65AB25==KE 0B@81CB>2 2 548=K9 A>18@0B5;L=K9 >1@07. 48= 87 =8E  8=489A:0O @09A:0O ?B8F0 0@C40, ?>;C>@5;-?>;CG5;>25:, A8<2>; A:>@>AB8 8 <>I8, 48BO =515A 8 :>@>;L 2A5E ?B8F. 0: 3;0AOB 2548G5A:85 B5:ABK, 0@C40 4065 AB0@H5, G5< 8H=C.  ?5@A84A:>< 8 BC@5F:>< D>;L:;>@5 B>65 2AB@5G05BAO 4@52=OO ?B8F0 1>65AB25==>3> ?@>8AE>645=8O  !5=<C@2 8;8 !8<C@3. =>340 !8<C@3 87>1@0605BAO A G5;>25G5A:8< ;8F><  <>65B 1KBL, ?>B><C, GB> <CAC;L<0=5 25@8;8 2 53> A?>A>1=>ABL <KA;8BL 8 3>2>@8BL. > ?@540=8N, !8<C@3 6825B 425 BKAOG8 ;5B. 07<5@0<8 ?B8F0 AB>;L >3@><=0, GB> @07<0E 55 :@K;L52 70A;>=O5B A25B A>;=F0, A8;K 55 E20B8B, GB>1K ?>4=OBL 2 2>74CE 25@1;N40 8;8 A;>=0. -B>9 A2>59 A?>A>1=>ABLN !8<C@3 AE>6 A 0@C4>9 8 ;535=40@=>9 3830=BA:>9 ?B8F59 CE, =5@54:> C?><8=05<>9 2 0@01A:8E A:07:0E. B3>;>A:8 MB8E ;535=4 A;KH=K 8 2 52@59A:8E 8AB>G=8:0E  2 B0;<C48ABA:8E C?><8=0=8OE > 787, 3830=BA:>< A>740=88, ?>E>65< =0 C65 C?><8=02H8EAO <8D8G5A:8E ?B8F. N1>?KB=>, GB> 3@8D>= >18B05B ;8HL 2 788, D@8:5 8 2@>?5  2 :C;LBC@5 0<5@8:0=A:8E BC75<F52 ?@8ACBAB2CNB :@K;0BK5 7<58 8 ?@>G85 <>=AB@K, => B>;L:> =5 3@8D>=K. 4=8 CG5=K5, ?>;030NI85, GB> G5;>25: 8 48=>702@K ?5@5A5:;8AL =0 :0:><-B> CG0AB:5 8AB>@8G5A:>3> ?CB8, ?>;030NB, GB> ?@54AB02;5=85 > 3@8D>=5 2>AE>48B : :>;;5:B82=>9 ?0<OB8 G5;>25G5AB20 > 4@52=59H8E ;5B0NI8E @5?B8;8OE 2@>45 ?B5@>40:B8;O 8;8 4>8AB>@8G5A:8E ?B8F0E B8?0 0@E5>?B5@8:A0. > <=5=8N 4@C38E, ;8HL >4=0 ?B8F0 1>;55 8;8 <5=55 ?>;=> A>>B25BAB2C5B 4@52=8< >?8A0=8O< 3@8D>=0. -B>  1>@>40G-O3=OB=8:. # A51O =0 @>48=5, 2 3>@0E .6=>9 2@>?K, &5=B@0;L=>9 788 8 =5:>B>@KE @09>=0E D@8:8, MB0 :@C?=0O AB0@8==0O E8I=0O ?B8F0 8<5;0 =0 ?>41>@>4:5 E>E>;>: 87 4;8==KE 65AB:8E 2>;>A, AB>;L 65 65AB:0O I5B8=0 A:@K20;0 =>74@8.  25@E=59 G0AB8 BC;>28I0 >=0 8<5;0 G5@=>-A5@CN  8;8 @K6520B>-:>@8G=52CN A25B;>3> >BB5=:0  >:@0A:C. 5;0O H0?>G:0 >:09<;5=0 G5@=K<. ;8=0 55 A>AB02;O;0 >B A>@>:0 4> A>@>:0 H5AB8 4N9<>2, 0 @07<0E :@K;L52  >:>;> 45AOB8 DCB>2. !>E@0=8;8AL @0AA:07K > B><, :0: 1>@>40G8-O3=OB=8:8 C=>A8;8 O3=OB (>BG53> >=8 8 ?>;CG8;8 A2>5 =0720=85) 8;8 <0;5=L:8E 45B59, => 7>>;>38 70O2;ONB, GB> 4;O ?>4>1=KE CB25@645=89 =5B =8:0:8E @50;L=KE >A=>20=89. > 2 ;N1>< A;CG05 MB> 7;>1=>5 8 ?>@060NI55 2>>1@065=85 A>740=85 2?>;=5 <>3;> AB0BL ?@>>1@07>< <8D8G5A:>3> 3@8D>=0. ! ?>4>1=>9 B>G:>9 7@5=8O <>6=> A>3;0H0BLAO 8;8 =5 A>3;0H0BLAO, => >G5284=>, GB> 2 ?@54AB02;5=88 4>8AB>@8G5A:8E ;N459 3830=BA:85 E8I=K5 ?B8FK <>3;8 >;8F5B2>@OBL 1>65AB25==K5 8;8 65, =0?@>B82, 45<>=8G5A:85 A8;K. 5@2>5 ?8AL<5==>5 C?><8=0=85 > 3@8D>=0E <K =0E>48< C 4@52=53@5G5A:>3> 02B>@0 @8AB5O 87 @>:>=-=5A0, 682H53> 2 VII 25:5 4> =. M. = A>25@H8; ?CB5H5AB285 2 3;C1L &5=B@0;L=>9 788 2 ?>8A:0E 38?5@1>@59F52 8 8E A2OB8;8I0 ?>;;>=0, :>B>@K9 ?>G8B0;AO 2 MB8E :@0OE :0: ?>25;8B5;L A25B0 8 BL<K.  A2>8E AB@0=AB28OE @8AB59 ?>2AB@5G0; ?;5<O 8<<54>=89F52, ?>25402H8E 5<C > B><, GB> : A525@C >B 8E 75<5;L =0E>48BAO 3>@=0O F5?L  >18B5;L E>;>4=KE 25B@>2. @5G5A:89 ?CB5H5AB25==8: @5H8;, GB> MB> 1K;8 02:07A:85 3>@K, E>BO A>2@5<5==K5 CG5=K5 1>;LH5 A:;>=ONBAO : <=5=8N, GB> MB> 1K; A:>@55 #@0; 8;8 4065 ;B09. I5 3>2>@8;8, GB> 5ABL B0< 7>;>B>=>A=K5 @5:8 8 GB> >18B0NI85 2 B5E <5AB0E >4=>3;07K5 ;N48  0@8<0A-?K  B> 8 45;> ?>E8I0NB MB> 7>;>B> C 1KAB@KE 8 7;>1=KE <>=AB@>2, AB5@53CI8E 53>. 58725AB=>, :0: =07K20;8 MB8E <>=AB@>2 A0<8 8<<54>=89FK, => @8AB59 8<5=C5B 8E 3@8D>=0<8  B>340H=8< 3@5:0< MB> =0720=85 1K;> ?>=OB=>. 54L : B><C 2@5<5=8 2 3@5G5A:>< 8A:CAAB25 C65 A;>68;>AL >?@545;5==>5 ?@54AB02;5=85 > 3@8D>=5, 8 1>;55 ?>74=85 02B>@K ?@8=O;8 ?@54;>65==>5 @8AB55< >1>7=0G5=85 <>=AB@>2, AB>OI8E =0 AB@065 7>;>BKE @>AAK?59. 5@>4>B, 682H89 420 AB>;5B8O A?CABO ?>A;5 @8AB5O, ?>2B>@8; @0AA:07 > 3@8D>=0E 2 A2>59 AB>@88. B5A89 87 =84>A0, 3@5G5A:89 2@0G, :>B>@K9 1K; GCBL <;04H5 5@>4>B0, =0?8A0; F5;K9 =0CG=K9 B@C4, ?>A2OI5==K9 =488.  B5G5=85 <=>38E 25:>2 MB>B B@C4 AG8B0;AO 8AB>G=8:>< 4>AB>25@=59H8E D0:B>2. !@548 ?@>G8E GC45A B5A89 405B 45B0;L=59H55 >?8A0=85 3@8D>=0: -B> ?>@>40 G5B25@>=>38E ?B8F, @07<5@0<8 =5 CABC?0NI8E 2>;:0<, ;0?0<8 8 :>3BO<8 =0?><8=0NI8E ;L2>2, 2A5 8E BC;>28I5 ?>:@KB> G5@=K<8 ?5@LO<8  B>;L:> =0 3@C48 >=8 :@0A=K5. "0:>5 >?5@5=85 2?>;=5 ?>4E>48B 1>@>40GC-O3=OB=8:C, A0< 65 >1@07 G5B25@>=>3>9 ?B8FK <>3 1KBL 7=0:>< B5A8N ?> @>A?8AO< F0@A:>3> 42>@F0 2 5@A5?>;5, 345 >= 68; 4>2>;L=> 4>;3>5 2@5<O. AB0B8, B5A89 CB25@640;, GB> 548=AB25==K9, :B> 2 A>AB>O=88 A?@028BLAO A 3@8D>=><, MB> ;52 8;8 A;>=. 8<A:89 02B>@ ;02489 -;80=, 682H89 =5A:>;L:8<8 AB>;5B8O<8 ?>765 B5A8O, CB25@6405B 2 A2>59 :=835  E0@0:B5@8AB8:5 682>B=KE, GB> C 3@8D>=>2 15;K5 :@K;LO 8 @07=>F25B=K5 H58, :0: 1K >B45;0==K5 B5<=>-A8=8<8 ?5@LO<8. >;55 ?>74=85 02B>@K ?>;030;8AL ?@5645 2A53> =0 @8AB5O 8 5@>4>B0 (:0: =0 >G5284F52 B>3>, > G5< >=8 ?8A0;8), :0:, : ?@8<5@C, ;8=89 !B0@H89, 2 77 3>4C =. M. 7025@H82H89 A2>N AB5AB25==CN 8AB>@8N.  40;L=59H5<, ?@0240, A2545=8O AB0=>28;8AL 2A5 1>;55 70?CB0==K<8 8 ?>@>9 ?@>B82>@5G82K<8. > 8 2 A@54=85 25:0 ;N48 ?>-?@56=5<C 25@8;8 2 ?>4;8==>ABL A2845B5;LAB2 4@52=8E > ACI5AB2>20=88 3@8D>=>2, 8 MB> ?@8B><, GB> B>B 65 @8AB59 =8345 =5 CB25@6405B, 1C4B> 5<C 4>25;>AL A>1AB25==K<8 3;070<8 2845BL MB8E 70304>G=KE ACI5AB2. @8D>=K ?@54AB02;5=K 2 15AG8A;5==KE 15AB80@8OE A@548 ?@>G8E 682>B=KE, :0: @50;L=> ACI5AB2>202H8E, B0: 8 2K<KH;5==KE. 0: >B<5G05B >48= A?5F80;8AB, =5 8<5;> >A>1>3> 7=0G5=8O, 1K;> ;8 =0 A0<>< 45;5 B> 8;8 8=>5 ACI5AB2> 8;8 =5B. 06=55 4@C3>5: GB> >=> >1>7=0G0;> 8;8 A8<2>;878@>20;>. A5 682>B=K5 ?>4@0745;O;8AL =0 4>1@KE 8 7;KE. @8D>=0 G0I5 >B=>A8;8 :> 2B>@>9 3@C??5, E>BO =5:>B>@K5 02B>@K =045;O;8 53> 2A52>7<>6=K<8 4>AB>8=AB20<8. > CB25@645=8N >4=>3> 87 =8E, 3@8D>= 1K; A8<2>;>< 7=0=8O, ?>A:>;L:C 5<C 1K;> 8725AB=>, :0: >BKA:0BL 7>;>B>.  F5;>< 65 >= ?@54AB05B :0: ?5@A>=06 25AL<0 ?@>B82>@5G82K9. 0@:> >;>, A>25@H82H89 2 XIII 25:5 3@0=48>7=>5 ?CB5H5AB285 8 4>1@02H89AO 06 4> 8B0O, ?@54?@8=O; ?>?KB:C >BKA:0BL E>BO 1K :0:85-B> @50;L=K5 ?>4B25@645=8O ACI5AB2>20=8N 3@8D>=>2. #A;KH02, : ?@8<5@C, > 3830=BA:8E ?B8F0E, >18B0NI8E =0 04030A:0@5, >= @5H8;, GB> MB> 8 5ABL 3@8D>=K. #2K, 53> 640;> @07>G0@>20=85: MB> 459AB28B5;L=> 1K;8 ?B8FK, ?> AB@>5=8N =0?><8=0NI85 >@;>2, => B>;L:> :>;>AA0;L=>3> @07<5@0. 0: 4>;6=K 2K3;O45BL =0AB>OI85 3@8D>=K, >;> ?@5:@0A=> 7=0; ?> 87>1@065=8O< =0 AB5=0E A>1>@0 A2OB>3> 0@:0 2 5=5F88 8 87 <=>3>G8A;5==KE 8;;NAB@8@>20==KE <0=CA:@8?B>2. !>1AB25==K5 2?5G0B;5=8O ?CB5H5AB25==8:0 =5@54:> @0AE>48;8AL A B@048F8>==K<8 ?@54AB02;5=8O<8.  F5;>< 65 53> 70?8A:8 O2=> =5 >?@0240;8 >6840=8O A>2@5<5==8:>2. C40 1>;55 ?@82;5:0B5;L=K<8 >:070;8AL !:8B0=8O 0=4528;;O. ">G=> CAB0=>28BL 8E 02B>@0 A59G0A =5 ?@54AB02;O5BAO 2>7<>6=K<.  :=835 >?8AK20NBAO ?CB5H5AB28O ?> D@8:5 8 788, >18B0NI85 B0< 2A52>7<>6=K5 @0AK 8 MB=8G5A:85 3@C??K ;N459 8 284K 682>B=KE. @8D>=, ?> A;>20< 02B>@0, @07<5@>< 8 A8;>9 @025= 2>AL<8 ;L20<& 8 A8;L=55 8 :@C?=55 A>B=8 >@;>2. 0AA:07K20NB, GB> >48= 3@8D>= :0:-B> ?>4=O; 2 A2>5 3=574> >3@><=CN ;>H04L. !>3;0A=> A@54=525:>2K< ?@54AB02;5=8O< > <8@5, ACI5AB2>20=85 @07;8G=KE A:07>G=KE ACI5AB2 AG8B0;>AL 4>:070==K< D0:B><, 0 @07;8G=K< G0ABO< 8E B5;0 ?@8?8AK20;0AL GC4>459AB25==0O A8;0. @8D>= =5 8A:;NG5=85. > ?@540=8N, 5A;8 87 53> :>3BO A45;0BL :C1>:, B> AB>8B =54>1@>65;0B5;N ?>4<5H0BL 2 ?8BL5 O4, :0: A>AC4 BCB 65 <5=O5B A2>9 F25B. >=OB=>, GB> 70?>;CG8BL B0:>9 :>3>BL 1K;> >G5=L =5?@>AB>. = <>3 4>AB0BLAO 2 :0G5AB25 =03@04K B>;L:> G5;>25:C, AC<52H5<C 87;5G8BL 3@8D>=0 >B BO6:>9 E2>@8.  A@54=85 25:0 1K;> 8725AB=> =5A:>;L:> B0:8E :>3B59  =0 A0<>< 45;5 MB> 1K;8 @>30 @07;8G=KE 682>B=KE, >B45;0==K5 7>;>B>< 8 4@03>F5==K<8 :0<=O<8. #B25@640;8, GB> A;5?K5 ?@>7@520;8, 5A;8 ?5@54 8E 3;070<8 ?>2>48BL ?5@>< 3@8D>=0.  2 =5:>B>@KE @0==8E 35@<0=A:8E :=830E ?> <548F8=5 3>2>@8;>AL, GB> 5A;8 3@8D>=0 ?>;>68BL =0 3@C4L 65=I8=5, AB@040NI59 >B 15A?;>48O, B> >=0 GC45A=K< >1@07>< 8AF5;8BAO >B A2>53> =54C30.  XVII 25:5 ?>O28;>AL =5A:>;L:> >1J5<8ABKE B@C4>2, 02B>@K :>B>@KE ?>?KB0;8AL @07>1@0BLAO, 345 :>=G05BAO ?@0240 8 =0G8=05BAO >B:@>25==K9 2K<KA5; 2 15AG8A;5==KE >?8A0=8OE =525@>OB=KE ACI5AB2.  1646 3>4C AM@ "><0A @0C= 70O28;, GB> 3@8D>= ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>9 =5 GB> 8=>5, :0: AC3C1> A8<2>;8G5A:>5 682>B=>5. 0 A<5=C >A2OI5==K< 25:0<8 ?@54AB02;5=8O< H;8 M<?8@8G5A:85 7=0=8O, ;53H85 2 >A=>2C =>2>9 =0CG=>9 :0@B8=K <8@0.  4>2>;L=> A:>@> 3@8D>=  70>4=> A =5:>B>@K<8 A2>8<8 A:07>G=K<8 A>1@0BLO<8  C40;8;AO BC40, >B:C40 >= =5:>340 8 ?@81K;, 2 <8@ 8A:CAAB20 8 ?>M788. !0<>5 4@52=55 87 8725AB=KE A53>4=O 87>1@065=89 3@8D>=0 1K;> >1=0@C65=> 2>7;5 3>@>40 (CH0 (=0 B5@@8B>@88 A>2@5<5==>3> @0=0). = 1K; 70?5G0B;5= =0 A45;0==>9 >:>;> 3000 3>40 4> =. M. ?5G0B8. >E>655 :;59<> A 3@8D>=>< 1K;> 873>B>2;5=> GCBL ?>765 2 81;>A5  2 =5A:>;L:8E A>B=OE <8;L >B (CH8. @8D>=K 1K;8 87402=0 8725AB=K 8 2 38?B5. > 2@5<5=0 OB>9 48=0AB88 A0< D0@0>= 87>1@060;AO 2 2845 3@8D>=0, ?>25@30NI53> =075<L 2@030, GB> A8<2>;878@>20;> <>IL ?@028B5;O. !>3;0A=> =5:>B>@K< B5>@8O<, 87>1@065=85 3@8D>=0 <>3;> 8<5BL 8 8=>5 7=0G5=85, A8<2>;878@CO A>N7 1>30 A>;=F0 (87>1@0602H53>AO A 3>;>2>9 A>:>;0) 8 1>38=8 =>G8 8 =510 (A BC;>28I5< :>H:8).  >4=>< ?0?8@CA5 3@8D>= 1K; ?@>2>73;0H5= A0<K< <>3CI5AB25==K< A@548 2A5E 682KE ACI5AB2, ?>A:>;L:C C =53> 1K; :;N2 A>:>;0, 3;070 G5;>25:0, BC;>28I5 ;L20, CH=K5 >B25@AB8O @K1K 8 E2>AB 7<58  B> 5ABL 0B@81CBK ?@54AB028B5;59 2A5E >A=>2=KE 284>2 682>B=>3> <8@0.  5A;8 CG5ABL, GB> 5I5 >48= 538?5BA:89 3@8D>=, :>B>@K9, 2?@>G5<, ?@5B5@?5; A> 2@5<5=5< =5:>B>@K5 87<5=5=8O, 0AA>F88@>20;AO A !5B><, 2@03>< >@0  1>30 A>;=F0, B> =5C4828B5;L=>, GB> MB0 ?B8F0 AB0;0 A2>53> @>40 ?>A@54=8:>< <564C A25B>< 8 BL<>9, 4>1@>< 8 7;><. 38?5BA:>5 2;8O=85 70<5B=> 2 <8=>9A:>9 :C;LBC@5, :>B>@0O, 2 A2>N >G5@54L, ?>2;8O;0 =0 <=>385 4@C385 F828;870F88 4@52=>AB8. =>3>G8A;5==K5 87>1@065=8O 3@8D>=0 1K;8 >1=0@C65=K =0 >AB@>25 @8B =0 AB5=0E B@>==>3> 70;0 F0@A:>3> 42>@F0 2 =>AA5, =0 =043@>18OE 8 2 A2OB8;8I0E. 0 ?>;B>@K BKAOG8 ;5B 4> =0H59 M@K ?>4>1=K5 87>1@065=8O 2A5 G0I5 8 G0I5 ?>O2;ONBAO 2 70?04=>9 G0AB8 788. @81;878B5;L=> A 1400 3>40 4> =. M. 3@8D>= ?@868;AO 8 2 @5F88. "0< >= 0AA>F88@>20;AO ?@5645 2A53> A ?>;;>=><, 8>=8A>< 8 5<5784>9. ?>;;>= =5@54:> 87>1@060;AO 25@E>< =0 3@8D>=5 8;8 65 54CI8< 2 :>;5A=8F5, 70?@O65==>9 3@8D>=0<8. ;8O=85 @5F88 @0A?@>AB@0=8;>AL =0 ;5:A0=4@8N, 345 3@8D>= AB0; ?@0:B8G5A:8 =587<5==K< A?CB=8:>< 5<5784K. 54L >10 >B;8G0;8AL A28@5?K< =@02>< 8 >10 =5<8;>A5@4=> :0@0;8 7;>4552. !> 2@5<5=5< 3@8D>=K ?@>=8:;8 2> 2A5 75<;8, =0E>482H85AO ?>4 3@5G5A:8< 2;8O=85<: 2A;54 70 ;5:A0=4@>< 5;8:8< >=8 ?>?0;8 2 =48N; 8E ?@8=O;8 MB@CA:8 8 @8<;O=5; => >A>15==> H8@>:>5 ?@87=0=85 >=8 2AB@5B8;8 A@548 A:8D>2 8 A0@<0B>2. ;8O=85 (B>G=55, 2708<>2;8O=85) @07;8G=KE :C;LBC@  ?@>F5AA 4>2>;L=> A;>6=K9, 8 ?>MB><C =5 2A5340 <>6=> A C25@5==>ABLN A:070BL, 1K;8 ;8 A:07>G=K5 ?B8FK =488 8;8 5@A88 ?@54H5AB25==8:0<8 A:8DA:8E 3@8D>=>2 8;8 65 =0>1>@>B. /A=> ;8HL, GB> 2;8O=85 :>G52KE ?;5<5= 70<5B=> CA8;8;>AL A ?045=85< 8<A:>9 8<?5@88. => ?@>4>;60;>AL 8 ?>A;5 B>3>, :0: 20@20@K ?@8=O;8 E@8AB80=AB2> 8 ?5@5H;8 : >A54;><C >1@07C 687=8. @8D>= 1;03>?>;CG=> ?5@5:>G520; 2 E@8AB80=A:CN 8:>=>3@0D8N, 345 53> 87>1@065=85 8<5;> A0<>5 @07=>5 7=0G5=85, 70G0ABCN ?@O<> ?@>B82>?>;>6=>5. = A @02=K< CA?5E>< <>3 1KBL 8 A8<2>;>< A0B0=K, 8 8=:0@=0F859 (2>?;>I5=85<) %@8AB0. 4=> 2@5<O =0 AB5=0E F5@:259 8 <>=0ABK@59 2@>?K >B B0;88 4> @;0=488 1K;8 2> <=>65AB25 ?@54AB02;5=K 87>1@065=8O 3@8D>=>2. >AB5?5==> >=8 AB0;8 8AG570BL  2?>;=5 2>7<>6=>, ?>4 2;8O=85< 8459 B5>;>30 5@=0@0 ;5@2>AA:>3> (1090 1153), A>E@0=82H8AL ;8HL 2 35@0;L48:5. ! 2>7@>645=85< 3@5:>-@8<A:>3> 8A:CAAB20 2 M?>EC 5=5AA0=A0 8 @0==53> 10@>::> 8=B5@5A : 70304>G=K< ACI5AB20< 2>7@>48;AO 1K;> 2=>2L, => MB> 1K; ;8HL A;01K9 >B1;5A: 8E 1K;>9 A;02K. =>340 >=8 2AB@5G0NBAO 5I5 =0 ?>;>B=0E 8 3@02N@0E 25;8:8E <0AB5@>2 (: ?@8<5@C, N@5@0). >;>BKE 45; <0AB5@0 ?>@>9 873>B02;820NB 87C<8B5;L=K5 G0H8 2 2845 3@8D>=>2. > A0<8 >=8 C65 =5 1>;55 G5< 0;;53>@8O. 8:B> C65 =5 A2O7K205B MB8E ?>;C;L2>2-?>;C?B8F A> A25@EJ5AB5AB25==K<8 A8;0<8. ?@>G5<, 3@8D>=C 1K;> AC645=> 2>7@>48BLAO 5I5 @07. @>87>H;> MB> 2 A0<>< =0G0;5 ?@>H;>3> 25:0: 0?>;5>= >=0?0@B 70<5B=> >1>30B8; =5>:;0AA8F87< ?><?59A:8<8 8 538?5BA:8<8 <>B820<8, :>B>@K5 ?@8720=K 1K;8 2>AA;028BL 53> 8<?5@8N. > 8 =0 MB>B @07 AD8=:AK 8 3@8D>=K ?>O2;ONBAO B>;L:> =0 ?@54<5B0E >1AB0=>2:8  :0: M;5<5=B 45:>@0F88, 8 =5 1>;55 B>3>.  =0H5 2@5<O EC4>6=8:8 2@5<O >B 2@5<5=8 2A?><8=0NB > 3@8D>=0E.  >A=>2=>< :>340 A>740NB >G5@54=>9 ;>3>B8? 8;8 8;;NAB@8@CNB D0=B0AB8G5A:85 ?@>872545=8O. 0G8=0O A> 2@5<5= @52=59 @5F88, ;8B5@0BC@=K5 AB@0=8FK =5 @07 AB0=>28;8AL 3>AB5?@88<=K< >18B0;8I5< 4;O 3@8D>=>2. =8 C?><8=0NBAO 2 @8:>20==>< @><5B55 -AE8;0, AG8B0NI53>AO, :0: 8725AB=>, >BF>< B@035488. 5@54:> 8AB>@8G5A:0O ?@0240 8 ?>MB8G5A:89 2K<KA5; ?5@5A5:0;8AL, :0: MB> ?@>87>H;>, =0?@8<5@, 2 =0?8A0==>< ?@81;878B5;L=> 2 400 3>4C 4> =. M. ><0=5 >1 ;5:A0=4@5, AB02H5< =5>1KG09=> ?>?C;O@=K< 8 4>H54H5< 2 @07;8G=KE ?5@5;>65=8OE 4> A@54=8E 25:>2. >AB83=C2 :>=F0 8725AB=>3> 2 53> M?>EC <8@0, ;5:A0=4@ 274C<0; ?>:>@8BL =515A0. ;O MB>3> 1K;0 A45;0=0 A?5F80;L=0O :>;5A=8F0, 2 :>B>@CN 70?@O3;8 G5BK@5E 3@8D>=>2. ;5:A0=4@ ?>4=O;AO >G5=L 2KA>:>, =>, ?@5645 G5< >= A<>3 4>AB8GL =515A, >3 70AB028; 3@8D>=>2 A?CAB8BLAO >1@0B=> =0 75<;N. 45AL, ?@0240, :0: 8 2> <=>38E 1>;55 ?>74=8E ;8B5@0BC@=KE ?@>872545=8OE, >AB05BAO =5OA=K<, 8<5;AO ;8 2 284C :;0AA8G5A:89 3@8D>=, 8;8 65 MB8< A;>2>< 02B>@K >1>7=0G0;8 3830=BA:8E @07<5@>2 E8I=KE ?B8F. > <=>38E ?@>872545=8OE A@54=525:>2LO, =0?@8<5@ 2 5@F>35 -@=AB5 (1180), 3@8D>=K >?8AK20NBAO :0: =5>1KG09=> 7;>1=K5 8 A8;L=K5 A>740=8O, :>B>@K< 2?>;=5 ?>4 A8;C ?>=OBL 2 2>74CE 27@>A;>3> G5;>25:0.  ?>M<5 X 25:0 (0E=0<5 $8@4>CA8 N=K9 ?@8=F 1K; 27@0I5= !8<C@3>< 8 =0 ?@>I0=85 ?>;CG8; >B =53> 2 40@ 2>;H51=>5 ?5@>, :>B>@>5 4>;65= 1K; A65GL, 5A;8 5<C ?>=04>18BAO ?><>IL.  8B0;LO=A:>9 ?>M788 3@8D>=  =5<0;>206=K9 A8<2>;, : ?@8<5@C, 2 >65AB25==>9 :><5488 0=B5 >= >;8F5B2>@O5B A0<>3> 8ACA0 %@8AB0. ;87:0O : =5<C A8<2>;8G5A:0O ?B8F0 38??>3@8D >?8AK205BAO 2 ?>M<5 58AB>2K9 >;0=4 C4>28:> @8>AB>. !G8B05BAO, GB> A2>53> 38??>3@8D0 @8>AB> A>B2>@8;, 24>E=>2;5==K9 AB@>:>9 87 5@38;8O. >1028<, GB> 3@8D>= =5@54:> 2AB@5G05BAO 8 2 52@>?59A:>< D>;L:;>@5. 0?@8<5@, 2 =5<5F:>< 20@80=B5 AN65B0 > :@0A028F5 8 GC4>28I5 8<5==> 3@8D>= ?5@5=>A8B 70:>;4>20==>3> ?@8=F0 8 53> =525ABC G5@57 @0A=>5 <>@5. >A;5 XVI 25:0 3@8D>= 2 A>>B25BAB288 A =>2K<8 25O=8O<8 2A5 1>;LH5 8 1>;LH5 ?@52@0I05BAO 2 AB8;8AB8G5A:CN D83C@C. #?><8=0=8O > =5< <>6=> =09B8 2 >B5@O==>< @05 8;LB>=0 8 2 $0CAB5 5B5. >A;5 $0CAB0, 70:>=G5==>3> 2 1831 3>4C, ;8B5@0BC@0 =5 G0AB> 2A?><8=0;0 > 3@8D>=0E. > 1>;LH59 G0AB8 MB> 1K;8 ?@>872545=8O 4;O 45B59 2@>45 ;8AK 2 AB@0=5 GC45A LN8A0 M@@>;;0 8;8 @8D>=0 8 <;04H53> :0=>=8:0 $@5=:0 !B>:B>=0 (2?5@2K5 >?C1;8:>20=0 2 70-5 3>4K ?@>H;>3> 25:0). =>340 3@8D>=0 <>6=> 2AB@5B8BL 2 A>2@5<5==KE D0=B0AB8G5A:8E @><0=0E 4;O 27@>A;KE; : ?@8<5@C, C 8@A0 -=B>=8 8 ;8DD>@40 !09<0:0. @8D>= 1K; G0ABLN 70?04=>9 F828;870F88 A> 2@5<5= 55 70@>645=8O. = 1K; @07=K<. = 1K; ?>2AN4C.  >= =5 CB@0B8; A2>59 2;0AB8 =04 =0<8, A:>;L:> 1K ;N48 =8 ?KB0;8AL 45<8AB8D8F8@>20BL 53> >1@07. 54L MB> A:07>G=>5 ACI5AB2>  >B@065=85 A0<>9 G5;>25G5A:>9 =0BC@K, B0:>9 42>9AB25==>9 8 ?@>B82>@5G82>9.   7 2A5E 2K<KH;5==KE ACI5AB2 4@0:>= =081>;55 8725AB5= 2> 2A5< <8@5. ! 3;C1>:>9 4@52=>AB8 4> =0H53> 2@5<5=8, =0 2>AB>:5 8 =0 70?045, 2 =0@>4=>< M?>A5 8 D0=B0AB8G5A:8E ?@>872545=8OE 4@0:>= 1K; >;8F5B2>@5=85< GC4>28I=>9 A25@EG5;>25G5A:>9 A8;K.  A:070=8OE <=>38E =0@>4>2 <8@0 4@0:>=K  8725G=K5 <>3CG85 ?@>B82=8:8 35@>52.  :064>9 87 ;535=4 ?>1540 =04 4@0:>=>< 8<55B >3@><=>5 A8<2>;8G5A:>5, 0 ?>4G0A 8 ?@0:B8G5A:>5 7=0G5=85. 5@>8 1;86=52>AB>G=KE ?@540=89 B0:8< >1@07>< A?0A0;8 A2>8 =0@>4K >B @07;8G=KE 154AB289. >15482 4@0:>=0, <8D>;>38G5A:85 3@5G5A:85 2>8=K >1@5B0;8 15AA<5@B85, 0 A@54=525:>2K5 @KF0@8  =5A<5B=K5 A>:@>28I0, ?@5:@0A=KE =525AB 8 :>@>;52A:85 :>@>=K.  A>2@5<5==KE D0=B0AB8G5A:8E @><0=0E AC4L10 F828;870F89 <=>38E ?;0=5B 7028A8B ?>@>9 >B 8AE>40 18B2K A 4@0:>=><, 2;0ABL :>B>@>3> @0A?@>AB@0=O5BAO =0 2AN A5;5==CN. 45 1K =8 ?>O28;AO 4@0:>=, 5<C 2A5340 =0E>48;AO >B206=K9 A>?5@=8:. E 1>@L10  3;02=K9 AN65B <8D>2 2A5E =0@>4>2 <8@0. ?@>G5<, 4@0:>= 40;5:> =5 2A5340 AG8B0;AO B0:8< C6 GC4>28I5<. !>2@5<5==K9 4@0:>= 8<55B 4>2>;L=> <0;> >1I53> A> A2>8< A@54=525:>2K< ?@54:>< 8 5I5 <5=LH5  A 4@0:>=0<8 87 4@52=8E <8D>2 8 ;535=4, :>B>@K< 70G0ABCN 1K;0 A>25@H5==> =5A2>9AB25==0 GC4>28I=0O :@>2>604=>ABL. !;>2> 4@0:>= 3@5G5A:>3> ?@>8AE>645=8O, >4=0:> 8 2 @52=59 @5F88, 8 2> <=>38E 52@>?59A:8E AB@0=0E 4@0:>=0 G0AB> =07K20;8 8=0G5. ! 4@C3>9 AB>@>=K, 4@0:>=0<8 =5@54:> =07K20;8 7<59 8 4@C38E 682>B=KE, :>B>@K5, AB@>3> 3>2>@O, B0:>2K<8 =5 O2;O;8AL. @>1;5<0 A>AB>8B 5I5 8 2 B><, GB> 1>;55 8;8 <5=55 B>G=> ?@54AB02;5=8O > B><, :>3> A;54C5B =07K20BL 4@0:>=><, =8:>340 =5 1K;>. 7 15AD>@<5==>3> GC4>28I0 4@52=8E 2>AB>G=KE ;535=4 4@0:>= ?@52@0I05BAO 2 ?;>4 A>2@5<5==>9 D0=B0AB8:8  ACI5AB2>, =045;5==>5 2?>;=5 >?@545;5==K<8 @07<5@0<8, 2=5H=8< 284><, F25B>< 8 4@C38<8 G5@B0<8. 4=0:> <K =5 4>;6=K 701K20BL > B><, GB> 4@0:>=  2K<KH;5==>5 ACI5AB2> 8 ?>MB><C 53> >?8A0=85 ?@>AB> =5 <>65B 1KBL B0:8< 65 G5B:8<, :0: >?8A0=85 G53>-B> @50;L=> ACI5AB2CNI53> 2 ?@8@>45. >7<>6=>, 8<5==> ?>MB><C 4@0:>= 8 2AB@5G05BAO 2 AB>;L <=>38E :C;LBC@0E. =  2>?;>I5=85 >1I5G5;>25G5A:>3> AB@0E0 ?5@54 7<5O<8. > MB> 5I5 >4=0 ?@8G8=0, ?> :>B>@>9 A;54C5B @0745;8BL ?>E>685, => 2A5 65 @07;8G0NI85AO ?>=OB8O 4@0:>=0 8 7<58.  ?;0=5 @5H5=8O ?@>1;5<K <K ?>3>2>@8< > ACI5AB20E, :>B>@K5, 2>-?5@2KE, =>AOB MB> 8<O (:0: 3@5G5A:89 4@0:>=, @8<A:89 4@0:> 8;8 4@52=58@;0=4A:89 4@0C:) 8, 2>-2B>@KE, >1;040NB >A=>2=K<8 A2>9AB20<8 4@0:>=0  7<55?>4>1=K5 ACI5AB20 >3@><=KE @07<5@>2 A :@K;LO<8, :>3BO<8, E2>AB><, 8725@30NI85 >3>=L 8;8 O4, >E@0=ONI85 A>:@>28I0, 682CI85 2 B@C4=>4>ABC?=KE <5AB0E 8 ?@>B82>AB>OI85 35@>8G5A:8< 2>8=0<. -B>B :@C3 4>2>;L=> H8@>:, =>, A 4@C3>9 AB>@>=K, 2 =53> =5 2>H;8 <=>385 ACI5AB20, :>B>@KE 8=>340 8<5=CNB 4@0:>=0<8: GC4>28I0 87 538?5BA:8E, 2028;>=A:8E 8 4@52=58=489A:8E A:070=89, <8@>;N182K5 2>AB>G=K5 4@0:>=K, 0 B0:65 :@K;0BK5 7<58, >?8A0==K5 4@52=8<8 8 A@54=525:>2K<8 CG5=K<8, GLO 03@5AA82=>ABL =5 1K;0 =0?@02;5=0 8A:;NG8B5;L=> =0 35@>52. 1@07 4@0:>=0 A>18@0;AO ?> :@C?8F0< 8 ?@8=O; >:>=G0B5;L=K9 284 B>;L:> 2 A@54=525:>2L5. >@5=L A;>20 4@0:>= >1>7=0G05B 273;O4, 2 B> 2@5<O :0: A;>20, >1>7=0G0NI85 7<5N, 2 52@>?59A:8E O7K:0E ?@>8AE>4OB >1KG=> >B 55 A2>9AB20 ?5@542830BLAO 157 ?><>I8 :>=5G=>AB59  ?>;7B8, 873810BLAO, 7<58BLAO. 848<>, 4@0:>= 1K; =0720= B0: 70 A2>N 7>@:>ABL 8;8 70 1;5ABOI85 3;070. -B> A2>9AB2> 5I5 2 4@52=>AB8 ?@54>?@545;8;> >A=>2=CN DC=:F8N 4@0:>=0  >E@0=OBL A>:@>28I0. A;8 4>1028BL : MB><C 5I5 8 2@06451=CN =0BC@C 4@0:>=0, C=0A;54>20==CN >B 7<59, ?>;CG8< ?>2B>@ONI89AO 2 ;535=40E <=>38E =0@>4>2 AN65B: 4@0:>= >E@0=O5B =5GB> F5==>5; =5:B> ?KB05BAO 702;045BL MB8<; 4@0:>= A>?@>B82;O5BAO; =0G8=05BAO 18B20; 4@0:>= C18B; ?>1548B5;L ?>;CG05B B>, G53> E>B5;. -B>B AN65B <>6=> @0AA<0B@820BL :0: ?>4G5@:820=85 A2>9AB20, >B;8G0NI53> 4@0:>=0 >B 7<58 8 70:@5?;5==>3> 2 53> 8<5=8: >=  AB@06. =>385 CG5=K5, 70=8<02H85AO 87CG5=85< <8D>;>38G5A:>3> 4@0:>=0, ?KB0;8AL >?@545;8BL 8AB>G=8:, 87 :>B>@>3> 2>7=8: MB>B >1@07. >?KB:8 25;8AL ?> B@5< =0?@02;5=8O<: MB8<>;>38G5A:>5, :>340 2> 3;07C C3;0 AB028BAO ?5@2>=0G0;L=K9 A<KA; A;>20 4@0:>= 8 : :>B>@><C <K >1@0I0;8AL 2KH5; =0BC@0;8AB8G5A:>5  ?>8A: 4@0:>=0 A@548 682>B=>3> <8@0 8;8 48=>702@>2; 8, =0:>=5F, <8D>;>38G5A:>5  ?>?KB:8 >BKA:0BL A2O7L 4@0:>=0 A 1>;55 4@52=8<8 7<55?>4>1=K<8 ?5@A>=060<8.  B> 2@5<O :0: ?5@2>5 87 =0?@02;5=89 =5?;>E> >1JOA=O5B ?@>8AE>645=85 A;>20 4@0:>=, 420 4@C38E 3>@074> 1;865 ?>4E>4OB : 2>7<>6=><C 8AB>G=8:C ?>O2;5=8O A0<>3> >1@070. AB5AB25==K9 AB@0E G5;>25:0 ?5@54 7<5O<8 ?@825; : A>740=8N >1@070 2K<KH;5==>3> ACI5AB20, 2 :>B>@>< 7<58=K5 A2>9AB20 1K;8 A8;L=> ?@5C25;8G5=K. >7<>6=>, ?@8G8=>9 ?>O2;5=8O A:070=89 > 4@0:>=0E 1K;8 A;CG09=K5 =0E>4:8 :>AB59 48=>702@>2 4@52=8<8 ;N4L<8.  ?>;L7C MB>3> ?@54?>;>65=8O 3>2>@8B 8 8=B5@5A : 4@0:>=0<, 2>7=8:H89 2 :>=F5 XIX 25:0 ?>A;5 >1=0@C65=8O 2 2@>?5 >AB0=:>2 48=>702@>2. #G5=K5, ?@54?>G8B0NI85 <8D>;>38G5A:89 ?>4E>4, AG8B0NB, GB> 4@0:>= ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>9 2>?;>I5=85 ?>475<=>9 687=8, :>B>@0O 87-70 A2>59 =58725AB=>AB8 2>A?@8=8<0;0AL 4@52=8<8 ;N4L<8 :0: 2@06451=0O A8;0. @06451=>ABL 1>30<  >A=>2=0O G5@B0 4@0:>=>2 1;86=52>AB>G=KE <8D>2, 345 1>65AB25==K5 35@>8 A@060NBAO A GC4>28I5<, GB>1K A?0AB8 <8@ >B E0>A0. 8D>;>38 CB25@640NB, GB> A>1@0==K9 87 @07;8G=KE 1>;55 4@52=8E M;5<5=B>2 >1@07 4@0:>=0 ?>O28;AO 2 38?B5, 0 70B5< ?5@5:>G520; 2 =48N, 345 4@0:>= 87 ?@>AB> 682CI53> 2 2>45 ACI5AB20 ?@52@0B8;AO 2 1>65AB25==>3> ?>:@>28B5;O 2>4.  40;L=52>AB>G=>9 <8D>;>388 4@0:>=  25;8:>4CH=K9 70I8B=8: ;N459, @0A?@545;ONI89 687=5==> =5>1E>48<CN 2>4C, A8<2>; ?;>4>@>48O 8 C40G8.  52@>?59A:>< ?@54AB02;5=88, @07282H5<AO ?@58<CI5AB25==> =0 >A=>25 3@5G5A:8E <8D>2, 4@0:>=, =0?@>B82, O2;O5BAO ?@>B82=8:>< 1>30 A>;=F0. "0: 2>7=8:;> DC=40<5=B0;L=>5 @07;8G85 <564C 4@0:>=0<8 0?040 8 >AB>:0. 0: =8 ?@82;5:0B5;L=0 MB0 845O, AB>8B, 2>7<>6=>, >B:070BLAO >B ?>8A:>2 ?5@2>=0G0;L=>3> 4@0:>=0 8 ?@8=OBL 845N > B><, GB> :0640O :C;LBC@0 8A?KBK20;0 =5>1E>48<>ABL 2 A>740=88 4@0:>=>?>4>1=>3> ACI5AB20 8 GB> 4@0:>= ?@84C<K20;AO =0@>40<8 2A53> <8@0 =57028A8<> 4@C3 >B 4@C30. =489A:0O 832540 >?8AK205B A@065=85 <564C =515A=K< 1>3>< =4@>9 8 ?>475<=K< 45<>=>< 8B@>9, :>B>@K9 >128=O;AO 2 ?>E8I5=88 4>6452KE >1;0:>2 8 70E20B5 75<=KE 8AB>G=8:>2 2>4K. 8B@0 >?8AK205BAO :0: 4@0:>=>?>4>1=>5 ACI5AB2>. >65AB25==K5 =038, ACI5AB20 A G5;>25G5A:8<8 ;8F0<8 8 7<58=K<8 E2>AB0<8, =0A5;ONB ?>475<=>5 >75@> 0B0;0.  7028A8<>AB8 >B A2>53> ?@54=07=0G5=8O =038 ?>4@0745;ONBAO =0 G5BK@5 B8?0: =515A=K5  >E@0=ONI85 42>@FK, A2OI5==K5  40NI85 4>64L, 75<=K5  >ACH0NI85 @5:8 8 A:@KBK5  >15@530NI85 A>:@>28I0.  18@<0=A:>9 <8D>;>388 =038, A>548=ONI85 2 A515 >1@07K 4@0:>=0, 7<58 8 :@>:>48;0, >40@ONB 35@>52 @C18=0<8 8, :@><5 B>3>, ?>:@>28B5;LAB2CNB =5:>B>@K< :>@>;O<. 0: 8 =038, :8B09A:85 4@0:>=K ;C=38 B0:65 ?>4@0745;ONBAO =0 G5BK@5 2840. @0:>=K, >E@0=ONI85 8<?5@0B>@A:89 42>@5F, 8<5NB 2 >B;8G85 >B 4@C38E =5 G5BK@5, 0 ?OBL :>3B59. >AB>G=K9 4@0:>= 2>>1I5 G0I5 2A53> 0AA>F88@C5BAO A :>@>;52A:>9 8;8 8<?5@0B>@A:>9 2;0ABLN. 5@2K9 :8B09A:89 8<?5@0B>@ $C !8, ?> ?@540=8N, 8<5; 4@0:>=89 E2>AB. 3> =0A;54=8: (5= C= 1K; 2>A?8B0= >?OBL-B0:8 4@0:>=><. <?5@0B>@ %C0= "8 1K; 4>AB02;5= =0 =51> 2 :>;5A=8F5 87 A;>=>2>9 :>AB8, 70?@O65==>9 H5ABLN :@K;0BK<8 4@0:>=0<8. K10-4@0:>= .-;C=3, ?@52@0B82H0OAO 87 :0@?0 2 :@K;0B>5 ACI5AB2> 8 C;5B52H0O =0 =51>, ?5@5?@K3=C2 G5@57 2>4>?04 >@>B0 @0:>=0 =0 @5:5 /=F7K, O2;O5BAO A8<2>;>< =5:>B>@KE :8B09A:8E D8;>A>DA:8E H:>;, AG8B05BAO, GB> ?@>E>645=85 B@C4=KE M:70<5=>2 A@>4=8 ?@K6:0< G5@57 2>4>?04. @5F8O 40;0 2@>?5 =5 B>;L:> D8;>A>D8N, =0C:C, <548F8=C 8 ?>;8B8:C, => 8 A0<>3> 8725AB=>3> <>=AB@0. @0:>= >AB028; A2>9 A;54 2 3@5G5A:>9 8AB>@88, <8D>;>388 8 5AB5AB25==KE =0C:0E. 530AD5= C?><8=05B > <0;5=L:8E :@K;0BKE 7<5OE, >18B0NI8E 2 =488. 5@>4>B ?8H5B 2 A2>59 AB>@88 > @07=>F25B=KE :@K;0BKE 7<59:0E, >E@0=ONI8E 2 @0288 45@52LO, =0 :>B>@KE @0ABCB ?@O=>AB8. 4=0:> 52@>?59A:>5 ?@54AB02;5=85 > 4@0:>=5 1078@C5BAO A:>@55 =0 3@5G5A:8E <8D0E, G5< =0 =0C:5. @5645 2A53> AB>8B >B<5B8BL B>, GB> 3@5G5A:85 4@0:>=K =5@54:> 8<5;8 ?> =5A:>;L:C 3>;>2 8 A>AB>O;8 87 G0AB59 @07=KE 682>B=KE.  48AA55 8 ;8045 >?8AK205BAO %8<5@0  ACI5AB2>, A>AB02;5==>5 87 G0AB59 7<58, ;L20, :>7;0 8 G5;>25:0, :>B>@>5 8725@305B ?;0<O. 5A8>4 2 "5>3>=88 3>2>@8B > 7<55?>4>1=KE GC4>28I0E, ?>A;0=F0E ?5@2>1KB=>3> E0>A0  E84=5, %8<5@5 8 &8D55. E84=0  ?>;C4520-?>;C7<5O A ?OB=8AB>9 H:C@>9, ACI5AB2>, :>B>@>5 =5 C<8@05B 8 =0 AB0@55B, 6825B 2 B@C4=>4>ABC?=>9 ?5I5@5 8 ?8B05BAO AK@>9 G5;>25G5A:>9 ?;>BLN. B 55 A>N70 A &8D55<, 2@03>< 52A0, @>48;0AL %8<5@0, :>B>@0O, A>3;0A=> ><5@C, 4KH8B ?;0<5=5< 8 8<55B B@8 3>;>2K: 7<58=CN, :>7;8=CN 8 4@0:>=LN. -B> GC4>28I5 1K;> ?>15645=> 5@A55<. A;8 %8<5@0 B@5E3>;>20O, B> 55 >B5F &8D59  AB>3;02K9 4@0:>=, 3;070 :>B>@>3> 8725@30NB >3>=L. 52A ?>156405B &8D5O 2 18B25, >B :>B>@>9 4@>60;8 75<;O 8 =51>. 1@07 4@0:>=0, AB5@53CI53> A>:@>28I0, 1K; H8@>:> @0A?@>AB@0=5= C 3@5:>2. ?>;;>=, ?>15482H89 7;>2>==>5, 872820NI55AO GC4>28I5, ?>AB@>8; =0 4>1KB>5 1>30BAB2> 7=0<5=8BK9 E@0< 2 5;LD0E. 5AB>, 345 ?@>87>H;0 18B20, 1K;> =0720=> 8B> (7;>2>=85), >BAN40 =0720=85 ?8B>=.  @3>=02B8:5 ?>;;>=8O >4>AA:>3> /A>= =0E>48B 7>;>B>5 @C=> 2 7C10E >3@><=>3> 4@0:>=0 A >3=5==K<8 3;070<8, 25;8G8=>9 ?@52>AE>4OI53> :>@01;L A ?OBLN45AOBLN 3@51F0<8, 682CI53> 2 A2OI5==>9 @>I5 2 >;E845. ! ?><>ILN 5458, 4>G5@8 F0@O >;E84K, CAK?82H59 4@0:>=0 A2>8< ?5=85<, /A>= C18205B 53> 8 >2;045205B 7>;>BK< @C=><. 7 7C1>2 4@0:>=0, ?>A5O==KE =0 ?>;5, :>B>@>5 /A>= 2A?0E0; =0 A?5F80;L=> 4;O MB>9 F5;8 C:@>I5==>< A28@5?>< 1K:5 1>30 @5A0, 2K@0AB0NB 2>>@C65==K5 2>8=K, A :>B>@K<8 /A>= B0:65 2K=C645= 2ABC?8BL 2 18B2C. >A;5 C189AB20 A2>8E 45B59 545O A?0A05BAO 153AB2>< 87 >@8=D0 2 5;LDK =0 :>;5A=8F5, 70?@O65==>9 :@K;0BK<8 4@0:>=0<8. >4283 /A>=0 ?>2B>@O5B 04<, :>B>@K9 ?>156405B M>=89A:>3> 4@0:>=0. > ;535=45, 04<, 65;0O ?@8=5AB8 2 65@B2C D8=5 :>@>2C, ?>AK;05B A2>8E ;N459 70 2>4>9 : @>4=8:C @5A0, => 4@0:>=, AB>@>682H89 @>4=8:, C18205B ?>A;0=F52. 04< ?>156405B 4@0:>=0 8 ?> A>25BC D8=K A55B 53> 7C1K, 87 :>B>@KE B0:65 2K@0AB0NB 2>8=K.  :0G5AB25 @0A?;0BK 70 A<5@BL 4@0:>=0 04< A;C68B @5AC 2 B5G5=85 2>AL<8 ;5B. 4=0:>, 2>7<>6=>, A0<K9 8725AB=K9 4@0:>=  04>= 87 A040 5A?5@84, >E@0=ONI89 7>;>BK5 O1;>:8, ?>40@5==K5 52A>< A2>59 =525AB5 5@5. !>3;0A=> ?>;;>4>@C, 04>=  ?>B><>: &8D5O 8 E84=K, 15AA<5@B=K9 4@0:>= A A>B=59 3>;>2, 3>2>@OI8E @07=K<8 3>;>A0<8. 5@0:;, C182H89 04>=0, GB>1K 702;045BL O1;>:0<8, B>65 AB0=>28BAO 15AA<5@B=K<. 725AB=>, GB> @8<A:0O <8D>;>38O ?@0:B8G5A:8 F5;8:>< 708<AB2>20=0 87 3@5G5A:>9. -B> >A>15==> 25@=> 2 >B=>H5=88 @8<A:>3> ?@54AB02;5=8O > 4@0:>=5. 28489 2 5B0<>@D>70E ?5@5A:07K205B 3@5G5A:85 <8DK > A@065=8OE /A>=0, 04<0 8 5@0:;0 A 4@0:>=0<8.  53> 25@A88 8AB>@88 >1 0@3>=02B0E 4@0:>= A 7>;>BK<8 :;K:0<8 8 B@5<O O7K:0<8 AB5@565B 7>;>B>5 45@52>, =0 :>B>@>< 28A8B @C=>. 4=0:> /A>= CAK?;O5B 4@0:>=0 =5 ?5=85<, 0 A>:>< A?5F80;L=> ?>4>1@0==KE B@02.  @57C;LB0B5, :0: ?8H5B 28489, 3;070, =5 25402H85 ?@5645 A=0, A><:=C;8AL 2 4@5<>B5, GB> ?>72>;8;> /A>=C 27OBL @C=>. 48==04F0BK9 ?>4283 5@0:;0 C?><8=05BAO 28485< ;8HL 2A:>;L7L, => B0< B0:65 8<55BAO C:070=85 =0 =54@5<;NI55 >:> 4@0:>=0.  B> 65 2@5<O, 2 ;535=45 > 04<5 >?8A0=8N 4@0:>=0 C45;5=> =5<0;>5 2=8<0=85: 745AL >= ?@54AB02;5= :0: ACI5AB2> A 7>;>B>9 H:C@>9, B@5<O O7K:0<8 8 B@5<O @O40<8 7C1>2 2 ?0AB8; 872820NI55AO :>;LF0<8 B5;> 4@0:>=0 =0?>;=5=> O4><, 0 87 53> 3;07 2K@K205BAO ?;0<O. 04< ?>@0605B 53> :>?L5<. 5@38;89 2 -=5845 >?8AK205B 4@0:>=0, AB5@53CI53> 7>;>BK5 O1;>:8 2 A04C 5A?5@84, 8 42CE 4@0:>=>2, 2KH54H8E 87 <>@O 8 C182H8E 6@5F0 0>:>>=0 8 53> 42>8E AK=>259. %>BO 8AB>@8O ?>A;54=8E 42CE 4@0:>=>2 2>AE>48B, 2848<>, : 4>3@5G5A:><C >1@07C 4@0:>=0  <>@A:>3> GC4>28I0, 8E >?8A0=85 F5;8:>< C:;04K205BAO 2 3@5G5A:CN B@048F8N: C =8E 15A:>=5G=>9 4;8=K E2>ABK, :@>202>-:@0A=K5 ?0=F8@8 8 ?KHCI85 >3=5< :@>202K5 3;070.  ;535=45, >?8A0==>9 -;80=><, ?@8=F0 8=40, ?>4@C682H53>AO A 4@0:>=>< 2 ?CABK=5, 87 7028AB8 C1820NB 1@0BLO. >A:>;L:C 4@0:>=, ?> A;>20< -;80=0, A;KH8B 8 2848B <=>3> ;CGH5 ;N1>3> 87 682CI8E, >= ?@8E>48B >B><AB8BL 70 A<5@BL 4@C30 8 4CH8B 1@0BL52 A2>8< E2>AB><, 0 70B5< AB>@>68B B5;> 8=40 4> ?>3@515=8O. -B>B =5 A>2A5< >1KG=K9 ?@8<5@ ?>2545=8O 4@0:>=0, 2 :>B>@>< 53> DC=:F88 E@0=8B5;O B@0=AD>@<8@CNBAO 2 ?>:@>28B5;LAB2>, =5 548=8G5=. 7>1@065=8O 4@0:>=0-?>:@>28B5;O =5@54:> 2AB@5G0NBAO =0 1>52KE I8B0E 8 7=0<5=0E C @8<;O= 8 :5;LB>2, 0 28:8=38 G0AB> C:@0H0;8 =>AK A2>8E :>@01;59 D83C@0<8 4@0:>=>2.  10A=5 $54@0 ;8A0 ?@>@K205B =>@C 2 ?>475<=CN B5<=8FC, 345 4@0:>= AB5@565B :;04. 0 2>?@>A ;8A8FK, :0:0O ?>;L70 2 ?>475<=>< 1>4@AB2>20=88 4@0:>=0, >= >B25G05B, GB> MB>  AC4L10, =07=0G5==0O 5<C .?8B5@><.  70:;NG5=88 10A=8 $54>@ >AC6405B A:C?F>2, :>B>@K< 1>30BAB2> =5 ?@8=>A8B C4>2>;LAB289. ;8=89 2 A2>5< B@C45 > <548F8=A:8E A@54AB20E >?8AK205B @07;8G8O <564C MDD5:B0<8 C:CA>2 C659, 20A8;8A:>2, 7<59, 304N:, A0;0<0=4@ 8 4@0:>=>2, @5:><5=4CO 4;O 8AF5;5=8O >B =8E @07;8G=K5 ?@>B82>O48O. "5;> 4@0:>=0, ?> 53> <=5=8N, =5 A>45@68B O4>2 8 53> @07;8G=K5 G0AB8 <>3CB A;C68BL E>@>H8<8 ;5:0@AB20<8 8 A=04>1LO<8: 3>;>20 4@0:>=0, 70@KB0O ?5@54 ?>@>3><, ?@8=>A8B 2 4>< AG0ABL5; <07L 87 3;07 4@0:>=0 87102;O5B >B =>G=KE :>H<0@>2; 53> 7C1K 8 ?>72>=:8 O2;ONBAO >B;8G=K<8 0<C;5B0<8. @><5 B>3>, ;8=89 ?5@5A:07K205B 8AB>@8N A?0A5=8O N=>H8 ?@8@CG5==K< 8< 4@0:>=><. 4=0:> 4@0:>= ;8=8O <0;> ?>E>6 =0 3830=BA:>5 <8D>;>38G5A:>5 GC4>28I5. !:>@55 2A53>, >= =07K20; 4@0:>=>< >?@545;5==K9 284 7<59. ;8=89 B0:65 C?><8=05B > A>@>:0<5B@>2>< 4@0:>=5, C18B>< 53C;>< 2> 2@5<O ?5@2>9 C=8G5A:>9 2>9=K, :;K:8 8 H:C@0 :>B>@>3> 2KAB02;O;8AL 2 8<5 =0 2A5>1I55 >1>7@5=85 2 B5G5=85 =5A:>;L:8E ;5B, 8 > ?>548=:5 4@0:>=0 A> A;>=><, 2 :>B>@>< >10 ?>3810NB: 704CH5==K9 :>;LF0<8 4@0:>=L53> E2>AB0 A;>= @07402;8205B 53> A2>59 <0AA>9. "2>@G5AB2> 3@5G5A:8E 8 @8<A:8E <8D>B2>@F52, ?8A0B5;59 A2845B5;LAB2C5B > 1>;LH>< 8=B5@5A5 : 4@0:>=0< 2 0=B8G=K5 2@5<5=0. -B>B 8=B5@5A 1K; C=0A;54>20= 52@>?59A:8< A@54=525:>2L5<. 1H8@=CN 8=D>@<0F8N > 4@0:>=0E A>45@60B A@54=525:>2K5 15AB80@88  ?A524>=0CG=K5 B@0:B0BK, 2 :>B>@KE >?8A0=8O ACI5AB2CNI8E 8 2K<KH;5==KE 725@59, ?B8F 8 4065 :0<=59 1K;8 ?@8720=K ?>4B25@48BL E@8AB80=A:85 4>3<K. >B 2K45@6:8 87 AB0BL8 > 4@0:>=5 87 15AB80@8O XII 25:0, :>B>@CN <>6=> =0720BL B8?8G=>9: @0:>=  25;8G09H89 87 2A5E 7<59 8 2A53> 682CI53> =0 75<;5. >340 4@0:>= 2KE>48B 87 A2>59 ?5I5@K 8 CAB@5<;O5BAO : =51C, 2>74CE 2>:@C3 =53> 2>A?;0<5=O5BAO. # =53> =51>;LH>9 @>B 8 4;8==0O B>=:0O H5O, 0 =0 A?8=5  3@515=L. @><5 B>3>, A>>1I05BAO, GB> 4@0:>=  A;C68B5;L 4LO2>;0 8, 157 2AO:>3> A><=5=8O, ?>A;5 A<5@B8 ?>?0405B 2 04. 4=0:> 3;02=K9 8AB>G=8: A@54=525:>2>3> 7=0=8O > 4@0:>=0E, 157CA;>2=>, 81;8O. A;8 A2545=8O > 4@0:>=5 ?@8H;8 2 8B09 2<5AB5 A 8=489A:8< 1C4487<><, B> 2@>?C A =8<8 ?>7=0:><8;> E@8AB80=AB2>. >6=> A:070BL, GB> 81;8O 70?>;=5=0 4@0:>=0<8 >B =0G0;0 8 4> :>=F0.  B:@>25=88 A2OB>3> >0==0 >3>A;>20 (?>:0;8?A8A5) G8B05<:  C2845; O =35;0, AE>4OI53> A =510, :>B>@K9 8<5; :;NG >B 1574=K 8 1>;LHCN F5?L 2 @C:5 A2>59. = 27O; 4@0:>=0, 7<8O 4@52=53>, :>B>@K9 5ABL 4802>; 8 A0B0=0, 8 A:>20; 53> =0 BKAOGC ;5B.  =8725@3 53> 2 1574=C, 8 70:;NG8; 53>, 8 ?>;>68; =04 =8< ?5G0BL, 401K =5 ?@5;LI0; C65 =0@>4K, 4>:>;5 =5 ?@>945B BKAOG0 ;5B. >B 5I5 >48= >B@K2>:, >B>645AB2;ONI89 4@0:>=0 A A0B0=>9 8 >?8AK20NI89 53> =8725@65=85 2 04: & 1>;LH>9 :@0A=K9 4@0:>= A A5<LN 3>;>20<8 8 45AOBLN @>30<8& %2>AB 53> C2;5: A =510 B@5BL 72574 8 ?>25@3 8E =0 75<;N. @0:>= A59 AB0; ?@54 65=>N, :>B>@>9 =04;560;> @>48BL, 401K, :>340 >=0 @>48B, ?>6@0BL 55 <;045=F0&  ?@>87>H;0 =0 =515 2>9=0: 8E08; 8 0=35;K 53> 2>520;8 ?@>B82 4@0:>=0, 8 4@0:>= 8 0=35;K 53> 2>520;8 ?@>B82 =8E.  =8725@65= 1K; 25;8:89 4@0:>=, 4@52=89 7<89, =07K205<K9 4802>; >< 8 A0B0=>N, >1>;LI0NI89 2AN 2A5;5==CN, =8725@65= =0 75<;N& !0B0=0, 2 >1;8GL5 7<5O 8A:CH02H89 2C >B2540BL 70?@5B=K9 ?;>4, =8725@65= 2 04 8 2 =0G0;5 A2OI5==>9 8AB>@88, 8 2 ;535=45 > :>=F5 A25B0. #?><8=0=8O > 4@0:>=5 40;5:> =5 >3@0=8G820NBAO ?>:0;8?A8A>< 8 =83>9 1KB8O.  B> 2@5<O :0: >?8A0=85 4@0:>=0 2 ?>:0;8?A8A5 =5A><=5==> A>2?0405B A 53> 3@5G5A:8< <8D>;>38G5A:8< >1@07><, 25BE>7025B=K9 4@0:>= A2O70= A 1>;55 4@52=59 1;86=52>AB>G=>9 B@048F859, 2 :>B>@>9 @0A?@>AB@0=5= AN65B > 1>65AB25, C1820NI5< GC4>28I5, GB>1K 40BL =0G0;> 687=8 =0 5<;5. @8 ?5@52>45 5BE>3> 7025B0 A 4@52=552@59A:>3> O7K:0 =0 3@5G5A:89 ?@>87>H;0 ?CB0=8F0, 2 @57C;LB0B5 4@0:>=>< 2 81;88 70G0ABCN =07K20NB B>, GB> 2 52@59A:>< >@838=0;5 8< =5 1K;>, 8 =0>1>@>B. "0:, >H81:0 ?5@52>4G8:>2, =07202H8E 4@0:>=>< H0:0;0, ?>@>48;0 H8@>:> @0A?@>AB@0=5==>5 2 A@54=525:>2L5 <=5=85 > B><, GB> A@540 >18B0=8O 4@0:>=0  ?CABK=O. ! 4@C3>9 AB>@>=K, O2=K<8 G5@B0<8 4@0:>=0 >1;0405B 5280D0=  >3=54KH0I55 GC4>28I5 A 1;5ABOI8<8 3;070<8, 87 =>74@59 :>B>@>3> 2K@K205BAO ?0@.  A@54=525:>2>9 ;8B5@0BC@5 4@0:>= 2KABC?05B 2 :0G5AB25 A8<2>;0 @07;8G=KE 154AB289 8 G5;>25G5A:>9 0;G=>AB8. >4>1=>5 >?8A0=85 4@0:>=0 A>45@68BAO 2 4@52=5< 0=3;>A0:A>=A:>< M?>A5 5>2C;LD5. # =53> 3;04:0O H:C@0 >B2@0B8B5;L=>3> F25B0, >= ;5B05B, 4KH8B >3=5<, 53> <OA> O4>28B>. = 6825B 2 ?5I5@5 2 A:0;5 =0 15@53C <>@O, 345 2 B5G5=85 300 ;5B >E@0=O5B A>:@>28I5, =0 :>B>@>5 =0;>65=> ?@>:;OB85. >A;5 B>3> :0: 3@018B5;L ?KB05BAO 702;045BL :;04><, 4@0:>= A28@5?55B 8 =0G8=05B =01538 =0 >:@5AB=K5 75<;8. >@>;L 5>2C;LD 2K7K205BAO >A2>1>48BL AB@0=C >B GC4>28I0. 3> 18B20 A 4@0:>=>< =5;53:0. @0:>= ?@0:B8G5A:8 =5CO728<: 5>2C;LD =5 <>65B ?>@078BL 53> :>6C <5G><, 0 ?>B>< 8 2>2A5 @0718205B 53> > 3>;>2C 4@0:>=0. ">;L:> A ?><>ILN A2>53> >@C65=>AF0 5>2C;LD ?>@0605B 4@0:>=0 2 53> 548=AB25==>5 CO728<>5 <5AB>  =51>;LH>5 ?OB=KH:> =0 H55. @0:>= ?>15645=, => 8AB>I5==K9 18B2>9 5>2C;LD =5=04>;3> ?5@568205B A2>53> 2@030. @0:>=  =5@54:89 ?5@A>=06 =>@256A:8E A03.  =8E ?@8ACBAB2C5B =5 2AB@5G0NI0OAO 1>;LH5 =8345 45B0;L: <=>385 4@0:>=K =0G8=0NB A2>N 687=L ;N4L<8, => ?>765, 87-70 =5C<5@5==>9 604=>AB8, ?@52@0I0NBAO 2 GC4>28I, AB5@53CI8E A2>8 1>30BAB20. "0:>2 4@0:>= $0D=8@, C18BK9 35@>5< !83C@4><. 5@54 A<5@BLN 4@0:>= ?@54A:07K205B !83C@4C 2AN 53> ?>A;54CNICN 687=L, 2 B>< G8A;5 8 A<5@BL, :0: @57C;LB0B 8A?>;=5=8O ?@>:;OB8O, =0;>65==>3> =0 53> A>:@>28I0. @C3>9 8725AB=K9 A:0=48=02A:89 4@0:>=  84E>3@, :>B>@K9 ?>68@05B :>@=8 @520 687=8. !K= 25@E>2=>3> 1>30 48=0  ">@ C18205B 4@0:>=0, => 8 A0< ?>38105B >B ?>;CG5==KE 2 A@065=88 @0=. 84E>3@ 8=>340 87>1@0605BAO 8 :0: E@0=8B5;L <8@0 ;N459 >B ?5@2>1KB=>3> E0>A0  4@0:>=, 45@60I89 E2>AB 2> @BC 8 >?>OAK20NI89 5<;N A2>8< B5;><. -B0 DC=:F8O 4@0:>=0-AB@060 H8@>:> 8A?>;L7C5BAO 2 1>52KE >@=0<5=B0E 28:8=3>2 8 2 >D>@<;5=88 8E :>@01;59. 4=0:> A0<K9 8725AB=K9 4@0:>=>1>@5F A@54=525:>2LO  A2OB>9 5>@389. 535=40 > A2OB>< 5>@388 2:@0BF5 B0:>20: AB@0=C, :>B>@>9 ?@028B AB0@K9, 15A?><>I=K9 :>@>;L, >?CAB>H05B C60A=K9 4@0:>=, B@51CNI89 A515 2 ?8IC N=>H59 8 452CH5:; ?>A;5 B>3> :0: 6@5189 ?0405B =0 :>@>;52A:CN 4>GL, O2;O5BAO 35@>9, :>B>@K9 C18205B <>=AB@0, 65=8BAO =0 ?@8=F5AA5 8 =0A;54C5B :>@>=C; 68B5;8 :>@>;52AB20 ?@8=8<0NB E@8AB80=AB2>. =B5@5A=>, GB> =8 @8<A:85, =8 @0==5E@8AB80=A:85 8AB>G=8:8 =5 C?><8=0NB > A@065=88 5>@38O A 4@0:>=><, 0 :>=F5=B@8@CNB 2=8<0=85 =0 53> <CG5=8G5A:>9 A<5@B8. 7>1@065=8O A2OB>3> 5>@38O, ?>@060NI53> 4@0:>=0, ?>O28;8AL B>;L:> 2 XII 25:5, :>340 A =8< =0G0;8 A2O7K20BL 1>;55 4@52=NN ;535=4C. > @07=K< 25@A8O<, 5>@389 ;81> C18205B 4@0:>=0 A@07C (2 B>< G8A;5 8 :@5AB=K< 7=0<5=85<), ;81> ?;5=O5B 53> 8, A2O702 ?>OA>< ?@8=F5AAK, ?@82>48B 2 3>@>4, >15I0O C18BL 53> B>;L:> ?>A;5 B>3>, :0: >?@545;5==>5 G8A;> 68B5;59 >1@0B8BAO 2 E@8AB80=AB2>. ?@>G5<, ?>1540 =04 4@0:>=>< =5 2A5340 405BAO 5>@38N ;53:>.  :=835 XVII 25:0 !5<L ?>1>@=8:>2 E@8AB80=AB20 >?8AK205BAO 53> >65AB>G5==0O 18B20 A GC4>28I5< 1;5ABOI8<, :0: A5@51@>, 7>;>BK< 682>B><, GLO H:C@0 B25@65, G5< ;0BC=L. K@202H89AO 87 A2>53> ;>3>20 4@0:>= ?>25@305B A2OB>3> =0 75<;N, 0 :>?L5, 1@>H5==>5 5>@385<, @07;5B05BAO =0 BKAOGC >A:>;:>2. !>1@02H8AL A A8;0<8, 5>@389 ?>@0605B 4@0:>=0 <5G>< 2 682>B. 7 @0=K =0 A2OB>3> 2K@K205BAO ?>B>: O40, ;8H0NI53> 53> =0 =5:>B>@>5 2@5<O A>7=0=8O. @84O 2 A51O ?>4 0?5;LA8=>2K< 45@52><, 5>@389 2>7>1=>2;O5B 18B2C, ?@5645 273;O=C2 =0 =51> 8 ?>;CG82 1;03>A;>25=85. = 2>=705B <5G ?> A0<CN @C:>OB:C ?>4 :@K;> 4@0:>=0, 345 H:C@0 =5 B0: ?@>G=0, B0: GB> <5G A:0;>= ?@>E>48B G5@57 A5@4F5, ?5G5=L, :>AB8 8 :@>2L 4@0:>=0. B :@>28 4@0:>=0 2AO B@020 2 >:@C35 AB0=>28BAO :@0A=>9. !2OB>9 5>@389 >1573;02;8205B GC4>28I5 8 1;03>40@8B A5<>3CI53> >30 70 ?><>IL. 5>@389, 157CA;>2=>, =5 548=AB25==K9 E@8AB80=A:89 A2OB>9, ?>15482H89 4@0:>=0. -B>B ?>4283 ?@8?8AK205BAO A2OB><C $8;8??C, 5>=0@4C, 0B25N, !8;L25AB@C 8 <=>38< 4@C38<. @0:>=K, ?@>B82>AB>OI85 A2OBK<, ?@54AB02;ONBAO C60A=K<8 GC4>28I0<8, >4=0:> ?>1540 =04 =8<8 4>AB8305BAO, :0: ?@028;>, ;53:>, GB> O2;O5BAO 0;;53>@859 E@8AB80=A:>3> CG5=8O > B><, GB> 1;03>G5AB85 ;53:> ?>156405B ?>@>:. "0:, A2OB>9 >=0B C18205B 4@0:>=0, ?;N=C2 5<C 2 @>B, 0 4@52=5=>@256A:89 A2OB>9 CB<C=4 ?>25@305B 2@030 <>;8B2>9 8 A2OB>9 2>4>9. 8B2K A 4@0:>=0<8 =5>4=>:@0B=> >?8AK20NBAO 2 ;535=40E > ?@8:;NG5=8OE :>@>;O @BC@0 8 53> @KF0@59. !M@ "@8AB0=, C182H89 4@0:>=0 8 ?@8=5AH89 2 :0G5AB25 B@>D5O 53> O7K: :>@>;N >@=C>;;0 0@:C, ?>;CG05B 2 65=K 7>;L4C. @0:>=, A :>B>@K< A@0605BAO AM@ 0=A5;>B, ?>O2;O5BAO 87-70 =043@>18O, =0 :>B>@>< =0G5@B0=> ?@54A:070=85 > 18B25 A 4@0:>=>< 8 ?>1545 0=A5;>B0. !0< @BC@ 2848B 2 A2>8E 25I8E A=0E 18B2C 4@0:>=>2 @07=KE F25B>2, A8<2>;878@CNI8E @50;L=KE ?@>B82=8:>2.  AM@ #B5@ AB0=>28BAO :>@>;5< ?@8 ?><>I8 4@0:>=0, A?CAB82H53>AO A =515A. ! =0G0;>< M?>E8 >7@>645=8O 4@0:>= ?@0:B8G5A:8 8AG5705B 87 ;8B5@0BC@K. %>BO 2 A2>8E ?@>872545=8OE > =5< C?><8=0NB (5:A?8@, 8;LB>=, @0C=8=3 8 4@C385, 4@0:>= =0 =5A:>;L:> AB>;5B89 ?5@5AB05B 1KBL >4=8< 87 3;02=KE ;8B5@0BC@=KE ?5@A>=0659.  A;>20@5 !M<NM;0 6>=A>=0, 8740==>< 2 1755 3>4C, G8B05<: @0:>=  284 :@K;0B>9 7<58, 2>7<>6=>, 2K<KH;5==K9, G0AB> D83C@8@C5B 2 A@54=525:>2KE @><0=0E. !;>2> 2>7<>6=> ?>4B25@6405B B>B D0:B, GB> 2 XVIII 25:5 ?>?KB:8 >1=0@C68BL 4@0:>=0 A@548 682>B=>3> <8@0 2A5 5I5 =5 ?@5:@0I0;8AL, >4=0:> 70 =8< C65 ?@>G=> 70:@5?8;AO O@;K: 0B@81CB0 A@54=525:>2LO. @0:>= A=>20 AB0=>28BAO ?>?C;O@=K< B>;L:> 2 XIX AB>;5B88, 2 >A=>2=>< 2A;54AB285 2>7@>AH53> 8=B5@5A0 : =0@>4=K< A:07:0< 8 <8D0<.  4@0:>=0E ?8HCB 0=3;89A:89 ?>MB "5==8A>= 8 =5<5F:85 ?8A0B5;8-A:07>G=8:8 1@0BLO @8<<.  MB><C 65 2@5<5=8 >B=>AOBAO 8 ?5@2K5 ?>?KB:8 87CG5=8O >1@070 4@0:>=0 2 AB0@8==KE 52@>?59A:8E ?@540=8OE 8 ;535=40E.  45BA:>9 ;8B5@0BC@5 XX 25:0 ?>O2;ONBAO =>2K5 G5@BK 4@0:>=0  >= G0AB> ?@54AB05B A>25@H5==> =503@5AA82=K<. "8?8G=K< ?@8<5@>< =>2>3> 4@0:>=0 <>6=> =0720BL 256;82>3> 8 4@C65;N1=>3> 5=82>3> @0:>=0 87 >4=>8<5==>9 :=86:8 5==5B0 @M<0. 5A<>B@O =0 B> GB> >= =045;5= 2A5<8 >A=>2=K<8 G5@B0<8 :;0AA8G5A:>3> 4@0:>=0  :>3BO<8, 4;8==K< E2>AB>< 8 >3=5<, 8725@30NI8<AO 87 53> ?0AB8, >= 4>1@>4CH5= 8 A>2A5< =5 =0?><8=05B ?>A;0=F0 E0>A0. = ;N18B @0AA:07K20BL 8AB>@88, A>G8=OBL AB8E8 8 2A?><8=0BL > AB0@KE 4>1@KE 2@5<5=0E, :>340 4@0:>=K 2>48;8AL 2 87>18;88 8 2>>1I5 687=L 1K;0 ;CGH5. !2OB>9 5>@389 2ABC?05B A =8< 2 HCB>G=CN 18B2C, 2 :>B>@>9 =8:B> =5 ?>;CG05B @0=. 0:0=G8205BAO 8AB>@8O B5<, GB> 5>@389, 4@0:>= 8 68B5;8 1;87;560I53> 3>@>40 A>18@0NBAO =0 ?@074=8G=K9 C68=, =0 :>B>@>< 4@0:>= 2545B A51O G@572KG09=> CGB82> 8 AB0=>28BAO 4CH>9 :><?0=88.  A:07:5 @28=0 (0?8@> 6>=0B0= 8 4@0:>= 68B5;8 3>@>40 4>;3> 8 157CA?5H=> ?KB0NBAO @07;8G=K<8 A?>A>10<8 ?@>3=0BL 4@0:>=0. -B> ?@>4>;605BAO 4> B5E ?>@, ?>:0 <0;LG8: 6>=0B0= =5 70;5705B 5<C =0 A?8=C 8 H5?G5B =0 CE>: 8AB5@ @0:>=, 1C4LB5 B0: 4>1@K C9B8 >BAN40. >@074> 1>;LH89 8=B5@5A ?@54AB02;ONB 4@0:>=K 6. . . ">;:85=0. ?8A0=85 4@0:>=0 !<0C30 8 53> A<5@B8 2 %>118B5 =0?><8=0NB :;0AA8G5A:85 AF5=K 87 5>2C;LD0 8 =>@256A:8E -44. !<0C3 >1;0405B =5 B>;L:> >AB@K< 7@5=85<, => 8 ?@52>AE>4=K<8 A;CE>< 8 >1>=O=85<. 0@;8:8 @5H0NB 70E20B8BL :;04 4@0:>=0 8 C1820NB 53> AB@5;>9, ?>?02H59 2 53> 548=AB25==>5 CO728<>5 <5AB>  ?>4 :@K;><. 5@B2K9 4@0:>= B>=5B 2 2>40E >75@0 -A30@>B. ">;:85= >AB05BAO 25@5= 4@52=50=3;89A:>9 B@048F88: =0 A>:@>28I0 4@0:>=0 =0;0305BAO ?@>:;OB85, 8 >=8 ?@8=>AOB =5AG0ABL5 :0@;8:0< 8 ;N4O<, :>B>@K5 >2;04520NB 8<8 87 604=>AB8.  !8;L<0@8;;8>=5 ">;:85= @0728205B A>1AB25==CN <8D>;>38N 4@0:>=>2. 3=5==K5 4@0:>=K #@C;>:8 1K;8 A>B2>@5=K >@3>B>< 4;O 1>@L1K A> A2>8<8 2@030<8  :0@;8:0<8 8 ;N4L<8. @0:>=K >AB028;8 A;54 8 2 8A:CAAB25. #AB@0H0NI85 87>1@065=8O 4@0:>=>2 =0=>A8;8AL =0 I8BK 4@52=53@5G5A:8E 2>8=>2. !:C;L?BC@K 4@0:>=>2-AB@0659 <>6=> 2845BL 8 2 1C4489A:8E E@0<0E, 8 2 E@8AB80=A:8E F5@:2OE. @0:>=, A25@=C2H89AO :>;LF><, @0A?@>AB@0=5==K9 M;5<5=B :5;LBA:8E 8 A:0=48=02A:8E >@=0<5=B>2. >1540 A2OB>3> 5>@38O =04 4@0:>=><  87;N1;5==K9 AN65B 8:>= 8 @>A?8A59 A@54=525:>2LO. 0: A8<2>; A8;K 8 >B2038 4@0:>= =5@54:> 8A?>;L7>20;AO 2 35@10E 7=0B=KE D5>40;>2 8 :>@>;52A:8E A5<59. @0:>= =5 >AB0;AO 157 2=8<0=8O 8 2 =0H8 4=8.  1981 3>4C :><?0=8O #>;B0 8A=5O 2K?CAB8;0 2845>83@C >@5F A 4@0:>=><. @0:>=K ?>O2;ONBAO 2 :8=>25@A8OE >=0=0-0@20@0 8 535=4 > :>@>;5 @BC@5. <8 70?>;=5=K D0=B0AB8G5A:85 @><0=K. 'B> 65 70AB02;O5B G5;>25G5AB2> 2 :>=F5 XX 25:0 A=>20 >1@0I0BLAO : 4@52=59H5<C 87 2K<KH;5==KE >1@07>2? B25B =0 MB>B 2>?@>A, 2>7<>6=>, 4>2>;L=> ?@>AB: D0=B078O 8 <8D>B2>@G5AB2>  548=AB25==0O =5>1E>48<>ABL G5;>25G5A:>3> ACI5AB2>20=8O. A;8 MB> 25@=>, B> 4@0:>=C AC645=0 5I5 4>;30O 687=L.   535=40 > 548=>@>35 1K;0 8725AB=0 =0 0?045, ?> :@09=59 <5@5, 70 G5BK@5 25:0 4> @>645=8O %@8AB0, 0 =0 >AB>:5 ?>O28;0AL 8 B>3> @0=LH5. A:;NG0O 4@0:>=0, =8 >4=> 4@C3>5 682>B=>5 =5 ?>;L7>20;>AL B0:>9 =5>1KG09=> H8@>:>9 A;02>9. >7<>6=>, B0:0O ?>?C;O@=>ABL >1JOA=O5BAO 70304>G=>ABLN 8 =5>1K:=>25==K<8 A?>A>1=>ABO<8 548=>@>30: ?>;030;8, GB> >= A0<>5 C4828B5;L=>5 ACI5AB2>, 682CI55 2 C40;5==KE >B <5AB >18B0=8O G5;>25:0 @09>=0E, GB> >= A8;5= 8 1;03>@>45=, GB> AB0=>28BAO :@>B:8< 8 ?>:>@=K< 2 ?@8ACBAB288 452AB25==8FK, 0 53> @>3 >1;0405B <=>38<8 GC45A=K<8 A2>9AB20<8. B=>A8B5;L=> 2=5H=53> 2840 548=>@>30 ;N48 =5 ?@8H;8 : >1I5<C <=5=8N. ! 548=>@>3>< A2O70=> <=>3> A0<KE @07=KE A8<2>;>2 8 0;;53>@89. "5<0 548=>@>30 ?@82;5:0;0 <=>38E 8AA;54>20B5;59: 45;; (5?0@4 #G5=85 > 548=>@>35 (1930), 8G0@4 -B-B8=40C75=  48=>@>3 (1950), >15@B 84835@ 8@  48=>@>3: <8D 8 @50;L=>ABL (1972), .@35= -9=E>@=  CE 548=>@>30 ( Spiritalis Unicornus ) (1976), 0@30@5B . $@8<5=  >15;5=K A 87>1@065=85< 548=>@>30 (1976) 8 4@C385.  =5:>B>@KE 87 =0720==KE :=83 B5<0 >A25I05BAO ?>25@E=>AB=>, => 5ABL A@548 =8E 8 A5@L57=K5 B@C4K, =0?@8<5@, :=838 -9=E>@=0 8 $@8<5=. >;LH8=AB2> ;N459 =045;ONB 548=>@>30 B5;>< ;>H048. 0 0?045 548=>@>30 87>1@060;8 :0: ACI5AB2>, ?>E>655 =0 ;>H04L 8;8 :>7;0 (8;8 =0 B>3> 8 4@C3>3> A@07C: B5;> ;>H048 8 1>@>40 :>7;0). 0 >AB>:5 ACI5AB2>20;8 A2>8 B@048F88.  8B05 =0AG8BK20;>AL =5A:>;L:> 284>2 <8D>;>38G5A:>3> 548=>@>30, 87 =8E A0<K9 ?>?C;O@=K9  :8-;8=; 53> >?8A0=8O 25AL<0 ?@>B82>@5G82K.  /?>=88 8725AB=K 420 2840: :8@8=, AE>689 A :8-;8=><, 8 A8=-N, ?>E>689 =0 ;L20.  <CAC;L<0=A:>< <8@5 548=>@>30 =07K20NB :0:040==; C =53> 2=5H=>ABL 1K:0, >;5=O, ;>H048, 0=B8;>?K 8;8 4@C3>3> 682>B=>3>, 0 8=>340 >= 8<55B 4065 :@K;LO. !0<K9 =5>1KG=K9 548=>@>3 ?5@A84A:89  2 2845 B@5E=>3>3> 15;>3> >A;0 A H5ABLN 3;070<8, 452OBLN @B0<8 8 7>;>BK< @>3><. !G8B0;>AL, GB> 548=>@>38 682CB :0: =0 ACH5, B0: 8 2 <>@5, ?>A:>;L:C ACI5AB2>20;> ?>25@L5, GB> :064><C ACE>?CB=><C 682>B=><C 4>;65= A>>B25BAB2>20BL 53> 2>4O=>9 0=0;>3. >A;54=89 <>3 8<5BL B5;> 1>;LH>9 @K1K 8;8 :8B0. =>3>>1@0785 284>2 548=>@>30 E>@>H> ?5@540; 2 A2>5< B@8?B8E5 !04 75<=KE =0A;0645=89 (>:. 1500) 5@>=8< >AE.  ;52>9 G0AB8 B@8?B8E0 B@8 548=>@>30: 15;K9 A B5;>< ;>H048, A @0742>5==K<8 :>?KB0<8, ?@O<K< @>3>< A> A?8@0;L=K<8 872820<8 =0 3>;>25; 4@C3>9  1C@K9, ?>E>689 =0 >;5=O, =0 53> 3>;>25 87>3=CBK9 @>3 A >:@C3;K<8 C7;0<8; B@5B89  2>4O=>9 548=>@>3 A BC;>28I5< @K1K, 3>;>2>9 ;>H048 8 1>@>4>9 :>7;0, ?;020NI89 2 ?@C4C. > :@09=59 <5@5, G5BK@5 548=>@>30 284=K A@548 ;N459 8 725@59 2>:@C3 ?@C40. 48= 2 2845 15;>9 ;>H048, 53> @>3 CA5O= :>@>B:8<8 >AB@K<8 H8?0<8; C 4@C3>3> BC;>28I5 >;5=O, =0 3>;>25 4;8==K5 B>@G0I85 CH8, :>7;8=0O 1>@>40 8 >3@><=K9 @>3. "@5B89 ?0@=>:>?KB=K9, A ;>H048=K< BC;>28I5< 8 3>;>2>9 8 @>3><, @0AE>4OI8<AO =0 420 >B@>AB:0. >AE 2 G5<-B> >B@0605B B@048F8>==K5 ?@54AB02;5=8O @07;8G=KE =0@>4>2 > 548=>@>35, => B0:65 8 ?@82=>A8B 2 53> >1;8: A2>5. =>385 CG5=K5-=0BC@0;8ABK CB25@640;8, GB> 548=>@>3  =5 ?;>4 2>>1@065=8O ;N459, 0 ?@>8AE>48B >B @50;L=KE 682>B=KE. >;LH8=AB2> AG8B0;>, GB> 548=>@>3  ?>B><>: >4=>@>3>3> 0780BA:>3> =>A>@>30. %>BO 2=5H=8< 284>< >=8 O2=> @07;8G0NBAO, AE>4AB2> <564C =8<8 2A5 65 5ABL, =0?@8<5@ 2 ?>2545=88. >425@3H89AO =0?045=8N 548=>@>3 >G5=L A28@5?, 53> B@C4=> ?>1548BL. 3> @>3, ?> ;535=45, >1;0405B F5;51=K<8 A2>9AB20<8. "> 65 3>2>@8;8 8 > =>A>@>35. @>8AE>645=85 548=>@>30 A2O7K20;8 B0:65 A 0=B8;>?0<8 8 4@C38<8 42C@>38<8 682>B=K<8. 7 =8E =081>;55 25@>OB=K< 53> ?@54:>< AG8B0;0AL 0=B8;>?0-15970, 8;8 A5@=>1K:; 0=B8;>?0->@8:A  :@C?=>5 682>B=>5 A 15;K<8 ?OB=0<8 =0 BC;>28I5 8 4;8==K<8, ?@0:B8G5A:8 ?@O<K<8 @>30<8, A>3;0A8<AO, B0:>9 >1@07 3>@074> 1>;LH5 ?>4E>48B 4;O 548=>@>30. @8AB>B5;L C25@O;, GB> C 0=B8;>?K >48= @>3: :>340 682>B=>5 AB>8B 1>:><, 459AB28B5;L=> A>7405BAO B0:>5 2?5G0B;5=85. @><5 B>3>, 682>B=>5 2?>;=5 <>3;> @>48BLAO >4=>@>38< 8;8 ?>B5@OBL @>3 2 AE20B:5. I5 >4=> ACI5AB2>, @>4AB25==>5 548=>@>3C, =0@20;  =51>;LH>9 :8B, >18B0NI89 2 0@:B8G5A:8E 2>40E. 7 53> 25@E=59 G5;NAB8 @0AB5B 15;K9 7C1, 8;8 1825=L, A> A?8@0;L=K<8 872820<8. !CI5AB2C5B 5I5 >4=0 38?>B570, >1JOA=ONI0O ?@>8AE>645=85 548=>@>30. 4=>@>3>5 682>B=>5 <>3;> 1KBL ?>;CG5=> 8A:CAAB25==>, A ?><>ILN >?5@0F88.  1933 3>4C 18>;>3 87 C=825@A8B5B0 HB0B0 M= (!(), #. $@0=:;8= 02 ?@>8725; B0:CN >?5@0F8N =>2>@>645==><C 9>@:H8@A:><C B5;5=:C. ?8AK20O @57C;LB0BK M:A?5@8<5=B0, 02 >1JOA=O;, GB> @>30 620G=KE 682>B=KE @0ABCB =5 ?@O<> 87 G5@5?0, 0 87 @>3>2>3> =0@>AB0, 8;8 @>3>2>9 B:0=8, @0A?>;>65==>9 =04 ;>1=K<8 :>ABO<8. 02 ?5@5A048; 420 @>3>2KE =0@>AB0 2 F5=B@ ;10 B5;5=:0, A>2<5AB82 8E.  @57C;LB0B5 ?>;CG8;>AL 682>B=>5 A 4;8==K< ?@O<K< @>3><. 02 A2845B5;LAB2>20;, GB> 27@>A;>5 ?@>>?5@8@>20==>5 682>B=>5 45<>=AB@8@>20;> =5>1K:=>25==CN A8;C, AE>4=CN A B>9, :0:CN ?@8?8AK20NB 548=>@>3C: @>3 ?@840; 5<C C25@5==>AB8 2 A515, ?>A:>;L:C >= <>3 53> 8A?>;L7>20BL A 1>;LH8< MDD5:B><. 02 ?8A0;, GB> A5:@5B B@0=A?;0=B0F88 @>3>2KE =0@>AB>2 1K; 8725AB5= 2 4@52=5< <8@5. 0?@8<5@, @8<A:89 ?8A0B5;L ;8=89 !B0@H89 2 >48==04F0B>9 :=835 A2>59 AB5AB25==>9 8AB>@88 >?8AK205B ?>4>1=K9 A;CG09; ?@0240, 1K;0 ?@>872545=0 >1@0B=0O >?5@0F8O: 87 >4=>3> @>30 ?>;CG8;8 G5BK@5, => MB> A2845B5;LAB2C5B 8 > 2>7<>6=>AB8 ?@>B82>?>;>6=>3>. >48=>9 548=>@>30 AG8B05BAO =48O, E>BO MB> 8 =5 15AA?>@=>. @52=85 ?8A0B5;8 C?><8=0NB :0: 53> 2>7<>6=CN @>48=C D@8:C; ACI5AB2C5B B0:65 <=5=85, GB> 548=>@>3 ?@>8AE>48B 87 8B0O. 5@2>5 C?><8=0=85 >1 >4=>@>3>< 682>B=>< =0 0?045 >B=>A8BAO : 400-< 3>40< 4> =. M. >O28;>AL >=> 2 :=835 3@5:0 B5A8O, ?@>A;C682H53> >:>;> 17 ;5B ;5:0@5< ?@8 ?5@A84A:>< 42>@5. > 2>72@0I5=88 2 @5F8N >= =0?8A0; 425 :=838  > 5@A88 8 >1 =488.  ?>A;54=59 B5A89 C?><8=05B > 1>;LH8E 48:8E >A;0E A B5<=>-:@0A=K<8 3>;>20<8, 3>;C1K<8 3;070<8 8 3>;C1K< BC;>28I5<, A @>3>< =0 ;1C. A;8 :B>-B> 87 B0:>3> @>30 2K?L5B 28=0 8;8 2>4K, 53> =5 2>7L<5B =8 >4=0 1>;57=L. B5A89 B0:65 3>2>@8B, GB> MB8E >A;>2 :@09=5 B@C4=> ?>9<0BL 682K<8, >E>B=8:8 ;>2OB 8E, B>;L:> :>340 >=8 =0E>4OBAO A 45B5=KH0<8, :>B>@KE =5 <>3CB 1@>A8BL. "@C4=> A:070BL, :0:>5 682>B=>5 >?8A0; B5A89. = =8:>340 =5 1K; 2 =488 8 =5 2845; B0: =07K205<>3> >A;0. @><5 B>3>, 48:85 >A;K 157@>385, 8 02B>@ 4>;65= 1K; 7=0BL MB>, B0: :0: >=8 2AB@5G0;8AL 8 2 5@A88. !;54CNI55 C?><8=0=85 > 548=>@>35 =0E>48< C @8AB>B5;O. = ?8A0;: K =5 2845;8 =8 >4=>3> =5?0@=>:>?KB=>3> 682>B=>3> A ?0@>9 @>3>2. > =5:>B>@K5, =0?@8<5@ 8=489A:89 >A5;, 8<5NB >48= @>3 8 O2;ONBAO =5?0@=>:>?KB=K<8. # 0=B8;>?K >48= @>3 8 @0742>5==K5 :>?KB0 (AB>@8O 682>B=KE. 2.1). %>BO ?@82545==0O F8B0B0 <0;> GB> ?@8102;O5B : C65 A:070==><C 2KH5, >4=0:> 2284C 02B>@8B5B=>AB8 8AB>G=8:0 <K A>G;8 =C6=K< A>A;0BLAO =0 =53>. .;89 &570@L >?8AK205B =5>1KG=>3> 2840 >4=>@>3>5 682>B=>5, :>B>@>5 O:>1K >18B0;> 2 %5@:8=80=A:>< ;5AC 2 5@<0=88: -B>B 1K: ?>E>6 >G5@B0=8O<8 =0 >;5=O, 87 A5@548=K ;10 B>@G8B >48= @>3, 1>;LH5 8 ?@O<55, G5< 2A5 8725AB=K5 4> MB>3>. 7 53> 25@H8=K @0A?@>AB@0=ONBAO 25B28, ?>4>1=> @0A:@KB>9 @C:5. (0;;LA:0O 2>9=0. 6.26). 8<A:89 ?8A0B5;L ;02489 -;80=, @>482H89AO >:>;> 170 3>40 =. M., 2 :=835 5AB@K5 @0AA:07K C?><8=05B > B@5E @07=>284=>ABOE 548=>@>30. 5@2K5 420 AE>68 A B5<, :>B>@>3> >?8AK205B B5A89, 0 B@5B89 ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>9 >4=>@>3>5 682>B=>5, :>B>@>5 7>25BAO :0@B07>=>< 8 >18B05B 2 =488. => @07<5@>< A> 27@>A;CN ;>H04L, @K653> >:@0A0, 8<55B 3@82C ;>H048 8 >G5=L 1KAB@>5. 564C 3;070<8 @0AB5B G5@=K9 @>3 A :>;LF0<8, 8;8 A?8@0;O<8. 0@B07>=K =5 03@5AA82=K ?> >B=>H5=8N : 4@C38< 682>B=K<, => =5B5@?8<K 4@C3 : 4@C3C: A0<FK 1LNBAO <564C A>1>9, =0?040NB 4065 =0 A0<>:.  ?5@8>4 A?0@820=8O =@02 A0<F>2 A<O3G05BAO, => A ?>O2;5=85< C A0<>: 45B5=KH59 >=8 A=>20 A28@5?5NB. #:070==K5 02B>@K, =5A><=5==>, 2=5A;8 2:;04 2 A>740=85 ;535=4K > 548=>@>35 :0: > =5C:@>B8<>3> =@020, A8;L=>< 8 1KAB@>< 682>B=>< A GC4>459AB25==K< @>3><. "5?5@L >1@0B8<AO : 8B0N. 5@2>5 C?><8=0=85 > 548=>@>30E 2 :8B09A:8E 8AB>G=8:0E >B=>A8BAO : 2697 3>4C 4> =. M. AA;54>202H89 8E '0@;L7 >C44 =0AG8BK205B ?> :@09=59 <5@5 6 284>2 MB8E 682>B=KE: :8-;8=, :8=3, :8>E B20=, ?>E, E808 G08, BC 46>= HC. !0<K9 ?>?C;O@=K9  :8-;8= >1KG=> 8<55B BC;>28I5 >;5=O, 8=>340 ;>H048, 3>;>20 <>65B 1KBL ;L28=>9 8;8 >;5=L59, E2>AB 1KGL8< 8;8 4@C3>3> 682>B=>3>, B5;> <>65B 1KBL G5HC9G0BK<. # :8-;8= >48= ;81> 420 @>30 B5;5A=>3> F25B0, 8=>340 >:@0H5= B>;L:> :>=G8: @>30. 8-;8= A>548=O5B 2 A515 <C6A:>5 (:8) 8 65=A:>5 (;8=) =0G0;0. !CI5AB2> MB> =56=>5, >=> 4065 =5 2 A>AB>O=88 =0ABC?8BL =0 >AB@CN B@02C; ?@54?>G8B05B C548=5==K5 <5AB0. 0@O4C A 4@0:>=><, ?B8F59 D5=8:A 8 G5@5?0E>9 :8-;8= AG8B0;AO @07C<=K< ACI5AB2><.  548=>@>35 8<5NBAO C?><8=0=8O 2 81;88. ">G=55, > 682>B=><, :>B>@>5 =07K20;>AL 2 C455 r5'5m.  1>;LH8=AB25 A>2@5<5==KE ?5@52>4>2 53> =07K20NB 7C1@>< 8;8 bos primigenius  1>;LH8< A28@5?K< 48:8< 1C92>;><, :>B>@K9 2K<5@ =5A:>;L:> 25:>2 =0704.  II  III 25:0E =. M, :>340 5BE89 7025B ?5@52>48;8 A 8C459A:>3> =0 3@5G5A:89, ?5@52>4G8:8, =5 7=0O 7=0G5=8O A;>20 r5'5m, =0?8A0;8 monoceros (>4=>@>389). >7=55, 2 IV 25:5 =. M. r5'5m ?5@52>48;>AL :0: =>A>@>3 (rhinoceros) 8 8=>340 :0: 548=>@>3. "0: C?><8=0=8O > 548=>@>35 ?>O28;8AL 2 81;88. !2545=8O > 548=>@>35 A>45@60BAO B0:65 2 $878>-;>3CA5  0;;53>@8G5A:>< 15AB80@88, =0?8A0==>< ?@54?>;>68B5;L=> <564C II 8 IV 25:0<8 =. M. 5@52545==K9 =0 <=>385 O7K:8, $878>;>3CA 1K; >G5=L ?>?C;O@5= 2 @07=KE AB@0=0E 8 >:070; 1>;LH>5 2;8O=85 =0 52@>?59A:CN ;8B5@0BC@C 8 8A:CAAB2> A@54=525:>2LO. <5==> 2 MB>9 :=835 ?><5I5=0 >4=0 87 ?5@2KE 8AB>@89 > 548=>@>35 8 452AB25==8F5. $878>;>3CA >?8AK205B 548=>@>30 :0: =51>;LH>3> @07<5@0 ACI5AB2>, =0?><8=0NI55 <>;>4>3> :>7;0, A @>3>< ?>A5@548=5 3>;>2K. = >G5=L A8;5=, 8 >E>B=8:8 53> ?>9<0BL 1K;8 15AA8;L=K, ?>:0 =5 =0H;8 A?>A>1 A?@028BLAO A =8<. =8 ?@82>48;8 452AB25==8FC 2 B> <5AB>, 345 >1KG=> ?>O2;O;8AL 548=>@>38. 48=>@>3 BCB 65 AB0=>28;AO :@>B:8< 8 :;0; 3>;>2C 452CH:5 =0 :>;5=8, BCB 53> ;>28;8 8 >B2>48;8 2> 42>@5F :>@>;N. 0B5< 2 $878>;>3CA5 A;54C5B 0;;53>@8G5A:>5 B>;:>20=85 8AB>@88. 48=>@>3 A8<2>;878@C5B %@8AB0, @>3  53> A8;C 8 548=AB2> BF0 8 !K=0, 452AB25==8F0  52C 0@8N, 0 :>340 548=>@>3 ?@8?0405B : 55 :>;5=O<, MB>B 0:B A@02=8205BAO A 70G0B85< 52>9 0@859 8 >1@5B5=85< %@8AB>< G5;>25G5A:>9 ?;>B8. 51>;LH85 @07<5@K 548=>@>30 3>2>@OB > A<8@5=88 %@8AB0. !2OI5==8:8 ?5@2KE ;5B =0H59 M@K B0:65 A@02=820;8 %@8AB0 A 548=>@>3><.  A@54=85 25:0 1>;LH8=AB2> ;N459, 15AA?>@=>, 25@8;8 2 @50;L=>5 ACI5AB2>20=85 548=>@>30, GB> 4>:07K20;>AL 8 2 81;88, $878>;>3CA5 8 4@C38E :=830E. 5@0 C:@5?8;0AL ?>A;5 B>3>, :0: 52@>?59FK ?> 2>72@0I5=88 87 ?CB5H5AB28O =0 >AB>: @0AA:070;8, GB> A2>8<8 3;070<8 2845;8 548=>@>30. 4=8< 87 B0:8E ?CB5H5AB25==8:>2 1K; 0@:> >;>, :>B>@K9 =01;N40; 548=>@>3>2 =0 !C<0B@5. -B>, ?> 53> A;>20<, 1K;8 >3@><=K5 8 C@>4;82K5 725@8, :>B>@K5 ;N18;8 20;OBLAO 2 3@O78 8 5420 ;8 ?>4?CAB8;8 1K : A515 =528==CN 452CH:C, 40 8 =8:0:0O 452CH:0 =5 A>3;0A8;0AL 1K ?@81;878BLAO : ?>4>1=K< B20@O<. G5284=>, GB> =0 A0<>< 45;5 0@:> >;> >?8A0; =>A>@>3>2. 5@0 2 548=>@>30 >AB020;0AL =5?>:>;518<>9 8 2 M?>EC >7@>645=8O. 1JO28;>AL <=>65AB2> >G5284F52, >?8A0=8O 548=>@>3>2 1K;8 2:;NG5=K 2 B@0:B0BK ?> 7>>;>388. > =5:>B>@K5 ?8A0B5;8 C65 B>340 2K@060;8 A><=5=85 ?> ?>2>4C 2>;H51=>9 A8;K 53> @>30. !:5?B8F87< ?> MB><C ?>2>4C 2>7@0AB0; 2 XVII  XVIII 25:0E. %>BO =5:>B>@K5 ;N48 5I5 2 XIX 25:5 AG8B0;8 ACI5AB2>20=85 548=>@>30 @50;L=>ABLN. > CG5=K5 C65 CA?5H=> 1>@>;8AL A =525640<8. !0<K9 C1548B5;L=K9 0@3C<5=B ?@>B82 ACI5AB2>20=8O 548=>@>30 2KA:070; D@0=FC7A:89 =0BC@0;8AB >@6 N2L5 2 1827 3>4C, 4>:0702H89, GB> =8 >4=> ?0@=>:>?KB=>5 =5 <>65B 8<5BL >48= @>3, ?>A:>;L:C B0:>5 682>B=>5 8<55B @0745;5==K5 ;>1=K5 :>AB8 8 @>3 =5 <>65B 5AB5AB25==K< >1@07>< 2K@0AB8 =0 <5AB5 @0745;5=8O. N2L5 1K; ?@02: =>A>@>3 459AB28B5;L=> =5 O2;O5BAO 8A:;NG5=85< A@548 ?0@=>:>?KB=KE 8 53> @>3 =5 ?@8:@5?;5= : :>ABO< G5@5?0.  ;535=40E > 548=>@>35 <=>3> A8<2>;8:8.  4065 5A;8 >= 402=> C65 =5 2>A?@8=8<05BAO :0: @50;L=>5 ACI5AB2>, 5<C ?@>4>;60NB ?@8?8AK20BL 0;;53>@8G5A:>5 7=0G5=85, GB>, 2848<>, C4>2;5B2>@O5B 402=NN ?>B@51=>ABL G5;>25:0 ?@8:>A=CBLAO : 70304>G=><C 8 <8AB8G5A:><C. ;02=>5, GB> =04> 70<5B8BL, MB> B>, GB> =0 0?045 548=>@>3 @>6405B >4=>2@5<5==> ?>;>68B5;L=K5 8 =530B82=K5 0AA>F80F88. = A8<2>;878@C5B E@01@>ABL, 1;03>@>4AB2>, <C4@>ABL, => 2<5AB5 A B5< 3>@4K=N, O@>ABL 8 @07@CH8B5;L=CN A8;C. = A8<2>; %@8AB0 8 LO2>;0, =5?>1548<>9 A8;K %@8AB0 8 3C18B5;L=>9 A8;K LO2>;0. 8B09A:0O <8D>;>38O ?@8?8AK205B :8-;8=C B>;L:> ?>;>68B5;L=K5 :0G5AB20. = A8<2>;878@C5B <C4@>ABL, A?@0254;82>ABL 8 G5AB=>ABL. = ?>O2;O5BAO B>;L:> 2> 2@5<5=0 A?@0254;82>3> ?@028B5;O, 0 53> ?>O2;5=85 7=0<5=C5B @>645=85 8;8 A<5@BL <C4@5F0. 48=>@>3  A8<2>; G8AB>BK 8 =5?>@>G=>AB8 2284C <038G5A:>9 F5;8B5;L=>9 A8;K, ?@8?8AK205<>9 53> @>3C, 8 0AA>F80F859 A %@8AB>< 8 52>9 0@859.  ;535=45 > 452AB25==8F5 >= 157>H81>G=> @0A?>7=05B 55 F5;><C4@85 8, 5A;8 452CH:0 ?>@>G=0, ?@>=705B 55 @>3><. 4=0:> 548=>@>3 B0:65 A8<2>; 2>645;5=8O.  MB> =5B@C4=> >1JOA=8BL. 0: A8;L=>5 8 <>3CG55 682>B=>5 >= 0AA>F88@C5BAO A A8;>9 A0<F0, 53> @>3  D0;;8G5A:89 A8<2>;.  $878>;>3CA5 =8G53> =5 3>2>@8BAO > A5:AC0;L=KE 459AB28OE 452CH:8, => 2A5 65 ;535=40 @>6405B 8 B0:CN 8=B5@?@5B0F8N: B>;L:> ACI5AB2> 65=A:>3> ?>;0 <>65B ?>:>@8BL 548=>@>30, >= :;045B 3>;>2C 59 =0 :>;5=8, 8 >=0 ;0A:05B 53>. 3> ?>:>@=>ABL ?>E>60 =0 ?>:>@=>ABL ;N1>2=8:0. @01A:0O 25@A8O $8-78>;>3CA0 >B;8G05BAO >B AB0=40@B=>9, >=0 A>45@68B 4>2>;L=> M@>B8G5A:CN 8AB>@8N: 452CH:0 2 =59 B>65 =5?>@>G=0, => ;8H5=0 A:@><=>AB8, :>B>@CN <>6=> 1K;> 1K >6840BL >B 452AB25==8FK. 48=>@>3 ?>4E>48B : =59, 8 >=0 ?@54;0305B 5<C A2>8 3@C48, :>B>@K5 >= =0G8=05B A>A0BL. >B>< >=0 15@5B 53> @C:>9 70 @>3. #<5@I2;5=85 548=>@>30, ?> E@8AB80=A:>9 ;535=45, B0:65 8<55B 0;;53>@8G5A:>5 7=0G5=85. E>B=8:8  2@038 %@8AB0, 3815;L 548=>@>30 A8<2>;878@C5B 53> <CG5=8O 8 A<5@BL. 48=>@>3C 4>;3>5 2@5<O ?@8?8AK20;8 B0:>5 :0G5AB2>, :0: F0@AB25==>ABL. -;80= C?><8=05B, GB> <>;>4KE 548=>@>3>2 ?@82>48;8 : :>@>;N 8 2KAB02;O;8 =0 ?C1;8G=>5 >1>7@5=85; 2 $878>;>3CA5 ?;5=5==>5 682>B=>5 B>65 >B2>4OB 2> 42>@5F : :>@>;N. 2@>?59A:85 ?CB5H5AB25==8:8 @0AA:07K20;8 > 548=>@>30E, :>B>@K5 ?@8=04;560;8 ?@028B5;O< >AB>:0.  A25B5 MB>3> ?>=OB=>, ?>G5<C 87>1@065=85 548=>@>30 G0AB> 8A?>;L7>20;>AL 2 35@0;L48:5. 081>;55 8725AB5= 35@1 1@8B0=A:>9 :>@>;52A:>9 0@<88, =0 :>B>@>< 548=>@>3 8 ;52 87>1@065=K :0: A>N7=8:8. 48=>@>3C ?@8?8AK20;8 8 A8<2>; 2>745@60=8O, <>=0H5A:>9 687=8 87-70 53> AB@5<;5=8O : C548=5=8N. 0:>=5F, >= A8<2>;878@C5B A8;C 8 74>@>2L5. 'B> 65 :0A05BAO A0<>9 7=0<5=8B>9 ;535=4K > 548=>@>35, > :>B>@>9 <K G0AB> C?><8=0;8, B> BCB =04> 70<5B8BL A;54CNI55: <=>385 ;N48 25@8;8, GB> 2 >A=>25 MB>3> <8D0 ;568B 4>AB>25@=0O 8AB>@8O.  ?@8<5@C, 548=>@>30 ?@82;5:05B >A>1K9 A;04>AB@0AB=K9 70?0E, 8AE>4OI89 >B 452AB25==8FK. 52CH:0 <>3;0 >G0@>20BL 53> 8 4@C38< A?>A>1><  273;O4>< 8;8 ?@8:>A=>25=85< : @>3C. !CI5AB2C5B 5I5 >4=0 ;535=40 > 548=>@>35, A>3;0A=> :>B>@>9 >= >1;0405B A?>A>1=>ABLN >G8I0BL 2>4C A2>8< @>3><. "0:>5 53> A2>9AB2> >?8A0=> 2 3@5G5A:>9 25@A88 $878>;>3CA0: 2>40 2 >75@5 1K;0 >B@02;5=0 7<559 8 AB0;0 O4>28B>9. 48=>@>3 =0G5@B0; @>3>< =0 2>45 :@5AB, 8 ?>A;5 MB>3> 682>B=K5 A<>3;8 55 ?8BL. 45AL B0:65 =0;8F> A>?>AB02;5=85 548=>@>30 A %@8AB><, :>B>@K9 >G8I05B >B 3@5E0 (O40), 2K720==>3> LO2>;>< (7<559). 48=>@>3C ?@8?8AK20;8 8 A?>A>1=>ABL @0A?>7=020BL @>3>< O4. >3 ?>:@K20;AO :0?5;L:0<8 ?>B0 ?@8 ?@81;865=88 : >B@025 8;8 O4>28B0O 684:>ABL 70:8?0;0, :>340 2 =55 >?CA:0;8 @>3. >B ?>G5<C B0:>9 ?>?C;O@=>ABLN ?>;L7>20;8AL :C1:8 8 G0H8 87 @>30 8;8 87<5;LG5==K9 @>3. !G8B0;>AL, GB> @>3 >1;040; GC4>459AB25==>9 A8;>9. = 1C4B> 1K 87;5G820; >B M?8;5?A88, ;8E>@04:8, 4@C38E 1>;57=59, ?@>4;520; <>;>4>ABL 8 C:@5?;O; ?>B5=F8N. 5C4828B5;L=>, GB> AB>8; >= 4>@>3>. > 2@5<5=0 5=5AA0=A0 B>@3>2;O @>3>< 25;0AL 2 H8@>:8E <0AHB010E. 065 =51>;LH>9 53> :CA>G5: >F5=820;AO 2 F5;>5 A>AB>O=85, @>3 F5;8:>< 1K; ?>8AB8=5 15AF5==K<.  1600 3>4C 2 2@>?5 =0AG8BK20;>AL ?> :@09=59 <5@5 12 @>3>2. @03>< 548=>@>30 87402=0 AG8B0;AO A;>=. =8 2A5340 2ABC?0;8 2 1>@L1C, 8 >1KG=> :>=G0;>AL B5<, GB> 548=>@>3 ?@>?0@K20; A;>=C 1@NE>. !> ;L2>< C 548=>@>30 B>65 1K;8 B@C4=K5 >B=>H5=8O. > ;52 <>3 70<0=8BL 548=>@>30 2 ;>2CH:C: A?0A0OAL >B ?>3>=8, >= CAB@5<;O;AO : 45@52C 8 2 A0<K9 ?>A;54=89 <><5=B >BA:0:820; 2 AB>@>=C, 548=>@>3 65 2>=70;AO @>3>< 2 45@52>, 8 ;52 <>3 ;53:> @0A?@028BLAO A =8<. L20 =07K20NB F0@5< 725@59, => ?@5B5=4>20BL =0 MB> 720=85 2?>;=5 <>65B B0:65 8 548=>@>3. >2>@8;8, GB> 548=>@>3 >18B0; 2 -45<5 8 1K; =0 >52>< :>2G535. > =5:>B>@K5 CB25@640;8, GB> 548=>@>3 A> A2>59 A0<:>9 >B:070;AO ABC?8BL =0 :>2G53, 0 ?> 4@C3>9 ;535=45 A0<5F 8 A0<:0 548=>@>38 1K;8 =0AB>;L:> =5C?@02;O5<K<8, GB> >9 A0< ?@>3=0; 8E.  =5:>B>@KE 8AB>G=8:0E A>>1I0;>AL, GB> 548=>@>3 CB>=C; 2> 2@5<O ?>B>?0, 4@C385 65, =0>1>@>B, AG8B0;8, GB> >= A?0AAO 2?;02L. 48=>@>3 >AB028; 70<5B=K9 A;54 2 ;8B5@0BC@5 8 2 8A:CAAB25 A@54=525:>2LO 8 M?>E8 >7@>645=8O. #?><8=0=8O > =5< 2AB@5G0NBAO 2 :=830E, 53> 87>1@060NB =0 8;;NAB@0F8OE, :0@B8=0E, 3>15;5=0E, =0 ?@54<5B0E :C;LB0, H:0BC;:0E, <540;L>=0E. 8:0 :C;LB 548=>@>30 4>AB83 2 XV 25:5. !> 2B>@>9 ?>;>28=K XVI 25:0 8=B5@5A : =5<C 70BCE05B, => 2 XX 25:5 >= 2>7@>6405BAO A=>20. "5<0 548=>@>30, 2 >A>15==>AB8 AN65B > 548=>@>35 8 452AB25==8F5, 0:B82=> @072820;0AL 2 87>1@078B5;L=>< 8A:CAAB25. 081>;55 8725AB=K5 @01>BK  425 A5@88 3>15;5=>2 :>=F0 XV 25:0 52CH:0 8 548=>@>3 8 E>B0 =0 548=>@>30. 5@20O, E@0=OI0OAO 2 <C755 ;N=8 2 0@865, A>AB>8B 87 H5AB8 3>15;5=>2, ?OBL 87 :>B>@KE A8<2>;878@CNB GC2AB20 G5;>25:0. 0 =56=>-:@0A=>< D>=5 =0 3>15;5=0E 87>1@065=K F25BK, 45@52LO, ?B8FK, >157LO=K, 4@C385 682>B=K5, ;52 8 548=>@>3, 548=>@>3 8 452CH:0. @C30O A5@8O, E>B0 =0 548=>@>30 (<C759 ;>9AB5@A 2 LN->@:5), 2:;NG05B A5<L 3>15;5=>2. 0 =8E 87>1@065=K >E>B0, C189AB2>, 2>A:@5H5=85 548=>@>30 8 53> ?;5=5=85. "5<0 548=>@>30 =0E>48B 2>?;>I5=85 8 2 ;8B5@0BC@5. =>340 548=>@>3 O2;O5BAO F5=B@0;L=>9 D83C@>9 ?>25AB2>20=8O, =0?@8<5@ 2 A>2@5<5==>9 D0=B0AB8:5 8 45BA:>9 ;8B5@0BC@5. 48=>@>38 2 <8D0E A2O70=K A 2>;H51AB2>< 8 <03859, ?>MB><C >=8 G0AB> >18B0NB 2 A:07>G=KE <5AB0E 8 :>@>;52AB20E. =>340 548=>@>30 ?@54AB02;ONB 2>2A5 =5 2>;H51=K< 682>B=K<. "0:, C 01;5 0=B03@NM;L 2848B 32 548=>@>30 2 B;0A=>9 AB@0=5, 345 2A5 ?B8FK 8 725@8 87>1@065=K =0 3>15;5=5.  :=835 . M@@>;;0  075@:0;L5 548=>@>3 8 ;52 1>@NBAO 70 :>@>=C. (5:A?8@ C?><8=05B > 548=>@>30E 2 @><0=B8G5A:>9 4@0<5 C@O. #8;LO< 0B;5@ 5BA 2 :=835 48=>@>3 A> 72574 (1908) A2O7K205B A 548=>@>3>< @07@CH8B5;L=CN A8;C, :>B>@0O ?@8=>A8B >1=>2;5=85 8 ?5@5@>645=85. >M<0 09=5@0 0@88 8;L:5 !>=5BK : @D5N (1923) =0?8A0=0 ?>4 2?5G0B;5=85< >B 3>15;5=0 52CH:0 8 548=>@>3. %>BO 8;L:5 8 =5 25@8B 2 ACI5AB2>20=85 548=>@>30, 53> >B>1@065=85 2 8A:CAAB25 :0: 1K 40@C5B 5<C 4CE>2=CN 687=L, :>B>@0O ?>4G0A :065BAO @50;L=55 D878G5A:>9.  ?L5A5 ". #8;LO<A0 !B5:;O==K9 725@8=5F (1945) 548=>@>3 A8<2>;878@C5B >48=>G5AB2> 8 CO728<>ABL 3;02=>9 35@>8=8.  :=835 . !. LN8A0 >A;54=OO 18B20 (1954) 548=>@>3 1>@5BAO ?@>B82 A8; 7;0 8 2<5AB5 A 4@C38<8 682>B=K<8 ?@83;0H5= 2 @09.  ?@>872545=88 ". X. #09B0 >@>;L @07 8 =02A5340 G5BK@5 <0;LG8:0 70AB02;ONB :CE0@:C 2KABC?8BL 2 @>;8 ?@8<0=:8 4;O 548=>@>30.  E>BO 2=0G0;5 >=8 =0<5@520;8AL >AB028BL 548=>@>30 2 682KE, ?>B>< 65AB>:> @0A?@02;ONBAO A =8<.  548=>@>35 3>2>@OB 8 ?8HCB 8 A53>4=O. @>40NBAO D83C@:8 548=>@>30, @07;8G=K5 AC25=8@K A 53> 87>1@065=8O<8. = G0ABK9 ?5@A>=06 EC4>65AB25==KE ?@>872545=89 8 682>?8A=KE ?>;>B5=. ! =8< A2O70=> <=>65AB2> A8<2>;>2 8 0;;53>@89, 8 ?>MB><C <>6=> A C25@5==>ABLN CB25@640BL, GB> 5<C ?@54AB>8B 5I5 4>;30O 687=L 2 8A:CAAB25 8 A>7=0=88 ;N459. "  ;0AA8G5A:89 :5=B02@  ACI5AB2> A BC;>28I5< 8 =>30<8 ;>H048 8 G5;>25G5A:8<8 3>;>2>9 8 @C:0<8. 4=0:> ACI5AB2C5B =5<0;> 20@80F89 53> 2=5H=53> 2840. 5=B02@ <>3 1KBL 8 :@K;0BK<. > 2A5E MB8E A;CG0OE >= >AB020;AO G5;>25:><-;>H04LN.  A@54=85 25:0 ?>O28;8AL >=>:5=B02@ (:><18=0F8O G5;>25:0 8 >A;0), 1C:5=B02@ (G5;>25:-1C92>;) 8 ;5>=B>:5=B02@ (G5;>25:-;52).  8=489A:>< 8A:CAAB25 8725AB=> 87>1@065=85 G5;>25:0 A =>30<8 1C92>;0 (8;8 ;>H048) 8 E2>AB>< @K1K. ;O >1>7=0G5=8O ACI5AB2, =5 AE>68E 2=5H=5 A ;>H04LN, => A>E@0=ONI8E G5@BK :5=B02@0, 2 =0CG=>9 ;8B5@0BC@5 8A?>;L7C5BAO B5@<8= :5=B02@>84K. 1@07 :5=B02@0, 2848<>, 2>7=8: 2 028;>=5 2> 2-< BKAOG5;5B88 4> =. M. >G52=8:8 :0AA8BK, ?@8H54H85 2 5A>?>B0<8N 87 @0=0 >:>;> 1750 3>40 4> =. M., 25;8 >65AB>G5==CN 1>@L1C A 38?B>< 8 AA8@859 70 2;04KG5AB2> =0 ;86=5< >AB>:5. > 3@0=8F0< A2>59 8<?5@88 :0AA8BK 2>742830;8 >3@><=K5 :0<5==K5 8720O=8O 1>3>2-E@0=8B5;59, A@548 =8E  :5=B02@>2. 4=> 87 =8E 87>1@060;> :@K;0B>5 ACI5AB2> A ;>H048=K< BC;>28I5<, 42C<O ;8F0<8  G5;>25G5A:8<, 3;O4OI8< 2?5@54, 8 4@0:>=L8<, >1@0I5==K< =0704, 8 42C<O E2>AB0<8 (;>H048=K< 8 A:>@?8>=L8<); 2 @C:0E  ;C: A =0BO=CB>9 B5B82>9. @C3>9 8725AB=K9 <>=C<5=B  8720O=85 :;0AA8G5A:>3> :5=B02@0 157 :@K;L52, A >4=>9 3>;>2>9 8 >4=8< E2>AB><, 3>B>2>3> 2KAB@5;8BL 2 ?@>B82=8:0 87 A2>53> ;C:0. 07C<55BAO, B>, GB> :0AA8BK 87>1@060;8 :5=B02@0 2 A2>8E A:C;L?BC@0E, 2>2A5 =5 >7=0G05B, GB> >=8 65 53> 8 ?@84C<0;8, =>, ?>A:>;L:C 8<?5@8O :0AA8-B>2 ?@5:@0B8;0 ACI5AB2>20=85 : A5@548=5 XII 25:0 4> =. M., <K <>65< A ?>;=K< ?@02>< CB25@640BL, GB> 8AB>@8O :5=B02@0 =0AG8BK205B 1>;55 B@5E BKAOG ;5B. >O2;5=85 >1@070 :5=B02@0 3>2>@8B > B><, GB> C65 2> 2@5<O :0AA8B>2 ;>H04L 83@0;0 206=CN @>;L 2 687=8 G5;>25:0. @52=59H55 C?><8=0=85 > ;>H048  >A;5 A 70?040 8;8 3>@=>< >A;5  <K =0E>48< =0 3;8=O=>9 2028;>=A:>9 B01;8G:5, 40B8@C5<>9 2100 3>4>< 4> =. M. 4=0:> ?@5645 G5< ;>H04L AB0;0 =0 ;86=5< >AB>:5 ?@82KG=K< A?CB=8:>< G5;>25:0, ?@>H;8 25:0. G5=L 25@>OB=>, GB> :>G52=8:8-:0AA8BK 2=5A;8 A2>N ;5?BC 2 @0A?@>AB@0=5=85 ;>H048 8 :>;5A=8F. >7<>6=>, 4@52=85 75<;545;LFK 2>A?@8=8<0;8 2A04=8:>2 =0 ;>H048 F5;>AB=K< ACI5AB2><, =>, A:>@55 2A53>, 68B5;8 !@54875<=><>@LO, A:;>==K5 : 87>1@5B5=8N A>AB02=KE ACI5AB2, ?@84C<02 :5=B02@0, B0:8< >1@07>< ?@>AB> >B@078;8 @0A?@>AB@0=5=85 ;>H048. B0:, ACI5AB2>, 8725AB=>5 :0: :5=B02@, ?>O28;>AL =0 ;86=5< >AB>:5 <564C 1750 8 1250 3>40<8 4> =. M. 8 A;C68;> 4CE><-E@0=8B5;5<, 3;02=K< >@C685< :>B>@>3> 1K;8 ;C: 8 AB@5;K. 0AA8BK, 8<52H85 >1H8@=K5 B>@3>2K5 A2O78, ?@8=5A;8 :5=B02@0 2 <8:5=A:CN F828;870F8N, B0:65 8AG57=C2HCN : A5@548=5 XII 25:0 4> =. M. ! @8B0 >= ?>?0; 2 @52=NN @5F8N. 7>1@065=85 18B2K "5A5O A :5=B02@>< =0 0<D>@5 VIII 25:0 4> =. M. C:07K205B =0 B>, GB> : MB><C 2@5<5=8 3@5:8 C65 CA?5;8 @0728BL <8D>;>38N, 2>1@02HCN 2 A51O <8:5=A:8E 35@>52.  4@52=53@5G5A:>9 :C;LBC@5 >1@07 8 A8<2>;8:0 :5=B02@0 ?>425@3;8AL 7=0G8B5;L=K< 87<5=5=8O<. 5=B02@ %59@>= (8, 2 <5=LH59 AB5?5=8, :5=B02@ $>;>A) AG8B0;AO <C4@K< ?>:@>28B5;5< G5;>25G5AB20. = >1KG=> 87>1@060;AO A 25B2O<8 ;02@0 2 >158E @C:0E.  ;8045 %59@>=  ;5:0@L, 4@C3 8 CG8B5;L 35@>52, A>740B5;L E8B@>C<=KE ?@8A?>A>1;5=89 4;O 2545=8O 2>9=K 8, =0:>=5F, A0<K9 ?@0254=K9 87 :5=B02@>2. 4=0:> 2 F5;>< :5=B02@ >AB0;AO A8<2>;>< ?LO=AB20 8 =0A8;8O. -B0 42>9AB25==>ABL, 2>7<>6=>, 2>AE>48B 5I5 : 2@5<5=0< :0AA8B>2, 87>1@0602H8E :5=B02@0 A 42C<O ;8F0<8  G5;>25G5A:8< 8 4@0:>=L8<.  48AA55 >?8A0=0 8AB>@8O > B><, :0: :5=B02@ -2@8B8>=, ?@83;0H5==K9 =0 A204L1C 59@8B>>=0, =0?8;AO 28=0 8 ?>?KB0;AO >15AG5AB8BL =525ABC.  =0:070=85 5<C >B@570;8 CH8 8 =>A 8 2KH2K@=C;8 2>=. 5=B02@ ?@8720; A2>8E A>1@0BL52 : >B<I5=8N, 8 A?CABO =5:>B>@>5 2@5<O ?@>87>H;0 18B20, 2 :>B>@>9 :5=B02@K ?>B5@?5;8 ?>@065=85. @5:8, @072>482H85 8 ;N182H85 ;>H0459, 1K;8 E>@>H> 7=0:><K A 8E =@02><. 5 A;CG09=> 8<5==> ?@8@>40 ;>H048 0AA>F88@>20;0AL C =8E A =5?@54A:07C5<K<8 ?@>O2;5=8O<8 =0A8;8O C MB>3> 2 >1I5< 8 F5;>< ?>;>68B5;L=>3> ACI5AB20. @5G5A:89 :5=B02@  ?@0:B8G5A:8 G5;>25:, >4=0:> 53> ?>2545=85 @078B5;L=K< >1@07>< <5=O5BAO ?>4 2>7459AB285< 28=0. ><5@ ?8H5B: <5==> 28=> ?>28==> 2 15AG8=AB20E, :>B>@K5 8725AB=K9 :5=B02@ -2@8B8>= CG8=8; 2> 42>@F5 25;8:>4CH=>3> 59@8B>>=0 2 0?8B5. 3> @07C< 2715A8;AO >B >?LO=5=8O.  2 O@>AB8 A2>59 =0B2>@8; >= <=>3> 154 2 4><5 59@8B>>=0& ! B5E ?>@ ?@>4>;605BAO 2@0640 <564C ;N4L<8 8 :5=B02@0<8.  >= 1K; ?5@2K<, :B> >ICB8; =0 A515 7;> ?LO=AB20. 5=B02@ 1K; ?>?C;O@=K< 35@>5< @>A?8A8 207. 3> EC4>65AB25==>5 2>?;>I5=85 7028A5;> >B B>3>, :0:>9 :5=B02@ 1K; 87>1@065= =0 2075. 20 A0<KE F828;87>20==KE :5=B02@0  %59@>= 8 $>;>A  >1KG=> 87>1@060;8AL A =>30<8 G5;>25:0, 2 B> 2@5<O :0: 2AO 704=OO G0ABL 8E B5; >AB020;0AL ;>H048=>9. %59@>= ?>GB8 2A5340 >45B, C =53> <>3;8 1KBL G5;>25G5A:85 CH8. $>;>A, =0?@>B82, G0I5 2A53> ?@54AB05B >1=065==K< 8 =5?@5<5==> A ;>H048=K<8 CH0<8. 5=B02@ A G5BK@L<O ;>H048=K<8 =>30<8 2>A?@8=8<0;AO 3@5:0<8 A:>@55 :0: 682>B=>5, G5< :0: G5;>25:. 5A<>B@O =0 G5;>25G5A:CN 3>;>2C, 53> CH8  ?>GB8 2A5340 ;>H048=K5, 0 ;8F>  3@C1>5 8 1>@>40B>5. 5=B02@0, :0: ?@028;>, 87>1@060;8 >1=065==K<, A <C6A:8<8 8 :>=A:8<8 35=8B0;8O<8 >4=>2@5<5==>. 1@07 :5=B02@0, 157CA;>2=>, =5 1K; >1I8< 4;O 2A59 @5F88: 2 :>=B8=5=B0;L=>9 55 G0AB8 :5=B02@>2 87>1@060;8 A 2A:;>:>G5==K<8 4;8==K<8 2>;>A0<8, 0 2 >=88 8 -B@C@88  A :>@>B:8<8. -B8 ACI5AB20 =5 >1O70B5;L=> 8<5;8 ?@8 A515 ;C:  G0I5 1@52=> 8;8 1C;K6=8:. ;0AA8G5A:8< <>6=> =0720BL 87>1@065=85 A<5@B8 08=5O 2 18B25 ?@8 0?8B5: :5=B02@K ?>3@510NB C<8@0NI53> 35@>O ?>4 3>@>9 1@525= 8 :0<=59. 0 2075 @01>BK ;8B8O (560 4> =. M.) 87>1@065=K >10 2840 :5=B02@>2: A >4=>9 AB>@>=K  %59@>=, >45BK9 2 E8B>= 8 2>73;02;ONI89 ?@>F5AA8N 1>3>2 2 G5ABL =>2>1@0G=>9 ?0@K (5;5O 8 $5B88), 4@C65A:8 ?@825BAB2C5B 65=8E0; =0 >1@0B=>9 AB>@>=5  AF5=0 18B2K ?@8 0?8B5. >A?8AL A8<2>;878@C5B 42>9AB25==>ABL ?@8@>4K :5=B02@>2, ?@>B82>?>AB02;OO %59@>=0, ?>4G8=82H53>AO ?>@O4:C, :>B>@K9 CAB0=>2;5= ;N4L<8, 8 4@C38E :5=B02@>2, :>B>@K5 C3@>60NB MB><C ?>@O4:C A2>8< 48:8< =@02><. -B8 420 B8?0  =5 548=AB25==K5, 0 ;8HL =081>;55 @0A?@>AB@0=5==K5 2 @5F88. @><5 =8E 87>1@060;8AL :@K;0BK5 :5=B02@K, C:07K20NI85 =0 B>, GB> :0AA8B-A:0O B@048F8O =5 C<5@;0 >:>=G0B5;L=>. 5A:>;L:> :8?@A:8E B5@@0:>B>2KE D83C@ VII 25:0 4> =. M. <>6=> A ?>;=K< >A=>20=85< =0720BL :5=B02@>840<8.  >B;8G85 >B 8=>B02@0 A BC;>28I5< G5;>25:0 8 3>;>2>9 1C92>;0 C MB8E ACI5AB2 8<5NBAO G5;>25G5A:85 3>;>2K (8=>340  A @>30<8) 8 B5;0 1C92>;>2, GB>, 25@>OB=>, A2O70=> A :C;LB>< 1>30 ?;>4>@>48O  1K:0. 5 <5=LHCN 70304:C, G5< A0< >1@07 :5=B02@0, ?@54AB02;O5B 53> 8<O. 8 ><5@, =8 4@C3>9 4@52=53@5G5A:89 ?>MB 5A8>4, C?><8=0O > :5=B02@0E, =5 >?8AK20NB 8E =0@C6=>ABL, 5A;8 B0:>2>9, @07C<55BAO, =5 AG8B0BL E0@0:B5@8AB8:C 2>;>A0BK5 ;N48-725@8. %>BO 87>1@065=8O ;>H0459 A G5;>25G5A:8<8 3>;>20<8 2AB@5G0NBAO =0G8=0O C65 A VIII 25:0 4> =. M., =5B =8:0:8E >A=>20=89 ?>;030BL, GB> 2> 2@5<5=0 ><5@0 ?@54AB02;5=85 > ?>;C725@8=KE ACI5AB20E 1K;> =0AB>;L:> @0A?@>AB@0=5==K<, GB> =5 =C640;>AL 2 :><<5=B0@8OE. !>2@5<5==K9 0=3;89A:89 ?8A0B5;L >15@B @592A, <=>3> >1@0I02H89AO 2 A2>5< B2>@G5AB25 : M?>E5 0=B8G=>AB8, AG8B0;, GB> :5=B02@0<8 ><5@ 8<5=C5B ?@54AB028B5;59 2>8=AB25==>3> ?;5<5=8, :>B>@K5 ?>:;>=O;8AL ;>H048. >4 ?@542>48B5;LAB2>< A2>53> F0@O %59@>=0 :5=B02@K 2KABC?8;8 ?@>B82 A2>8E 2@03>2 ;0?8B>2 A>2<5AB=> A 0E59F0<8. !?>@K > ?@>8AE>645=88 A;>20 :5=B02@ =8:>340 =5 CB8E0;8. > @07=K< 25@A8O<, >=> <>3;> ?@>87>9B8 >B ;0B8=A:>3> F5=BC@8O  A>B=O 8;8 3@5G5A:8E F5=B@>=  :>75;, :5=B5>  >E>B8BLAO, ?@5A;54>20BL 8 B02@>A  1K:. 5@2K< 4@52=53@5G5A:8< ?>MB><, C?><O=C2H8< > ;>H048=>9 ?@8@>45 :5=B02@>2, 1K; 8=40@ (>:. 518 442 8;8 438 4> =. M.).  8D80=5 >= 3>2>@8B > 2>7=8:=>25=88 :5=B02@>2. 0?8B ?> 8<5=8 :A8>= 2;N1;O5BAO 2 5@C, 8 52A 2 >B<5AB:C ?>AK;05B : =5<C >1;0:>, =0?><8=0NI55 ?> 284C 1>38=N, :A8>= A>2>:C?;O5BAO A >1;0:><, 8 >=> @>6405B 5<C @515=:0: 0BL MB0 ?@8=5A;0 5<C GC4>28I=>5 ?>B><AB2>. 5 1K;> =8:>340 =8 B0:>9 <0B5@8, =8 B0:>3> @515=:0, :>B>@>3> =5 ?@8=O;8 =8 ;N48, =8 1>38. =0 2K@0AB8;0 53> 8 =0@5:;0 5=B02@><. B 53> A>N70 A <03=5789A:>9 :>1K;8F59 ?@>87>H;> =51K20;>5 ?;5<O, =86=NN G0ABL C=0A;54>202H55 >B <0B5@8, 0 25@E=NN  >B >BF0. ! 4@C3>9 AB>@>=K, A>3;0A=> 8=40@C, ?@>8AE>645=85 %59@>=0 1K;> A>25@H5==> 8=K<. =  AK= $8;8@0, ?>B><:0 @>=0, :>B>@K9 =5:>340 ?@028; >3@><=K< F0@AB2>< 8 1K; AK=>< 515A. %59@>= 65=8;AO =0 452CH:5 ?> 8<5=8 %0@8:>, 8 C =8E @>48;8AL 2?>;=5 G5;>25G5A:>3> 2840 4>G5@8. =, 2848<>, 1K; 548=AB25==K< 4><0H=8< :5=B02@><. <5==> %59@>= O2;O;AO 2>A?8B0B5;5< E8;;0 8 5@:C;5A0. AB>@8O 4@C3>3> :5=B02@0  5AA>A0  4>H;0 4> =0A 1;03>40@O B@035488 !>D>:;0 (V 25: 4> =. M.). 5@0:; 2575B : A515 2 4>< A2>N =525ABC 590=59@C. 5=B02@ 70@010BK205B ?5@52>7>< ;N459 G5@57 @5:C -25=. 590=59@0 A048BAO : =5<C =0 A?8=C, GB>1K ?5@51@0BLAO =0 4@C3>9 15@53, => ?>A5@548=5 @5:8 5AA>A E20B05B 55 8 ?KB05BAO >15AG5AB8BL. 5@0:; A?0A05B =525ABC, ?@>=70O :5=B02@0 :>?L5< 2 3@C4L. #<8@0O, 5AA>A A>25BC5B 590=59@5 A>1@0BL 53> :@>2L 8 8A?>;L7>20BL 55 2 :0G5AB25 ?@82>@>B=>3> 75;LO 2 A;CG05, 5A;8 5@0:; :>340-=81C4L ?>;N18B 4@C3CN 65=I8=C. 590=59@0 >1<0:8205B 2 :@>2L :5=B02@0 :@09 BC=8:8. >340 5@0:; =045205B BC=8:C, ?@>?8B0==0O O4>< B:0=L ?@8;8?05B : 53> B5;C 8 ?@8G8=O5B B0:CN <CG8B5;L=CN 1>;L, GB> >= 1@>A05BAO 2 >3>=L. A;8 2 @5F88 :5=B02@ 1K; 2>?;>I5=85< 682>B=KE :0G5AB2, =5A>2<5AB8<KE A G5;>25G5A:>9 =0BC@>9, =5>1C740==KE AB@0AB59 8 =5C<5@5==>9 A5:AC0;L=>AB8, B> 2 @52=5< 8<5 >= ?@52@0B8;AO 2 <8@>;N182>3> A?CB=8:0 8>=8A0 8 -@>A0. 081>;LH89 2:;04 2 D>@<8@>20=85 @8<A:>3> 20@80=B0 >1@070 :5=B02@0 A45;0;, 157CA;>2=>, 28489 (43 4> =. M. >:. 18 =. M.) 2 5B0<>@D>70E. >MB 2=>A8B <=>65AB2> 45B0;59 2 8AB>@8N 65=8BL1K 59@8B>>=0 8 ?>A;54>202H53> 70B5< A@065=8O.  18B25 CG0AB2CNB =5 B>;L:> $>;>A 8 5AA>A, => 8 4@C385 :5=B02@K, O2;ONI85AO ?;>4>< 2>>1@065=8O 2848O. !@548 =8E =081>;LH89 8=B5@5A ?@54AB02;ONB &8;;0@ 8 8;>=><0. &8;;0@  N=K9, 15;>:C@K9 :5=B02@, 8;>=><0  53> 2>7;N1;5==0O, 452CH:0-:5=B02@ A 4;8==K<8 2>;>A0<8, C:@0H5==K<8 @>70<8, D80;:0<8 8 15;K<8 ;8;8O<8, ?@5:@0A=59 :>B>@>9 =5 1K;> 2 ;5A0E. >340 &8;;0@ ?>38105B 2 18B25, 8;>=><0 1@>A05BAO =0 :>?L5, ?@>=782H55 55 2>7;N1;5==>3>, 8 A;8205BAO A =8< 2 ?>A;54=5< >1JOB88. -B0 8AB>@8O ?@5:@0A=>3> :5=B02@0, 53> 65=AB25==>9 2>7;N1;5==>9, 8E 25@=>9 ;N128 8 B@>30B5;L=>3> A0<>C189AB20 :>=B@0AB8@C5B A >1@07>< 48:>3> 8 =5>1C740==>3> 3@5G5A:>3> :5=B02@0. @52=59H89 87 4>H54H8E 4> =0A 3>@>A:>?>2 1K; A>AB02;5= >:>;> 410 3>40 4> =. M. 2 028;>=5. 5 2K7K205B A><=5=89 B>, GB> 7>480:0;L=K9 !B@5;5F (5=B02@), B0: 65 :0: !:>@?8>= 8 >75@>3 (0=B8;>?0 ?>475<=>3> >:50=0 -O), >1@07K, =025O==K5 :0AA8BA:8<8 ?>3@0=8G=K<8 <>=C<5=B0<8. 0@O4C A A>7257485< 5=B02@0-!B@5;LF0 ACI5AB2C5B 8 .6=K9 5=B02@. >4 8<5=5< 7>480:0;L=>3> >75@>30 :5=B02@ ?5@5H5; 8 2 8A:CAAB2> 8A;0<A:>3> <8@0. 0:@5?;5=85 :5=B02@0 2 :0G5AB25 >4=>3> 87 7>480:0;L=KE A8<2>;>2 AK3@0;> A2>N @>;L 2 B><, GB> ?0<OBL > =5< A>E@0=8;0AL 8 2 A@54=525:>2L5.  15AB80@8OE >1@07 >=>:5=B02@0, G5;>25:0->A;0, >4=>7=0G=> A2O7K20;8 A 4LO2>;><. !@54=525:>2K9 :5=B02@ 2A5340 87>1@060;AO >1;0G5==K< 2 BC=8:C 8;8 ?;0I 8 =5?@5<5==> 45@60I8< 1>52>9 ;C: 2 @C:0E. "0:8< 53> <>6=> C2845BL =0 35@15 0=3;89A:>3> :>@>;O !B5D0=0 I. !CI5AB2CNB 8 87>1@065=8O :5=B02@0 A G5;>25G5A:8<8 @C:0<8, =5C:;N65 AB>OI53> =0 548=AB25==KE 704=8E ;>H048=KE =>30E. 0 109>=A:>< 3>15;5=5, 70?5G0B;52H5< AF5=K =>@<0=4A:>3> 702>520=8O =3;88 (XI 25: =. M.) 2 M?87>45, 87>1@060NI5< 0@>;L40 =0 ?CB8 : 8;L35;L<C 02>520B5;N, ?@8ACBAB2CNB ?OBL 4;8==>2>;>AKE >45BKE :5=B02@>2, 42>5 87 =8E  :@K;0BK5.  2 M?87>45 0@>;L4 A?0A05B 42>8E A>;40B 87>1@065= :5=B02@>84 A ;L28=K<8 ;0?0<8. 0<5==>5 8720O=85 5I5 >4=>3> ;5>=B>:5=B02@0 <>6=> C2845BL 2 5AB<8=AB5@A:>< 0110BAB25 2 >=4>=5.  >65AB25==>9 :><5488 0=B5 2AB@5G05< %59@>=0, 5AA>A0 8 $>;>A0 2 A54L<>< :@C35 040, 345 >=8 A1@0AK20NB 2 @5:C 87 :8?OI59 :@>28 4CH8 =0A8;L=8:>2. 0=B5 C405BAO 2 =51>;LH>< >B@K2:5 ?5@5G8A;8BL 1>;LH8=AB2> <8D>;>38G5A:8E G5@B :5=B02@>2. >340 %59@>= 70<5G05B 0=B5 8 5@38;8O, >= 4>AB05B AB@5;C 87 :>;G0=0, 28AOI53> C 53> 1545@, 8 @0A?@02;O5B 1>@>4C, GB>1K >=0 =5 <5H0;0 5<C @073>20@820BL. %59@>= =5 ;8H5= 8=B5;;5:B0: >= 2848B, GB> =>30 B>3>, :B> ?>7048, ?5@5428305B B>, G53> :0A05BAO, 8 ?>=8<05B, GB> 0=B5 682. 5AA>A 2A?><8=05B A2>5 ?@8687=5==>5 @5<5A;> 8 ?5@52>78B 0=B5 8 5@38;8O G5@57 :@>202CN @5:C $;535B>=. 5=B02@K A54L<>3> :@C30  E@0=8B5;8 8 @0A?>@O48B5;8 25G=>9 A?@0254;82>AB8. 48=AB25==>5, GB> C?CAB8; 0=B5 2 >?8A0=88 1KAB@>=>38E 725@59, =5 C:070; 8E ;>H048=CN ?@8@>4C. 1@07>20==K9 8B0;LO=5F, 2=5 2AO:>3> A><=5=8O, =5 B>;L:> G8B0; 2848O, => 8 2845; 1@>=7>2KE @8<A:8E :5=B02@>2, ?>;030O, GB> 53> G8B0B5;8 =5 EC65 7=0:><K A =8<8. 4=0:> 8;;NAB@0B>@K :><5488, ?>E>65, 8<5;8 =0 MB>B AG5B 7=0G8B5;L=K9 ?@>15;. 48= 87 =8E 87>1@078; :5=B02@0 A G5;>25G5A:>9 3>;>2>9, @0ABCI59 ?@O<> 87 3@C48 ;>H048, @07C<55BAO, 157 @C: 8 B>@A0. !B>O ?5@54 7040G59 87>1@078BL :5=B02@>2-;CG=8:>2, EC4>6=8: A>25@H5==> @0AB5@O;AO 8 =0@8A>20; 8E ?@>AB> :0: >1=065==KE <C6G8=.  AB>@88 "@>8 5D52@0 :5=B02@ ?> =5?>=OB=>9 ?@8G8=5 AB0=>28BAO A>N7=8:>< B@>O=F52. 5=B02@ A 3@82>9, :0: C ;>H048, 3;070<8 :@0A=K<8, :0: C3;8, <5B:> AB@5;O; 87 A2>53> ;C:0; 725@L MB>B 2A5;O; C60A 2 3@5:>2 8 <=>38E 87 =8E ?>@078; A2>8<8 AB@5;0<8. 848<>, 8<5==> MB0 8AB>@8O 1K;0 8725AB=0 (5:A?8@C.  "@>8;5 8 @5AA845 35@>9 "@>O=A:>9 2>9=K 5=5;09 3>2>@8B: #60A=K9 :5=B02@ 2A5;8; AB@0E 2 =0H8E 2>8=>2.  :5=B02@5 (5:A?8@0 2>7@>6405BAO 3@5G5A:89 >1@07 MB>3> ACI5AB20  C3@>70 >1I5AB25==><C ?>@O4:C.  XIX 25:5 >1@07 :5=B02@0 ?@82;5: : A515 5I5 1>;LH89 8=B5@5A 2 ;8B5@0BC@5 8 8A:CAAB25. 5B5 A45;0; %59@>=0 >4=>9 87 F5=B@0;L=KE D83C@ 2 >?8A0=88 0;L?C@3852>9 =>G8 2 $0CAB5. 45AL %59@>= A=>20 AB0=>28BAO <C4@K< 8 4>1@K< ACI5AB2><. <5==> >= >B2>78B $0CAB0 =0 2AB@5GC A ;5=>9. ;O 5B5 %59@>=  >;8F5B2>@5=85 <C6A:>9 :@0A>BK  >= ?>;CG5;>25: 8 157C?@5G5= 2 1535. 5=B02@0 87>1@060;8 =0 A2>8E ?>;>B=0E 8 2 >::C;LBC@0E >BB8G5;;8, 870=5;;>, 8:5;0=465;>, C15=A, 5:;8=3, >45=, 8:0AA> 8 <=>385 4@C385. <C ?>A2OI5=> <=>65AB2> ;8B5@0BC@=KE ?@>872545=89 8 =0CG=KE B@C4>2.  XIX 25:5 :5=B02@ B0:65 =5 >AB0;AO 701KBK<. "  0=B8:>@0, 2>7<>6=>, A0<>5 :@>2>604=>5 8 >?0A=>5 87 2K<KH;5==KE ACI5AB2. # =55 BC;>28I5 ;L20, G5;>25G5A:>5 ;8F>, 3>;C1K5 3;070 8 3>;>A, ?>4>1=K9 72CG0=8N A28@5;8. > 3;02=K5 8 A0<K5 C60A=K5 55 G5@BK  B@8 @O40 7C1>2 2> @BC, O4>28B>5 60;> =0 :>=F5 E2>AB0, :0: C A:>@?8>=0, 8 >B@02;5==K5 H8?K =0 E2>AB5, :>B>@K5 <0=B8:>@0 <>65B 2KAB@5;820BL 2 ;N1>< =0?@02;5=88. 0:>=5F, <0=B8:>@0 2 ?5@52>45 A D0@A8 >7=0G05B  ;N4>54. 5@2>5 C?><8=0=85 > <0=B8:>@5 <K 2AB@5G05< 2 :=830E C65 E>@>H> 7=0:><>3> G8B0B5;N 3@5G5A:>3> 2@0G0 B5A8O. ;03>40@O B5A8N 3@5:0< AB0;8 8725AB=K <=>385 ?5@A84A:85 <8DK. 0;L=59H85 3@5G5A:85 8 @8<A:85 >?8A0=8O ?>2B>@ONB >A=>2=K5 ?@87=0:8 <0=-B8:>@K, 40==K5 B5A85<, ?>:@KB>5 @K659 H5@ABLN ;L28=>5 BC;>28I5, B@8 @O40 7C1>2 8 E2>AB A O4>28BK< 60;>< 8 >B@02;5==K<8 H8?0<8. @8AB>B5;L 8 ;8=89 2 A2>8E B@C40E ?@O<> AAK;0NBAO =0 B5A8O. 4=0:> =081>;55 ?>;=>5 4@52=55 >?8A0=85 <0=B8:>@K A45;0=> 2> II 25:5 =. M. -;80=><. = ?@82>48B =5A:>;L:> ;N1>?KB=KE ?>4@>1=>AB59: AO:>3>, :B> ?@81;8605BAO : =59, >=0 ?>@0605B A2>8< 60;><& /4>28BK5 H8?K =0 55 E2>AB5 ?> B>;I8=5 A@02=8<K A> AB51;5< :0<KH0, 0 2 4;8=C 8<5NB >:>;> 30 A0=B8<5B@>2& =0 A?>A>1=0 ?>1548BL ;N1>5 87 682>B=KE, 70 8A:;NG5=85< ;L20. %>BO >G5284=>, GB> -;80=, :0: @8AB>B5;L 8 ;8=89, G5@?0; A2>8 7=0=8O > <0=B8:>@5 C B5A8O, >= 4>102;O5B, GB> ?>4@>1=K5 A2545=8O >1 MB>< GC4>28I5 A>45@60BAO 2 B@C45 8AB>@8:0 =840. > II 25:5 =. M. $8;>AB@0B 87 5<=>A0 C?><8=05B > <0=B8:>@5 :0: >1 >4=>< 87 GC45A, > :>B>@KE ?>;;>=89 @0AA?@0H8205B 0@E0 =0 E>;<5 <C4@5F>2. %>BO > <0=B8:>@5 @54:> 3>2>@8BAO 2 4@52=8E =0CG=KE :=830E, 55 >?8A0=8O<8 87>18;CNB A@54=525:>2K5 15AB80@88. BBC40 <0=B8:>@0 ?5@5:>G520;0 2 5AB5AB25==>=0CG=K5 B@C4K 8 D>;L:;>@=K5 ?@>872545=8O.  XIII 25:5 > =59 ?8A0; 0@D>;><59 =3;89A:89, 2 XIV  #8;LO< M:AB>= 2 :=835 5@:0;> <8@0. # M:AB>=0 B@8 @O40 7C1>2 <0=B8:>@K ?@52@0B8;8AL 2 G0AB>:>; >3@><=KE 7C1>2 2 55 3>@;5, 0 55 3>;>A, ?>4>1=K9 <5;>488 A28@5;8, AB0=>28BAO A;04:8< 7<58=K< H8?5=85<, :>B>@K< >=0 ?@8BO38205B : A515 ;N459, GB>1K 70B5< ?>6@0BL 8E. -B>, ?>-2848<><C, 548=AB25==K9 A;CG09, :>340 <0=B8:>@0 >:070;0AL ?5@5?CB0==>9 A A8@5=>9.  M?>EC >7@>645=8O <0=B8:>@0 ?>?0405B =0 AB@0=8FK AB>@88 682>B=KE >=@040 5A=5@0 8 AB>@88 G5B25@>=>38E 725@59 -420@40 ">?A5;;0. 0G8=0O A XVIII 25:0 <0=B8:>@0 =5 C?><8=05BAO =8 2 >4=>< A5@L57=>< =0CG=>< B@C45, 70 8A:;NG5=85< ?>A2OI5==KE 8AA;54>20=8N <8D>2. 0: C65 3>2>@8;>AL, =0 ?@>BO65=88 25:>2 2 >?8A0=85 <0=B8:>@K 1K;8 ?@82=5A5=K ;8HL <0;>7=0G8B5;L=K5 45B0;8.  ?@8<5@C, ;8=89 ?8H5B, GB> 55 3;070 =5 3>;C1K5, 0 75;5=K5, 0@D>;><59 =3;89A:89 3>2>@8B > B><, GB> C =55 ?>:@KB>5 H5@ABLN B5;> <54254O, 0 =0 =5:>B>@KE A@54=525:>2KE 35@10E <0=B8:>@0 87>1@065=0 A :@82K< 8;8 A?8@0;5284=K< @>3>< =0 3>;>25, 0 8=>340 A E2>AB>< 8 :@K;LO<8 4@0:>=0. 4=0:> B0:85 87<5=5=8O, A45;0==K5 @07=K<8 02B>@0<8, <0;> A:070;8AL =0 >1I5< ?@54AB02;5=88 > <0=B8:>@5  A> 2@5<5= B5A8O ACI5AB2C5B B>;L:> >4=0 @07=>284=>ABL <0=B8:>@K. %>BO ?@>8AE>645=85 <0=B8:>@K =5>4=>:@0B=> ?KB0;8AL A2O70BL A 8=489A:8< 725@5< <0:0@0, 52@>?59A:8< 2>;:><->1>@>B=5< 8 4@C38<8 ACI5AB20<8, ?@028;L=55 2A53>, >G5284=>, 1C45B A:070BL, GB> >=0 ?@>8AE>48B >B 8=489A:>3> B83@0. -B> ?@54?>;>65=85 2KA:070; 5I5 2> II AB>;5B88 =. M. :><<5=B0B>@ B5A8O 3@5G5A:89 ?8A0B5;L 02A0=89. = AG8B0;, GB> G5;NAB8 A 7C10<8 2 B@8 @O40, G5;>25G5A:>5 ;8F> 8 E2>AB A:>@?8>=0  =5 GB> 8=>5, :0: D0=B078O 8=489A:8E :@5ABLO=, 8A?KBK20NI8E C60A ?5@54 MB8< 682>B=K<. > <=5=8N 0;5=B09=0 >;;0, ;535=40 > B@5E @O40E 7C1>2 <>3;0 2>7=8:=CBL 87-70 B>3>, GB> :>@5==K5 7C1K =5:>B>@KE E8I=8:>2 8<5NB =5A:>;L:> >AB@KE @O4>2 =0 :064><, 0 60;> <0=B8:>@K  >@>3>252H89 CG0AB>: :>68 =0 :>=G8:5 E2>AB0 B83@0, =0?><8=0NI89 A2>8< 284>< :>3>BL. @><5 B>3>, ?> 8=489A:><C ?>25@LN, CAK B83@0 AG8B0NBAO O4>28BK<8. #8;A>= ?>;0305B, GB> 4@52=85 ?5@AK C2845;8 G5;>25G5A:>5 ;8F> <0=B8:>@K =0 8=489A:8E A:C;L?BC@0E B83@0-1>65AB20.  A@54=85 25:0 <0=B8:>@0 AB0;0 M<1;5<>9 ?@>@>:0 5@5<88, ?>A:>;L:C >=0  ACI5AB2> ?>475<=>5, 0 5@5<8O 1K; A1@>H5= 2@030<8 2 3;C1>:CN O<C.  D>;L:;>@5 <0=B8:>@0 AB0;0 A8<2>;>< B8@0=88, 7028AB8, 7;0 2>>1I5. I5 2 :>=F5 30-E 3>4>2 =0H53> AB>;5B8O 8A?0=A:85 :@5ABLO=5 AG8B0;8 <0=B8:>@C 725@5< ?;>E8E ?@547=0<5=>20=89. 0G8=0O A> A@54=8E 25:>2 <0=B8:>@0 ?@8E>48B 2 EC4>65AB25==CN ;8B5@0BC@C.  @><0=5 XIII 25:0 &0@L ;5:A0=4@ 3>2>@8BAO > B><, GB> C 15@53>2 0A?8O ;5:A0=4@ 0:54>=A:89 ?>B5@O; 2 18B20E A> ;L20<8, <54254O<8, 4@0:>=0<8, 548=>@>30<8 8 <0=B8:>@0<8 30 BKAOG A2>8E 2>8=>2.  ?>M<5 6>=0 !:5;B>=0 >@>159 $8;8?? (XVIII 25:) <0;5=L:0O 452>G:0, >1@0I0OAL : :>BC, C182H5<C 55 ;N18<CN ?B8G:C, 3>2>@8B: CABL B2>9 <>73 AJ54OB 3>@=K5 <0=B8:>@K.  ?L5A5 6>@460 #8;:8=A0 5AG0ABLO =0A8;LAB25==>3> 1@0:0 >48= 87 35@>52 A <0=B8:>@0<8, 2@030<8 G5;>25G5AB20, C :>B>@KE 420 @O40 7C1>2 A@02=8205B @>AB>2I8:>2. 0=B8:>@0  >48= 87 725@59-8A:CA8B5;59 2 =>25;;5 $;>15@0 A:CH5=85 A2OB>3> =B>=8O. # $;>15@0 <0=B8:>@0  B>65 @K689 ;52 A G5;>25G5A:8< ;8F>< 8 B@5<O @O40<8 7C1>2; :@><5 B>3>, >=0 @0A?@>AB@0=O5B GC<C.  XX 25:5 <0=B8:>@0 87>1@0605BAO =5A:>;L:> 1>;55 G5;>25:>;N182>9.  10A=5 5=>B38 48=>@>3, >@3>=0 8 0=B8:>@0 ?>A;54=OO 3>2>@8B > B><, GB> =0 A0<>< 45;5 >G5=L ;N18B ;N459 8 B>;L:> 87-70 >48=>G5AB20, 70AB5=G82>AB8 8 65;0=8O ?>45;8BLAO A2>59 ;N1>2LN 8=>340 :CA05B, 0 B>G=55, F5;C5B 8E @C:8.  2 =5:>B>@KE 45BA:8E :=86:0E <0=B8:>@0 ?@52@0I05BAO 2 25A5;>5, 4>1@>5 8 @0=8<>5 ACI5AB2>.  D0=B0AB8G5A:>< @0AA:075 8@A0 -=B>=8 0:;8=0=85 E0<5;5>=0 <0=B8:>@0, ACI5AB2>, @07<5@>< A ;>H04L, A 3>;>2>9 G5;>25:0, B5;>< ;L20, :@K;LO<8 4@0:>=0 8 E2>AB>< A:>@?8>=0, >E@0=O5B 4>< 4>1@>3> 2>;H51=8:0. 7>1@065=8O <0=B8:>@K 2AB@5G0NBAO =5 G0I5, G5< C?><8=0=8O > =59 2 ;8B5@0BC@5. >;LH8=AB2> 87 =8E :=86=K5 8;;NAB@0F88.  >B;8G85 >B CG5=KE 8 ?8A0B5;59 EC4>6=8:8 ?>72>;O;8 A515 >B=>A8BLAO : >1@07C <0=B8:>@K A 1>;LH59 4>;59 D0=B0788. 0=B8:>@C 87>1@060;8 8 A 4;8==K<8 65=A:8<8 2>;>A0<8, 8 A> AB@5;0<8 =0 E2>AB5. 48=AB25==>5 87>1@065=85 B@5E @O4>2 7C1>2 <>6=> C2845BL 2 25AB<8=AB5@A:>< 15AB80@88. 0=B8:>@0 C:@0H05B :0@BC <8@0 5@5D>@40 XIII 25:0. !0<0O ?>4@>1=0O 8;;NAB@0F8O 2>A?@>872545=0 2 15AB80@88 XVII 25:0. 0 =59 87>1@065=> ACI5AB2> A 3>;>2>9 <C6G8=K, BC;>28I5< ;L20, E2>AB>< A:>@?8>=0, :@K;LO<8 8 :>3BO<8 4@0:>=0, :>@>2L8<8 @>30<8 8 :>7L8< 2K<5=5<. 0@B8=:8 87 15AB80@852 24>E=>2;O;8 <=>38E 45:>@0B>@>2 E@8AB80=A:8E E@0<>2. 7>1@065=85 <0=B8:>@K <>6=> C2845BL =0 2>AL<83@0==>9 :>;>==5 2 0110BAB25 !C28=8, =0 <>708:0E 2 :0D54@0;L=KE A>1>@0E 2 >AB5 8 2 0>@5, 345 <0=B8:>@0 >;8F5B2>@O5B A2OB>3> 5@5<8N. 0 A2>N 1>;55 G5< 42CEBKAOG5;5B=NN 8AB>@8N <0=B8:>@0 <0;> 87<5=8;0AL 8, =5A<>B@O =0 ?@54?@8=8<02H85AO 2 =K=5H=5< 25:5 ?>?KB:8 ?@840BL 59 4>1@>45B5;L=K5 G5@BK, >AB05BAO A8<2>;>< :@>2>604=>AB8. #   <O >@3>=0 8725AB=> A 3;C1>:>9 4@52=>AB8. 04>;3> 4> ><5@0 3@5:8 =07K20;8 3>@3>=59>=>< <0A:C-B0;8A<0=, :>B>@CN 87>1@060;8 =0 >45645, ?@54<5B0E >18E>40, >@C68O, 8=AB@C<5=B0E, C:@0H5=8OE, <>=5B0E 8 D0A040E 740=89. #65 2 B5 4@52=85 2@5<5=0 <8DK > >@3>=5 8 54C75 B5A=> ?5@5?;5;8AL 8 MB8 8<5=0 ?@0:B8G5A:8 AB0;8 A8=>=8<0<8. >@3>=0 =045;5=0 =525@>OB=> :>20@=>9 :@0A>B>9, 702>@06820NI59 ;N1>3>, :B> 273;O=5B =0 =55.  7028A8<>AB8 >B >1AB>OB5;LAB2 55 65@B20 >:0<5=5205B, B5@O5B 40@ @5G8, ;8H05BAO GC2AB2 8;8 C<8@05B. !8;C 54C7K <>6=> >1@0B8BL ?@>B82 =55 A0<>9 8;8 8A?>;L7>20BL 2 1>@L15 A 4@C38<8 ?@>B82=8:0<8. !>3;0A=> @07;8G=K<, 70G0ABCN ?@>B82>@5G82K<, 8AB>G=8:0<, 54C70  65=A:>5 ACI5AB2>. 535=40 > 54C75 >@3>=5 >:>=G0B5;L=> AD>@<8@>20;0AL : VIII 25:C 4> =. M.  M?>EC ><5@0 >@3>=0 1K;0 =0AB>;L:> 8725AB=K< ?5@A>=065<, GB> >= ?@>AB> C?><8=05B > =59 2 A2>8E ?>M<0E, =5 87;030O 55 8AB>@88, :>B>@0O, :0:, 2848<>, >= AG8B05B, ?@5:@0A=> 8725AB=0 3@5:0<. 52A 2A5;O; C60A 2 A2>8E 2@03>2 I8B>< D8=K  M384>9, =0 :>B>@>< 1K;0 87>1@065=0 3>;>20 >@3>=K. 8 >48= 87 0=B8G=KE 02B>@>2 =5 C?><8=05B > B><, :0:8< >1@07>< >=0 >1@5;0 A2>8 =570C@O4=K5 A?>A>1=>AB8.  3><5@>2A:85 2@5<5=0 87>1@065=8O 54C7K 1K;8 @0A?@>AB@0=5=K ?>2A5<5AB=>: 8E <>6=> C2845BL =0 <>=5B0E, 1>:0;0E 4;O 28=0, E;51=KE D>@<0E, =04 2E>4=>9 425@LN 8 C 4><0H=53> >G030 2> <=>38E 0D8=A:8E 4><0E. !G8B0;>AL, GB> :0?;8 55 :@>28 2 0<C;5B5 ?@54>E@0=ONB 2;045;LF0 >B =5AG0AB89. >A;5 ><5@0 7=0G8B5;L=K9 2:;04 2 @0728B85 >1@070 54C7K A45;0; 5A8>4 (:>=5F VIII VII 25: 4> =. M.).  ?>M<0E "5>3>=8O 8 I8B C?><8=0NBAO 425 87 ?OB8 A5AB5@ >@3>=K  !B5=> 8 -2@80;0  GC4>28I0, 682CI85 =0 :@0N <8@0, 0 B0:65 >?8AK205BAO A<5@BL >@3>=K >B @C:8 5@A5O. > A@02=5=8N A 153;K<8 C?><8=0=8O<8 8 =0<5:0<8 ><5@0 MB> C65 >3@><=0O 8=D>@<0F8O. -AE8; (525 456 3>4K 4> =. M.) 4>102;O5B : =59 5I5 =5A:>;L:> 45B0;59.  @8:>20==>< @><5B55 >= 3>2>@8B > A5AB@0E 54C7K  :@K;0BKE 65=I8=0E A> 7<5O<8 2<5AB> 2>;>A 8 A<5@B>=>A=K< 273;O4><.  42CE 4@C38E B@03548OE -AE8;0 >1@07 54C7K >;8F5B2>@O5B >B2@0B8B5;L=>ABL 7;0 8 15760;>AB=>ABL G5;>25:0. 4=0:> >A>15==> 8=B5@5A=K5 ?>?@02:8 : 8AB>@88 > >@3>=5 45;05B 2 25=04F0B>9 ?8D89A:>9 >45 8=40@.  >B@K2:5 > ?@>8AE>645=88 D;59BK >= 3>2>@8B, GB> 8=AB@C<5=B 1K; A>740= D8=>9, 2?5G0B;5==>9 :@8:0<8 A5AB5@ >@3>=K 2 45=L 55 A<5@B8. 8=40@ >?8AK205B :@0A>BC 8 ?@82;5:0B5;L=>ABL 54C7K, 24>E=>2;O2HCN ?>MB>2-@><0=B8:>2 =0 ?@>BO65=88 <=>38E AB>;5B89. B =53> 65 8AE>4OB A2545=8O > B><, GB> 65@B2K >@3>=K >:0<5=520NB >B 55 273;O40. !2>N ;5?BC 2 @0728B85 <8D>2 > 54C75 2=5A 2@8?84 (V 25: 4> =. M.) 2 >=5. 5@>8=O MB>9 ?>M<K @570 >?8AK205B 420 =51>;LH8E ?>;KE 0<C;5B0, 4>AB02H8EAO 59 >B >BF0  -@8EB>=8O, :>B>@K9, 2 A2>N >G5@54L, ?>;CG8; 8E >B D8=K. 064K9 87 0<C;5B>2 A>45@68B :0?;N :@>28 54C7K. 4=0 87 :0?5;L  1;03>B2>@=0O, >1;040NI0O F5;8B5;L=K<8 A2>9AB20<8, 4@C30O  O4 87 7<58=>3> B5;0. 45AL, :0: 8 C 8=40@0, 54C70  ACI5AB2> 42>9AB25==>5. 081>;55 8725AB=>5, ?>;=>5 8 7=0G8B5;L=>5 ?> A2>5<C 2>7459AB28N =0 52@>?59A:CN <8D>;>38N >?8A0=85 >@3>=K A45;0=> 28485< 2 G5B25@B>9 8 ?OB>9 :=830E 5B0<>@D>7.  53> 8AB>@88 3;02=K< ?5@A>=065< AB0=>28BAO A<5;K9, 45@7:89 8 65AB>:89 35@>9 5@A59. ;O B>3> GB>1K ?>4G5@:=CBL 7=0G8<>ABL ?>154K 5@A5O =04 54C7>9, 28489 ?>4@>1=> 3>2>@8B > ?@>8AE>645=88 8 GC4>28I=KE A?>A>1=>ABOE 53> 7<55-2>;>A>9 A>?5@=8FK. <5==> >?8A0=8N 2848O 2 A2>5< 1>;LH8=AB25 A;54>20;8 ?8A0B5;8 8 EC4>6=8:8 ?>A;54CNI8E AB>;5B89. >4 ?5@>< 2848O 8AB>@8O 54C7K ?@52@0B8;0AL 2 ;535=4C. >GL $>@F8O, AK=0 <>@O 8 ACH8, 8 &5B>, 54C70 ?@8=04;568B : <;04H59 B@>9=5 A5AB5@ >@3>= (?> 2848N, AB0@H8E A5AB5@ >@3>=  @59  1K;> 425, >=8 @>48;8AL C65 AB0@K<8, A >4=8< 3;07>< =0 42>8E 8 A >4=8< 7C1>< 2 >1I5< @BC). %>BO C 2A5E B@5E <;04H8E >@3>= 2<5AB> 2>;>A 7<58, B>;L:> 54C70 >1;0405B GC45A=K< 40@>< 702>@06820BL ;N459 273;O4>< (8 2 ?>;>68B5;L=><, 8 2 >B@8F0B5;L=>< A<KA;5 MB>3> 2K@065=8O) 8 B>;L:> >=0 >4=0 87 B@5E A5AB5@ A<5@B=0. 5@A59 8715305B 55 ?@O<>3> 273;O40 8 >B@C105B A?OI59 54C75 3>;>2C, 3;O4O 2 55 >B@065=85 =0 A2>5< >B?>;8@>20==>< I8B5. 7 :@>28, E;K=C2H59 87 @0=K, :0: 87 <0B5@8=A:>3> G@520, ?>O2;ONBAO AK=>2LO 54C7K  530A 8 %@870>@. E >BF><, 2848<>, A;54C5B AG8B0BL 5@A5O. 5@A59 ?@OG5B >B@C1;5==CN 3>;>2C 2 AC<:C, ?>40@5==CN 5<C 4;O MB>9 F5;8 D8=>9. !8;0 >@3>=K =5 459AB2C5B, ?>:0 55 3>;>20 2 MB>9 AC<:5. 0 >1@0B=>< ?CB8 2 -D8>?8N 5@A59 B@864K 2K=8<05B 3>;>2C ?>25@65==>9 A>?5@=8FK.  ?5@2K9 @07, 2 ?CABK=5, >= =5A5B 3>;>2C ?5@54 A>1>9. 7 B5E <5AB, :C40 :0?05B :@>2L >@3>=K, 2K?>;70NB 7<58. > 2B>@>9 @07 5@A59 =0?@02;O5B 273;O4 >@3>=K =0 ;8289A:>3> F0@O B;0A0, :>B>@K9 =5 ?>25@8; @0AA:07C 2>8=0 > A2>8E ?>42830E 8 >B:070; 5<C 2 3>AB5?@88<AB25. 0 MB> B;0A 1K; ?@52@0I5= 2 :0<5=8ABCN 3>@C. 0:>=5F, 2 B@5B89 @07 5@A59 2K=8<05B 3>;>2C 87 AC<:8 ?@8 2AB@5G5 A> A2>59 2>7;N1;5==>9 =4@><54>9. = :;045B 3>;>2C ;8F>< 2=87 A@548 ?0?>@>B=8:>2 8 2>4>@>A;59, 8 <038G5A:89 273;O4 54C7K ?@52@0I05B 2>4>@>A;8 2 :>@0;;K. -B> ?@52@0I5=85  A0<K9 GC45A=K9 M?87>4 2 8AB>@88 > 54C75. 28489 C65 =5 C?><8=05B >1 >?0A=>AB8, :>B>@CN ?@54AB02;O5B 3>;>20 >@3>=K.  7025@H5=85 35@>8G5A:>3> @0AA:070 28489 5I5 @07 87;0305B @>4>A;>2=CN 54C7K 8 C?><8=05B > ?@>:;OB88, =0;>65==>< =0 =55 @52=82>9 8 7028AB;82>9 D8=>9. = @0AA:07K205B > B><, GB> 2 N=>AB8 >@3>=0 1K;0 >G5=L :@0A82>9 8 2>;>AK 1K;8 55 3;02=>9 3>@4>ABLN. 4=0:> 2A5 87<5=8;>AL ?>A;5 B>3>, :0: >A594>= =0A8;L=> >2;045; 5N 2 E@0<5 D8=K. 073=520==0O >A:25@=5=85< A2>53> A2OB8;8I0 (0 <>65B 1KBL, 8 87 7028AB8 : :@0A>B5 54C7K), D8=0 =0?@028;0 =0 =55 A2>9 I8B 8, ?@52@0B82 @>A:>H=K5 2>;>AK 2 7<59, 873=0;0 55 87 A2>53> E@0<0 =0 25G=K5 2@5<5=0. ! B5E ?>@ =0 I8B5 D8=K 87>1@065=0 3>;>20 54C7K, CAB@0H0NI0O 2@03>2. >A;5 2848O 548=AB25==K< 87 :;0AA8G5A:8E ?@>4>;60B5;59 8AB>@88 54C7K 1K; ?>;;>4>@.  81;8>B5:5 >= A:@C?C;57=> 87;0305B 2A5 8725AB=K5 5<C 20@80=BK ;535=4K.  E>BO 1>;LH8=AB2> ?>A;54CNI8E 8AA;54>20B5;59 8 ?8A0B5;59 AAK;0;8AL =5 =0 =53>, 0 =0 8=40@0, 2848O 8 4065 =0 =52@07C<8B5;L=K5 C?><8=0=8O ><5@0, 8<5==> ?>;;>4>@ 1K; ;CGH8< :><<5=B0B>@>< 8AB>@88 > 54C75 8 A45;0; 1>;LH5 4@C38E 4;O B>3>, GB>1K >=0 AB0;0 8725AB=>9 ?>A;54CNI8< ?>:>;5=8O<. #?><8=0=8O > 54C75 <>6=> B0:65 =09B8 2 !8<?>78C<5 A5=>D0=0 8 2 0=B5>=5 C:80=0. >?@>A > B><, <>6=> ;8 A2O7K20BL 2>7=8:=>25=85 <8D0 > 54C75 A C=825@A0;L=K< ?>25@L5< > 4C@=>< 3;075, :0: MB> 45;0;8 @0==85 8AA;54>20B5;8, >AB05BAO >B:@KBK<. !@548 <8D>2 =0@>4>2 !:0=48=0288, =488, 02AB@0;89A:8E 01>@835=>2, 0<5@8:0=A:8E 8=459F52 8 MA:8<>A>2 =5<0;> B0:8E, 2 :>B>@KE 3>2>@8BAO > ;N4OE, >1@0I5==KE 2 :0<5=L 4C@=K< 273;O4><.  1@078;LA:8E ?@540=8OE D83C@8@C5B ?B8F0, A?>A>1=0O >1@0I0BL 2 :0<5=L 2AO:>3>, :B> 2848B 55; =5:>5<C >E>B=8:C C40;>AL >1573;028BL B0:CN ?B8FC, =5 3;O4O =0 =55, 8 70B5< 8A?>;L7>20BL 55 3>;>2C ?@>B82 A2>8E 2@03>2. 0: 2848<, 8AB>@8O >@3>=K =5 >3@0=8G8205BAO F8:;>< ;535=4 > 5@A55. 58725AB=>, :>340 2>7=8: >1KG09 =0=>A8BL =0 1>52K5 I8BK CAB@0H0NI85 @8AC=:8, ?A8E>;>38G5A:8 2>7459AB2CNI85 =0 ?@>B82=8:0 8 ?>B><C 1C4B> 1K 45;0NI85 53> 1>;55 CO728<K<. "0:85 87>1@065=8O 70G0ABCN A;C68;8 8 A@54AB2>< ?@>B82 4C@=>3> 3;070. E <>6=> 1K;> 2845BL =0 =>AC :>@01;59, 740=8OE, <540;L>=0E 4;O 45B59 8 4><0H=8E 682>B=KE. %>BO <8D > >@3>=5 =5 1K; =8 ?@8G8=>9, =8 A;54AB285< ?>25@LO > 4C@=>< 3;075, 8<5==> 1;03>40@O 5<C 2 >18E>4 2>H;8 0<C;5BK-3>@3>=59>=K. 7>1@065=8O 54C7K 2AB@5G0NBAO =5 B>;L:> 2 4@52=53@5G5A:>< 8 @8<A:><, => 8 2 4@52=52>AB>G=>< 8A:CAAB25. 48= 87 E>@>H> A>E@0=82H8EAO ?@8<5@>2  ?@54<5B>2 A B0:8< 87>1@065=85<  7=0<5=8B0O <@0<>@=0O <0A:0, 40B8@C5<0O V 25:>< 4> =. M. 8 E@0=OI0OAO 2 EC4>65AB25==>< <C755 >=0:>.  >B;8G85 >B 1>;LH8=AB20 0=B8G=KE 3>@3>=59>=> <0A:0 >B@0605B =530B82=K5 G5@BK >1@070 >@3>=K, 4>2545==K5 4> :0@8:0BC@=>3> 2840. ! 4@C3>9 AB>@>=K, ;8: <>=0:A:>9 54C7K 157 ?@5C25;8G5=8O <>6=> =0720BL ?@5:@0A=K<  ?@0:B8G5A:8 :@C3;>5, 3;04:>5 65=A:>5 ;8F> A =5<=>3> >?CI5==K<8 25:0<8. >4 55 ?>41>@>4:>< A?;5;8AL 425 7<58. <5==> MB0 54C70 ?@825;0 2 2>AE8I5=85 5B5, C28452H53> 55 2> 42>@F5 >=40=8=8 2 8<5. 7>1@065=85 ?@5:@0A=>3> ;8F0, >1JOB>3> ?@54A<5@B=>9 03>=859, 2 1;03>@>4=>9 ?>;C?@>7@0G=>AB8 65;B>3> :0<=O =5>?8AC5<> C40G=>, ?8A0; 5B5. -BC <0A:C 8=>340 =07K20NB 54C7>9 >=40=8=8. %>@>H> A>E@0=82H85AO 87>1@065=8O 54C7K <>6=> C2845BL =0 4@52=53@5G5A:8E 0<D>@0E. 0 @0==8E 87 =8E ?@5>1;040NB G5@BK 54C7K-GC4>28I0, 3@>B5A:=>9 2>8B5;L=8FK, >1573;02;8205<>9 5@A55<. >74=55, :>340 >1@07 >@3>=K ?5@5AB0; 2>A?@8=8<0BLAO >4=>7=0G=> =530B82=>, 8=B5@5A : AF5=5 >1573;02;820=8O C?0;: AB>8;> B>;L:> >@3>=5 70A;C68BL =5:>B>@CN 4>;N A8<?0B89, ?C1;8:0 ?5@5AB0;0 ?>;CG0BL C4>2>;LAB285 >B AF5= 55 A<5@B8. 54C70 AB0;0 65@B2>9, :@0A82>9 8 B@>30B5;L=>9 2 A2>59 3815;8. 54C70 >@3>=0  >4=0 87 A0<KE 8725AB=KE D83C@ 3@5G5A:>9 8 @8<A:>9 <8D>;>388. /@:>ABL 55 >?8A0=89 2 52@>?59A:>9 ;8B5@0BC@5 8 87>1@065=89 2 8A:CAAB25 2 7=0G8B5;L=>9 <5@5 7028A8B >B B>3>, =0A:>;L:> 1;87:8 B2>@5=8O ?>74=59H8E ?8A0B5;59, EC4>6=8:>2 : 0=B8G=K< 8AB>G=8:0<. >ABC? : B0:8< 8AB>G=8:0< ?>A;5 ?045=8O @8<A:>9 F828;870F88 >:070;AO 4>2>;L=> 70B@C4=5==K<. 1@07 54C7K ?@>4>;60; 68BL 2 A:070=8OE 8 ;535=40E, => B>;L:> 2 A@54=525:>2L5 25@=C;AO 2 ;8B5@0BC@C 8 87>1@078B5;L=>5 8A:CAAB2>. "8?8G=K< 4;O A@54=525:>2>3> 2>A?@8OB8O >@3>=K <>6=> AG8B0BL >B@K2>: 87 452OB>9 ?5A=8 40 0=B5. 5 >1@07 2 8=B5@?@5B0F88 E@8AB80=8=0 0=B5 2KABC?05B :0: A>G5B0=85 :@0A>BK 8 C60A0; 54C70  >;8F5B2>@5=85 ?@>B82>@5G82KE 65;0=89, 59 ?@>B82>?>AB02;5= >1@07 4>1@>45B5;L=>9 0B5;L4K. 54C70 ?>A;54=55, A0<>5 A8;L=>5 8A:CH5=85 0=B5, ?CB5H5AB2CNI53> ?> 04C. = 4>18205BAO 8A:C?;5=8O 3@5E>2, 87153=C2 273;O40 54C7K 1;03>40@O A2>5<C ?@>2>4=8:C 5@38;8N, ?@8:@K2H5<C 53> 3;070 @C:>9. 0: MB> =8 AB@0==>, 54C70 0=B5 2K3;O48B A>25@H5==> =5?@82;5:0B5;L=>9 =0 8;;NAB@0F8OE : 4C B0:>3> :@C?=>3> <0AB5@0, :0: 0=3;89A:89 EC4>6=8: #8;LO< ;59: (1757 1827): >=0 A<>B@8B =0 2>@>B0 3>@>40 8A =52K@078B5;L=K< :0<5==K< 273;O4><, ?>:0 =5G5B:> 2K?8A0==K9 =0 @8AC=:5 0=B5 ?@>E>48B <8<> =55 2 A>?@>2>645=88 5@38;8O. 0: 8 <=>385 4@C385, MB0 8;;NAB@0F88 ;59:0 8<55B <0;> >1I53> A A>45@60=85< ?@>872545=8O 0=B5, 87>1@0782H53> GC45A=K9 04, 2 :>B>@>< GC4>28I0 ?@52@0B8;8AL 2 @CG=KE 682>B=KE, 0 ?;0<O =5 >168305B. >;LH8=AB2> A@54=525:>2KE C?><8=0=89 > 54C75 A>45@60B =530B82=CN >F5=:C 55 >1@070. 2B>@K G0AB> ?@>B82>?>AB02;ONB 55 D8=5 :0: A8<2>; 7;0 8 4>1@0, ?@>@>:0 8 4>1@>45B5;8, ?>E>B8 8 F5;><C4@8O. 7>1@065==0O =0 I8B5 D8=K 54C70 2 MBC M?>EC AB0=>28BAO >;8F5B2>@5=85< 15A?>@O4:0, O@>AB8, AC<0AH5AB28O 8 A<5@B8. 5B@0@:0 =07K205B A2>N ;N1>2L : 0C@5 3@5E>< 84>;>?>:;>=AB20 8 A@02=8205B A2>N 2>7;N1;5==CN A 54C7>9: 54C70 8 <>9 3@5E <5=O >:0<5=8;8. >74=55, 2 "@8C<D5 F5;><C4@8O, 5B@0@:0 22>48B >1@07, AB02H89 ?>?C;O@=K< 2 ;N1>2=>9 ;8@8:5 M?>E8 >7@>645=8O, 0C@K-D8=K  >;8F5B2>@5=8O 4>1@>45B5;8 8 F5;><C4@8O, >1>@>=ONI59AO I8B>< A 87>1@065=85< >@3>=K. -B>B AN65B <>6=> 2AB@5B8BL C B0:8E :@C?=KE ?>MB>2 A@54=525:>2LO, :0: N 5;;5 (2 ?>M<0E, 04@5A>20==KE 0@30@8B5 45 0;C0), !?5=A5@ (2 -?8B0;0<8>=5, 'C45A=>9 :>@>;525), 8;LB>= (2 ><CA5). 0 1@>=7>2>9 A:C;L?BC@5 5@A5O @01>BK '5;;8=8 (1553) 35@>9 45@68B 70 2>;>AK 3>;>2C >@3>=K (?> :>B>@>9 >4=>9 B>;L:> 8 <>6=> 4>3040BLAO, GB> 87>1@065= 8<5==> 5@A59). >@3>=0 A>2A5< =5 2K3;O48B >?0A=>9. >;55 B>3>, 55 ;8F>  :>?8O ;8F0 5@A5O: B>=:85 1@>28, GC2AB25==K5 3C1K, ?@028;L=>9 D>@<K =>A 8 =5<=>3> ?@8:@KBK5 3;070. 065 8E 2>;>AK ?>E>68 =0 3>;>25 54C7K =5 7<58, 0 <5;:85 :C4@8. 54C70 '5;;8=8  =5?@527>945==>5 87>1@065=85 MB>3> A;>6=>3> 8 ?@>B82>@5G82>3> >1@070 2 8A:CAAB25, :0: 8 54C70 2848O 2 ;8B5@0BC@5. A5 ?>A;54CNI85 B2>@FK =5 A<>3;8 2K9B8 87 B5=8 MB>9 ?@5:@0A=>9 AB0BC8. ;C?>20BK9 5@A59 C 0@02046>, ?>E>65, 1>;LH5 >15A?>:>5= B5<, GB>1K 7<58 A 3>;>2K 54C7K =5 C:CA8;8 2 =>A 53> A0<>3>. !B>;L 65 <0;> 2?5G0B;O5B D83C@0 5@A5O 2 72574=>< 0B;0A5 /=0 525;8CA0 (1687): 35@>9 B0I8B 70 A>1>9 ?> =515A=><C ?@>AB@0=AB2C 3>;>2C >@3>=K A ?>;=K<, ?;>A:8< ;8F>< @07<5@>< 5420 ;8 =5 A B>@A 5@A5O. N1>?KB=>5 >?8A0=85 54C7K A>45@68BAO 2 AB>@88 G5B25@>=>38E 725@59 -420@40 ">?A5;;0 (1607). > E0@0:B5@8AB8:5 02B>@0, 54C70  ACI5AB2> A 4@0:>=L8< E@51B><, 7C10<8 48:>3> :010=0, O4>28B>9 3@82>9, :@K;LO<8, G5;>25G5A:8<8 @C:0<8 8 A<5@B5;L=K< 4KE0=85<. > ">?A5;;C, 54C70 6825B 2 D@8:5, 2 8288. >?@5:8 B@048F88, >= CB25@6405B, GB> >@3>=0  =5 G5;>25: 8, 1>;55 B>3>, ACI5AB2> <C6A:>3> ?>;0, 8<5NI55 @07<5@, A@54=89 <564C B5;5=:>< 8 1K:><. ?@>G5<, MB> =5 548=AB25==>5 A2845B5;LAB2> > >@3>=5 :0: > <C6A:>< ACI5AB25.  B0:>< 65 :0G5AB25 >=0 ?>O2;O5BAO 2 B@035488 (5:A?8@0: A 54C7>9 @073=520==0O ;5>?0B@0 A@02=8205B =B>=8O. >7=8:=>25=85 =5@0F8>=0;8AB8G5A:>3> B5G5=8O 2 8A:CAAB25, =0G02H53>AO A 4>@><0=B8:>2 CAA> 8 5B5, 24>E=C;> 2 >1@07 54C7K =>2CN 687=L. 8:>340 5I5 A 0=B8G=KE 2@5<5= 59 =5 C45;O;8 AB>;L ?@8AB0;L=>3> 2=8<0=8O. ><0=B8:8 2845;8 2 =59 =5 ?@>AB> <8D>;>38G5A:CN >@3>=C ?> 8<5=8 54C70, 0 >1@07 <@0G=>9 65=I8=K, =045;5==>9 =5?@5>4>;8<> >?0A=>9 :@0A>B>9, 8AB8==>5 8<O :>B>@>9  !<5@BL. >AE8I5=85 ?>MB>2 8 EC4>6=8:>2 2>725;> 55 2 @0=3 <C7K. =0 24>E=>2;O;0 -430@0 >, >4;5@0, >;@8460, 8BA0, (5;;8, >AA5BB8 4'==C=F8> 8 4@C38E. (5;;8 2?5G0B;8;0 :0@B8=0 87 30;5@58 #DD8FK 2> $;>@5=F88, :>B>@CN >H81>G=> ?@8?8AK20;8 5>=0@4> 40 8=G8, =0 A0<>< 45;5 ?@8=04;560I0O :8AB8 =58725AB=>3> D;0<0=4A:>3> 682>?8AF0. 0 =59 3>;>20 54C7K >:@C65=0 4K<:>9, 2 :>B>@>9 C304K20NBAO A8;CMBK 7<59, ;5BCG8E <KH59 8 4@C38E 7;>25I8E ACI5AB2. 5 ?>;C>B:@KBK9 @>B 8725@305B O4>28B>5 >1;0:>.  :>=F5 XIX 25:0 54C75 ?@8<5@8;8 =>2CN <0A:C. !>740==>5 2 1895 3>4C 15;L389F5< $5@=0=4>< =>?DD>< ?>;>B=> @>2L 54C7K 2>H;> 2 G8A;> :;0AA8G5A:8E ?@>872545=89 A8<2>;87<0. 0 =5< =5B :@>28, => 70?5G0B;5=> 70304>G=>5 65=A:>5 ;8F> A B>=:8<8 G5@B0<8. 73;O4 65=I8=K =0?@02;5= 2?5@54. 5 7@0G:8 @0A?>;>65=K =5>1KG=> 1;87:> : C3>;:0< ?@>7@0G=KE 3;07. 51>;LH0O 7<5O A >B:@KB>9 ?0ABLN, 2 :>B>@>9 2845= O4>28BK9 7C1, 2K?>;705B 87-70 2KA>:>3> 2>@>B=8:0 ?;0BLO 65=I8=K. 25 4@C385 7<58 ?@540==> @0A?>;>68;8AL >:>;> 55 28A:>2. 0 8725AB=>9 8;;NAB@0F88 0=3;89A:>3> 3@0D8:0 5@4A;8 : !0;><55 A:0@0 #09;L40 03@040 B0=F>2I8FK (1894) !0;><5O 45@68B 70 2>;>AK 3>;>2C =5 >0==0 @5AB8B5;O, 0 54C7K. 25 65=I8=K, B0=F>2I8F0 8 55 <C70  >@3>=0, A<>B@OB 4@C3 =0 4@C30 2 2>AE8I5=88. >2K9 273;O4 =0 8AB>@8N 54C7K, A;>682H89AO : =0G0;C XX 25:0, =0H5; 2>?;>I5=85 2 A:C;L?BC@5 CG5=8FK >45=0 0<8;;K ;>45;L 5@A59 8 3>;>20 54C7K (1898  1902). B@078;>AL 2 =59 8 B>, GB> =5704>;3> 4> B>3>, :0: : =59 ?@8H5; 70<KA5; A:C;L?BC@K, 20OB5;L=8F0 ?>AA>@8;0AL A> A2>8< CG8B5;5<. 5 >@3>=0 =5 2K3;O48B C60A=K< ACI5AB2><. > 8 =5 ?@5:@0A=>9 65=I8=>9. 7>3=C2 ;52CN @C:C, 5@A59 45@68B 55 3>;>2C =04 A2>59. >@I8=K =0 >128AH8E I5:0E 54C7K ?>4G5@:820NB :>=B@0AB <564C =5N 8 N=K< 5@A55<. !:C;L?BC@0 ;>45;L A:>@55 87>1@0605B 4>AB>9=CN 7@5;CN 65=I8=C, 2 @57C;LB0B5 B@038G5A:8E =54>@07C<5=89 ?>?02HCN ?>4 2;0ABL <>;>4>3>, 3;C?>20B>3> ?>1548B5;O. !@548 A>2@5<5==KE ;8B5@0BC@=KE 8=B5@?@5B0F89 <8D0 > 54C75 >@3>=5, 157CA;>2=>, 70A;C68205B 2=8<0=8O ?L5A0 -<8;8> 0@10;;84> 54C70 (1958). 0@10;;84> ?@52@0I05B 4@52=NN ;535=4C 2 M:78AB5=F80;L=CN 0;;53>@8N. 5@A59 ?>;CG05B 7040=85 C18BL GC4>28I5  54C7C.  :0:>9-B> <><5=B 35@>9 ?>=8<05B, GB> >=  =5 <5=LH55 GC4>28I5, G5< A0<0 54C70. = ?KB05BAO @07>1@0BLAO 2 A515 8 >?@0240BL =5>1E>48<>ABL C189AB20, => 2 @57C;LB0B5 2A5 1>;LH5 >B45;O5BAO >B ?@82KG=>3> 5<C >1I5AB25==>3> ?>@O4:0. 54C70 AB0=>28BAO C 0@10;;84> A8<2>;>< 87102;5=8O >B 8;;N789. =0 ?><>305B N=>H5  35@>N ?L5AK C9B8 >B AB5@5>B8?=>3> 273;O40 =0 =5A>2<5AB8<>ABL 4>1@0 8 7;0. !> 2@5<5= 8=40@0 54C70 >@3>=0 A>2<5I05B 2 A515 >4=>2@5<5==> C60A 8 >G0@>20=85. =0 >;8F5B2>@O5B A;8O=85 2 G5;>25:5 E0>A0 8 ?>@O4:0, A2>1>4K 8 A0<>>3@0=8G5=8O, A>7=0=8O 8 ?>4A>7=0=8O. >5-:B> <>65B ?@54?>;>68BL, GB> <8DK  >B@065=85 701;C645=89 4@52=>AB8. !:>@55 >=8  75@:0;> G5;>25G5A:>9 4CH8. "  8=>B02@  1K: 8=>A0, F0@O @8B0, ?> ;535=45, 1K; ?>;CG5;>25:><-?>;C1C92>;><, > :>B>@>< 2A?><8=0NB 2 >A=>2=>< 2 A2O78 A <8D0<8 > ?>42830E "5A5O. %>BO ACI5AB2CNB 87>1@065=8O 8=>B02@0, >B=>AOI85AO : 0@E08G=><C ?5@8>4C 2 8AB>@88 @52=59 @5F88, ?5@2K5 C?><8=0=8O > =5< 2 4>H54H8E 4> =0A 0=B8G=KE 8AB>G=8:0E A45;0=K ?>;;>4>@>< 8 ;CB0@E><. AB>@8O 8=>B02@0, 87;>65==0O ?>;;>4>@>< 2 81;8>B5:5, B0:>20: AB5@89, ?@028B5;L @8B0, 27O; 2 65=K 4>GL D8=8:89A:>3> F0@O 2@>?C 8 CAK=>28; 55 45B59  !0@?54>=0, 040<0=B8O 8 8=>A0, AK=>259 52A0. >27@>A;52H85 1@0BLO ?>AA>@8;8AL =0 ?>G25 ;N128 : N=><C 8;5BC, AK=C ?>;;>=0 8 @88. 0G0;0AL 2>9=0, 2 @57C;LB0B5 :>B>@>9 8=>AC C40;>AL 873=0BL 1@0BL52 8 70E20B8BL 2;0ABL =0 2A5< @8B5. 'B>1K 70:@5?8BL A2>N ?>154C, 8=>A ?KB05BAO 70A;C68BL ?>:@>28B5;LAB2> 1>3>2. = ?@>A8B >A594>=0 ?@8A;0BL 87 <>@A:8E 3;C18= 1K:0, >15I0O ?@8=5AB8 53> 2 65@B2C 1>30<. >A594>= 2K?>;=O5B ?@>AL1C, => 8=>A ?@8=>A8B 2 65@B2C 4@C3>3> 1K:0. 073=520==K9 =0@CH5=85< 40==>3> 5<C >15I0=8O, >A594>= =045;O5B 1K:0 A28@5?K< =@02>< 8 2A5;O5B 2 65=C 8=>A0 0A8D0N ;N1>2=CN AB@0ABL : 1K:C. 0A8D0O ?@>A8B 540;0, 0D8=O=8=0, A>A;0==>3> =0 @8B 70 C189AB2>, ?@84C<0BL A?>A>1, ?>72>;82H89 1K 59 CB>;8BL A2>N AB@0ABL. 540; 2K@5705B 87 45@520 ?>;CN D83C@C :>@>2K, =0:@K205B 55 H:C@>9 65@B25==>3> 682>B=>3> 8 ?><5I05B 0@A8D0N 2=CB@L D83C@K. B A>2>:C?;5=8O A 1K:>< 0A8D0O @>6405B AB5@8O, :>B>@>3> ?@>720;8 8=>B02@><. 8=>B02@  ACI5AB2> A BC;>28I5< G5;>25:0 8 3>;>2>9 1K:0. > A>25BC >@0:C;>2 8=>A 70:;NG05B 53> 2 018@8=B, 740=85, ?>AB@>5==>5 540;>< B0:8< >1@07><, GB> ?>?02H89 2 =53> C65 =5 <>65B 2K1@0BLAO >BBC40. !?CABO 2@5<O 4@C3>9 ?>B><>: 8=>A0  =4@>359 >B?@02;O5BAO =0 0=0D8=A:85 83@K, 345 ?>156405B 2A5E A>?5@=8:>2. &0@L -359 ?>AK;05B 53> C18BL 0@0D>=A:>3> 1K:0, :>B>@K9 A55B A<5@BL 8 @07@CH5=8O 2> 2A59 <0@0D>=A:>9 4>;8=5. =4@>359 =0E>48B 1K:0, ?@82575==>3> 5@:C;5A>< A @8B0 (MB> >48= 87 53> 425=04F0B8 ?>4283>2), => 381=5B 2 ?>548=:5 A =8<. (> 4@C3>9 25@A88, =4@>35O C1820NB 7028AB;82K5 A>?5@=8:8 ?> 0=0D8=A:8< 83@0<.) @>7=02 > A<5@B8 AK=0, 8=>A A> A2>8< D;>B>< =0?0405B =0 D8=K 8 70E20BK205B 530@C, ?@54<5ABL5 D8=, =>, =5 1C4CG8 2 A8;0E ?>:>@8BL D8=K, ?@>A8B 52A0 >B><AB8BL 0D8=O=0< 70 A<5@BL AK=0. >@>4 >E20BK205B AB@0H=0O M?845<8O GC<K. >@>60=5 ?@>AOB A>25B0 C >@0:C;0, 8 B>B >B25G05B, GB> 548=AB25==K9 A?>A>1 873=0BL GC<C  2K?>;=8BL B@51>20=8O 8=>A0, :0:8<8 1K >=8 =8 >:070;8AL. 8=>A ?@8:07K205B 5653>4=> 2 2845 65@B2K 8=>B02@C ?@8AK;0BL =0 @8B A5<L N=>H59 8 A5<L 452CH5:. >;59 6@518O 8;8 ?> A>1AB25==><C 65;0=8N 2 B@5BLN ?0@B8N ?>?0405B "5A59, AK= F0@O BB8:8 -35O. > ?@81KB88 =0 @8B 2 =53> 2;N1;O5BAO 4>GL 8=>A0 @804=0 8 >15I05B 5<C ?><>IL, 5A;8 >= 2>7L<5B 55 2 65=K 8 C2575B 2 D8=K. "5A59 :;O=5BAO 8A?>;=8BL ?@>AL1C. > A>25BC 540;0 @804=0 405B "5A5N :;C1>: =8B8, :>=5F :>B>@>9 >= ?@82O7K205B C 2E>40 2 018@8=B. "5A59 @0A?CBK205B :;C1>: 2 B5G5=85 A2>53> ?CB8 2=CB@8 740=8O-;>2CH:8.  A5@548=5 018@8=B0 >= =0E>48B A?OI53> 8=>B02@0 8 7018205B 53> 4> A<5@B8 :C;0:0<8. 0 >1@0B=>< ?CB8, :>B>@K9 >= =0E>48B 45@60AL 70 @0A?CB0==CN =8BL, "5A59 >A2>1>6405B 4@C38E ?;5==8:>2, :>B>@KE 2<5AB5 A @804=>9 2K2>48B : <>@N, 345 >=8 AB@>OB :>@01;L, =0 :>B>@>< >B?@02;ONBAO 2 D8=K. 5 2A5 4@52=85 02B>@K A>3;0H0NBAO A 25@A859 ?>;;>4>@0. 8>4>@ !8F8;89A:89 8 ;CB0@E 2 "5A55 CB25@640NB, GB> 0D8=O=5 1K;8 42064K >1O70=K ?>AK;0BL 65@B2C 8=>B02@C :064K5 45AOBL ;5B 2 B5G5=85 2A59 53> 687=8. !AK;0OAL =0 5;;0=8:0, ;CB0@E 4>102;O5B, GB> 8=>A A?5F80;L=> ?@85760; 2 D8=K 2K18@0BL 65@B2K, :>B>@K5, ?> @07=K< A2545=8O<, 70B5< ;81> ?>3810;8 >B @>3>2 8=>B02@0, ;81> 1K;8 >1@5G5=K 4> A0<>9 A<5@B8 1@>48BL ?> 018@8=BC 2 ?>8A:0E 2KE>40. >;55 B>3>, =5 2A5 3@5G5A:85 02B>@K A>3;0H0NBAO A 25@A859 > A<5@B8 8=>B02@0. ">B 65 ;CB0@E ?8H5B > B><, GB> ?;5==8:0< 1K;> 70?@5I5=> 1@0BL A A>1>9 =0 @8B :0:>5 1K B> =8 1K;> >@C685, >4=0:>, AC4O ?> 87>1@065=8N =0 3@5G5A:>9 0<D>@5, "5A59, C45@6820O 1K:0 70 @>30, ?@>=705B 53> <5G><. 0 7>;>B>< C:@0H5=88 87 >@8=D0, 40B8@C5<>< VII 25:>< =. M., 2>7<>6=> 4@52=59H5< 87>1@065=88 MB>9 <8D>;>38G5A:>9 AF5=K, "5A59 B0:65 ?@>=705B 8=>B02@0 <5G>< 2 3@C4L, ?@845@6820O 53> 70 CE>. =0;>38G=0O AF5=0 70?5G0B;5=0 8 =0 I8B5, >B=>AOI5<AO ?@8<5@=> : MB><C 65 2@5<5=8. 5>1KG=0O 8=B5@?@5B0F8O AF5=K A<5@B8 8=>B02@0 87>1@065=0 =0 0<D>@5, E@0=OI59AO 2 <C755 075;O (>:. 660 4> =. M.). 0 =59 "5A59 8 @804=0 1@>A0NB :0<=8 2 G5;>25:0-1K:0, :>B>@K9, 2>?@5:8 B@048F88, 2K3;O48B =5 :0: G5;>25: A 1KGL59 3>;>2>9, 0 :0: 1K:  A G5;>25G5A:>9 3>;>2>9.  MB>< "5A5N 8 @804=5 ?><>30NB 0D8=A:85 ?;5==8:8. A>1K9 8=B5@5A : <8DC > 8=>B02@5, 2848<>, ?8B0;8 MB@CA:8. @8 @0A:>?:0E 2 -B@C@88 (A>2@5<5==0O ">A:0=0) =0945=K <=>3>G8A;5==K5 87>1@065=8O <8D>;>38G5A:8E AF5=, >B=>AOI85AO : 4>2>;L=> H8@>:><C 2@5<5==><C 480?07>=C. -B@CA:8 =5@54:> A2>5>1@07=> ?5@58=0G820;8 A<KA; 3@5G5A:8E <8D>2 8 ;535=4. 0?@8<5@, A84OI89 =0 A?8=5 8=>B02@0 B@8C<D0B>@ A ;C:>< 2 ;52>9 @C:5, 87>1@065==K9 =0 :0AB5;;0=A:>< 75@:0;5, =5 "5A59, 0 5@:C;5A (5@0:;). 0 4@C3>< ?@54<5B5  MB@CAA:>9 G5@=>9 2075 87 C2@0  A=>20 87>1@065= 5@:C;5A A ;L28=>9 H:C@>9 =0 ?;5G0E, :>B>@K9 1L5B 8=>B02@0 4C18=:>9.  4@52=>AB8 =5 ACI5AB2>20;> 548=>3> <=5=8O ?> ?>2>4C 2=5H=>AB8 8=>B02@0. ?>;;>4>@ AG8B05B, GB> C =53> 1K;> BC;>28I5 G5;>25:0 8 3>;>20 1K:0. ! =8< A>3;0H05BAO 8>4>@. 4=0:> =0 G5@=>9 0<D>@5 87 C;LG8 8=>B02@ 87>1@065= A E2>AB>< 8 ?OB=8AB>9, :0: C ;5>?0@40, H:C@>9. 8<A:85 02B>@K, ?>E>65, 8<5;8 5I5 1>;55 @0A?;K2G0B>5 ?@54AB02;5=85 > 8=>B02@5, G5< 3@5:8. 02A0=89 70B@C4=O5BAO A:070BL, :5< 1K; 8=>B02@  G5;>25:>< 8;8 725@5<. 0BC;; ?@>AB> 8<5=C5B 53> 48:8< GC4>28I5<, 0 5@38;89  381@84=K< ?>B><:>< A 42>9AB25==>9 ?@8@>4>9. ;O 2848O 8=>B02@  GC4>28I5 A 42>9AB25==>9 ACBLN (2 5B0<>@D>70E) 8 ?>;CG5;>25:-?>;C1K: (2 5@>840E).  =5>?@545;5==>< >1@075 ?>;CG5;>25:0-?>;C1K:0 8=>B02@ ?5@5H5; 8 2 8A:CAAB2> A@54=525:>2>9 2@>?K. 0: G0ABL 35@>8G5A:>3> <8D0 > "5A55, ;535=40 > 8=>B02@5 =5 871560;0 2=5A5=8O 2 =55 @07;8G=KE 45B0;59, A2O70==KE A 2<5H0B5;LAB2>< 2 8E AC4L1C 1>38=8 D8=K. 0 3@5G5A:8E 2070E =5@54:> <>6=> 2845BL AF5=K, =0 :>B>@KE D8=0 ?>4104@8205B 35@>O, :>340 B>B 2>=705B <5G 2 GC4>28I5, 8;8 2KB0A:8205B 53> 87 2>@>B 018@8=B0. !AK;0OAL =0 $8;>E>@0, ;CB0@E ?@82>48B 25@A8N ;535=4K, 87;>65==CN O:>1K A0<8<8 68B5;O<8 @8B0. =8 CB25@640;8, GB> 8=>B02@>< =0 A0<>< 45;5 1K; ?>;:>2>45F F0@O 8=>A0 ?> 8<5=8 "02@.  =03@04C 70 ?>154C 2 3@0E, :>B>@K5 8=>A CAB@>8; 2 ?0<OBL > A2>5< AK=5 =4@>355, "02@ ?>;CG8; 2 @01AB2> <>;>4KE 0D8=A:8E ?;5==8:>2, :>B>@KE A>45@60;8 2 =5?@8ABC?=>9 :@8BA:>9 B5<=8F5, 8725AB=>9 :0: 018@8=B. C4CG8 >B ?@8@>4K G5;>25:>< 3@C1K<, "02@ >1@0I05BAO A =8<8 A :@09=59 65AB>:>ABLN. 4=0:> =0 B@5BL8E 3@0E 2 G5ABL =4@>35O "5A59 7=0G8B5;L=> ?@527>H5; 2A5E >AB0;L=KE CG0AB=8:>2, 2:;NG0O "02@0. 0 A2>N 0B;5B8G5A:CN 4>1;5ABL "5A59 A=8A:0; ;N1>2L @804=K. 8=>A B0:65 1K; 4>2>;5= ?>154>9 0D8=O=8=0, ?>A:>;L:C =54>;N1;820; 2;8OB5;L=>3> "02@0 70 53> 65AB>:89 E0@0:B5@, : B><C 65 F0@L ?>4>7@520; 53> 2 A2O78 A> A2>59 65=>9 0A8D059. 8=>AC ?@8H;>AL 25@=CBL 0D8=A:8E ?;5==8:>2 =0 @>48=C 8 >B<5=8BL =0;>65==>5 8< =0 D8=K >1O70B5;LAB2>.  8A:CAAB25 @52=53> 8<0 1K;8 H8@>:> @0A?@>AB@0=5=K <>708:8, 87>1@0602H85 018@8=B. "0:85 <>708:8 A>E@0=8;8AL 2> <=>38E C3>;:0E 1K2H59 8<A:>9 8<?5@88  2 ><?5OE, @5<>=5, @8=4878, 50?0D>A5 (B0;8O), -:A-0=-@>20=A5 ($@0=F8O), !CA5 ("C=8A), >@<5@>45 ((259F0@8O), 0;LF1C@35 (2AB@8O) 8 B. 4. 0 2A5E MB8E 87>1@065=8OE 8=>B02@  F5=B@0;L=0O D83C@0. 0 <>708G=><C ?>;C 42>@F0 2 ><?5OE "5A59 8 8=>B02@ AE20B8;8AL 2 A<5@B5;L=>< ?>548=:5 =0 3;070E C 8A?C30==KE 452CH5:-?;5==8F. 0 70;LF1C@3A:>9 <>708:5 "5A59 2 @072520NI5<AO ?;0I5 E20B05B 8=>B02@0 70 ?@02K9 @>3, 2 A2>1>4=>9 @C:5 >= 45@68B 4C18=:C, 3>B>2K9 >1@CH8BL 55 =0 A?8=C GC4>28I0. 0 <>708:5 2 0<5@>45 87>1@065=K B0:65 8 ?B8FK, 2>7<>6=>, =0<5: =0 540;0 8 :0@0, :>B>@K5 CA:>;L7=C;8 87 018@8=B0, :C40 8E 70B>G8; 8=>A, ?@8 ?><>I8 A0<>45;L=KE :@K;L52. 0 <>708:5 2 !CA5 87>1@065= ?>15645==K9 8=>B02@. "5A59 8 <>;>4K5 0D8=O=5 >B?;K20NB >B 2>@>B 018@8=B0, =04 :>B>@K<8 =0?8A0=K A;>20: 0:;NG5==K9 AN40 ?>381=5B. %>BO 87>1@065=8O 8=>B02@0 8 018@8=B0 2 @8<A:8E 28;;0E 5420 ;8 8<5;8 :0:>5-B> A8<2>;8G5A:>5 7=0G5=85 8 A;C68;8 8A:;NG8B5;L=> 4;O C:@0H5=8O, <>708:8 2 A:;5?0E 8 =0 A0@:>D030E >B@060NB 25@C @8<;O= 2 703@>1=CN 687=L. 0 >1>@>B=>9 AB>@>=5 3@5G5A:8E <>=5B, 87>1@0602H8E 018@8=B, =5@54:> <>6=> C2845BL =5 B>;L:> 3>;>2C 1K:0, => 8 ;8F0 1>38=L 5-<5B@K 8 5@A5D>=K. "0:8< >1@07><, 5I5 2 @52=59 @5F88 018@8=B AG8B0;AO A8<2>;>< ?>475<=>3> F0@AB20, 0 8=>B02@  >;8F5B2>@5=85< A0<>9 A<5@B8.  A@54=85 25:0 8 M?>EC >7@>645=8O 8=>B02@ ?@>4>;60; >AB020BLAO ?>?C;O@=K< ?5@A>=065< F5@:>2=KE <>708:, 8;;NAB@0F89 : <0=CA:@8?B0<, E@5AB><0B8O< 8 M=F8:;>?548O<, :><<5=B0@852 : 0=B8G=K< B@C40<, 2 ?>M788, 8A:CAAB25. 8;8I5 8=>B02@0 @0AA<0B@820;>AL :0: A8<2>; <8@A:8E C4>2>;LAB289. 0 <>708:5 2 F5@:28 !0= !028=> 2 LOG5=F5 018@8=B A8<2>;878@C5B <8@, H8@>:89 =0 2E>45 8 C7:89 =0 2KE>45. 710;>20==><C C4>2>;LAB28O<8 687=8 G5;>25:C =5;53:> =09B8 A2>9 ?CBL : A?0A5=8N. 284> 870=A:89 845B 5I5 40;LH5 2 A2>8E :><<5=B0@8OE : 4C 0=B5. > 53> <=5=8N, 8=>B02@ 1K; ?>B><:>< 0A8D08 8 "02@0, ?@842>@=>3> F0@O 8=>A0, 8 A8<2>;878@C5B LO2>;0, 0 018@8=B O2;O5BAO A8<2>;>< <8@0 701;C645=89 (labor  >H81:0 8 intus  2=CB@8). 0: LO2>; >2;045205B 4CH0<8, :>340 ;N48 AB0=>2OBAO =0 =525@=CN 4>@>3C, B0: 8 8=>B02@ ?>68@05B <>;>4KE 0D8=O=, :>340 >=8 ?>?040NB 2 53> 68;8I5. 0: @804=0 ?><>3;0 "5A5N 2K1@0BLAO 87 018@8=B0, B0: 8 8ACA %@8AB>A 2K2>48B 701;C4H85 4CH8 : A25BC 25G=>9 687=8. =K<8 A;>20<8, ?>548=>: "5A5O A 8=>B02@>< 8 >A2>1>645=85 N=KE ?;5==8:>2 A8<2>;878@CNB 1>@L1C >A?>40 8 A0B0=K 70 G5;>25G5A:85 4CH8. "0:>5 ?>=8<0=85 >1@070 8=>B02@0 1K;> 1;87:> 8 ?>M788 >::0GG>.  5=50;>388 1>3>2 >= CB25@6405B, GB> 87 A>N70 4CH8 (0A8D0O  4>GL A>;=F0) 8 ?;>BA:8E C4>2>;LAB289 ?@>8AE>48B ?>@>: 725@8=>9 O@>AB8, >;8F5B2>@O5B :>B>@CN 8=>B02@.  A@54=525:>2L5 1K;> ?@8=OB> 87>1@060BL 8=>B02@0 =0?><8=0NI8< :5=B02@0  A G5;>25G5A:>9 3>;>2>9 8 B>@A>< 1K:0. -B>, 2848<>, A2O70=> A =5G5B:>ABLN 53> >?8A0=8O C 2848O 8 5@38;8O. A84>@ !528;LA:89 C?><8=05B > 8=>B02@5 2 AB0BL5 > :5=B02@5 2 A2>59 -B8<>;>388.  2845 :5=B02@0 >= 87>1@065= 8 =0 <>708:5 2 A>1>@5 !0= 8:5;5 2 0288, 8 =0 1>;LH8=AB25 8;;NAB@0F89 : 4C 0=B5. @54AB02;O5B 8=B5@5A >B@K2>: 87 ?5@52>40 @01>B @>78O, A45;0==>3> :>@>;5< ;LD@54><, 345 3>2>@8BAO, GB> 8=>B02@  ?>;CG5;>25:-?>;C;52. 57CA;>2=>, ;CGH8< ;8B5@0BC@=K< ?0<OB=8:>< 8=>B02@C AB0; 4 0=B5, 2 :>B>@>< GC4>28I5 >E@0=O5B 65AB>:8E 2 A54L<>< :@C35. 0=B5 =5 =07K205B ?@O<> 8=>B02@0 8 3>2>@8B > =5< :0: > =5AG0ABL5 @8B0, B20@8 8 725@A:>< 3=525. > 2@5<O ?CB5H5AB28O ?> 04C A>?@>2>640NI89 0=B5 5@38;89 4@07=8B 8=>B02@0 =0?><8=0=85< > 53> A<5@B8 >B @C:8 "5A5O. 715H5==>5 A;>20<8 ?>MB0 GC4>28I5 =0G8=05B <5B0BLAO 2 A;5?>9 O@>AB8, 8 AB@0==8:8 A?5H=> <8=CNB 53>. # 0=B5 8=>B02@  65@B20 A>1AB25==KE AB@0AB59, >= =5 <>65B 701KBL A2>5 ?>@065=85, ?@54@5H82H55 53> 25G=CN AC4L1C.  535=45 > 4>1@>9 65=I8=5 65D@8 '>A5@0 (XIV 25:) 87;>65=0 5I5 >4=0 20@80F8O 4@52=53> <8D0: "5A59 15@5B A A>1>9 2 018@8=B :CA:8 2>A:0 8 A<>;K, :>B>@K5 1@>A05B 2 ?0ABL 8=>B02@0, GB>1K A:;58BL 53> 7C1K. -B>B M?87>4 0;;53>@8G5A:8 @0AB>;:>2K205B 284> 870=A:89. > 53> <=5=8N, 2>A: 8 A<>;0 A8<2>;878@CNB A0<>?>65@B2>20=85 %@8AB0 2> 8<O A?0A5=8O G5;>25G5AB20 >B !0B0=K.  M?>EC ?>74=53> A@54=525:>2LO 8AB>@8O 8=>B02@0 ?@>4>;60;0 8=B5@5A>20BL EC4>6=8:>2 8 8AA;54>20B5;59 8 2 =5A:>;L:> <5=LH59 AB5?5=8 ?>MB>2 8 ?8A0B5;59.  8740=8OE 5B0<>@D>7 8 35@0;L48G5A:8E A1>@=8:0E XVI 8 XVII 25:>2 <>6=> 2AB@5B8BL =5<0;> 3@02N@, 87>1@060NI8E 8=>B02@0.  :><<5=B0@8OE 6>@460 !0=48A0 : B@C40< 2848O (1632) 018@8=B  MB> <8@, 2 :>B>@>< 6825B G5;>25:, 8=>B02@ A8<2>;878@C5B GC2AB25==K5 =0A;0645=8O, 0 @804=0  8A:@5==NN ;N1>2L. AA;54>20B5;8 XVIII 25:0 ?KB0;8AL C2845BL 2 <8D0E >B@065=85 @50;L=KE 8AB>@8G5A:8E A>1KB89. "0:, 84@> 2 -=F8:;>?5488 (1765) ?8H5B > B><, GB> GC4>28I=K9 >1@07 8=>B02@0 A;54C5B ?>=8<0BL :0: >AC645=85 87<5=K 0A8D08 A F0@542>@F5< 8=>A0 "02@><, 0 ?>1540 "5A5O =04 8=>B02@><  0;;53>@8O =0 8B>3 1>@L1K F0@O 8=>A0 A 0D8=O=0<8. @0<>@=0O AB0BCO A:C;L?B>@0 =B>=8> 0=>2K "5A59-B@8C<D0B>@ (1781 1782) A8<2>;878@C5B ?>154C C<0 8 :@0A>BK =04 682>B=K< =0G0;><. 4>E=>2;5==K9 D@5A:0<8 ><?58, 0=>20 8720O; "5A5O A84OI8< =0 157687=5==>< B5;5 GC4>28I0 A 1KGL59 3>;>2>9. @5:@0A=>5, <CA:C;8AB>5 B5;> "5A5O, A?>:>9=>5 2K@065=85 53> ;8F0 :>=B@0AB8@CNB A 3@C7=K< B5;>< 8 1KGL59 3>;>2>9 53> ?@>B82=8:0. 0 ?>;>B=5 >AB020 >@> D8=O=5 2 ;018@8=B5 8=>B02@0 (1855) "5A5O 2>>1I5 =5B. 0 >4=>< 87 =01@>A:>2 >@> 87>1@078; 8=>B02@0, A68<0NI53> 2 A2>8E @C:0E 65@B2C 8 ?>?8@0NI53> =>3>9 3>@C 157687=5==KE B5;, >4=0:> 2 8B>35 EC4>6=8: >B:070;AO >B MB>3> 70<KA;0 8 87>1@078; =5 <5=55 4@0<0B8G5A:CN AF5=C: N=K5 0D8=O=5 A;KH0B H038 ?@81;860NI53>AO GC4>28I0  452CH:8 2 C60A5 ?@868<0NBAO 4@C3 : 4@C3C, N=>H8 8A?C30==> ?@8A;CH820NBAO, >48= 87 =8E, AB>O =0 :>;5=OE, C:07K205B @C:>9 ?> =0?@02;5=8N : :>@84>@C, ?> :>B>@><C ?@81;8605BAO =0?><8=0NI55 :5=B02@0 ACI5AB2> A 3>;>2>9 8 @C:0<8 G5;>25:0 8 BC;>28I5< 1K:0. >@> 2 :0:>9-B> AB5?5=8 ?@542>AE8B8; >B=>H5=85 : 8=>B02@C, AD>@<8@>202H55AO 2 XX 25:5. 8=>B02@ 1K; 2K@20= 87 ?@82KG=>3> :@C30 ?>4283>2 "5A5O 8 70304>: 018@8=B0. !@02=8B5;L=0O <8D>;>38O, B@C4K 0@28=0 8 $@5940 70AB028;8 ?>-=>2><C 273;O=CBL =0 MB> ACI5AB2>, =0 G5;>25G=>ABL 2 725@5 8 725@8=CN 65AB>:>ABL 2 G5;>25:5. "0:CN ?5@5<5=C <>6=> 70<5B8BL, =0?@8<5@, =0 ?>;>B=5 6>@460 #>BBA0 8=>B02@. >4 2?5G0B;5=85< 3075B=>9 AB0BL8 >1 C;8G=>9 ?@>AB8BCF88 EC4>6=8: @5H8; 0;;53>@8G5A:8 87>1@078BL @07@CH5=85 =528==>AB8 3@C1>ABLN. 8=>B02@ 3;O48B 240;L A> AB5=K A2>59 F8B045;8.  @C:5 >= A68<05B @07402;5==>5 B5;> ;5154O. ?@>G5<, E>BO A<KA; 0;;53>@88 4>2>;L=> ?@>7@0G5=, 8=>B02@ 5420 ;8 2K3;O48B :0: GC4>28I5. !:>@55 :0: ACI5AB2>, 2 :>B>@>< G5;>25G5A:85 C< 8 A>7=0=85 1>@NBAO A B5<=K<8 8=AB8=:B0<8. ! B5E ?>@ :0: 1K;> CAB0=>2;5=>, =0A:>;L:> A8;L=>5 2;8O=85 >:070;0 =0 3@5G5A:CN :C;LBC@C <8=>9A:0O F828;870F8O, 2>7=8:=>25=85 <8D0 > 8=>B02@5 AB0;8 A2O7K20BL A 2;04KG5AB2>< <8=>9F52 =0 <>@5. 65:A>= 09B AG8B05B, GB> ;535=40 > ?>;C1K:5-?>;CG5;>25:5 8=>B02@5 2>7=8:;0 87 @0AA:07>2 0D8=A:8E N=>H59, >B2>782H8E =0 @8B 40=L (=5:>B>@K5 87 =8E, 2>7<>6=>, A0<8 1K;8 40=LN). =8 @0AA:07K20;8 > :C;LBC@5, :>B>@CN 5420 ;8 ?>=8<0;8: > =5>1KG=>< 42>@F5 8 @8BC0;0E, 6@5F0E 2 1KGL8E <0A:0E 8 B0=F5 ;018@8=B0. 09B AG8B05B, GB> 8=>B02@  ?;>4 D0=B0788 3@5:>2, <8D>;>38G5A:89 >1@07 6@5F>2 A 1KGL8<8 3>;>20<8-<0A:0<8. ! MB>9 B>G:>9 7@5=8O =5 A>3;0H05BAO 0@B8= 8;LA>=, :>B>@K9 C:07K205B =0 B>, GB>, E>BO ?>?KB:8 A2O70BL ;535=4C > 8=>B02@5 A :@8BA:8< :C;LB>< 1K:0 2K3;O4OB ;>38G=K<8, =5 ACI5AB2C5B =8:0:8E 4>:070B5;LAB2 B>3>, GB> MB>3> :C;LB0 ?@845@6820;8AL 8 <8=>9FK. 0 @8B5 ?>548=:8 A 1K:>< 1K;8 >1KG=K< @072;5G5=85<, 0 =5 A0:@0;L=>9 F5@5<>=859. 8;LA>= AG8B05B, GB> =0 D>@<8@>20=85 <8D0 ?>2;8O;8 87>1@065=8O ?>;C;N459-?>;C682>B=KE. @8BA:85 D@5A:8, 87>1@060NI85 ?@K6:8 G5@57 1K:0, 2848<>, <>3CB A;C68BL ?>4B25@645=85< B>3>, GB> <8D > 8=>B02@5 O2;O5BAO >B@065=85< <8=>9A:>-3> >1KG0O 2KAB02;OBL 2 ?@>B82=8:8 ?;5==8:0<-3;0480B>@0< 1K:0. "0:>9 ?>548=>: >1KG=> ?;>E> 70:0=G820;AO 4;O ?;5==8:0, 0 1K:0 ?@8=>A8;8 2 65@B2C, C1820O 42CAB>@>==8< B>?>@><  ;01@8A>< (2>7<>6=>, >BAN40 ?@>8AE>48B A;>2> ;018@8=B). 081>;55 7=0G8B5;L=K< 2:;04>< 2 EC4>65AB25==K9 >1@07 8=>B02@0 2 XX 25:5 <>6=> AG8B0BL A5@8N 3@02N@ 8 =01@>A:>2, 2K?>;=5==KE 8:0AA> <564C 1933 8 1937 3>40<8. ;O AN@@50;8AB>2 8=>B02@ 1K; A8<2>;>< :>=D;8:B0 A8; A>7=0=8O 8 ?>4A>7=0=8O. 8:0AA> A45;0; MA:87 4;O >1;>6:8 ?5@2>3> =><5@0 6C@=0;0 8=>B02@. 0 :064>< 87 ?>A;54CNI8E =><5@>2, 2KE>4OI8E 4> 1939 3>40, 87>1@060;AO 8=>B02@, :0:8< 53> ?@54AB02;O;8 0;8, 03@8BB, 0:A -@=AB, 825@0 8 4@C385. 8=>B02@ 8:0AA> ?5@5<5=G82: =0 >4=>< @8AC=:5 >=  >;8F5B2>@5=85 B5<=>3> 8 65AB>:>3> 2 G5;>25:5, =0 4@C3><  83@82>5 687=5@04>AB=>5 682>B=>5.  87>1@065=8OE A<5@B8 8=>B02@0 8:0AA> A>548=O5B 8A?0=A:CN :>@@84C A :@8BA:8< @8BC0;><. 0 3@02N@5 8=>B02@ =0 0@5=5 >1=065==0O 452CH:0 =0 3;070E C 157@07;8G=>9 ?C1;8:8 ?@>=705B A?8=C GC4>28I0 <5G><. 0 @8AC=:5 !<5@BL 8=>B02@0 8AB5:0NI89 :@>2LN =0 ?CAB>9 0@5=5 G5;>25:-1K:, ?@8?>4=O2 3>;>2C, A B>A:>9 A<>B@8B =0 =51>. 025@H05B A5@8N 87>1@065=85 8A:C?;5=8O 8=>B02@0, 70AB02;ONI55 2A?><=8BL D8=0; 8AB>@88 F0@O -48?0: A;5?>3>, 4@OE;>3> 725@O 2545B 70 ?>2>4>: <0;5=L:0O 452>G:0 A 1C:5B>< F25B>2.  MB8E 8 4@C38E @8AC=:0E 8:0AA> =5 ?@>AB> ?5@5>A<KA;8205B <8D > 8=>B02@5, 0 ?@52@0I05B 53> 2 B@038G5A:>3> 35@>O. %C4>6=8:C, :0: =8:><C 4@C3><C, C40;>AL 2>A?>;L7>20BLAO <=>3>3@0==>ABLN MB>3> >1@070 4;O >B@065=8O @07;8G=KE A>AB>O=89 G5;>25G5A:>9 4CH8. @>B82>@5G82K9 >1@07, 2 :>B>@>< A;8;8AL 2>548=> =5A>2<5AB8<K5 ?>=OB8O: 725@8=0O 65AB>:>ABL 8 G5;>25G=>ABL, 3=52 8 AB@040=85, A<5@BL 8 =5>1KG09=0O 687=5A?>A>1=>ABL, ?>60;C9, >48= 87 ;CGH8E A8<2>;>2 A>7=0=8O G5;>25:0 XX AB>;5B8O. #! CA0;:C >1KG=> 87>1@060NB 2 2845 452CH:8 A @K1L8< E2>AB><; >4=0:> C =55 <>65B 1KBL 8 ?0@0 =>3, 8 ?0@0 E2>AB>2, :>B>@K5, 2 A2>N >G5@54L, <>3CB 1KBL =5 B>;L:> @K1L8<8, => 8 45;LD8=L8<8 8;8 7<58=K<8. =0 ?>5B GC45A=K5 ?5A=8, 0 =5@54:> 5I5 8 83@05B =0 0@D5. ><8<> @CA0;>: 8725AB=K B0:65 8 @CA0;K  8=>340 B0:85 65 @><0=B8G=K5, 8=>340 2A?K;LG82K5 8 3=52=K5. CA0;:8 ;N1OB 3@5BLAO =0 A>;=F5 =0 ?@81@56=>< ?5A:5 8;8 =0 A:0;0E, @0AG5AK20O 3@51=O<8 A2>8 4;8==K5 2>;>AK. =8 682CB =5 B>;L:> 2 <>@5, => 8 2 >75@0E, @5:0E 8 4065 :>;>4F0E.  >AA88  2 ><CB0E. 0==0 5;57=>20 87 5B@>702>4A:0 A>>1I8;0 2>B B0:CN 8AB>@8N:  MB=>3@0D8G5A:>9 M:A?548F88 O C7=0;0 > 2AB@5G5 G5;>25:0 A =52840==K< 75<=>2>4=K< G5;>25:>>1@07=K< ACI5AB2><. -B> 1K;> 2> 2@5<O 5;8:>9 B5G5AB25==>9 2>9=K 2 5;>@CAA88. !>;40B >BAB0; >B A2>53> 272>40, 4>3>=OO 53>, H5; ?> ;5A=>9 4>@>35.  24@C3 2848B: =0 MB>9 4>@>35 ;568B G5;>25:. = 1@>A8;AO : =5<C 8 :>340 ?>41560;, B> ?>=O;, GB> MB> =5 A>2A5< G5;>25:, 0 :B> 8;8 GB>  ?>=OBL =52>7<>6=>. ! 284C <C6G8=0 A 1>@>4>9, => 25AL 2 @K1L59 G5HC5, 0 =0 @C:0E 8 =>30E 2<5AB> ?0;LF52 ?5@5?>=:8. !>;40B ?5@525@=C; 53> =0 A?8=C, C2845;, GB> C =53> ;8F> G5;>25G5A:>5, E>BO 8 =5;L7O =0720BL 53> :@0A82K<, => 8 157>1@07=K< =5 =07>25HL.  MB>B G5HC9G0BK9 AB0; 7=0:0<8 ?>:07K20BL A>;40BC =0 A51O 8 :C40-B> 2 AB>@>=C, 2848<>, ?@>A8; 53> BC40 >B=5AB8. !>;40B ?>H5; 2 B>< =0?@02;5=88 8 A:>@> C2845; =51>;LH>5 ;5A=>5 >75@>. B2>;>: BC40 G5HC9G0B>3>, >?CAB8; 2 2>4C. = =5<=>3> ?>;560; 2 2>45, ?@8H5; 2 A51O 8 C?;K;.  4065 =0 ?@>I0=L5 A>;40BC @C:>9 ?><0E0;. 535=40 > @CA0;:5 2>7=8:;0 A@02=8B5;L=> =5402=> ?> <8D>;>38G5A:8< <5@:0< 8 ?@8=O;0 >:>=G0B5;L=CN D>@<C 2 M?>EC A@54=525:>2LO. 5@2K< ;8B5@0BC@=K< C?><8=0=85< > @CA0;:0E <>6=> AG8B0BL B> <5AB> 2 ><0=5 > @>75 '>A5@0 (1366), 345 3>2>@8BAO: "> 1K;> GC4>, ?>4>1=>5 ?5=8N <>@A:8E @CA0;>:.  :C;LBC@5 ?@0:B8G5A:8 2A5E =0@>4>2 8725AB=K ;535=4K > 4CE0E 2>4, G0AB> MB8 4CE8  ?>NI85 65=I8=K, >;8F5B2>@ONI85 :@0A>BC 2840 8 72C:0 2>4K. CA0;:8 :0?@87=K, A2>5=@02=K 8 <>3CI5AB25==K, :0: 8 @5:8, 2 :>B>@KE >=8 >18B0NB. =8 <>3CB A>B2>@8BL 4>1@>, => <>3CB 8 =02@548BL. @52=59H55 87 8725AB=KE <>@A:8E 1>65AB2  2028;>=A:89 1>3 -0 (8;8 0==, :0: 53> 8<5=>20;8 2 3@5G5A:8E B5:AB0E). = 2KH5; 87 -@8B@59A:>3> <>@O 8 =0CG8; ;N459 =0C:0< 8 8A:CAAB2C. 0 10@5;L5D5 VIII 25:0 4> =. M., 2KAB02;5==>< 2 C2@5, 0== 87>1@065= 2 2845 G5;>25:0 A @K1L8< E2>AB><. 0 ;86=5< >AB>:5 2 4@52=>AB8 ?>G8B0;8 @CA0;:C  1>38=N ;C=K, :>B>@CN A8@89FK =07K20;8 B0@30B, 0 D8;8AB8<;O=5  5@A5B>.  8=489A:>9 <8D>;>388 E@0=8B5;O<8 2>4 1K;8 =515A=K5 =8<DK 0?A0@K, 83@02H85 =0 ;NB=OE, 2 8B05 8 /?>=88  4@0:>=K 8 8E 65=K.  3@5G5A:8E 8 @8<A:8E <8D0E D83C@8@C5B <=>65AB2> 2>4=KE 1>65AB2 8 ACI5AB2: 1>3 <>@59 >A594>= (5?BC=), 53> AK= "@8B>=, <>@A:85 =8<DK =5@584K  4>G5@8 5@5O, 1>30 A?>:>9=>3> <>@O, @5G=K5 =0O4K (=8<DK) 8, =0:>=5F, >:50=84K, 4>G5@8 1>30 2>4=>9 AB8E88 :50=0. "@8B>=0 >1KG=> 87>1@060;8 A @K1L8< E2>AB><, >AB0;L=K5 2>4=K5 4CE8 G0AB> 2K3;O45;8, :0: >1KG=K5 ;N48.  @8B0=88 8 @;0=488 A;030;8 ;535=4K > <>@A:8E 4520E, :>B>@K5 A1@0AK20NB @K189 E2>AB ?5@54 B5<, :0: 2K9B8 =0 ACHC.  !:0=48=0288 8 5@<0=88 2>4=K5 ACI5AB20 @0745;O;8AL =0 <>@A:8E 8 @5G=KE. > $@0=F88, B0;88, >@BC30;88 8 A?0=88 8E =07K20;8 A8@5=0<8, E>BO 2 3@5G5A:8E <8D0E A8@5=K 1K;8 ?B8F0<8 A 65=A:8<8 ;8F0<8. 5@>8=O D@0=FC7A:8E ;535=4 5;C78=0, 65=I8=0-7<5O, 8=>340 87>1@060;0AL 8 :0: @CA0;:0 A 42C<O E2>AB0<8.  @CAA:8E A:07:0E 4CE8 2>4  @CA0;:8, :>B>@K5 B>?OB :C?0;LI8:>2, 8 ?;CB>20BK5 2>4O=K5.  0D@8:0=A:8E ?@540=8OE MB> 2>4=K5 65=I8=K 8 254L<K.  ;535=40E A525@>0<5@8:0=A:8E 8=459F52 3>2>@8BAO > 42CE2>ABKE <>@A:8E 1>65AB20E 8 4520E-@K10E. C;LB ?>:;>=5=8O 4@52=8< 1>65AB20< 2>4 >AB0;AO 2 ?@>H;><, => 25@0 2 @CA0;>:, <C4@KE 8 <>3CI5AB25==KE 2>4=KE ACI5AB2, ?@>4>;605B 68BL. >7<>6=>, ?5@2K5 <8DK > @CA0;:0E 2>7=8:;8 87 @0AA:07>2 >1 CB>?;5==8:0E 8 G5;>25G5A:8E 65@B20E, ?@8=5A5==KE 2>4=K< 1>65AB20<.  ?@8<5@C, !01@8=0, =570:>==>@>645==0O 4>GL :>@>;O >:@8=0, 1K;0 A1@>H5=0 <0G5E>9 2 @5:C, :>B>@CN A B5E ?>@ =07K20NB !525@=, 8 AB0;0 @5G=>9 1>38=59  ?>:@>28B5;L=8F59 =528==KE 452CH5:. >4>1=>5 ?@52@0I5=85 A <5=55 ?@8OB=K<8 ?>A;54AB28O<8 ?@>87>H;> A> A;C60=:>9 53 '5;;, :>B>@0O ?@>20;8;0AL ?>4 ;54, =018@0O 2>4C 2 @5:5, 8 B5?5@L :064K5 A5<L ;5B B>?8B ?;>2F>2 2 @5:5 811;. "0:8E 8AB>@89, :>B>@K5, A:>@55 2A53>, ?@84C<K20;8, GB>1K >3@048BL 45B59 >B >?0A=>AB59, 4>2>;L=> <=>3>: 8AB>@8O =5AG0AB=>9 A;C60=:8 53 <0;> G5< >B;8G05BAO >B 8AB>@89 65==8 @8=B8A 87 0=:0H8@0, @0=48;>C 87 >@:H8@0, 53 0C;5@  @CA0;:8 87 @5:8 "8A 8 4@C38E @CA0;>:. 725AB=0O ?> ?>M<5 59=5 @59=A:0O =8<D0 >@5;5O  B>65 >?0A=K9 @5G=>9 4CE: 70A;CH02H8AL 55 ?5A=O<8, <>@O:8 =0?@02;O;8 A2>8 :>@01;8 ?@O<> =0 >?0A=K5 A:0;K.  >1@075 >@5;58 ?@8ACBAB2C5B >G5284=0O A2O7L A 4@52=53@5G5A:8<8 A8@5=0<8. ?@>G5<, @CA0;:8 =5@54:> A>25@H0NB 8 4>1@K5 45;0: ?@54C?@5640NB > ?@81;860NI59AO 1C@5, 8A?>;=ONB 65;0=8O, ?>4=8<0NB A> 4=0 A>:@>28I0, CG0B =0C:0<.  20;;89A:>9 ;535=45 =8<D0 >75@0 ;8=-8-$0=-$0E 2KH;0 70<C6 70 A<5@B=>3> 8, @>482 5<C AK=0, 8AG57;0. 0B5< ?>O28;8AL B@8 <C4@5F0 8 =0CG8;8 55 AK=0 2A5<C, GB> A0<8 7=0;8. CA0;:8 A>25@H0NB 1;0385 45;0 =5 B>;L:> ?> 4>1@>9 2>;5. !>3;0A=> ;535=40<, @CA0;:C <>6=> 70AB028BL 2K?>;=8BL ;N1>5 65;0=85, 5A;8 >B=OBL C =55 :0:>9-=81C4L 87 ?@54<5B>2 BC0;5B0. @0:8 A @CA0;:0<8 >1KG=> =54>;3>25G=K. 0:;NG5=85 B0:>3> 1@0:0 2A5340 A2O70=> A :0:8<-;81> CA;>285<, 8, :>340 CA;>285 =0@CH05BAO, @CA0;:0 8AG5705B. CA0;:8 =5@54:> 7018@0NB A<5@B=KE 2 ?>42>4=>5 F0@AB2>. !;5?>9 >@8A >==>@, ;CGH89 2>;K=I8: 2 N=AB5@5, ?>A;54>20; 70 @CA0;:>9 2 <>@5. !>3;0A=> ?@540=8N, 53> ?5=85 4> A8E ?>@ A;KH=> 87-?>4 2>4K. >A;5 >:>=G0B5;L=>3> CB25@645=8O E@8AB80=AB20 2 2@>?5 4CE>25=AB2> ?KB0;>AL 704CH8BL >AB0B:8 O7KG5A:8E 25@>20=89. 4=0:> <0;>7=0G8B5;L=K5 ?5@A>=068, B0:85, :0: @CA0;:8, A :>B>@K<8 =5 1K;8 A2O70=K >A=>2=K5 O7KG5A:85 :C;LBK, =5 ?@54AB02;O;8 1>;LH>9 >?0A=>AB8 4;O =>2>9 @5;8388 8 ?@>4>;60;8 68BL 2 D>;L:;>@5.  E@8AB80=A:>9 @5;8388 @CA0;:0 A 3@51=5< 8 75@:0;>< 2 @C:0E AB0;0 A8<2>;>< BI5A;028O 8 65=A:>3> :>20@AB20, 254CI8E <C6G8= : <>@0;L=>9 3815;8. 0: 8 <=>385 4@C385 2K<KH;5==K5 ACI5AB20, @CA0;:8 8 8E A8<2>;8G5A:>5 7=0G5=85 1K;8 =5>4=>:@0B=> >?8A0=K 2 A@54=525:>2KE 15AB80@8OE. 5@A>=060<8 @0==8E 15AB80@852 1K;8 =5 @CA0;:8, 0 A8@5=K. 4=0:> ?>A;5 B>3>, :0: A8@5=K 8 @CA0;:8 A<5H0;8AL 2 A>7=0=88 =0@>4>2, B> 65 ?@>87>H;> 8 2 15AB80@8OE.  15A-B80@88 #09B0 (XII 25:) @CA0;:8 >?8A0=K :0: ?>;C;N48-?>;C@K1K, => 8;;NAB@0F8O 87>1@0605B 452CH:C A :@K;LO<8 =0 B0;88, ?B8GL8<8 ;0?0<8 8 @K1L8< E2>AB><.  >65AB25==>< 15AB80@88 XIII 25:0 89><0 5:;5@:0 3>2>@8BAO > B><, GB> =86=OO G0ABL @CA0;:8  ?B8GLO 8;8 @K1LO. 0@D>;><59 =3;89A:89 CB25@6405B, GB> A8@5=K  452K-@K1K, E>BO 8 >B<5G05B, GB> ?> =5:>B>@K< 8AB>G=8:0< =86=OO G0ABL 8E B5;0  ?B8GLO. !@548 =0CG=KE 8AB>G=8:>2 A;54C5B >B<5B8BL >?8A0=8O =5@584 8 B@8B>=>2, A45;0==K5 ;8=85< A> A;>2 >G5284F52. !C4O ?> 2A5<C, ACI5AB20, >?8A0==K5 ;8=85<, <>@A:85 :>@>2K 8 :>B8:8.  8A;0=4A:8E E@>=8:0E XII 25:0 70?5G0B;5=> A2845B5;LAB2> > ?>;C65=I8=5-?>;C@K15, :>B>@CN 2845;8 C 15@53>2 @5=;0=488. # =55 1K;> C60A=>5 ;8F>, H8@>:89 @>B 8 420 ?>41>@>4:0. 0D0M;L %>;8=H54 A>>1I05B > B><, GB> 2> 2@5<5=0 0=3;89A:>3> :>@>;O 5=@8E0 II @K10:8 ?>9<0;8 G5;>25:0-@K1C, :>B>@K9 >B:07K20;AO 3>2>@8BL 8 ?8B0;AO :0: AK@>9, B0: 8 20@5=>9 @K1>9. '5@57 420 <5AOF0 >= C1560; 2 <>@5.  1403 3>4C, :0: 3;0A8B ;535=40, ?>A;5 HB>@<0 2 0?04=>9 $@8A;0=488 =0H;8 @CA0;:C, 70?CB02HCNAO 2 2>4>@>A;OE. 5 >45;8 8 :>@<8;8 >1KG=>9 ?8I59. =0 =0CG8;0AL ?@OABL 8 :;0=OBLAO ?5@54 @0A?OB85<, => B0: 8 =5 703>2>@8;0. =0 G0AB> ?@54?@8=8<0;0 157CA?5H=K5 ?>?KB:8 : 153AB2C >1@0B=> 2 <>@5 8 C<5@;0 G5@57 G5BK@=04F0BL ;5B. >@O:8 A :>@01;O 5=@8 C47>=0 CB25@640;8, GB> 2845;8 @CA0;:C 2 1608 3>4C 2> 2@5<O ?>8A:>2 A525@=>3> ?CB8 2 =48N: 5 A?8=0 8 3@C4L 1K;8 65=A:8<8& 55 :>60 1K;0 >G5=L 15;>9& C =55 1K;8 4;8==K5 G5@=K5 2>;>AK 8 E2>AB, :0: C 45;LD8=0. 8 A5=BO1@O 1809 3>40 2 0=3;89A:>9 "09<A ?>O28;0AL 70<5B:0 H:>;L=>3> CG8B5;O #8;LO<0 C=@>, :>B>@K9 ?8A0; > B><, GB> 2> 2@5<O >4=>9 87 A2>8E ?@>3C;>: ?> ?>15@56LN >= C2845; A84OICN =0 B@C4=>4>ABC?=>9 A:0;5, 21;878 :>B>@>9 2>4K 1K;8 >A>15==> >?0A=K 4;O ?;020=8O, >1=065==CN 65=I8=C A ?>;=K< ;8F><, @C<O=K<8 I5:0<8 8 3>;C1K<8 3;070<8, ?@8G5AK20NICN 2>;>AK. !?CABO =5A:>;L:> <8=CB >=0 =K@=C;0 2 2>4C 8 C?;K;0. "0:>3> @>40 A2845B5;LAB20 4>;3> ?>445@6820;8 25@C 2 ACI5AB2>20=85 G5;>25:>?>4>1=KE <>@A:8E ACI5AB2, E>BO A> 2@5<5= A@54=525:>2LO =8:><C B0: 8 =5 C40;>AL ?>9<0BL 8;8 =09B8 B5;> :0:>3>-=81C4L 87 =8E. !:>@55 2A53>, 70 @CA0;>: ?@8=8<0;8 B@>?8G5A:8E ;0<0=B8=>2, =51>;LH8E :8B>2, :>B8:>2, 8 BN;5=59. 1;878 MB8 682>B=K5, 157CA;>2=>, A>2A5< =5 =0?><8=0NB ;N459, => 8E ?>7K 8 :@8:8 1K20NB ?>@>9 >G5=L G5;>25G5A:8<8. >9<0==K5 A@54=525:>2K<8 @K10:0<8 G5;>25:-@K10 8 @CA0;:0 1K;8, 2848<>, =5<K<8 ;N4L<8 A =570C@O4=K<8 A?>A>1=>ABO<8 : ?;020=8N. ;8?..  AB5AB25==>9 8AB>@88 =488, 8740==>9 2 1717 3>4C, 8<5NBAO C?><8=0=8O >1 M:7>B8G5A:>< 682>< ACI5AB25 A 0;L=53> >AB>:0, :>B>@>5 ?>9<0;8 1;87 >;C::A:8E >AB@>2>2: =0 1K;0 4;8=>9 59 4N9<>2 8 G5<-B> =0?><8=0;0 C3@O& @>68;0 2 1>G:5 A 2>4>9 4 4=O 8 7 G0A>2& 874020;0 =53@><:85 72C:8, =8G53> =5 5;0 8 70B5< C<5@;0.  1723 3>4C 2 0=88 1K;0 CG@5645=0 >@>;52A:0O :><8AA8O, :>B>@0O 4>;6=0 1K;0 2=5AB8 OA=>ABL 2 2>?@>A > ACI5AB2>20=88 @CA0;>:. > 2> 2@5<O ?>574:8 =0 $0@5@A:85 >AB@>20 A F5;LN A1>@0 8=D>@<0F88 > @CA0;:0E G;5=K :><8AA88 =0B>;:=C;8AL =0 @CA0;0-<C6G8=C.  4>:;045 :><8AA88 C:07K20;>AL, GB> C @CA0-;0 3;C1>:> ?>A065==K5 3;070 8 G5@=0O 1>@>40, :>B>@0O 2K3;O45;0 B0:, :0: 1C4B> 1K;0 ?>4AB@865=0.  A>2A5< =5402=>, 2 1983 3>4C, 0=B@>?>;>3 87 C=825@A8B5B0 8@468=88 (!() 59 #>3=5@ A>>1I8; 2 >4=>9 @8G<>=4A:>8 3075B5, GB> 2 N6=>9 G0AB8 "8E>3> >:50=0, =540;5:> >B >AB@>20 >20O 28=5O, >= 42064K 2845; ACI5AB2>, G5<-B> =0?><8=0NI55 G5;>25:0. #>3=5@ ?>OA=8;, GB> A ?><>ILN =>259H53> ?>42>4=>3> 2845>>1>@C4>20=8O 5<C C40;>AL CAB0=>28BL, GB> MB> ACI5AB2> >:070;>AL <>@A:>9 :>@>2>9.  1>;LH8=AB25 8725AB=KE A;CG052, AG8B05B #>3=5@, 70 @CA0;>: ?@8=8<0;8 BN;5=59, 1C@KE 45;LD8=>2, ;0<0=B8=>2 8;8 <>@A:8E :>@>2. 4=0:> >= =5 CB25@6405B, GB> @CA0;:8 2>>1I5 =5 ACI5AB2CNB. N48 2A5-B0:8 >G0@>20=K @CA0;:0<8, 8 @0AA:07K > =8E 72CG0B G0AB> ?@024>?>4>1=>, 3>2>@8B ?A8E>B5@0?52B 8=40 0@B5@--9:, :>B>@0O ?@>2>48B 8AA;54>20=85 2 @0<:0E ?@>3@0<<K ?> ?A8E>0=0;87C. > 55 <=5=8N, @CA0;:8 682CB 2 A>7=0=88 ;N459. :50= 2>7459AB2C5B =0 >1;0ABL ?>4A>7=0=8O G5;>25:0, 2K7K20O 2 2>>1@065=88 >1@07 @CA0;:8. %8B@>ABL A>AB>8B 2 B><, GB>1K =5 40BL 59 CB0I8BL 20A 70 A>1>9. ?;>BL 4> XIX 25:0, :>340 =0CG=K5 8 35>3@0D8G5A:85 >B:@KB8O ?@0:B8G5A:8 ;8H8;8 <8D>;>38G5A:8E ACI5AB2 ?@02 =0 ACI5AB2>20=85, ?@>F25B0;0 ?@0:B8:0 A>740=8O GCG5; @CA0;>: 87 B5; >157LO= 8 @K1L8E E2>AB>2. B2@0B8B5;L=K5 @CA0;:8 2K3;O45;8 4>AB0B>G=> ?C30NI5. >A:>;L:C @CA0;:0 1K;0 @5;838>7=K< A8<2>;>< 8A:CH5=8O 8 :>20@AB20, 70?@5B>2 =0 55 87>1@065=85 2 8A:CAAB25 8 ;8B5@0BC@5 =8:>340 =5 ACI5AB2>20;>.  ?L5A5 !>= 2 ;5B=NN =>GL (5:A?8@0 3>2>@8BAO > @CA0;:5, GL5 ?5=85 1K;> B0: ?@5:@0A=>, GB> 1C@=>5 <>@5 CA?>:>8;>AL, 0 =5:>B>@K5 72574K, 70A;CH02H8AL ?5=85< <>@A:>9 :@0A028FK, C?0;8 A =515A. =B5@5A=>, GB> >1@07 @CA0;:8 ?5@568; @0AF25B 8<5==> 2 XIX 25:5, :>340 =0C:0 >:>=G0B5;L=> @0745;8;0 D0=B0788 8 @50;L=>ABL, 0 2 ?@>75 8 ?>M788 2>7@>48;0 8=B5@5A : @><0=B8:5. A>15==> <=>3> 10;;04 > <>@A:>< =0@>45 1K;> A>740=> 2 @8B0=88 8 !:0=48=0288.  @8B0=88 @CA0;:0 AB0;0 5I5 8 A8<2>;>< 8<?5@88, ?@02OI59 <>@O<8 8 4>1K20NI59 59 1>30BAB20 2 70<>@A:8E :>;>=8OE. 5 87>1@065=8O C:@0H0;8 :>@01;8, 35@1K 8 >@C685. "025@=5 CA0;:0, 2 :>B>@>9 A>18@0;8AL ;>=4>=A:85 ?8A0B5;8 8 ?>MBK, ?>A2OB8; A2>5 AB8E>B2>@5=85 8B5.  1811 3>4C C2845;0 A25B ?>M<0 10@>=0 ;5 O<>BB-$C:5 #=48=0, ?> :>B>@>9 2A:>@5 1K;0 =0?8A0=0 >?5@0.  =59 3>2>@8BAO > 65=8BL15 @5G=>9 =8<DK #=48=K 8 A<5@B=>3> G5;>25:0: #=48=0 <>3;0 1K >1@5AB8 G5;>25G5A:CN 4CHC 8 GC2AB25==>5 A5@4F5, => <C6 87<5=O5B 59, 8 >=0 2>72@0I05BAO 2 @5:C. <O C=48=0 (>B ;0B8=A:>3> C=40  2>40) 2?5@2K5 8A?>;L7>20; H259F0@A:89 2@0G 8 0;E8<8: 0@0F5;LA (XVI 25:)  >A=>2>?>;>6=8: A8AB5<0B8G5A:>9 <8D>;>388, A>548=82H59 >1@07K <8D>;>38G5A:8E ACI5AB2 A 3@5G5A:8< CG5=85< > G5BK@5E A>AB02;ONI8E <8@0: 75<;5, 2>74CE5, >3=5 8 2>45. #=48=0 AB0;0 A8<2>;>< 2>4K. CA0;:8 8 ;N48 =5 >1@5B0NB AG0ABLO 2<5AB5.  A:07:5 =45@A5=0 @CA0;:0 >1@5B05B 4CHC, => =5 ;N1>2L ?@8=F0.  ?>M<5 1<0=CBK9 <>@A:>9 N=>H0 @=>;L40 35@>8=O 0@30@5B 87<5=O5B 2>7;N1;5==><C 87 1>O7=8 ?>B5@OBL 4CHC.  2 @><0=5 K10: 8 53> 4CH0 A:0@0 #09;L40 @K10: AB@5<8BAO 871028BLAO >B A2>59 4CH8 2 =045645 65=8BLAO =0 @CA0;:5. @C3>9 <>B82, 8A?>;L7>20==K9, : ?@8<5@C, 2 CA0;:5 CH:8=0 8 525AB5 0<<5@<C@0 0;LB5@0 !:>BB0, @CA0;:0, 70I8I0NI0O =528==KE 452CH5: 8 <ABOI0O =525@=K< 65=8E0<. 59=5 2 >@5;55 8 "5==8A>= 2 >@A:8E D5OE 8 CA0;:5 >1@0I0NBAO A:>@55 : >1@07C G5;>25:0, 65;0NI53> 871028BLAO >B G5;>25G5A:8E 701>B 8 84CI53> =0 A<5@BL @048 65;0=8O CA;KH0BL ?@5:@0A=>5 ?5=85 @CA0;>:. %0@0:B5@=>, GB> "5==8A>= ?8H5B > A5@51@O=KE =>30E @CA0;>:, 0 53> <>@A:85 =8<DK  2848<>, 3><5@>2A:85 A8@5=K, ?52H85 4;O 48AA5O.  ?>M<5 07@K2 A>N70 "><0A0 %C40, A8<2>;878@CNI59 AB@5<;5=85 @;0=488 : =57028A8<>AB8 >B @8B0=A:>9 8<?5@88, @CA0;:0 65;05B 0<?CB8@>20BL A2>9 A0:A>=A:89 E2>AB, GB>1K AB0BL =0AB>OI8< G5;>25:><.  ;8B5@0BC@5 XX 25:0 @CA0;:8 AB0=>2OBAO <5=55 G0ABK<8 ?5@A>=060<8, 0 1@0: A @CA0;:>9 =5@54:> >?8AK205BAO 2 A0B8@8G5A:>9 D>@<5.  >@A:>9 ;548 #M;;A0 @CA0;:0 >:07K205BAO =5A?>A>1=>9 ?>=OBL <>@0;L=K5 >3@0=8G5=8O, :>B>@K5 ;N48 =0:;04K20NB =0 A2>N 687=L. CA0;:8 >AB028;8 70<5B=K9 A;54 8 2 <C7K:5. < ?>A2OI5=K 5A=O CA0;:8 094=0, A8<D>=8G5A:0O ?>M<0 >4O=>9 8 >?5@0 CA0;:0 2>@60:0, =570:>=G5==0O >?5@0 >@5;5O 8 C25@BN@0 @5:@0A=0O 5;C78=0 5=45;LA>=0, >?5@K CA0;:0 0@3><K6A:>3> 8 !04:> 8<A:>3>->@A0:>20, 2 :>B>@>9 !04:> 2;N1;O5BAO 2 4>GL <>@A:>3> F0@O. CA0;:8 ?>O2;ONBAO 2 >?5@5 8=0;L4> 5=45;O 8 2 >;LF5 =815;C=30 03=5@0. !:C;L?BC@0 @CA0;:8 C:@0H05B :>?5=3035=A:CN 1CEBC. CA0;:0 A <5G>< 2 @C:5 87>1@065=0 =0 35@15 0@H02K. 7>1@065=8O B@8B>=>2 1K;8 >G5=L ?>?C;O@=K 2 M?>EC 10@>::> (8E <>6=> C2845BL, =0?@8<5@, =0 ?>;>B=5 "@8C<D 0;0B58 0D0M;O). 0 8;;NAB@0F88 : N@=15@3A:>9 81;88 (1483) <>6=> 2845BL >52 :>2G53, ?;K2CI89 2 >:@C65=88 @CA0;>:. 4=0:> ?5@2K< 2 8AB>@88 87>1@065=85< @CA0;:8 2 682>?8A8 A;54C5B =0720BL ?>;>B=> 0=8M;O 0:;870 @>8AE>645=85 0@DK (1842), =0 :>B>@>9 @CA0;:0 A 0@D>9 2 @C:0E ?;0G5B > A2>59 =5AG0AB=>9 ;N128.  >B;8G85 >B A@54=525:>2>3> ?@54AB02;5=8O @CA0;:0 :>=F0 XIX 25:0  @>:>20O 65=I8=0. "0:>9 55 87>1@060NB @=>;L4 5:;8=3, -420@4 C=:, CAB02 ;8<B 8 <=>385 4@C385.  =0H5< 25:5 (=0 @01>B0E 5=5 0@38BB0 8 >;O 5;L2>) >1@07 @CA0;:8 ?@8>1@5B05B =5A:>;L:> :><8G5A:89 >BB5=>:. >40  A8<2>; >4=>2@5<5==> A<5@B8 8 ?5@5@>645=8O. 0: 8 2>40, @CA0;:8 =0 ?@>BO65=88 25:>2 =5 B>;L:> ?@54AB02;O;8 >?0A=>ABL 4;O ;N459, => 8 ?><>30;8 8<. 5=ONI89AO >1@07 @CA0;:8, ?>A;C682H89 8AB>G=8:>< 24>E=>25=8O AB>;L:8< EC4>6=8:0<, ?>MB0< 8 ?8A0B5;O<, 2848<>, >AB0=5BAO B0:8< 65 ?@8BO30B5;L=K< 8 2 1C4CI5<. >?>;=5=8O. CA0;:0, ?>60;C9, 548=AB25==>5 87 <8D>;>38G5A:8E ACI5AB2, >1@5BH55 ?>G2C 2 A;02O=A:8E ?@540=8OE 8& A53>4=OH=59 687=8.  A2O78 A MB8< <K =5 <>65< =5 @0AA:070BL 745AL > 2AB@5G0E A MB8<8 ACI5AB20<8 =0H8E A>>B5G5AB25==8:>2. B0:& 0AA:07K205B 8725AB=K9 :@8?B>7>>;>3 . . K:>20:  @8B5;L=> C:@08=F0<8 8 N6=K<8 25;8:>@>AA0<8 @CA0;:8 2>A?@8=8<0NBAO :0: 2>4O=K5 :@0A028FK. 0 A525@5 >AA88 MB> G0I5 2A53> :>A<0BK5, 157>1@07=K5 65=I8=K A 1>;LH>9 >B28A;>9 3@C4LN. =8 ?>:07K20NBAO 87 2>4K 25G5@>< 8;8 =>GLN, ?KB0NBAO ?@82;5GL 2=8<0=85, 1@>4OB >:>;> 2>4K 8 4065 2 ;5AC. AB@5B82H8AL A =59 ;8F>< : ;8FC, G5;>25: ;8HL 8=>340 CA?5205B @073;O45BL 55. @8254C A;CG09 =5>1KG=>9 2AB@5G8, A@02=8B5;L=> =5402=89. 8AL<>, 2 :>B>@>< @0AA:07K205BAO > =5<, ?>;CG5=> >4=>9 87 <>A:>2A:8E @540:F89 2 >B25B =0 ?C1;8:0F8N AB0BL8 . $. >@H=520 =0 B5<C > @50;L=>AB8 ;5H8E 8 @CA0;>:. %>BO @5GL 745AL 845B > =5:>59 @07=>284=>AB8  1>;>B=O=8:5.  3>4K B5G5AB25==>9 2>9=K 20= .@G5=:> ?@>6820; 2 45@52=5 8:>;052:5, CG8;AO 2 =0G0;L=>9 H:>;5. (:>;0 =0?@02;O;0 CG5=8:>2 ?>;>BL A>@=O:8 2 :>;E>7=KE ?>A520E 40;5:> 70 45@52=N, 345 >B ?>;59 =0G8=0;8AL 1>;>B0. >7;5 1>;>B 1K;8 A5=>:>AK. >AFK CAB@>8;8 @O4>< A0@09 4;O =>G52>:, ?>AB5;8;8 =0 =0@K A5=>. 4=064K CB@><, ?@84O =0 ?@>?>;:C, @51OB0 70H;8 2 A0@09 8 70<5B8;8, GB> =0 A5=5 >AB0;8AL 2<OB8=K >B 42CE D83C@ >3@><=>3> @>AB0, 2848<> =>G5202H8E 2 A0@05 2 BC =>GL. =8 C4828;8AL @>ABC ;N459, ?>3>2>@8;8 >1 MB>< 8 ?@8=O;8AL 70 @01>BC. 20= 70E>B5; >?@028BLAO 8 CH5; A ?>;O : 1>;>BC, : :CAB0<.  MB> 2@5<O =0 1>;>B5 70 :CAB0<8 >= 70<5B8; 42CE =58725AB=KE, :>B>@K5 ?@8AB0;L=> A;548;8 70 =8<. 20= >1@0B8; 2=8<0=85 =0 B>, :0:8<8 >=8 1K;8 G5@=K<8, =0 3>;>20E C =8E 1K;8 4;8==K5 2>;>AK, 2 ?;5G0E >=8 1K;8 >G5=L H8@>:8<8. >AB =5 A<>3 >?@545;8BL, B0: :0: <5H0;8 :CABK. 073;O452 8E, 20= A8;L=> 8A?C30;AO 8, :@8G0, ?>1560; : @51OB0<. #7=02, GB> :B>-B> 5ABL =0 1>;>B5, 2A5 ?>1560;8 2 45@52=N : :><5=40=BC 8 ?@54A540B5;N :>;E>70. "5, 2>>@C682H8AL =030=>< 8 @C6L5<, A @51OB0<8 428=C;8AL : <5ABC ?@>8AH5AB28O (:><5=40BC@0 2 B> 2@5<O ACI5AB2>20;0 4;O AAK;L=KE). 58725AB=K5 G5@=K5 ;N48 CH;8 2 3;C1L 1>;>B0 8 87-70 :CAB0@=8:0 A<>B@5;8 =0 ;N459. N48 @0AA<0B@820;8 8E, =8:B> =5 @5H0;AO ?@>428=CBLAO 2?5@54. C6G8=K 2KAB@5;8;8 2 2>74CE, =58725AB=K5 >A:0;8;8 15;K5 7C1K (GB> >A>15==> 1@>A8;>AL 2 3;070 =0 G5@=>< D>=5 8E ;8F), AB0;8 874020BL 72C:8, ?>E>685 =0 @0A:0B8ABK9 E>E>B. > A;>20< .@G5=:>: ;OA, ;OA, ;OA. >A;5 G53> 5<C ?>:070;>AL, GB> >=8 ?@8A5;8 8;8 ?>3@C78;8AL 2 1>;>B>. >;LH5 8E =8:B> =5 2845;.  A0@05 =0 A5=5 >AB0;8AL A;54K, 2848<>, A0<F0 >3@><=>3> @>AB0 8 A0<:8 ?><5=LH5, <>6=> 1K;> @0AA<>B@5BL A;54 1>;LH8E 3@C459. "0: 7=0NB ;8 =0H8 A>2@5<5==8:8 > B0:8E ACI5AB20E? ;8 MB> 548=AB25==K9 =5?>=OB=K9 A;CG09?  1952 3>4C O, . !5@35520, @01>B0;0 =0 ;5A>703>B>28B5;L=>< CG0AB:5  0;010=>2A: (0?04=0O !818@L). 03>B02;820;8 ;5A B>;L:> 78<>9, 0 25A=>9 A?;02;O;8 ?> @5:5 0@0930. 5AB=>ABL 2>:@C3 1>;>B8AB0O, ;5B>< <K A>18@0;8 B0< 3@81K 8 O3>4K. =>3> 745AL 8 >75@. 8;><5B@0E 2 425=04F0B8 >B CG0AB:0 1K;> >75@> >-@0AL5. 0 =53>-B> 4 8N;O <K 8 >B?@028;8AL: O, AB0@8:-AB>@>6 A ?;5<O==8:>< ;5:A55< 8 "0=O (C<8;>20. > 4>@>35 454 @0AA:070;, GB> >75@> MB> B>@DO=>5, 2 1913 3>4C >=> 703>@5;>AL >B <>;=88 8 3>@5;> F5;KE A5<L ;5B. "5?5@L =0 =5< <=>3> ?;02CG8E >AB@>2>2. E =07K20NB  :K<LO . >:0 ?>3>40 AB>8B E>@>H0O, :K<LO C 15@530, => 5A;8 >B>94CB =0 A5@548=C >75@0  648 4>6459. > <5AB0 <K 4>1@0;8AL C65 2 >48==04F0B>< G0AC 25G5@0. 0A:>@> =0BO=C;8 420 ?>;>30 8 BCB 65 A20;8;8AL >B CAB0;>AB8.  454 ?>H5; AB028BL A5B8. >340 <K CB@>< ?@>A=C;8AL, CE0 1K;0 C65 3>B>20. K1K 2 A5BOE =018;>AL <=>3>, 703@C78;8 F5;8:>< ?>2>7:C.  BCB O 70<5B8;0, GB> =540;5:> 70 45@52LO<8 284=55BAO 5I5 >4=> >75@>. !?@>A8;0 >1 MB>< AB0@8:0, => >= @0AA5@48;AO =0 <5=O 8 1C@:=C;: 75@> :0: >75@>& >;LH5 =8 > G5< @0AA?@0H820BL O 53> =5 AB0;0, => ;5:A5N 8 "0BLO=5 >1> 2A5< @0AA:070;0. K1@02 <><5=B, :>340 454 CH5; A<>B@5BL 40;L=NN A5BL, <K ?>1560;8 : B><C >75@C, 1;03> 4> =53> 1K;> 2A53> <5B@>2 425AB8. >40 2 =5< >:070;0AL B0:>9 G8AB>9, GB> 2A5 :0<5H:8 =0 4=5 1K;8 284=K. "0=O 8 ;5:A59 @5H8;8 8A:C?0BLAO, O 65 B>;L:> A=O;0 ?;0B>: 8 ?>;>68;0 53> =0 :0:CN-B> :>@O3C C 15@530, 0 A0<0 ?@8A5;0 @O4><. ;5:A59 1K; C65 2 2>45 8 720; "0=N, :>340 24@C3 B0 2A:@8:=C;0, AE20B8;0 A2>N >4564C 8 1@>A8;0AL 2 ;5A. / 273;O=C;0 =0 ;5:A5O, :>B>@K9 AB>O; =5?>4286=> 8 A<>B@5; ?5@54 A>1>9 >:@C3;82H8<8AO 3;070<8.  BCB O C2845;0, :0: : 53> =>30< BO=5BAO GLO-B> @C:0. >4 2>4>9 : ;5:A5N ?;K;0 452CH:0. =0 15AHC<=> 2K=K@=C;0, ?>4=O;0 3>;>2C A 4;8==K<8 G5@=K<8 2>;>A0<8, :>B>@K5 BCB 65 C1@0;0 A ;8F0. 0 <5=O 3;O=C;8 55 1>;LH85 A8=85 3;070, 452CH:0 A C;K1:>9 ?@>BO3820;0 @C:8 : ;5:A5N. / 2A:@8:=C;0 8, 2A:>G82, @20=C;0 53> 70 2>;>AK 87 2>4K. 0<5B8;0, :0: ?@8 MB>< 7;> A25@:=C; 273;O4 2>4O=>9 452CH:8. =0 AE20B8;0 ;5602H89 =0 :>@O35 <>9 ?;0B>: 8, @0AE>E>B02H8AL, CH;0 ?>4 2>4C. K 8 >?><=8BLAO =5 CA?5;8, :0: 454 >:070;AO @O4><. = B>@>?;82> ?5@5:@5AB8; ;5:A5O, ?>?;520; 2 AB>@>=C 8 B>;L:> ?>A;5 MB>3> >1;53G5==> 274>E=C;. / 8 =5 ?>4>7@520;0, GB> =0H AB>@>6  G5;>25: 25@CNI89 (E>BO <K 745AL C;02;8205< 8 M;5<5=BK AC525@8O. . .)&  45:01@5 B>3> 65 3>40 <5=O ?5@51@>A8;8 =0 4@C3>9 CG0AB>:, 8 ?>AB5?5==> B>B A;CG09 AB0; 701K20BLAO. 4=0:> A?CABO 452OBL ;5B O 24@C3 ?>;CG8;0 ?8AL<> >B AB0@8:0, 2 :>B>@>< >= ?8A0;, GB> BO65;> 1>;5= 8 2@O4 ;8 ?>4=8<5BAO. / 27O;0 >B?CA: =0 B@8 4=O 8 ?>5E0;0 : =5<C. K ?@>3>2>@8;8 2AN =>GL, B>340-B> AB0@8: <=5 8 @0AA:070; >4=C 8AB>@8N. 5B A>@>: =0704, <>;>4K< ?0@=5<, >= @01>B0; 45AOB=8:><. 4=064K ?>H5; 2 ;5A 70 65@4O<8. ">340 2?5@2K5 8 ?>?0; =0 B> A0<>5 >75@>. 5H8; 8A:C?0BLAO& 8 702;045;0 8< @CA0;:0. "@>5 ACB>: =5 >B?CA:0;0, A 687=LN C65 @0A?@>I0;AO. > =0 AG0ABL5, 2A?><=8;>AL 1;03>A;>25=85 <0B5@8&  3@><:> ?@>87=5A >= MB8 A;>20. CA0;:0 A =5=028ABLN >BB>;:=C;0 53>, 40 A B0:>9 A8;>9, GB> >= >:070;AO =0 15@53C& ">;L:> B>340 O ?>=O;0, ?>G5<C AB0@8: B0: =5 E>B5; ?CA:0BL =0A =0 B> >75@>.  A>2@5<5==>9 ?@5AA5 2AB@5G0NBAO ?>B@OA0NI85 =0H5 2>>1@065=85 A2545=8O > ?>4>1=KE ACI5AB20E. &5==> B>, GB> >=8 8AE>4OB >B B0: =07K205<KE ?@>ABKE 8, 2> 2AO:>< A;CG05, =5 8A:CH5==KE 8<5==> 2 MB>< 2>?@>A5 ;N459. > 2<5AB5 A B5< 8E =58A:CH5==>ABL ?@82>48B : =5:>B>@K< =0:;04:0<, E>BO 4;O <5=O MB> =5 8<55B 7=0G5=8O, 81> <>O F5;L  4>AB>25@=>ABL ?>25AB2>20=8O.  ACI5AB25 2>?@>A0 =0C:0 @0715@5BAO, :>340 =0:>?8BAO 4>AB0B>G=>5 G8A;> 40==KE.  AC<<5 <=>3>G8A;5==K5 ?>25AB2>20=8O ?>72>;OB A@07C >B;8G8BL ?@024C >B ?@83@5782H53>AO, ?@8A>G8=5==>3> 8;8 =5B>G=>AB8 @0AA:07G8:0. @8 MB>< =04> CG8BK20BL, GB> 2AO:>3> @>40 =530B82=K5 0A?5:BK <>3CB 8AE>48BL =5 B>;L:> >B @0AA:07G8:0, => 8 >B 70?8AK20NI53> ?>:070=8O. "0:, 2 >4=>< 87 2>A?><8=0=89 > =5>1KG=>9 2AB@5G5, ?@>8AH54H59 1>;55 30 ;5B =0704 8 ?> 2A5< ?@028;0< B>340H=59 =0H59 687=8 A>:@KB>9 (2> 871560=85 2AB@5G A 4@C38<8 A;C610<8), 5ABL AB@0==>5 ?@>B82>@5G85. 0AA:07K205B ?>;:>2=8: ?>3@0=8G=>9 A;C61K 2 70?0A5 . 0B5@80; >?C1;8:>20= 2 0;L<0=0E5 5 <>65B 1KBL (<09 1991) ?>4 =0720=85< '5;>25:-0<D818O. !B@0==K< ?>:070;>AL 2 @0AA:075 B>, GB>, 5A;8 8<5;0AL 2 284C 0<D818O, B> 70G5< 59 ?>;L7>20BLAO :0<KH8=:>9 2 :0G5AB25 4KE0B5;L=>9 B@C1:8, O:>1K ?@8<5=5==>9 ?@8 CE>45 ?>4 2>4C. ?>;=5 2>7<>6=>, GB> MB>B <0B5@80;  B0:>5 65 A>G8=5=85, :0: 8 >G5@: > 3830=BA:8E :@KA0E. B0:, @5GL 845B > A5=BO1@LA:>9 2K;07:5 =0 ?@8@>4C 2 0BC;LA:85 ?;02=8, : 1>;LH8< >75@0<, 70@>AH8< :0<KH><, 2 20 :8;><5B@0E >B A>25BA:>-@C<K=A:>9 3@0=8FK. #A;KH02 AB>=K C 1@>H5==>3> M:A:020B>@0, ?>3@0=8G=8: 70<5B8; =0 ?;020NI5< >AB@>2:5  6CB:>20B>3> 2840 G5;>25:>>1@07=>5 ACI5AB2>. '5@=>-:>@8G=52>3> F25B0 B5;>, <0A;O=8AB>5 :0:>5-B>, 4;8==K5, 3@O7=K5, A?CB02H85AO 2>;>AK, 1>@>40 4> ?C?0, 2AO 2 75;5=>9 B8=5, ACI5AB2> 2A5 >1;5?;5=> ?8O2:0<8&  ?@020O @C:0 53> (MB> 1K; 01A>;NB=> 3>;K9 <C6G8=0) 2AO 2 :@>28, 8 :@>2L A>G8BAO G5@57 :0<KH>2K9 >AB@>2>: 2 2>4C. !B>=5B  1>;L=>&  0;55 AN65B @072820;AO 15AE8B@>AB=>. ., C28452 @0=C, ?@54?>;>68;, GB> >1J5:B 1K; 7045B :>2H>< M:A:020B>@0. > 2@5<O >:070=8O ?><>I8 (>A<>B@, >G8AB:0 @0=K, ?5@52O7:0 8 4065 420 C:>;0) ?>3@0=8G=8: @0AA<>B@5; <564C ?0;LF0<8 ?>AB@0402H53> ?5@5?>=:8, :0: C CB:8. >=G8;0AL 2AB@5G0 B5<, GB> ACI5AB2> CH;> ?>4 2>4C ?>G5<C-B> ?@8 ?><>I8 :0<KH8=:8. @54?>;030N, GB> . =5 <>3 7=0BL, GB> ACI5AB2>, B0: ?>E>655 =0 G5;>25:0, ?> =0H5<C ?@54?>;>65=8N, =5 4>;6=> 3>2>@8BL, 2;045BL @5GLN. = 2A?><8=05B, GB> >=> 2>A?@>872>48;> AB>=, 1C;L:0=L5 8 =5GB> ?>E>655 =0 :20:0=L5.  2 MB>< 5ABL :0:>9-B> ?@02482K9 M;5<5=B ?>25AB2>20=8O. 0?8A02H89 65 8AB>@8N 845B ?> ;8=88 :>=AC;LB0F88 MB>3> 2>A?><8=0=8O 2 B@8452OB>< F0@AB25, 2 B@845AOB>< 3>AC40@AB25. , :0: 2A5340, 5<C >B25G05B 8AB>@8:, GB>, 45A:0BL, =5 A>2A5< 74>@>2K5 ;N48, A;CG09=> ?>?02H85 2 2>4C, <>3CB ?>425@3=CBLAO <CB0F8O<, :>B>@K5 ?>B>< (:0: 1KAB@>?) 70:@5?;ONBAO 8 40NB 2>7<>6=>ABL ?@8A?>A>18BLAO : 2>4=>9 A@545. B25B 8AB>@8:0 A0< ?> A515 8=B5@5A5= 8 =5B@048F8>=5= 4;O >D8F80;L=>9 =0C:8. > 345 65 ?@>4>;65=85?.. #% PCx  <8D>;>38G5A:0O ?B8F0, 8725AB=0O 2 2@>?5 1;03>40@O A:07:0< "KAOG0 8 >4=0 =>GL 8 >?8A0=8O< ?CB5H5AB289 0@:> >;>. 5 >1@07 <>6=> A2O70BL A 0@01A:>9 ?B8F59 0=:0, ?5@A84A:8< A8<C@3><, 538?5BA:8< D5=8:A><, 52@59A:>9 ?B8F59 787 8 3830=BA:8<8 ?B8F0<8 87 52@>?59A:8E 8 A525@>0<5@8:0=A:8E ;535=4. > @07=K< >?8A0=8O<, 15;0O ?B8F0 CE =0?><8=05B >@;0, :>=4>@0 8;8 0;L10B@>A0, >4=0:> >=0 3>@074> 1>;LH5 :064>9 87 MB8E ?B8F. !>3;0A=> ?@540=8N, @07<0E 55 :@K;L52  60 H03>2, 0 :064>5 87 55 ?5@L52 4;8=>9 8 H03>2. 'B>1K >1>9B8 O9F> ?B8FK, B@51C5BAO 1>;55 ?OB845AOB8 H03>2. CE 4>AB0B>G=> 25;8: @07<5@0<8 8 A8;5= 4;O B>3>, GB>1K ?>4=OBL 2 A2>8E :>3BOE 2KA>:> 2 2>74CE =5 B>;L:> G5;>25:0, => 8 B@5E A;>=>2. A;8 25@8BL ;535=40<, ?5@5=>A ;N459 8 A;>=>2 G5@57 <>@O 8 3>@K  >A=>2=>5 70=OB85 MB>9 ?B8FK. (8@>:> @0A?@>AB@0=5=> <=5=85, GB> >1@07 ?B8FK CE A2>8< 2>7=8:=>25=85< >1O70= @50;L=> ACI5AB2CNI59 ?B8F5, : ?@8<5@C >@;C. =>, 157CA;>2=>, <>65B 1KBL 25@=K<. > =5 <5=55 25@=K<, >G5284=>, 4>;6=> AG8B0BLAO 8 ?@54?>;>65=85, GB> <8D > ?B8F5 CE ?>O28;AO :0: 2>?;>I5=85 8725G=>3> AB@5<;5=8O G5;>25:0 ?>4=OBLAO 2 =51>, ?>:8=CBL >1K45==>ABL 8 AB0BL ?>4>1=K< ?B8F5. ?@>G5<, ?B8F0 CE =5@54:> A8<2>;878@>20;0 8 2>7<57485 1>3>2. @O4 ;8 :>340-=81C4L C40ABAO 2KOA=8BL B>G=K5 ?@8G8=K @>645=8O MB>3> >1@070. ?@>G5<, :0:8<8 1K >=8 =8 1K;8, CE =02A5340 >AB0=5BAO 2 G5;>25G5A:>< A>7=0=88 :0: >4=0 87 A0<KE GC45A=KE <8D>;>38G5A:8E ?B8F.  ?5@A84A:>< O7K:5 A;>2> @CE >7=0G05B B0:65 H0E<0B=0O ;04LO 8  8=>340  =>A>@>3. 535=4K > CE5 B5A=> A2O70=K A 0@01A:8<8 <8D0<8 > ?B8F5 0=:0. !>740==0O >3>< :0: ?B8F0-A>25@H5=AB2>, >=0 70B5< ?@52@0B8;0AL 2 =0AB>OI55 154AB285 4;O ;N459. =:0 B0:65 >?8AK205BAO :0: >3@><=0O ?B8F0, A?>A>1=0O ?>4=OBL A;>=0; 6825B >=0 1700 ;5B, GB> @>4=8B 55 A 538?5BA:8< D5=8:A><.  =5:>B>@KE 0@01A:8E :=830E 0=:C =07K20NB 2K<5@H59 ?B8F59. !>3;0A=> ?@540=8N, 2> 2@5<O 48=0AB88 $0B8<84>2 (X XII 25:0 =. M.) 0=:8 =5@54:> A>45@60;8AL 2 7>>;>38G5A:8E A040E E0;8D>2. >7<>6=>, 4@52=85 ;N48 ?@84C<0;8 ?B8FC CE 4;O B>3>, GB>1K >1JOA=8BL ?@>8AE>645=85 <5B5>@8B=KE 4>6459: 2 =5:>B>@KE ;535=40E >=0 A1@0AK205B =0 75<;N 8 =0 :>@01;8 2 <>@5 >3@><=K5 :0<=8. @C30O B>G:0 7@5=8O A2O7K205B <8D > ?B8F5 CE ACI5AB2>20=85< =K=5 2K<5@H59 3830=BA:>9 ?B8FK M?8>@=8A  ?B8FK-A;>=0, 682H59 =0 04030A:0@5. 4=0:> M?8>@=8A ;5B0; =5 ;CGH5 AB@0CA0 8 5420 ;8 1K; A?>A>15= ?>4=OBL GB>-=81C4L 2 2>74CE. 4<8@0; -BL5= 45 $;0:C@, 3C15@=0B>@ 04030A:0@0 8 3;020 AB-=4A:>9 D@0=FC7A:>9 :><?0=88, >?C1;8:>20; 2 1658 3>4C AB>@8N 25;8:>3> >AB@>20 04030A:0@, 2 :>B>@>9 >?8A0; >3@><=CN =5;5B0NICN ?B8FC, 682HCN =0 N35 >AB@>20.  1851 3>4C, =0 >A=>20=88 =0E>4>: 55 :>AB59 8 >1;><:>2 O8F, ACI5AB2>20=85 : B><C 2@5<5=8 C65 2K<5@H53> M?8>@=8A0 1K;> ?@87=0=> =0C:>9 (>1 MB>9 8AB>@88 <K @0AA:065< =865). @01A:85 :C?FK 8 ?CB5H5AB25==8:8 <>3;8 2845BL M?8>@=8A0 (:0: 8 4@C38E 1>;LH8E ?B8F) 2> 2@5<O A2>8E AB@0=AB289 8 A;>68BL ;535=4K >1 MB>9 ?OB8<5B@>2>9 2KA>BK ?B8F5 A A>>B25BAB2CNI59 25;8G8=K O9F0<8. 5 B0: 402=> 1K;0 ?@54?@8=OB0 ?>?KB:0 A>1@0BL F5;>5 O9F> M?8>@=8A0 87 >A:>;:>2 2>7@0AB>< >B 42CEA>B 4> BKAOG8 ;5B. >AA>740==>5 O9F> 8<5;> 2=CH8B5;L=K5 @07<5@K  30 A0=B8<5B@>2 2KA>B>9 8 1>;55 <5B@0 2 >1E20B5. 5@2>5 C?><8=0=85 > ?B8F5 CE <K =0E>48< 2 0@01A:8E A:07:0E "KAOG0 8 >4=0 =>GL, 345 3>2>@8BAO 8 > B><, GB> CE 8725AB5= 1>;55 BKAOG8 ;5B.  404-N =>GL (5E5@57040 @0AA:07K205B 8AB>@8N 14 ;L- 0E<0=0, :>B>@K9 2 @57C;LB0B5 :>@01;5:@CH5=8O >:07K205BAO =0 =5>18B05<>< >AB@>25, 345 2848B 3830=BA:CN ?B8FC A :@K;LO<8 @07<0E>< 2 BKAOGC A065=59 8 55 ?B5=F>2. 7 MB>3> ?CB5H5AB28O >= ?@82>78B ?CE A :@K;0 =5>?5@82H53>AO ?B5=F0.  405-N =>GL A;54C5B ?>25AB2>20=85 > B><, GB> 2> 2@5<O ?CB5H5AB28O ?> :8B09A:8< <>@O< 14 ;L- 0E<0= AE>48B =0 15@53 8 B0< 2848B 15;K9 :C?>; 2KA>B>9 2 AB> ;>:B59, :>B>@K9 >:07K205BAO O9F>< ?B8FK CE. 14 ;L- 0E<0= 8 53> A?CB=8:8 @071820NB O9F> 8 C=>AOB =52K;C?82H53>AO ?B5=F0.  ?CB8 8E =0AB8305B CE A >3@><=K< >1;><:>< A:0;K 2 :>3BOE.  AG0ABLN, CE ?@><0E8205BAO.  <>@O:0<, >B25402H8< <OA> ?B5=F0, GC45A=K< >1@07>< 2>72@0I05BAO <>;>4>ABL.  543-N =>GL F0@8F0 @0AA:07K205B > 2B>@>< ?CB5H5AB288 !8=41040. 71C=B>202H0OAO :><0=40 2KA068205B !8=41040 =0 =5>18B05<>< >AB@>25, 345 >= =0E>48B >3@><=K9 :C?>; >:@C6=>ABLN 50 H03>2. =570?=> ?>O2;O5BAO >3@><=0O ?B8F0, 70:@K20NI0O :@K;LO<8 A>;=F5. !8=4104 2A?><8=05B 8AB>@8N > ?B8F5 CE, :>@<OI59 ?B5=F>2 A;>=0<8, :>B>@CN >= A;KH0; 8 @0=LH5, 8 ?>=8<05B, GB> :C?>;  =5 GB> 8=>5, :0: O9F> ?B8FK. = ?@82O7K205B A51O : ;0?0< A?OI53> CE0 2 =045645 A?0AB8AL A >AB@>20. #B@>< CE ?5@5=>A8B !8=41040 =0 4@C3>9 >AB@>2, =0A5;5==K9 >3@><=K<8 7<5O<8. 0:>=5F 2 556-N =>GL ?>25AB2C5BAO > B><, :0: 2 A2>5< G5B25@B>< ?CB5H5AB288 !8=4104 ?@8G0;8205B =0 :>@01;5 : >AB@>2C 8 A=>20 2848B 2>72KH0NI89AO 15;K9 :C?>;. 5A<>B@O =0 ?@54>AB5@565=8O !8=41040, 53> A?CB=8:8-:C?FK @071820NB O9F>, C1820NB ?B5=F0 8 >B@570NB >B =53> 1>;LH85 :CA:8 <OA0.  <>@5 : :>@01;N ?@81;8605BAO ?0@0 GC4>28I=KE ?B8F CE A >3@><=K<8 :0<=O<8 2 ;0?0E. B8FK @071820NB AC4=>, 8 2A5 =0E>482H85AO =0 =5< >:07K20NBAO 2 <>@5. !8=4104 ?@82O7K205B A51O : 4>A:5 8 =0 =59 4>?;K205B 4> ACH8. "KAOG0 8 >4=0 =>GL =5 548=AB25==K9 0@01A:89 8AB>G=8:, C?><8=0NI89 > ?B8F5 CE.  =59 2 XIII 25:5 A>>1I0NB 2 A2>8E :=830E 35>3@0D ;L-0A28=8 8 5AB5AB2>8A?KB0B5;L ;L 0@48. 8DK, ?>4>1=K5 0@01A:8<, 2 :>B>@KE =0720=85 ?B8FK =5 CB>G=O5BAO, 70?5G0B;5=K 2 60B0:0E  A>1@0=8OE 8=489A:8E A:070=89 IV 25:0 4> =. M. 38?5BA:85 6@5FK @0AA:07K20;8 5@>4>BC (V 25: 4> =. M.) > 3830=BA:>9 ?B8F5, A?>A>1=>9 ?>4=OBL 2 =51> G5;>25:0.  ?@540=8OE GC:G59 C?><8=05BAO >3@><=0O ?B8F0 >30, ?>68@0NI0O >;5=59, ;>A59, :8B>2 8 ;N459. >4>1=K5 <8DK 1KB>20;8 8 C 0;5CB>2 >AB@>2>2 "8E>3> >:50=0.  D>;L:;>@5 A525@>0<5@8:0=A:8E 8=459F52 0?0G59 3>2>@8BAO >1 >3@><=>< >@;5, C=>AOI5< ;N459. 535=4K > ?B8F0E-3830=B0E 1K;8 @0A?@>AB@0=5=K 8 C 8=459F52 ?@5@89 !525@=>9 <5@8:8.  XIII 25:5 ?B8FC CE 2 A2>8E 4=52=8:0E >?8A0; 0@:> >;>.  3;025 >1 >AB@>25 04030A:0@ >= ?8H5B > B><, GB>, ?> A;>20< BC75<F52, CE @07 2 3>4C ?>O2;O5BAO =0 N35 >AB@>20. B8F0 ?>E>60 =0 >@;0, => @07<5@0<8 =0<=>3> ?@52>AE>48B 53>. CE ?>4=8<05B A;>=>2 2 2>74CE 8 C18205B 8E, 1@>A0O =0 A:0;K. "5, :B> 2845; ?B8FC, 3>2>@8;8, GB> CE 8725AB5= 2 2@>?5 ?>4 8<5=5< 3@8D>=, E>BO 8 =5 ?>E>6 =0 :;0AA8G5A:>3> 3@8D>=0  ?B8FC A B5;>< ;L20. 0@:> >;> @0AA:07K20;, GB> =0 53> @0AA?@>AK 68B5;8 04030A:0@0 >B25G0;8, GB> CE  =0AB>OI0O ?B8F0. =489A:89 ?@028B5;L, CA;KH02 > ?B8F5, ?>A;0; A2>8E ;N459 =0 04030A:0@, >B:C40 >=8 ?@8257;8 >3@><=>5 ?5@> 452OB8 ?O459 4;8=>9. >A;5 ?5@52>40 0@01A:8E A:07>: ?B8F0 CE AB0;0 @0A?@>AB@0=5==K< ?5@A>=065< 52@>?59A:>9 682>?8A8 8 ;8B5@0BC@K. 0 3@02N@5 3>;;0=4A:>3> EC4>6=8:0 XVI 25:0 >E0==0 !B@040=CA0 035;;0= >B:@K205B ?@>;82K 87>1@065=0 ?B8F0 A >3@><=K< :;N2><, 242>5 ?@52KH0NI0O @07<5@K A;>=0, :>B>@>3> >=0 45@68B 2 :>3BOE. A>15==> 8=B5@5A=> C?><8=0=85 > CE5 2 ?>M<5 09:;0 @59B>=0 >B>?, 2 :>B>@>9 >9 A>18@05B =0 A2>9 :>2G53 :064>9 B20@8 ?> ?0@5 >B <0;5=L:>3> 602>@>=:0 4> >3@><=>3> CE0, 25;8G09H59 87 ?B8F. <5@8:0=A:89 ?8A0B5;L 5@<0= 5;28;; 2 @><0=5 >18 8: (1851) A@02=8205B >3@><=>3> 0;L10B@>A0 A ?B8F59 CE. @0BLO @8<< 42064K C?><8=0NB > 1>;LH>9 ?B8F5 2 A2>8E A:07:0E.  5;O=>G:5 8 >7>G:5 425 452>G:8 A?0A0NB :0@;8:0 >B >3@><=>9 ?B8FK, :>B>@0O E>B5;0 C=5AB8 53> 2 A2>8E :>3BOE, 0 2 A:07:5 B5=5F-0945=KH >E>B=8: 2AB@5G05B <0;LG8:0, :>B>@>3> 1>;LH0O ?B8F0 ?@8=5A;0 2 :;N25 2 3=574>, =0E>4OI55AO =0 25@ECH:5 >3@><=>3> 45@520.  GC45A=>9 ?B8F5 =5 701K20NB 8 2 =0H8 4=8.  45BA:>9 :=835 -420@40 35@0 >;H51AB2> C >75@0 G5B25@> 45B59, <5GB0NI8E =09B8 A>:@>28I0, ?>?040NB =0 A:07>G=K9 >AB@>2, 345 6825B ?B8F0 CE. 5B8 ?@82O7K20NB A51O : ;0?0< ?B8FK, 8 >=0 ?5@5=>A8B 8E : ?5I5@5 ;8-01K. 0@@8 0825= >?8AK205B 2 D0=B0AB8G5A:>< @0AA:075 B8F0 2 @C:5 7>>?0@: 1C4CI53>, =0A5;5==K9 2K<KH;5==K<8 682>B=K<8. !@548 ?8B><F52 7>>?0@:0  ?B8F0 CE, ?5@5=>AOI0O 2 :>3BOE A;>=>2. 525@>OB=>9 25;8G8=K ?B8F0 CE 2 B5G5=85 BKAOG5;5B89 70E20BK20;0 2>>1@065=85 ;N459 2A53> <8@0, >B @0288 8 5@A88 4> 2@>?K 8 <5@8:8. 535=40 > =59 ?@>4>;605B 68BL 8 2 =0H8 4=8. !"  5@2K5 C?><8=0=8O > A0B8@0E  ;5A=KE ACI5AB20E, ?>;C;N4OE-?>;C:>7;0E, >B=>AOBAO : VIII AB>;5B8N 4> =. M. 8DK > =8E A2O70=K A :C;LB>< 8>=8A0, 1>30 28=>45;8O 8 25A5;LO, :>B>@>3> @8<;O=5 =07K20;8 0:E>< (0ECA><).  3@5G5A:8E 8 @8<A:8E ;535=40E A0B8@K 8 8E 42>9=8:8  D02=K, A8;L20=K, A8;5=K, ?0=K  2KABC?0;8 G0I5 2A53> :0: ?@>:07=8:8, HCBK, B@CA8H:8, ?LO=8FK, A;0AB>;N1FK, >1<0=I8:8 8 @072@0B=8:8.  E@8AB80=A:>9 B@048F88 8E AB0;8 0AA>F88@>20BL A 4LO2>;><. >=B@0AB=>ABL :0G5AB2, ?@8?8AK205<KE A0B8@C, A45;0;0 53> >4=8< 87 A0<KE ?>?C;O@=KE >1@07>2 ;8B5@0BC@K 8 8A:CAAB20 =0 ?@>BO65=88 2A59 <8@>2>9 8AB>@88. 065 2 =0H5< AB>;5B88 >= >AB05BAO >4=>2@5<5==> A8<2>;>< =528==>AB8 8 ?@>AB>4CH8O 8 7;0. %>BO 2 A>2@5<5==>< ?>=8<0=88 <564C A0B8@0<8, D02=0<8 8 ?0=0<8 ?@0:B8G5A:8 AB028BAO 7=0: @025=AB20, AB>8B CB>G=8BL, :0:85 @07;8G8O <564C =8<8 2845;8 4@52=85 3@5:8 8 @8<;O=5. # 3@5:>2 A0B8@K  <C6A:85 4CE8 ;5A>2 8 3>@ 2 ?0=B5>=5 8>=8A0  1K;8 ACI5AB20<8 A ?@8?;NA=CBK<8 =>A0<8, ;>E<0BK<8 2>;>A0<8, :>7;8=K<8 CH0<8 8 :>@>B:8<8 E2>AB0<8.  @8<A:>9 <8D>;>388 ?>O28;8AL 8 A0B8@K-65=I8=K. 081>;55 1;87:8< A0B8@C <>6=> =0720BL 0=0  ;>E<0B>3> 8 1>@>40B>3> 1>30 ?>;59 8 ;5A>2 A :>7;8=K<8 @>30<8 8 :>?KB0<8, :>B>@K9 B0:65 A;C68B 8>=8AC.  :064>9 87 4@52=53@5G5A:8E ?@>28=F89 ACI5AB2>20; A2>9 A>1AB25==K9 0=. $5AA0;89A:>3> 0=0 =07K20;8 @8AB55<, 8 >= AG8B0;AO ?>:@>28B5;5< 682>B=>2>4AB20 8 75<;545;8O.  0;>9 788 0= 1K; 1>3>< ?;>4>@>48O ?> 8<5=8 @80?, :>B>@>3> 87>1@060;8 A >3@><=K< M@538@>20==K< D0;;>A><.  3@5G5A:8E 8 @8<A:8E A040E =5@54:> CAB0=02;820;8 35@<K  G5BK@5E3@0==K5 :>;>==K A D83C@0<8 1>30 ?;>4>@>48O, =07K202H85AO B0: 2 G5ABL 0=0  5@<5A0. 48= 87 AK=>259 0=0, !8;5=89, A>3;0A=> =5:>B>@K< ;535=40<, 1K; CG8B5;5< 8>=8A0. <5==> >= ?><>3 8>=8AC 2?5@2K5 873>B>28BL 28=>. !8;5=8O, A0<>3> AB0@>3> A@548 A0B8@>2, >1KG=> 87>1@060;8 :0: B>;AB>3>, ?LO=>3> AB0@8:0 A >B28AH8< 682>B>< 8 ;KA>9 3>;>2>9, 2A5 B5;> :>B>@>3> 1K;> ?>:@KB> 2>;>A0<8. >B><:8 !8;5=8O  A8;5=K AG8B0;8AL 1>65AB20<8 @CGL52 8 @5:. !0<K9 8725AB=K9 87 A8;5=>2  0@A89. ;02=K< >B;8G85< A8;5=>2 >B A0B8@>2 1K; :>=A:89 E2>AB. 8<;O=5 845=B8D8F8@>20;8 0=0 A 1>3>< ?;>4>@>48O $02=><, 8<O :>B>@>3> ?@>8AE>48B >B A;>20 D0@8  @0AA:07G8:. $02= <>3 ?@54A:07K20BL 1C4CI55 ?> A2>8< A=0<. 3> ?>B><:8-D02=K  H0;>2;82K5 ACI5AB20 >1>8E ?>;>2, :>B>@K5 2K7K20;8 =>G=K5 :>H<0@K. @C38< @8<A:8< 1>65AB2><, :>B>@>3> <>6=> A2O70BL A 0=><, 1K; !8;L20=  4CE ;5A>2 8 A04>2. = B0:65 >AB028; ?>A;5 A51O ?>B><AB2> >1>8E ?>;>2  A8;L20=>2. B;8G8BL 2A5E MB8E <=>3>G8A;5==KE 1>3>2 8 4CE>2 4@C3 >B 4@C30 4>2>;L=> B@C4=>. @35=B8=A:89 ?8A0B5;L %>@E5 C8A >@E5A (1899 1986) AG8B05B, GB> @5GL 845B >1 >4=>< 8 B>< 65 B8?5 ACI5AB2, :>B>@KE 2 @52=59 @5F88 =07K20;8 A0B8@0<8, 0 2 @52=5< 8<5  ?0=0<8, D02=0<8 8 A8;L20=0<8; A0B8@K 8<5;8 :>7;8=K5 =>38 8 G5;>25G5A:>5 B5;> 2KH5 ?>OA=8FK. !0B8@K 1K;8 ?>:@KBK 3CAB>9 H5@ABLN, C =8E 1K;8 B>=:85 @>30, >AB@K5 CH8, 1KAB@K5 3;070 8 :@82K5 =>AK. 0;55 2 MB>9 AB0BL5 <K 1C45< 8<5=>20BL 2A5E ACI5AB2 MB>3> @>40 A0B8@0<8, 70 8A:;NG5=85< B5E A;CG052, :>340 <564C =8<8 1C45B =5>1E>48<> ?@>25AB8 @07;8G85. @5G5A:89 ?>MB 5A8>4 (VIII 25: 4> =. M.) ?8H5B > B><, GB> A0B8@K, =8<DK 8 :C@5BK ?@>87>H;8 >B 4>G5@59 5:0B5@0. !0B8@K, ?> 53> <=5=8N, 15A?>;57=K5, =5?@83>4=K5 : @01>B5 ACI5AB20.  B> 2@5<O :0: 5A8>4 =5 C45;O5B 2=8<0=8O >?8A0=8N A0B8@>2, 8<= 0=C, ?@8?8AK205<K9 0=>=8<=><C CG5=8:C ><5@0, A>45@68B O@:>5 >?8A0=85 MB>3> 1>30: ! :>7;8=K<8 =>30<8, 42C<O @>30<8, 845B >= ?> 75;5=><C ;5AC, A@548 45@52L52, 2<5AB5 A =8<D0<8& 0=  A25B;>2>;>AK9 1>3 ?@8@>4K.  ?L5A5 -AE8;0 -4>=80=K 8>=8A0-@515=:0 2>A?8BK205B !8;5=  >B5F A0B8@>2. -B0 :><548O >B@0605B @>AB 7=0G5=8O :C;LB0 8>=8A0 2 @5F88. !>AB02=>9 G0ABLN @8BC0;0 8>=8A0 1K;> A>?@>2>6405<>5 B0=F0<8 @0A?520=85 ?5A5= 2>AE20;5=8O  48D8@0<1>2. @8AB>B5;L 2 >MB8:5 ?8H5B > B><, GB> 3@5G5A:89 B50B@ @>48;AO 87 48D8@0<1>2. 8D8@0<1K 8A?>;=O;8 <C6G8=K, >45BK5 A0B8@0<8 A :>=A:8<8 E2>AB0<8. -B>B AN65B <=>3>:@0B=> >B@0605BAO 2 @>A?8AOE =0 3@5G5A:8E 2070E. 7 48D8@0<1>2 1K;8 A;>65=K ?5@2K5 A0B8@8G5A:85 :><5488. >A;5 B@5E B@035489, :>B>@K<8 =0G8=0;>AL ?@54AB02;5=85 2 3@5G5A:>< B50B@5, =0 AF5=5 ?>O2;O;AO E>@ 87 A0B8@>2 8 A8;5=, :>B>@K5 25;8 A51O @072O7=>, 0 ?>@>9 =5?@8;8G=>, GB>1K @0725OBL B>@65AB25==CN >1AB0=>2:C, A>740==CN ?@54K4CI8<8 ?L5A0<8, 8 ?>4G5@:=CBL A2O7L B50B@0;L=>3> >1I5AB20 A :C;LB>< 8>=8A0. !0B8@8G5A:85 ?L5AK =5@54:> AB028;8AL =0 >B:@KB>< 2>74CE5, 2 ;5AC. 0 0:B5@0E 1K;8 C@>4;82K5 <0A:8, 8 >=8 1K;8 >1;0G5=K 2 :>7;8=K5 8;8 >;5=L8 H:C@K. =>340 : :>ABN<0< 4>102;O;8AL E2>ABK 8 8A:CAAB25==K5 :>60=K5 D0;;>AK 2=CH8B5;L=KE @07<5@>2. "50B@0;L=K9 A0B8@  3;C?>5, C@>4;82>5 8 48:>5 ACI5AB2>. 1O70B5;L=>9 G0ABLN A0B8@8G5A:>9 ?L5AK 1K; B0=5F A 83@>9 =0 42>9=>9 D;59B5 0=0 (A8@8=:A5). @5G5A:89 ?8A0B5;L C:80= 87;0305B 2 80;>35 > 1>30E (II 25: =. M.) ;535=4C > B><, :0: 0= ?>3=0;AO 70 F5;><C4@5==>9 =8<D>9 !8@8=:A, :>B>@0O, GB>1K A?0AB8AL, ?@52@0B8;0AL 2 B@>AB=8: =0 @5:5 04>=. 0= =5 A<>3 >B;8G8BL 55 >B >AB0;L=KE B@>AB8=>: 8, A@5702 =5A:>;L:> =0C304, A45;0; 87 =8E D;59BC, :>B>@0O AB0;0 =5?@5<5==K< 0B@81CB>< A0B8@>2. -BC 8AB>@8N ?>2B>@O5B 2 5B0<>@D>70E 28489. = ?8H5B > B><, GB> !8@8=:A C40;>AL C1560BL =5 B>;L:> >B 0=0, => 8 >B A0B8@>2 8 4@C38E 1>3>2. -B>B 20@80=B 8=B5@5A5= B5<, GB> 28489 C:07K205B =0 A2O7L <564C <=>3>G8A;5==K<8 :>7;8=>>1@07=K<8 ACI5AB20<8.  C:070==KE A0B8@8G5A:8E ?L5A0E =>38 8A?>;=8B5;59-0:B5@>2 1K;8, 5AB5AB25==>, G5;>25G5A:8<8, 2 B> 65 2@5<O 2 8<=5 0=C >?8A0= 1>3 A :>7;8=K<8 =>30<8. !;8O=85 MB8E >1@07>2 >BG5B;82> 284=> 2 ?>M<5 >@0F8O >3CI5AB2> 0:E0, 2 :>B>@>9 C?><8=0NBAO :>7;>=>385 A0B8@K. 4=0 87 A0<KE ?@8<5G0B5;L=KE :><5489 > A0B8@0E 1K;0 A>740=0 ?>A;5 ?>E>4>2 ;5:A0=4@0 0:54>=A:>3> (IV 25: 4> =. M.).  =59 8>=8A 2 A>?@>2>645=88 0=0, !8;5=8O, A0B8@>2 8 <5=04 (6@8F 8>=8A0) ?>:>@O5B =48N ?@8 ?><>I8 28=0. -B0 :><548O ?>4B>;:=C;0 =5:>B>@KE 02B>@>2 : 70102=><C 2K2>4C > B><, GB> A0B8@K 1K;8 =5 2K<KH;5==K<8, 0 @50;L=K<8 ACI5AB20<8, =0A5;O2H8<8 =48N. B5A89 8 530AD5=, ?>A>; 4804>E0 !5;52:0 I ?@8 42>@5 8=489A:>3> F0@O '0=4@03C?BK, C?><8=0NB > B><, GB> A0B8@K =0A5;ONB 8=489A:85 ?;>A:>3>@LO. 8<A:89 M=F8:;>?548AB ;8=89 !B0@H89 (23 79 =. M.), 2848<>, ?>;L7>20;AO B@C40<8 B5A8O 8 530AD5=0.  53> AB5AB25==>9 8AB>@88 3>2>@8BAO > B><, GB> A0B8@K ?>;CG8;8 A2>5 =0720=85 >B 3@5G5A:>3> A0B5, B> 5ABL <C6A:>9 >@30=, ?>A:>;L:C >=8 2A5340 >45@68<K ?>E>BLN. ;8=89 CB25@6405B, GB> A0B8@K =0A5;ONB =5 B>;L:> =48N, => 8 -D8>?8N. 5@0 2 @50;L=>5 ACI5AB2>20=85 A0B8@>2 4>68;0 4> ?>74=53> A@54=525:>2LO.  N@=15@3A:8E E@>=8:0E (545;O (1493) A>45@68BAO 8;;NAB@8@>20==0O 0=B>;>38O 70304>G=KE 682>B=KE =488, 2:;NG0NI0O A0B8@0. -B>B ?@8<5@  =5 548=AB25==K9. @8G8=>9 A;C68B B>, GB> A0B8@K C?><O=CBK 2 81;88. @>@>: A09O 3>2>@8B > B><, GB> ?>A;5 @07@CH5=8O 028;>= ?@52@0B8BAO 2 ;>3>2> 7;KE ACI5AB2: > 1C4CB >18B0BL 2 =5< 725@8 ?CABK=8, 8 4><K =0?>;=OBAO D8;8=0<8; 8 AB@0CAK ?>A5;OBAO, 8 :>A<0BK5 (A0B8@K) 1C4CB A:0:0BL B0<. "> 65 ?@>87>945B 8 A 3>@>4>< 4><:  ;5H85 (A0B8@K) 1C4CB ?5@5:;8:0BLAO >48= A 4@C38<.  >;>B>9 ;535=45  A>1@0=88 D@0=FC7A:8E 8AB>@89 > A2OBKE, A>740==>< 2 XIII 25:5 /:>1>< 87 >@038=0, @0AA:07K205BAO > B><, GB> A2OB>9 =B>=89 2> 2@5<O ?>8A:>2 A2OB>3> 02;0 BH5;L=8:0 2AB@5G05B 2 ?CABK=5 A0B8@0  4LO2>;LA:>5 ACI5AB2>, :>B>@>5 O7KG=8:8 ?>G8B0NB :0: ;5A=>5 1>65AB2>. %>BO =8 2 3@5G5A:>9, =8 2 @8<A:>9 <8D>;>388 A0B8@K =5 2>A?@8=8<0;8AL :0: 7;>, 8E A@54=525:>2K9 A0B0=8=A:89 >1@07 2> <=>3>< >1O70= A2>8< ?@>8AE>645=85< ;535=45 > A0B8@5 0@A88, :>B>@K9, 2>7><=82 A51O =5?@527>945==K< 83@>:>< =0 D;59B5, 2K720; =0 A>@52=>20=85 ?>;;>=0.  =0:070=85 70 45@7>ABL A ?@>83@02H53> 0@A8O 70682> A48@0NB :>6C. !@54=525:>2K5 B5>;>38 C2845;8 2 MB>< 0;;53>@8N ?>154K ?>;;>=0  >;8F5B2>@5=8O A25B0 8 G8AB>BK  =04 7;><. @C3>9 ?@8G8=>9 ?@52@0I5=8O A0B8@0 2 A0B0=C 2 A@54=525:>2KE ;535=40E 1K;0 53> A2O7L A 0=>< 8 8>=8A><, :>B>@KE =5@54:> 87>1@060;8 2 2845 @>30BKE ACI5AB2 A =5CB>;8<>9 6064>9 ?;>BA:8E CB5E. >7;8=K5 =>38, >AB@K5 CH8 8 1530NI85 3;070 =5A><=5==> ?>4E>48;8 : >1@07C 4LO2>;0.  0=5, AK=5 5@<5A0, ?@>2>60NI53> <5@B2KE 2 ?>475<=>5 F0@AB2>, 8 8>=8A5, 2>A:@5H0NI5< 87 <5@B2KE, A@54=525:>2K5 B5>;>38 2845;8 A8<2>;K BL<K.  VII 25:5 =. M. 0=3;89A:85 65=I8=K ?@>4>;60;8 8<8B8@>20BL <5=04 8 8E @8BC0; ?>:;>=5=8O 0:EC (B> 5ABL 8>=8AC). C==K<8 =>G0<8, >452H8AL 2 H:C@K 682>B=KE, >=8 ?5;8 ?5A=8 8 B0=F520;8 2>:@C3 :>7;0 2 ;5A=>9 G0I5. @E85?8A:>? 5=B5@15@89A:89 "5>4>@ 70:;59<8; MB>B 4@52=89 @8BC0; ?;>4>@>48O :0: 4LO2>;LA:89. 5A<>B@O =0 MB>, @8BC0;, B@0=AD>@<8@>202H89AO 2 254L<8=A:89 H010H, ?@>4>;60; 8A?>;=OBLAO 5I5, ?> :@09=59 <5@5, BKAOGC ;5B, 0 A0B0=C AB0;8 G0AB> 87>1@060BL 2 >1@075 :>7;0. ;O A@54=525:>2>3> G5;>25:0 4LO2>; 8 A0B8@ AB0;8 =5@0745;8<K<8 A8<2>;0<8 7;0. >4B25@645=85< MB><C A;C68B AB@>:0 87  0@<8=0 1C@0=0  ;0B8=A:>3> ?5A=>?5=8O, A>G8=5==>3> <>=0E0<8 <>=0ABK@O 5=548:B1>95@ 2 5@E=59 020@88 2 XIII 25:5:  / 873>=ON 20A, D02=K, =8<DK, A0B8@K, B@>;;8& 45<>=K 2> 2A5E >1;8GLOE . @><5 B>3>, 2 A@54=85 25:0 A0B8@>2 AB0;8 ?@>G=> 0AA>F88@>20BL A >157LO=0<8. I5 2 III 25:5 3@5G5A:89 @8B>@ $8;>AB@0B ;04H89 ?8A0; 2 87=8 ?>;;>=0 > B><, GB> 2845; @515=:0 A0B8@0, F5;8:>< ?>:@KB>3> H5@ABLN.  AB5AB25==>9 8AB>@88 ;8=8O A0B8@  ;>2:>5 682>B=>5, ?5@542830NI55AO =0 G5BK@5E ;0?0E, => A?>A>1=>5 B5< =5 <5=55 ?>4=8<0BLAO =0 704=85 ;0?K 8 ?5@542830BLAO :0: G5;>25:.  15AG8A;5==KE 15AB80@8OE A0B8@K 8 >157LO=K >?8AK20;8AL 2 >4=8E 8 B5E 65 3;020E. -B>B 273;O4 >B@065= 8 2 A>2@5<5==>< =0CG=>< =0720=88 >@0=3CB0=0  A8<80 A0B8@8A. 0@D>;><59 =3;89A:89 ?8H5B =5 B>;L:> > B><, GB> A0B8@K  @07=>284=>ABL >157LO=, => 8 GB> =5:>B>@K5 87 =8E  F8:;>?K, C =5:>B>@KE =5B 3>;>2, 0 C >B45;L=KE >A>159 3;070 @0A?>;>65=K =0 ?;5G0E. -420@4 ">?A5;; 2 AB>@88 G5B25@>=>38E 725@59 (1607) 2848B >B;8G85 <564C >157LO=0<8 8 A0B8@0<8 2 B><, GB> ?>A;54=85  ?>E>B;82K5 682>B=K5, >E>BOI85AO =0 65=I8=. ! =0G0;>< M?>E8 >7@>645=8O A@54=525:>2K9 >1@07 A0B8@0 =0G8=05B CABC?0BL <5AB> ?@56=5<C :;0AA8G5A:><C.  ?L5A5 6>=0 $;5BG5@0 5@=0O ?0ABCH:0 (1608 3>4) 0=  E@0=8B5;L >25F, 70I8B=8: G8AB>BK 8 A2>1>4K.  53> A>2@5<5==8: 4@0<0BC@3 5=460<8= 6>=A>= A@02=8205B A 0=>< :>@>;O /:>20 I  ?>:@>28B5;O >2F52>4AB20. 8FH5 @0A:@K205B A<KA; A>2<5I5=8O :>7;8=>3> 8 1>65AB25==>3> 2 A0B8@5 2 >645=88 B@035488 (1872). > 53> <=5=8N, A0B8@  D8;>A>DA:0O <5B0D>@0 3@5G5A:>9 F828;870F88, >1@07, A>548=ONI89 2 A515 :@0A>BC, 848;;8N, A5:AC0;L=>ABL, ?@>AB>BC 8 7;>. 1@07 A0B8@0 2 ;8B5@0BC@5 8 8A:CAAB25 B0:65 87<5=O;AO =0 ?@>BO65=88 25:>2. 7>1@065=85 AF5=K 87 :><5488 -AE8;0 @><5B59 8 A0B8@K, ?5@2>5 ?@54AB02;5=85 :>B>@>9 A>AB>O;>AL 2 472 3>4C 4> =. M., <>6=> C2845BL 2 @>A?8AOE =0 3@5G5A:8E 2070E: A0B8@K B0=FCNB A D0:5;0<8, 70665==K<8 >B >3=O, ?>E8I5==>3> @><5B55< C 1>3>2. 0 3@5G5A:8E 2070E A0B8@>2-0:B5@>2 2 725@8=KE H:C@0E ;53:> >B;8G8BL >B =0AB>OI8E E2>AB0BKE A0B8@>2, :>B>@K5 =5@54:> 87>1@065=K 2> 2@5<O A>2>:C?;5=8O 4@C3 A 4@C3><, <5=040<8 8;8 682>B=K<8. @0<>@=>5 8720O=85 !0B8@ @01>BK @0:A8B5;O (IV 25: 4> =. M.), 2KAB02;5==>5 2 0?8B>;89A:>< <C755 8<0, ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>9 A:>@55 8450;878@>20==K9 G5;>25G5A:89 >1@07.  53> ?@8@>45 A0B8@0 =0?><8=0NB B>;L:> 70>AB@5==K5 CH8 8 725@8=0O H:C@0, =01@>H5==0O =0 ?;5G8. !?OI89 !0B8@ 0@15@8=8 87 N=E5=A:>9 3;8?B>B5:8 (<C75O A:C;L?BC@K) 87>1@0605B 8AB>@8N F0@O 840A0, :>B>@K9 >?LO=8; A0B8@0 4;O B>3>, GB>1K 87;>28BL 53> 8 ?>B@51>20BL >B =53> ?@>@>G5AB2. !B0BC8 0=0 2 3@5G5A:>< 8 @8<A:>< 8A:CAAB25 2>?;>I0;8 2 :0<=5 1>;55 682>B=>5, G5< G5;>25G5A:>5 ACI5AB2>. >30BKE, ;>E<0BKE 0=>2 A :>7;8=K<8 =>30<8 <>6=> C2845BL 8720O==KE 2 A:C;L?BC@0E, 87>1@060NI8E >1CG5=85 ;8<?0 83@5 =0 D;59B5 8 >@388 8>=8A0 (0F8>=0;L=K9 <C759 50?>;O). !;8O=85 >1@07>2 A0B8@0 8 0=0 <>6=> 70<5B8BL C65 2 >B=>AOI59AO :> II AB>;5B8N =. M. <@0<>@=>9 AB0BC5 <>;>4>3> A0B8@0 A :>7;8=K<8 =>30<8, 83@0NI53> =0 D;59B5. ! =0ABC?;5=85< A@54=525:>2LO A0B8@ 2 52@>?59A:>< 8A:CAAB25 ?@52@0B8;AO 2 4LO2>;0. 07>25< ;8HL =5A:>;L:> 87 15AG8A;5==KE ?@8<5@>2: 2>;>A0BK9 A0B8@-A0B0=0 A 157>1@07=K< ;8F>< 8 :>7;8=K<8 :>?KB0<8, 8A:CH0NI89 A2OB>3> 5@>=8<0 =0 3@02N@5 L5@0 >MABN> 'C45A=K5 8AB>@88 (1597); A0B8@-4LO2>;, A5NI89 A5<5=0 7;0 =0 3@02N@5 $@0=A0 %>35=15@30 (1559), A0B8@ A :>7;8=>9 3>;>2>9, 2725H820NI89 G5;>25G5A:85 4CH8, =0 8A?0=A:>< 0;B0@5 XIII 25:0 87 0@A5;>=A:>3> <C75O.  ?>74=5< A@54=525:>2L5 A0B8@>2 1K;> ?@8=OB> 87>1@060BL A <C7K:0;L=K<8 8=AB@C<5=B0<8  D;59B>9 8;8 2>;K=:>9. NB=O 8 @>6>:, AG8B02H85AO A8<2>;0<8 A25BA:>9 <C7K:8, ?@>B82>?>AB02;O5<>9 4CE>2=>9, B>65 =5@54:> ?@54AB02;O;8AL 8=AB@C<5=B0<8 A8; 7;0.  M?>EC >7@>645=8O 1K;8 A45;0=K <=>3>G8A;5==K5 ?5@52>4K 0=B8G=KE :=83 8 ?L5A, GB> 2K720;> 2>;=C 8=B5@5A0 : O7KG5A:8< B5<0< 8 A>>B25BAB25==> ?5@5A<>B@ A;>682H8EAO 273;O4>2 =0 A0B8@>2. 0 ?>;>B=5 >BB8G5;;8 0@A 8 5=5@0 (1485) G5BK@5 H0;>2;82KE @515=:0-A0B8@0 >;8F5B2>@ONB =528==K5 @04>AB8 A5;LA:>9 687=8.  =0 :0@B8=5 B:@KB85 <540 L5@> 48 >78<> (1498) A0B8@K A>18@0NB <54 4;O ?@83>B>2;5=8O A?8@B=>3> =0?8B:0. >A;5 A>740=8O 2 1516 3>4C 0D0M;5< D@5A:8 !204L10 C?84>=0 8 A8E58 A0B8@K AB0;8 =0 :0@B8=0E =5?@5<5==K<8 ?5@A>=060<8 AF5= A20451 0=B8G=KE 1>3>2 8 O7KG5A:8E ?@074=5AB2. ?;>BL 4> 1563 3>40, :>340 :0B>;8G5A:0O F5@:>2L 70?@5B8;0 87>1@060BL M@>B8G5A:85 AF5=K, A0B8@K 1K;8 8E ?>AB>O==K<8 35@>O<8. 081>;55 8725AB=K ?>;>B=0 8B0;LO=A:8E <0AB5@>2  !0B8@ =0?0405B =0 65=I8=C, :>B>@CN 70I8I0NB B@8 :C?84>=0, >71C645==K9 A0B8@ =5A5B 65=I8=C, =0 :>B>@KE A0B8@, :0: OA=> 87 =0720=89, ?@8=C6405B 65=I8= : A>8B8N. =B5@5A=>, GB> ACI5AB2CNB 8 :0@B8=K, 87>1@060NI85 ?@>B82>?>;>6=K5 AF5=K: 2K@K20NI53>AO A0B8@0 =5ACB : 65=I8=5, 3>B>2>9 ?@8=OBL 53>.  XVII 8 XVIII 25:0E A=>20 2 682>?8A8 8 A:C;L?BC@5 ?@5>1;040NB 848;;8G5A:85 87>1@065=8O A0B8@>2. 0 ?>;>B=0E 8:>;0 CAA5=0 A0B8@K A :>7;8=K<8 :>=5G=>ABO<8 >B;8G0NBAO >B D02=>2 A G5;>25G5A:8<8 =>30<8.  XIX 25:5 B@0:B>2:0 EC4>65AB25==>3> >1@070 A0B8@0 1K;0 :@09=5 H8@>:>9. 3> <>6=> C2845BL 8 =0 8;;NAB@0F8OE : !=C 2 ;5B=NN =>GL (5:A?8@0, 8 2 AF5=0E 254L<8=A:8E H010H59. 5<0;> @8AC=:>2, =0 :>B>@KE 87>1@065= A0B8@, 1K;> A45;0=> 2 :>=F5 XIX 25:0 0=3;89A:8< EC4>6=8:>< 1@8 5@4A;8. =>385 @8AC=:8 2K?>;=5=K 2 N<>@8AB8G5A:>9 <0=5@5, :0:, =0?@8<5@, A0B8@-?0@8:<0E5@, AB@83CI89 452CH:C. 0 4@C38E 87>1@065=K :;0AA8G5A:85 A0B8@K, 83@0NI85 =0 D;59B0E 4;O B0=FCNI8E =8<D. !0<K9 8725AB=K9 A@548 EC4>6=8:>2 XX 25:0, 87>1@060NI8E A0B8@>2, 01;> 8:0AA>, :>B>@K9 2A:>@5 ?>A;5 >A2>1>645=8O 0@860 >B >::C?0=B>2 2 1944 3>4C A>740; B@8 ?>;>B=0: 0:E0=0;8O, "@8C<D 0=0: @04>ABL 687=8 8 $02=, 83@0NI89 =0 D;59B5, A8<2>;878@CNI85 2>72@0I5=85 2@>?K : 687=8 ?>A;5 :>H<0@0 2B>@>9 <8@>2>9 2>9=K. 7 ;8B5@0BC@=KE ?0<OB=8:>2 A0B8@C A;54C5B >B<5B8BL :><548N 2@8?840 &8:;>?  548=AB25==CN 87 4>H54H8E 4> =0A 3@5G5A:8E A0B8@8G5A:8E ?L5A, 2 :>B>@>9 A0B8@ 2<5AB5 A 48AA55< 8 53> A?CB=8:0<8 ?>?0405B 2 ;>3>2> F8:;>?0 >;8D5<0. 48AA59 8 53> ;N48 >A;5?;ONB F8:;>?0 8 CE>4OB, A0B8@ 65 >AB05BAO A =8< 2 :0G5AB25 53> ;N1>2=8:0. L5A0 2 A0B8@8G5A:>9 D>@<5 ?5@5405B A<KA; A?@0254;82>AB8. !0<> A;>2> A0B8@0, :0: 60=@ ;8B5@0BC@K, AB0;> C?>B@51;OBLAO 2 A2O78 A @><0=>< !0B8@8:>= (66 =. M.) @8<A:>3> ?8A0B5;O 5B@>=8O, 2 :>B>@><, >4=0:>, A0B8@K =5 D83C@8@CNB. 081>;55 7=0G8B5;L=K5 87 ?@>872545=89 A@54=525:>2LO, 2 :>B>@KE O2;ONBAO 459AB2CNI8<8 ;8F0<8 A0B8@K, 09, 2=>2L >1@5B5==K9 6>=0 8;LB>=0 (1671), 8<= > 45<>=0E L5@0 45 >=A0@0 (1555) 8 87=L 4CH8 5=@8 >@0 (1650). !0B8@K  206=K5 ?5@A>=068 <=>38E ?L5A 8;LO<0 (5:A?8@0 8 -4<C=40 !?5=A5@0. < ?>A2OI0;8 A2>8 ?@>872545=8O (5;;8, N3>, @0C=8=3, !B825=A>=, #09;L4 8 4@C385. 5>1E>48<> C?><O=CBL 8 > 10;5B5 >A;5?>;C45==K9 >B4KE $02=0 =0 <C7K:C !B@028=A:>3>. >ABN<, 2 :>B>@>< 0F;02 868=A:89 B0=F520; 2 =5< 2 1912 3>4C 2 0@865, >B@0605B :;0AA8G5A:CN ACI=>ABL 157>184=>3> H0;>2;82>3> A0B8@0.  70:;NG5=85 ?@82545< <=5=85 @568AA5@0 -=4@N 5@=0B0, :>B>@K9 AG8B05B, GB> A>2@5<5==>5 >1I5AB2> 2K25;> A2>9 >A>1K9 284 A0B8@0  3>;;82C4A:89. >2>3> A0B8@0, :>B>@K9 87KA:0==> >45205BAO, A?8B 25AL 45=L, 0 ?> =>G0< 2>;>G8BAO 70 65=I8=0<8, 87;8H=5 <=>3> ?L5B 8 :C@8B, <>6=> =0720BL >;8F5B2>@5=85< A0<>C189AB25==KE B5=45=F89 157C<=>3> XX 25:0, =5 2540NI53> ;N128 8 1;03>@>4AB20. ! + !8@5=K  <8D8G5A:85 ACI5AB20 65=A:>3> ?>;0, 65=I8=K-?B8FK 8;8 @CA0;:8, :>B>@K5 A2>8< ?5=85< 8 G0@CNI59 <C7K:>9 702;5:0NB <>@O:>2 8 3C1OB 8E. !8@5=K ?@8H;8 : =0< 87 4@52=53@5G5A:>9 <8D>;>388, 3;02=K< >1@07>< 87 ;535=4 > /A>=5 8 48AA55 (#;8AA5, ?>-;0BK=8). /A>= 8 0@3>=02BK 2 @3>=02B8:5, =0?8A0==>9 ?>;;>=85< >4>AA:8< (III 25: 4> =. M.), 2AB@5G0NB A8@5=, 4>G5@59 @5:8 :5;>O 8 <C7K "5@?A8E>@K, ?> >1;8:C =0?>;>28=C ?B8F, =0?>;>28=C @CA0;>:. E ?5=85 ?@82;5:;> 0@3>=02B>2, 8 >=8 ?>381;8 1K, 5A;8 1K @D59 A0< =5 70G0@>20; A8@5= A2>59 83@>9 =0 ;8@5. ><5@>2A:89 48AA59 ?@82O70; A2>8E A?CB=8:>2 : <0GB5 8 70B:=C; 8< CH8, GB>1K >=8 =5 <>3;8 A;KH0BL ?5=85 A8@5=. ><5@ =5 ?@8?8AK205B 8< :0:8E-;81> A25@EG5;>25G5A:8E A2>9AB2; AC4O ?> 53> ?>M<5, A8@5= 1K;> 425. %>BO ?>;;>=89 B2>@8; ?>74=55 ><5@0, <8D > /A>=5 4@52=55 8AB>@88 >1 48AA55. !8@5= B@048F8>==> 87>1@060NB G0I5 :0: ?B8F A 65=A:8<8 3>;>20<8, G5< 65=I8=-:>;4C=89, :0: ?KB0;8AL MB> A45;0BL =5:>B>@K5 02B>@K, AAK;0OAL =0 ><5@0, :>B>@K9 >?CAB8; 8E >?8A0=85 2 48AA55. ;0AA8G5A:85 ?8A0B5;8, :0A02H85AO MB>9 B5<K, 2A5340 87>1@060;8 A8@5= 2 2845 ?B8F.  81;8>B5:5 ?>;;>4>@0 (I  II 25:0 =. M.) A8@5=K ?@54AB02;5=K 2 2845 ?B8F >B ?>OA0 8 =865, 8E 8<5=0  8A8=>M, 3;0>?5 8 "5;:A8M?80, >=8 4>G5@8 :5;>O 8 <C7K 5;L?><5=K, >4=0 83@05B =0 0@D5, 4@C30O  =0 D;59B5, B@5BLO ?>5B. =3;89A:89 8AB>@8: 659<A 6>@46 $@5975@ (1854 1941) >1>1I8; C?><8=0=8O > A8@5=0E 2 ?@>872545=8OE :;0AA8G5A:8E ?8A0B5;59. > 53> 40==K<, ?B8F5?>4>1=K5 A8@5=K 2AB@5G0NBAO C -;80=0 (De natura animalium), 2848O (5B0<>@D>7K), %838=CA0 ($01C;K), 2AB0D8O (> ?>2>4C  48AA58 ><5@0) 8 02A0=8O (?8A0=85 -;;04K).  @07;8G=KE 25@A8OE A8@5= ;81> 425, ;81> B@8, ;81> G5BK@5. E >B5F :5;>9 8;8 $>@:5A, 1>3 <>@O, <0BL  5;L?><5=0, "5@?A8E>@0 8;8 !B5@>?0. <5=0 A8@5=: "5;5A, 094=5, >;?5 8 "5;:A8>?5, 52:>780 8 838O 8;8 "5;:A8>=5, >;?5 8 3;0>D>=CA 8;8 3;0>D5<5 8 "5;:A85?80. ?>;;>4>@ 8 %838=CA. AG8B0NB, GB> A8@5=K ?>381;8 ?>A;5 2AB@5G8 A 48AA55<, 8 B0:8< >1@07><, 8A?>;=8;>AL 4@52=55 ?@54A:070=85 >@0:C;0, GB> >=8 C<@CB, :>340 AC4=> ?@>945B <8<> =8E =52@548<K<. @C385 02B>@K CB25@640NB, GB> >B 4>A04K >=8 CB>?8;8 A0<8 A51O. I5 >48= 20@80=B <8D0 8725AB5= 87 :@0B:>3> C?><8=0=8O > A8@5=0E 2 ?8A0=88 -;;04K 02A0=8O (II 25: =. M.): 2 >@>=5OE 1K;0 AB0BCO 5@K A A8@5=0<8 2 @C:5, B0: :0: 8AB>@8O 3;0A8B, GB> 5@0 C1548;0 4>G5@59 :5;>O A>@52=>20BLAO A <C70<8 2 ?5=88. C7K ?>1548;8, 2K@20;8 ?5@LO 87 A8@5=& 8 A45;0;8 A515 :>@>=K 87 =8E. =3;89A:89 ?>MB XVI 25:0 -. !?5=A5@ 8AB>;:>2K20; A<KA; MB>3> <8D0 2 B>< :;NG5, GB> @CA0;:8 A8<2>;878@CNB 8A:CH5=85: 452CH5:-:>;4C=89 2 =0:070=85 70 8E 2KA>:><5@85 2 A>ABO70=88 A <C70<8 =045;8;8 @K1L8<8 E2>AB0<8. 0@B8=K 8 A:C;L?BC@K 4>:;0AA8G5A:>9 8 :;0AA8G5A:>9 M?>E8 B0:65 87>1@060NB A8@5= A BC;>28I0<8 ?B8F, 8 8E 4>2>;L=> B@C4=> >B;8G8BL >B 30@?89. !8@5=K G0AB> 87>1@060;8AL =0 4@52=8E :;0AA8G5A:8E =043@>1LOE 8 <>3;8 A8<2>;878@>20BL 4CH8 C<5@H8E 8;8 4CE>2, :>B>@K5 A>?@>2>640NB 4CHC : 1>3C ?>475<=>3> F0@AB20 045AC (84C). 5==8A 5946 2 :=835 @540=85 > 3><5@>2A:>9  48AA55 2KA:07K205B ?@54?>;>65=85, GB> ><5@ <>3 ?@84C<0BL >?8A0=85 A2>8E G5;>25:>?>4>1=KE A8@5=, >1>1I82 ;535=4K > A>?@>2>645=88 4CH 2> 2;045=8O 840 A ;535=40<8 > 45<>=8G5A:8E ACI5AB20E 65=A:>3> ?>;0, :>B>@K5, 8A?>;L7CO A2>N :@0A>BC, A>1;07=ONB, 0 70B5< C1820NB <C6G8=. <5@8:0=A:89 8AA;54>20B5;L 6>= >;;0@4 C:07K205B =0 B>, GB> 4>H54H85 4> =0A ?@>872545=8O 8A:CAAB20 A2845B5;LAB2CNB, GB> A A8@5=0<8 A2O70= F5;K9 @O4 0AA>F80F89 8 A8<2>;>2, A>E@0=82H8EAO 2 ;8B5@0BC@5, =5 AG8B0O 87>1@065=89 A8@5= =0 =043@>18OE 8 B5E, :>B>@K5 ?>2AB@5G0;8AL 48AA5N 8 53> A?CB=8:0<. !8@5=K 87>1@060NBAO @O4>< A "5A55<, @B5<84>9, 5@>9, D8=>9, 8>=8A><; E>BO 1>;LH8=AB2> A8@5= 65=A:>3> ?>;0, =5:>B>@K5, >A>15==> @0==8E M?>E, 8<5NB 1>@>4K. =8 =5 B>;L:> ?@5425I0NB A<5@BL 8;8 ?@82>4OB : 3815;8, => B0:65 4>AB02;ONB =575<=>5 =0A;0645=85 A2>8< ?5=85< 8 A8<2>;878@CNB 682>B=CN A8;C. @0:B8G5A:8 548=AB25==K< ?8A0B5;5< :;0AA8G5A:>9 0=B8G=>AB8, :>B>@K9 >?8A0; A8@5= A ?@82;5:0B5;L=>9 AB>@>=K, 1K; ;0B>=.  <8D5 >1 -@, :>B>@K< 70:0=G8205BAO 480;>3 !>:@0B0  3>AC40@AB25, 02B>@ ?@54AB02;O5B =515A=CN <C7K:C :0: ?5=85 2>AL<8 A8@5=, ?> >4=>9 =0 >@18B5 :064>9 87 ?;0=5B 8 5I5 >4=>9 =0 >@18B5 =5?>4286=KE 72574. 58725AB=> B>G=>, :>340 8 2 A2O78 A G5< A8@5=K AB0;8 0AA>F88@>20BLAO A @CA0;:0<8, CB@0B82 A2>8 :@K;LO 8 ?>:8=C2 3=5740 =0 A:0;8ABKE >AB@>20E, GB>1K ?>3@C78BLAO 2 <>@A:85 2>;=K. >7<>6=>, MB> ?@>87>H;> 2 A@54=85 25:0 2 A2O78 A @0A?@>AB@0=5=85< 15AB80@852.  @><0=A:8E 8 =5:>B>@KE 4@C38E O7K:0E A;>2>< A8@5=0 8 53> @>4AB25==K<8 D>@<0<8 AB0;8 =07K20BL @CA0;>:, E>BO C?>B@51;5=85 MB>3> A;>20 A2845B5;LAB2C5B 8 > 2;8O=88 :;0AA8G5A:>3> >1@070 A8@5=K.  8B0;LO=A:>9 ;535=45 5=0 A8@5=K A8@5=K, :>B>@K5 A?0A0NB B>=CICN 65=C 8 701>BOBAO > =59, ;N1OB ?5BL <>@O:0< (MB0 >A>15==>ABL ?@8ACI0 8 =5:>B>@K< @CA0;:0<, 0 =5 B>;L:> :;0AA8G5A:8< A8@5=0<); A>2@5<5==K9 8B0;LO=A:89 ?8A0B5;L B0;> 0;L28=>, ?5@5A:07K20O MBC 8AB>@8N, CA8;8; MDD5:B, A>G8=82 A;>20 8E ?5A=8, :>B>@0O :0: 1K ?@87K20;0 <>@O:>2 2K?@K3820BL 70 1>@B 2 <>@5; A8@5=0 A @K1L8< E2>AB>< 2 8355 6C75??5 "><078 48 0<?54C7K (2 0=3;89A:>< ?5@52>45 @>D5AA>@ 8 @CA0;:0) 8<55B :;0AA8G5A:>5 8<O; C <0;5=L:>9 A8@5=K -;5>=>@K 87 :=838 0=0 45 @C=E>DD0 0=8:C;K 5D8@0 B0:65 @K189 E2>AB, >=0 4>1@>4CH=0 8 >B=N4L =5 A>1;07=8B5;L=8F0 8 C =55 =5B A:;>==>AB8 : <C78F8@>20=8N.  =835 2>>1@0605<KE ACI5AB2 0@35=B8=A:85 ?8A0B5;8 %>@E5 C8A >@E5A 8 0@30@8B0 C5@5@> 2 3;025 > A8@5=0E >B<5G0NB, GB> @07=8F0 <564C @CA0;:>9 8 A8@5=>9 A>AB>8B 2 =0;8G88 8;8 >BACBAB288 E2>AB0, => MB> @07;8G85 =0 ?@0:B8:5 =5 2A5340 =01;N405BAO. CA0;:0 2 >4=>8<5==>9 ?>M<5 ;LD@540 "5==8A>=0 (XIX 25:) 8<55B A5@51@O=K5 ABC?=8; A8@5=0, 87>1@065==0O =0 B8BC;L=>9 8;;NAB@0F88 : @><0=C #8;LO<0 "5::5@5O 5=45==8A, :>B>@0O ?>1C6405B 5=0 C9B8 >B 53> 2>7;N1;5==>9 0C@K, 8<55B E2>AB. 7>1@0605<K5 A =>30<8 8;8 A E2>AB><, A8@5=K 1K;8 =5 AB>;L ?>?C;O@=K 2 ;8B5@0BC@5, :0: @CA0;:8. >4 2;8O=85< ;535=4 >1 48AA55 8 /A>=5 A8@5=K ?>=0G0;C A8<2>;878@>20;8 AB@0E <C6G8=K ?5@54 65=A:>9 A5:AC0;L=>ABLN, GB> =5 845B =8 2 :0:>5 A@02=5=85 A @07=>>1@0785< AN65B>2 8 0AA>F80F89, :>B>@K5 <K =0E>48< 2 ?@>872545=8OE > @CA0;:0E. "5< =5 <5=55 A8@5=K B>65 >AB028;8 A2>9 A;54 2 ;8B5@0BC@5 8 8A:CAAB25.  B@5E A0<KE 7=0<5=8BKE ?@>872545=8OE ;8B5@0BC@K A8@5=K O2;ONBAO A@548 <=>65AB20 4@C38E =5>1KG=KE ACI5AB2. 0=B5 2 '8AB8;8I5 2848B 2> A=5 A8@5=C, C@>4;82CN 65=I8=C, ?>NICN > A2>59 AB@0AB8 : #;8AAC, 8 ?> <5@5 B>3> :0: ;L5BAO 55 ?5A=O, >=0 ?@5>1@0605BAO 2 :@0A028FC. 5B5 >48= 87 =5<=>38E ?8A0B5;59, 87>1@0782H8E A8@5=C A BC;>28I5< ?B8FK, >= ?><5AB8; 55 2 B>;?C <>=AB@>2 8 <;04H8E 1>65AB2 87 3@5G5A:>9 <8D>;>388 2 :;0AA8G5A:>9 AF5=5 20;L?C@3852>9 =>G8 2> 2B>@>9 G0AB8 $0CAB0. -B0 AF5=0 O2;O5BAO ?0@0;;5;LN @><0=B8G5A:>9 20;L?C@3852>9 =>G8 D0CAB>2A:>3> 2@5<5=8 2 ?5@2>9 G0AB8 B@035488. !8@5=K 87 20;L?C@3852>9 =>G8 2 25AL<0 =5A2>9AB25==>9 4;O =8E <0=5@5 A8<2>;878@CNB 74>@>2CN GC2AB25==>ABL. %>BO !D8=:A >128=O5B 8E 2 B><, GB> >=8 ?@8=C640;8 <C6G8= : 70=OB8N ;N1>2LN A B5<, GB>1K ?>B>< @0AB5@70BL 8E :>3BO<8, 2 :>=F5 AF5=K A8@5=K ?@82>4OB 2A5E 459AB2CNI8E ;8F A ?>154=>9 ?5A=LN : -@>AC, A>740B5;N 8 ?@028B5;N 2A53> ACI53>.  #;8AA5 8@;0=4A:>3> ?8A0B5;O 659<A0 6>9A0 (1882 1941), >48AA55 35@>O @><0=0 5>?>;L40 ;C<0 2 A>2@5<5==>< C1;8=5, A8@5=K  425 10@<5=H8, ?>40NI85 7>;>B>5 ?82>, 2 10@5 :0: 1K A;KH8BAO ?5=85 A8@5=. !8@5=K B0:65 2KABC?0NB 459AB2CNI8<8 ;8F0<8 2 ;8B5@0BC@=KE ?5@5;>65=8OE ;535=4K > /A>=5, =0?@8<5@, 2 ?>M<5 #8;LO<0 >@@8A0 87=L 8 A<5@BL /A>=0 (XIX 25:) 8;8 A>2@5<5==>< @><0=5 >15@B0 @592A0 5@:C;5A. >9 A?CB=8: 2 ?;020=L5.  25@A88 @592A0 A8@5=K  ;N48, 6@8FK <0B5@8-1>38=8. 4=0:> 2 ?>M<5 #;8AA @592A 87>1@0605B A8@5= :0: A8<2>; AB@0E0 #;8AA0 ?5@54 65=I8=0<8 8 >4=>2@5<5==> AB@0AB=>3> 65;0=8O. =>385 ?8A0B5;8 8A?>;L7>20;8 ?>=OB85 A8@5=0 =5 2 1C:20;L=>< A<KA;5, =5 8<5O 2 284C A25@EJ5AB5AB25==KE ACI5AB2, 0 <5B0D>@8G5A:8, >?8AK20O :0:CN-;81> A>1;07=8B5;L=CN >A>1C. -B0 <5B0D>@0 >G5=L ?>?C;O@=0. 48= 87 A0<KE O@:8E ?@8<5@>2  835O 2 >4=>8<5==>< @0AA:075 -430@0 >, :>B>@0O =>A8B 8<O A8@5=K 8 :@0A>B0 :>B>@>9 ?@82>48B 2 3815;8 @0AA:07G8:0. ! A8@5=>9 65 A@02=8205BAO 3>;>4=K9 G5;>25:, :>B>@K9 =5C<5@5==> =0E20;8205B >154 8 >B@K205B A2>8E :>;;53 >B @01>BK 2 @0AA:075 '5E>20 !8@5=0.  =5:>B>@KE ?@>872545=8OE A8@5=K ?>O2;ONBAO A@548 <=>65AB20 4@C38E D0=B0AB8G5A:8E ACI5AB2. >B 420 A>2@5<5==KE ?@8<5@0. AB>G=8: <0388 8M@A0 -=B>=8 8 >;4>2A:0O ?5A=O -;87015B !:0@1>@>  MB> 425 ;53:85 :><5488, 345 A@548 4@C38E 459AB2CNI8E ;8F D83C@8@CNB A8@5=K. !8@5=K @54:> 8A?>;L7CNBAO 2 :0G5AB25 :8=5<0B>3@0D8G5A:8E 8 AF5=8G5A:8E ?5@A>=0659. !?@02>G=8: D0=B0AB8G5A:8E D8;L<>2, A>AB02;5==K9 #>;B>< 8, =0AG8BK205B 2A53> 10 D8;L<>2, 2 =0720=8OE :>B>@KE C?><8=0NBAO A8@5=K, ?@8G5< ?>;>28=0 D8;L<>2  =0 O7K:0E, 2 :>B>@KE =5 ACI5AB2C5B @07;8G8O <564C A8@5=0<8 8 @CA0;:0<8. N1>?KB=>5 <5B0D>@8G5A:>5 7=0G5=85 A8@5= <K 2AB@5G05< 2 5A=5 A8@5=K (1911 3>4) A CG0AB85< "54K 0@0 2 @>;8 ?528FK, :>B>@CN ?@>:;O; >B5F 8 2A;54AB285 MB>3> ?>B5@O2H59 3>;>A. 0: ?@028;>, A8@5=K ?>O2;ONBAO 2 1>;LH8=AB25 :8=>25@A89 ;535=4 > /A>=5 8 48AA55.  <C7K:0;L=KE ?@>872545=8OE A8@5=K D83C@8@CNB @565 @CA0;>:. 081>;55 8725AB=>5 87 =8E =>:BN@= 51NAA8 !8@5=K. #:065< 8 =5:>B>@K5 4@C385 <C7K:0;L=K5 A>G8=5=8O, ?>A2OI5==K5 A8@5=0<: >?5@0 !8@5=0 0=8M;O 15@0, A8<D>=8O !8@5=K 59=3>;L40 ;8M@0, A8<D>=8G5A:0O ?>M<0 5A=O A8@5=K 8<A0 "59;>@0.  682>?8A8 8 3@0D8:5 EC4>6=8:8 8=>340 87>1@060NB 65=I8= 2 2845 A8@5= A G5;>25G5A:8<8 =>30<8. 0 ?>;>B=5 !8@5=K 6>=0 #8;LO<A0 #>B5@E0CA0 C 65=I8=K G5HC9G0BK5 >B 8:@ =>38, >=0 A<>B@8B =0 B>=CI53> <C6G8=C. 0 53> 65 :0@B8=5 CA0;:0 C 65=I8=K @K189 E2>AB 8 >=0 87>1@065=0 2 >48=>G5AB25. M-=8M; 0:;097, 8;;NAB@8@>202H89 :=83C 0=3;89A:>3> ?>MB0-@><0=B8:0 "><0A0 C@0 @>8AE>645=85 0@DK, =0@8A>20; A8@5=C A =>30<8, >=0 >?;0:8205B ?>B5@O==CN ;N1>2L; BC 65 A8@5=C <K 2848< =0 53> 3@02N@5, >4=0:> C =55 C65 8<55BAO E2>AB. %C4>6=8:8, G59 @>4=>9 O7K: =5 7=05B @07;8G8O 2 >1>7=0G5=88 @CA0;>: 8 A8@5=, B5E 8 4@C38E G0I5 87>1@060NB A E2>AB0<8. -B> <>6=> 2845BL, =0?@8<5@, =0 :0@B8=5 >;O 5;2> !8@5=K ?@8 ?>;=>9 ;C=5. @09=5 @54:> 2 87>1@078B5;L=>< 8A:CAAB25 2AB@5G0NBAO A8@5=K A :;0AA8G5A:8< ?B8GL8< ?>4>185<; >48= 87 =5<=>38E B0:8E ?@8<5@>2  :0@B8=0 @<0=40 >9=B0 !8@5=0. !8@5=K 2 =0H5 2@5<O ?>-?@56=5<C =5 A;8H:>< ?>?C;O@=K. CA0;:0< ?@8?8AK205BAO 1>;LH0O G0ABL D0=B0AB8G5A:8E DC=:F89, 0 8E ?@54H5AB25==8F0< A8@5=0< >AB02;5=0 @>;L <5B0D>@8G5A:0O. 4>102>: : A8<2>;8G5A:><C 7=0G5=8N :@0A>BK 8 ?@5:@0A=>3> 3>;>A0 >=8 8=>340 40NB A2>5 8<O 3>@074> <5=55 <C7K:0;L=K< A8@5=0<, :>B>@K5 ?@54C?@5640NB > =0?045=88, 8;8 682>B=K< >B@O40 A8@5=  ;0<0=B8=0<, 4N3>=O<, <>@A:8< :>@>20< (2K<5@H89 284), :>B>@KE 8740;5:0 8=>340 ?@8=8<0;8 70 @CA0;>:. 8<A:89 ?8A0B5;L !25B>=89 2 A>G8=5=88  687=8 425=04F0B8 &570@59 AG8B05B 8<?5@0B>@0 "815@8O 3;C?K< 87-70 53> AB@0AB=>3> 8=B5@5A0 : <8D>;>388. "815@89, =0?@8<5@, AB028; A2>8E A>15A54=8:>2 2 BC?8: 2>?@>A0<8 > B><, GB> ?>NB A8@5=K. %@>=8AB "><0A @0C= 2 ?@>872545=88 84@8>B0D8O, 8;8 >E>@>==0O C@=0 70<5G05B: 0:CN ?5A=N ?>NB A8@5=K 8;8 ?>4 :0:8< 8<5=5< O2;O5BAO E8;;5A A@548 65=I8=  MB8 70304:8 =8:B> =5 2 A>AB>O=88 @073040BL. !$! !;>2> AD8=:A ?@>8AE>48B >B 3@5G5A:>3> AD83358=  A2O7K20BL, A68<0BL. >MB><C 3@5G5A:89 !D8=:A  ACI5AB2> A ;L28=K< B5;>< 8 3>;>2>9 65=I8=K  AG8B0;AO C4CH8B5;5<. ?@>G5<, E>BO 8<O !D8=:A0 ?@>8AE>48B 87 3@5G5A:>3>, 53> :>@=8 A;54C5B 8A:0BL 2 38?B5. >;LH>9 !D8=:A 87 87K, 15A:@K;>5 GC4>28I5 A ;L28=K< B5;>< 8 <C6A:>9 3>;>2>9, 4@52=59H55 87 4>H54H8E 4> =0A 87>1@065=89. 7 38?B0 <8D > !D8=:A5 @0A?@>AB@0=8;AO 2 AA8@88, @5F88, 0 70B5< 8 2> 2A59 0?04=>9 2@>?5.  0AA8@89A:>9 8 4@52=53@5G5A:>9 F828;870F88 !D8=:A 1K; H8@>:> ?@54AB02;5= 2 0@E8B5:BC@5 8 87>1@078B5;L=>< 8A:CAAB25. 3> 87>1@065=8O <>6=> C2845BL =0 0=B8G=KE :>;>==0E, 2070E, 7>;>BKE C:@0H5=8OE, =0 I8B0E 8 >@C688 2>8=>2. !D8=:A C:@0H05B H;5< D8=K 2 0@D5=>=5. 0 A2>N ?>GB8 ?OB8BKAOG5;5B=NN 8AB>@8N !D8=:A ?>GB8 CB@0B8; 1>65AB25==CN ACI=>ABL. = 0AA>F88@>20;AO 8 A 10@0=><, 8 A 1K:><, 8 A A>:>;><, 8 A >@;><, 8 A 30@?8O<8, 8 A A8@5=0<8. #65 2 4@52=85 2@5<5=0 =5 ACI5AB2>20;> 548=>3> ?@54AB02;5=8O > !D8=:A5. 0: C65 A:070=>, 2 38?B5 >= ?@54AB02;O; A>1>N 15A:@K;>5 <C6A:>5 ACI5AB2> 8 G0AB> 87>1@060;AO A84OI8<. 38?5BA:8E AD8=:A>2 <>6=> @0745;8BL =0 B@8 B8?0: 0=4@>AD8=:A  ;52 A G5;>25G5A:>9 3>;>2>9 8;8 ;8F><, :@8>AD8=:A  ;52 A 3>;>2>9 10@0=0 8 85@0:>AD8=:A  ;52 A 3>;>2>9 OAB@510.  4@52=59 5A>?>B0<88 !D8=:A <>3 1KBL 8 <C6A:8< 8 65=A:8<, 8 :@K;0BK< 8 15A:@K;K< ACI5AB2><. 5=A:85 AD8=:AK G0AB> 2AB@5G0NBAO 2 8A:CAAB25 $8=8:88 8 !8@88.  @52=59 @5F88 !D8=:A >1KG=> 87>1@060;AO A 65=A:8< ;8F>< 8 3@C4LN, :@K;LO<8 >@;0 8 B5;>< ;L20. 7>1@065=8O ;560I53> !D8=:A0 C 3@5:>2 2AB@5G0;8AL 4>AB0B>G=> @54:>. 5A<>B@O =0 2A5 20@80F88, >1@07 !D8=:A0 >AB020;AO 4>2>;L=> AB018;L=K<. @8G8=>9 B0:>9 AB018;L=>AB8, 2848<>, A;C68B B>, GB> >1@07>< O2;O;AO >;LH>9 !D8=:A 87 87K  A0<K9 2?5G0B;ONI89 A2>8<8 @07<5@0<8 8 2K@078B5;L=>ABLN <>=C<5=B 2K<KH;5==>3> ACI5AB20, A>E@0=ONI89 A2>5 7=0G5=85 2 87>1@078B5;L=>< 8A:CAAB25 8 2 =0H8 4=8. 0@0;;5;L=> A EC4>65AB25==K< @072820;AO 8 ;8B5@0BC@=K9 >1@07 !D8=:A0. 5@2>5 C?><8=0=85 > =5< 2AB@5G05BAO 2 HC<5@A:>< <8D5 -=C<0 M;8H 2-3> BKAOG5;5B8O 4> =. M.  MB>< <8D5 "80<0B, <0BL ?@8@>4K, 1>38=O 1571@56=KE <>@A:8E 2>4, 8 ;AC, >B5F 687=8, 1>3 ?@5A=KE 2>4, ?@>872>4OB =0 A25B <;04H8E 1>3>2, GL8 >1O70==>AB8 A>AB>OB 2 ?>445@60=88 ?5@28G=>3> ?>@O4:0 8 A?>:>9AB28O 1>65AB25==>9 ?0@K. ;AC 70<KH;O5B 8AB@518BL <;04H8E 1>3>2, => >=8, ?@>7=02 > 53> =0<5@5=88, C1820NB 53> 4> B>3>, :0: >= ?@82>48B A2>9 ?;0= 2 8A?>;=5=85. 073=520==0O A<5@BLN AC?@C30 "80<0B >1JO2;O5B 2>9=C A2>8< 45BO< 8 ?>@>6405B GC4>28I-<AB8B5;59  304N:C, 4@0:>=0, !D8=:A0, ;L20, 15H5=CN A>10:C 8 G5;>25:0-A:>@?8>=0. (C<5@A:0O 8AB>@8O ?@>8AE>645=8O !D8=:A0 @57:> 48AA>=8@C5B A 538?5BA:>9. A;8 2 38?B5 !D8=:A ?>G8B0;AO 1>65AB25==K< A8<2>;>< 2;0AB8 D0@0>=>2, B> 2 -=C<0 M;8H >= 2KABC?05B :0: 2>?;>I5=85 7;0, ?;>4 3=520 8 6064K <I5=8O. >7<>6=>, B0:0O B@0:B>2:0 >1JOA=O5BAO B5<, GB> ;8B5@0BC@=K5 >1@07K 2K<KH;5==KE ACI5AB2 =5@54:> >B;8G0NBAO >B 8E EC4>65AB25==>3> 2>?;>I5=8O. -B> >1CA;>2;5=> B5<, GB> 2 4@52=8E ;8B5@0BC@=KE ?0<OB=8:0E @54:> >?8AK205BAO 2=5H=89 284 ACI5AB2  ;81> ?>4@07C<5205BAO, GB> ;N4O< >B;8G=> 8725AB=>, :0: >=8 2K3;O4OB, ;81> @5H5=85 MB>9 7040G8 >B405BAO =0 >B:C? 8E D0=B0788. 5;L7O =5 CG8BK20BL 8 B>B D0:B, GB> -=C<0 M;8H 8 >;LH>9 !D8=:A  ?>GB8 A>2@5<5==8:8. ">, GB> 2 ;8B5@0BC@5 =5 ?@82>48BAO 45B0;L=>3> >?8A0=8O !D8=:A0, ?>A;C68;> ?@8G8=>9 <=>38E =54>@07C<5=89, A2O70==KE A 53> >1@07><. ?;>BL 4> XX 25:0, ?>:0 ?8A0B5;8 8 EC4>6=8:8 =5 >1@0B8;8AL =5?>A@54AB25==> : 538?5BA:><C ?5@2>8AB>G=8:C, !D8=:A 2 52@>?59A:>9 B@048F88 ?@54AB02;O;AO 65=A:8< ACI5AB2><  25G=K<, 70304>G=K< 8 =045;5==K< B0OI59 >?0A=>ABL ?@82;5:0B5;L=>ABLN.  ?@8<5@C, =0 :0@B8=5 $@0=F0 D>= (BC:0 87>1@065= =5 B>;L:> !D8=:A A 65=A:8<8 G5@B0<8, => 8 ;560I0O =0 53> A?8=5 >1=065==0O 65=I8=0, ?>2B>@ONI0O 53> ?>7C. =>385 EC4>6=8:8 @8A>20;8 C;K10NI53>AO !D8=:A0. 1@07 !D8=:A0 ?>425@3AO 87<5=5=8O< 5I5 2 @52=59 @5F88, 345 >= 87 F0@AB25==>3> <C6A:>3> ACI5AB20 ?@52@0B8;AO 2 M@>B8G5A:>5 65=A:>5 ACI5AB2>, C4CH8B5;O <C6G8=.  @52=5< 38?B5 85@>3;8D !D8=:A0  =51 >7=0G0; E>7O8=, ?@028B5;L. !D8=:A A;C68; B0:65 A8<2>;>< ?>AB865=8O 8AB8=K. 5 A;CG09=> D0@0>=K 2>AA540;8 =0 B@>=5, >?8@0NI5<AO =0 ;0?K ;L20. 5:>B>@K5 8AA;54>20B5;8 2KA:07K20NB <=5=85, GB> 2 38?B5 !D8=:A AG8B0;AO 5I5 >E@0=8B5;5< @5;8388 8 1>65AB25==KE <8AB5@89 8 4065 A8<2>;>< 2>A:@5H5=8O ?>A;5 A<5@B8.  :0G5AB25 E@0=8B5;O B09= !D8=:A 2=>2L ?>O2;O5BAO 2 M?>EC >7@>645=8O. "5< =5 <5=55 2>7=8:H0O 2 -=C<0 M;8H B@048F8O !D8=:A0-7;0 >:070;0 1>;LH>5 2;8O=85 =0 D>@<8@>20=85 53> 52@>?59A:>3> >1@070. 5A8>4 =07K205B !D8=:A0 4>G5@LN @B0 8 E84=K. ?>;;>4>@  4>G5@LN &8D5O 8 E84=K, >= 65 CB25@6405B, GB> <C7K =0CG8;8 !D8=:A0 53> 70304:0<.  @5F88 !D8=:A0 87402=0 0AA>F88@>20;8 A 1>;57=O<8 8 A<5@BLN; 4KE0=85 4>G5@8 &8D5O >1@0I0;>AL 2 60@:89 N6=K9 25B5@ A8@>::>, 3C18B5;L=K9 4;O 2A53> 682>3>. !@54=525:>2K5 02B>@K G5@?0;8 7=0=8O > !D8=:A5 87 81;8>B5:8 ?>;;>4>@0 8 -48?0 !5=5:8. >MB><C =5C4828B5;L=>, GB> 4;O =4@50 30BB8 (1491 1550) !D8=:A  2>?;>I5=85 =52565AB20, 4;O -4<C=40 !?5=A5@0 (1552 1599)  A8<2>; 8=:2878F88, 0 4;O 5=460<8=0 6>=A>=0 (XVII 25:)  25G=K9 2@03 ;N128 8 :@0A>BK, 70<0=820NI89 8E 2 A2>8 ;>2CH:8. 8HL $@M=A8A M:>= AG8B05B !D8=:A0 A8<2>;>< =0C:8 8 7=0=8O. @5:8, 0AA>F88@>202H85 !D8=:A0 A 4CH52=K<8 1>;57=O<8 8 A<5@BLN, A>740;8 =5A:>;L:> ;535=4, ?>4B25@640NI8E MBC 53> @5?CB0F8N. >B >B@K2>: 87 8AB>@88 F0@O -48?0: >@>4 $82K AB@040; >B GC4>28I0, =0?0402H53> =0 ?CB=8:>2. <O 5<C 1K;> !D8=:A. # =53> 1K;> BC;>28I5 ;L20, 3>;>20 8 3@C4L 65=I8=K. !D8=:A ;560; =0 ?@84>@>6=>< :0<=5 8 >AB0=02;820; :064>3>, :B> ?@>E>48; <8<>, ?@54;030O 5<C >B3040BL 70304:C. @>9B8 <8<> =53> <>3;8 B>;L:> B5, :B> >B304K20;, >AB0;L=K< AC645=> 1K;> C<5@5BL. 8:B> B0: 8 =5 AC<5; 40BL ?@028;L=K9 >B25B, 8 2A5 ?>381;8. -48? =5 8A?C30;AO @0AA:070 8 =0?@028;AO : !D8=:AC, :>B>@K9 A?@>A8; 53>:  B> CB@>< E>48B =0 G5BK@5E ;0?0E, 4=5<  =0 42CE, 0 25G5@><  =0 B@5E? -48? >B25B8;:  '5;>25:, :>B>@K9 2 45BAB25 ?>;705B =0 G5B25@5=L:0E, 2 7@5;>< 2>7@0AB5  =0 42CE =>30E, 0 2 AB0@>AB8  A ?>A>E>< . !D8=:A 1K; ?>15645= 8 C1@0;AO 2>A2>OA8.  B@035488 !>D>:;0 &0@L -48? A> 2@5<5=8 ?>154K =04 !D8=:A>< 4> B>3> <><5=B0, :0: -48? AB0=>28BAO F0@5< $82, ?@>E>48B 20 ;5B. "0:>9 65 ?5@8>4 @0745;O5B 53> >B =52>;L=>3> C189AB20 A2>53> >BF0 4> 65=8BL1K =0 A>1AB25==>9 <0B5@8  42CE A>1KB89 2 687=8 -48?0, ?@54A:070==KE 45;LD89A:8< >@0:C;><. -48? ?KB05BAO C7=0BL 8<O C189FK F0@O 0O, 53> >BF0, 8 A?@0H8205B C @5>=0, ?>G5<C 68B5;8 $82 B0: 8 =5 ?@>25;8 @0AA;54>20=85, =0 GB> B>B >B25G05B: !D8=:A @07CG8; =0A 4C<0BL > ?@>H;>< 8 70AB028; >1@0B8BLAO : =0ACI=K< =C640<. @C38<8 A;>20<8, !D8=:A  A8<2>; 70125=8O, 2@03 8AB8=K 8 ?0<OB8. > :@09=59 <5@5, A> 2@5<5= !>D>:;0 !D8=:A 8 4CH52=K5 1>;57=8 AB0;8 2 ?@54AB02;5=88 52@>?59F0 =5@0745;L=K<8.  A@54=525:>2>9 ;8B5@0BC@5, D8;>A>D88, B5>;>388 8 ?A8E>;>388 !D8=:A A8<2>;878@C5B GC4>28I=K5 A8;K @07@CH5=8O <KA;8, @5G8 8 @0AAC4:0. =830 $@M=A8A0 M:>=0 !D8=:A, 8;8 =0=85 ?>A2OI5=0 >?8A0=8N 1>@L1K =0=8O 8 52565AB20. ;O =53> 7=0=85  =58AA;54>20==0O AB@0=0, 70304:0, B@51CNI0O @07@5H5=8O. =0=85 <>65B AB0BL <CG8B5;L=K< 8 >?0A=K< 4;O G5;>25:0, =5 3>B>2>3> ?@8=OBL 53>. !D8=:A C M:>=0  >;8F5B2>@5=85 @07@CH8B5;L=>9 >45@68<>AB8, >E20BK20NI59 G5;>25:0, AB@5<OI53>AO : 7=0=8O<, A8<2>; 687=5==>9 =5>1E>48<>AB8 ?>4E>40 : =8< A E>;>4=K< @0AAC4:><. >B >B@K2>: 87 :=838 M:>=0: =0=85 2 @C:0E =52565AB25==>3> 8 =5C<5;>3> G5;>25:0, 157 ?@5C25;8G5=8O, AB0=>28BAO GC4>28I5<. =0=85 <=>3>3@0==> 8 <>65B 1KBL ?@8<5=5=> ?>-@07=><C. # =53> ;8F> 8 3>;>A 65=I8=K  >;8F5B2>@5=85 53> :@0A>BK. # 7=0=8O 5ABL :@K;LO, ?>B><C GB> =0CG=K5 >B:@KB8O @0A?@>AB@0=ONBAO >G5=L 1KAB@>, =5278@0O =0 3@0=8FK. AB@K5 8 F5?:85 :>3B8 =C6=K 5<C 4;O B>3>, GB>1K 0:A8><K 8 0@3C<5=BK ?@>=8:;8 2 G5;>25G5A:>5 A>7=0=85 8 =0:@5?:> C45@6820;8AL 2 =5<, B0:, GB>1K >B =8E =5;L7O 1K;> 871028BLAO.  5A;8 >=8 =5?@028;L=> ?>=OBK 8;8 8A?>;L7>20=K, >=8 ?@8=>AOB 15A?>:>9AB2> 8 <CG5=8O B5< 8;8 8=K< ?CB5< 8 2 :>=F5 :>=F>2 ?@>AB> @07@K20NB A>7=0=85 =0 :CA:8. 73;O4 M:>=0 =0 !D8=:A0  >G5=L 1;87>: 3@5G5A:><C. B=>H5=85 5:>=0 : 7=0=8N A@>4=8 >B=>H5=8N -48?0 : !D8=:AC. !>2@5<5==8: M:>=0 8E0M;L 095@ @0728205B 53> 0;;53>@8N. 095@ A>25BC5B ;N1><C 74@02><KA;OI5<C G5;>25:C =5 701K20BL > B><, GB> 8AB8=0 ?>AB8305BAO ?CB5< ?@5>4>;5=8O <=>38E >H81>: 8 >H81:8 MB8 2A5340 <CG8B5;L=K: -B> B>, GB> D8;>A>DK 4@52=>AB8 ?KB0;8AL A:070BL =0<, 3>2>@O > !D8=:A5. ;O 095@0 !D8=:A  A8<2>; B@C4=>4>ABC?=>AB8 8 70?CB0==>AB8 8A:CAAB20 D8;>A>DAB2>20=8O =5 B>;L:> 4;O D82O=, => 8 4;O 538?BO= 704>;3> 4> =8E. !D8=:A 70304K205B 70304:8, AB>O ?5@54 2@0B0<8 D8;>A>D88, 8 =5 2@548B B5<, :B> ?@>E>48B <8<>; B>3> 65, :B>, AG8B0O A51O <C4@K< 8 4>AB>9=K<, ?KB05BAO >B3040BL 70304:C, 2 A;CG05 =5C40G8 645B @07@CH5=85: 53> A5@4F5 1C45B @07>@20=> A><=5=8O<8 8 >= ?>B5@O5B @0AAC4>:  B0:>2 A<KA; D8;>A>D88, 8 B>B, :B> ?>=8<05B 53>, ?>9<5B 8 <5=O. ! 2>A?@8OB85< !D8=:A0 M:>=>< 8 095@>< E>@>H> A>3;0AC5BAO D@070 5>@30 $@84@8E0 535;O, ?@>87=5A5==0O 420 AB>;5B8O A?CABO: '5;>25G5A:0O 3>;>20 =0 725@8=>< B5;5 >;8F5B2>@O5B 07C<, 2>72KH0NI89AO =04 @8@>4>9, :>B>@K9, >4=0:>, =5 2 A>AB>O=88 ?>;=>ABLN >B>@20BLAO >B A2>59 A2O78 A =59.  ?>M<5 0;LD0 -<5@A>=0 !D8=:A (1841) 02B>@ 87;0305B A2>5 2845=85 D8;>A>DA:>3> A<KA;0 2AB@5G8 G5;>25:0 A MB8< 70304>G=K< ACI5AB2><. -<5@A>= ?>2B>@O5B AN65B B@035488 > F0@5 -48?5: !D8=:A >AB0=02;8205B AB@0==8:0 8 70304K205B 5<C 70304:C 8, 5A;8 B>B 405B ?@028;L=K9 >B25B, 8AG5705B. ?@>G5<, ?>M<0 -<5@A>=0  1>;LH5 G5< ?>2B>@5=85 8AB>@88 -48?0. 3> ?>AB0@52H89, ?>GB8 3;CE>9 !D8=:A A 4@OE;K<8 :@K;LO<8 B0: 8 =5 2AB@5B8; G5;>25:0, A?>A>1=>3> ?>=OBL 8AB8==K9 A<KA; A2O78 G5;>25:0 A ?@8@>4>9. 0304:0  2 A0<>< '5;>25:5, 8 A =8< CAB0<8 !D8=:A0 3>2>@8B A0<0 @8@>40. CB5H5AB25==8:-?>MB ;53:> 405B 25@=K9 >B25B, ?>B><C GB> 2848B <8@ =5 B>;L:> 3;070<8, => 8 4CH>9. !D8=:A A8<2>;878@C5B @07C< ?>MB0, AB@5<OI89AO A;8BLAO A 53> 4CH>9, @07C<, AB@040NI89, 1C4CG8 >B>@20==K< >B 4CH8. 3> 68;8I5  <OBCI55AO A>7=0=8O ?>MB0. #4828B5;L=> B>, :0: >E>B=> =>25;;8ABK XIX 8 XX 25:>2 ?>4E20B8;8 845N > B><, GB> !D8=:A >1@5B05B @50;L=>ABL ;8HL 2 G5;>25G5A:>< @07C<5.  >4=>8<5==>< @0AA:075 -430@0 > !D8=:A ACI5AB2C5B B>;L:> 2 2>A?0;5==>< 2>>1@065=88 G5;>25:0, >45@68<>3> C60A>< ?5@54 A<5@BLN >B E>;5@K.  3;025 @><0=0 >18 8: 5@<0=0 5;28;;0, =0720==>9 !D8=:A, =5 D83C@8@C5B A0< !D8=:A  53> >1@07 2>7=8:05B 2 A>7=0=88 :0?8B0=0 E010, :>340 B>B 2848B ?>4=8<0NICNAO 87 >:50=0 3>;>2C :8B0.  !D8=:A5 A:0@0 #09;L40 ?>MBC GC48BAO ;N1>?KB=0O :>H:0 A  ?5AB@K<8 3;070<8 8 7>;>BK<8 @5A=8F0<8, ;560I0O 2 C3;C :><=0BK =0 :8B09A:>< :>2@8:5, 8=K<8 A;>20<8, 4><0H=89 !D8=:A  >;8F5B2>@5=85 >E20B82H8E A>7=0=85 ?>MB0 @07@CH8B5;L=KE GC2AB25==KE 3@57.  2 0H8=5 2@5<5=8 5@15@B0 #M;;A0 A;5?>9 8 1>;L=>9 5;K9 !D8=:A A;C68B A8<2>;>< ?;5<5=8 :0==810;>2, 2 :>B>@KE ?@52@0B8;AO @>4 G5;>25G5A:89. $@M=A8A M:>= ?>A5O; 25B5@. >68=0BL 65 1C@N ?@8E>48BAO A>2@5<5==K< ?>:>;5=8O<. !8<2>;K, 70:;NG5==K5 2 >1@075 !D8=:A0, =5 1K;8 >AB02;5=K 157 2=8<0=8O 83<C=4>< $@594>< (1856 1939).  ">;:>20=88 A=>2845=89 $@594 CB25@6405B, GB> AC4L10 F0@O -48?0 2>;=C5B =0A B>;L:> ?>B><C, GB> =0 53> <5AB5 <>3 1K >:070BLAO ;N1>9 87 =0A. = 2KA:07K205B <KA;L > B><, GB> ;535=40 > F0@5 -48?5 2>7=8:;0 87 ?5@2>1KB=KE A=>2845=89, A>45@602H8E ?>4A>7=0B5;L=>5 65;0=85 @515=:0 2ABC?8BL 2 ?>;>2K5 >B=>H5=8O A @>48B5;O<8, ?>O2;ONI55AO A =0G0;>< ?>;>2>3> A>7@520=8O. @C38<8 A;>20<8, 8AB>@8O -48?0, ?> $@594C, >B@065=85 A=0 > ?>;>2>< :>=B0:B5 A <0B5@LN. 4=0:> 2 B0:>< >1JOA=5=88 M48?>20 :><?;5:A0 =5B C?><8=0=89 > !D8=:A5. 0B> CG5=8:8 $@5940 872;5:;8 !D8=:A0 87 G5;>25G5A:>3> ?>4A>7=0=8O =0 A25B 1>689. ;O 0@:0 0=F5@0 !D8=:A  2>?;>I5=85 70304>: ?>;>2>3> 0:B0 8 B08=AB20 @>645=8O, :>B>@K5 @07@5H8; -48?. >@6 525@5 AG8B05B, GB> ?>1540 -48?0 =04 !D8=:A>< ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>9 >4=>2@5<5==> 35B5@>A5:AC0;L=CN 8 3><>A5:AC0;L=CN ?>154C 8 0:B B@8C<D0. >4>1=K5 <KA;8 :>GCNB 87 AB0BL8 2 AB0BLN 2?;>BL 4> =0H8E 4=59.  AB0BL5 $@594 8 G5;>25G5A:0O 4CH0 (1983) @C=> 5BB5;LE59< ?@54;0305B G8B0B5;N A>1AB25==>5 ?@>GB5=85 <8D0 >1 -48?5: >A:>;L:C 8725AB=>, GB> !D8=:A 7=0; >3@><=>5 :>;8G5AB2> 70304>:, A;54C5B ?>;030BL, GB> 70304:0, 40==0O -48?C, ?@54=07=0G0;0AL 8<5==> 5<C. = 40;55 ?8H5B: G5284=>, GB> -48?0, =04 :>B>@K< 4>2;5;8 ?>A;54AB28O B@02<K, 1>;55 G5< 4@C38E 2>;=>20;8 ?@>1;5<K E>645=8O 8 A8<2>;K A?>A>1>2 ?5@542865=8O, : :>B>@K< ?@81530NB ;N48 @07=KE 2>7@0AB>2; 1C4CG8 C65 27@>A;K< N=>H59, 2A5 5I5 ?>;70NI8< =0 G5B25@5=L:0E, >= 3>@074> 1>;L=55, G5< :0:>9-=81C4L <0;KH, >A>7=05B A2>N =5A?>A>1=>ABL 2AB0BL =0 =>38. AB>@8O 2AB@5G8 A> !D8=:A>< ?>4G5@:8205B, GB> >B25B =0 70304:C 687=8  =5 ?@>AB> G5;>25:, 0 :064K9 87 =0A.  ?A8E>0=0;8B8:5 !D8=:A ?@54AB05B 4>2>;L=> ?>;57=K< GC4>28I5<, 708=B5@5A>20==K< 2> 1;035 B5E, :B> A =8< A>?@8:0A05BAO. =0O > AB@0AB=>< 65;0=88 -48?0 E>48BL 8 > B><, GB> =52>7<>6=>ABL MB>3> A2O70=0 A =0=5A5==>9 5<C 2 45BAB25 B@02<>9, !D8=:A, :0: ;N1>9 G53>-B> AB>OI89 ?A8E>0=0;8B8:, =5 ?@>AB> 70405B -48?C =02>4OI85 2>?@>AK, => 8 ?>4B0;:8205B 53> : ?@028;L=K< >B25B0<.  ?@>4>;65=85 D@5948ABA:>3> B578A0 >1 M48?>2>< :><?;5:A5 :@0B:> @0AA<>B@8< B@0:B>2:C 4@C38E !D8=:A>2, 872;5G5==KE 87 3;C18= G5;>25G5A:>3> ?>4A>7=0=8O, A ?>;>B5= 0=0 -=3@0 8 >AB020 >@>. 0 :0@B8=5 -=3@0 -48? 8 !D8=:A 2=8<0=85 C45;5=> 2 >A=>2=>< F0@N: >1=065==K9 -48? AB>8B >?5@52H8AL > ?@84>@>6=K9 :0<5=L 8, =0:;>=82H8AL 2?5@54, A<>B@8B ?@O<> =0 !D8=:A0, A84OI53> =0 :0<=OE C 2E>40 2 ?5I5@C. !25B ?0405B =0 53> ;8F> 8 4;8==K5 G5@=K5 2>;>AK. !D8=:A 65 ?>GB8 F5;8:>< C:@KB 2 B5=8 A:0;K, B>;L:> 53> 65=A:0O 3@C4L, =0E>4OI0OAO =0 C@>2=5 3;07 -48?0, >A25I5=0 O@:8< A25B><. 0 D>=5 G5@=>3> 2E>40 2 ?5I5@C G5B:> 284=0 =>30 A?@OB02H53>AO 2 =59 G5;>25:0; 4@C3>9 G5;>25:, >1JOBK9 B@52>3>9, AB>8B ?>7048 -48?0, >= 8A?C30==> 3;O48B =0 !D8=:A0 8 ?>@K205BAO : 153AB2C. 0 3>@87>=B5 87>1@065= A8;CMB $82  E@0< 8 ?>:0B0O :@KH0 740=8O A :>;>==0<8. 0@B8=0 >@> -48? 8 !D8=:A 1K;0 =0?8A0=0 ?>4 2?5G0B;5=85< >B ?>;>B=0 -=3@0. 4=0:> <564C =8<8 =5<0;> @07;8G89.  F5=B@5 @01>BK >@>  !D8=:A. = 1@>A05BAO =0 -48?0, :0: >3@><=0O :>H:0 =0 45@52>, 53> A?8=0 87>3=CB0, <KHFK ;0? =0?@O65=K, >@;8=K5 :@K;LO @0A?@02;5=K 8 :064>5 ?5@> =0 =8E BI0B5;L=> 2K?8A0=>. # !D8=:A0 3>;>20 :@0A82>9 452CH:8 A 2LNI8<8AO 2>;>A0<8, =0 3>;>25  :>@>=0, C:@0H5==0O 65<GC3><. # =53> 3;04:0O 15;0O :>60, 2A5 53> G5@BK ?@82;5:0B5;L=K. >;=0O 3@C4L !D8=:A0 :0A05BAO 3@C48 -48?0, 0 53> 1>;LH85 4>1@K5 3070 ?@8AB0;L=> 3;O4OB 2 3;070 F0@O. 45AL !D8=:A >4=>2@5<5==> 8 @>:>20O 65=I8=0 ;LD@540 45 NAA5, >G0@>20B5;L=0O, => =5ACI0O 3815;L, 8 5760;>AB=0O :@0A028F0 8BA0, 8 >@5;5O 59=5, 8 0@<5= 5@8<5.  ?>;>B=0E -=3@0 8 >@> <K 2848< A:>@55 =5 D@5948ABA:>5 8=AB8=:B82=>5 >B@065=85 ?>4A>7=0B5;L=KE 65;0=89, 0 N=3>2A:89 273;O4 =0 !D8=:A0, :0: =0 AB@0H=CN 2A5?>68@0NICN 1>38=N-<0BL "80<0B.  ?>M<5 2>9=>5 2845=85 09:;0 >10@B5A0 8@;0=4A:>3> ?>MB0 #8;LO<0 8BA0 (1865 1939) @0AA:07G8: 2848B 3;070<8 @07C<0 C44C, !D8=:A0 8 <0;5=L:CN 452>G:C, :>B>@0O B0=FC5B <564C =8<8. ;O 8BA0, C440  A8<2>; ?@>=8:=>25==>3> @07C<0, ;N128 8 55 8A:CH5=89, 0 !D8=:A  >;8F5B2>@5=85 7=0=8O 8 6064K 53> >1@5B5=8O. 52>G:0, 2 :>B>@>9 35@>9 ?>M<K C7=05B B@>O=A:CN ;5=C, >1@07 :@0A>BK. !D8=:A, C440 8 452>G:0 A8<2>;878@CNB C 8BA0 7=0=85 ?@>H;>3> 8 1C4CI53>, :@0A>BK 8 ;N128 2> 2A5E 8E ?5G0;OE 8 @07@CH8B5;L=KE A?>A>1=>ABOE. %>BO 745AL >?8A0= 3@5G5A:89 !D8=:A  65=A:>5 ACI5AB2>, >= =0?@>GL ;8H5= :0G5AB2 E8I=8:0 (2 >B;8G85 >B !D8=:A0 87 <8D0 > F0@5 -48?5). = A<>B@8B =0 >:@C60NI89 <8@ 3;070<8 8=B5;;5:B0.  @07=K5 ?5@8>4K 8AB>@88 A> !D8=:A>< A2O7K20;8 @07=K5 A8<2>;K. -B> ACI5AB2> ?@54AB020;> 8 2 :0G5AB25 70I8B=8:0, 8 2 :0G5AB25 @07@CH8B5;O. > ?@5645 2A53> !D8=:A  A8<2>; 70304>G=>3> 8 =52K@078<>3>. "0:8< >= 1K; 2A5340, B0:8< >AB05BAO ?> A59 45=L. <5==> ?>MB><C 53> >1@07 B0: 2>;=C5B =0A. $! $5=8:A  A2OI5==0O ?B8F0, =0?><8=0NI0O ?> >?8A0=8N >@;0 8;8 F0?;N A 7>;>BK<8 8 :@0A=K<8 ?5@LO<8, :>B>@0O A?>A>1=0 2>7@>640BLAO, 8=>340 4065 87 A2>53> ?5?;0. !>3;0A=> <8D0<, =0 5<;5 6825B B>;L:> >48= D5=8:A. > @07=K< 8AB>G=8:0<, 53> 687=L 4;8BAO 500, 1000, 1461 8;8 4065 12 994 3>40. 8DK > D5=8:A5 2>7=8:;8 2 @52=5< 38?B5, >B:C40 @0A?@>AB@0=8;8AL 2 @5F88, 8<5, 70B5< 2 E@8AB80=A:>9 2@>?5, AB0;8 8725AB=K 2> 2A5< <8@5. -B0 ?B8F0 AG8B05BAO A8<2>;>< A>;=F0, 0 B0:65 8 703@>1=>9 687=8.  @07=KE AB@0=0E D5=8:A 1K; 8725AB5= ?>4 @07=K<8 8<5=0<8.  @0288 53> =07K20;8 0=:0, 2 5@A88  A8<C@3, 2 =488  30@C40. 5:>B>@>5 AE>4AB2> A D5=8:A>< 8<55B 8 A:0=48=02A:89 <8D>;>38G5A:89 2>@>= 5;L. !> 2A5<8 MB8<8 ?5@A>=060<8 4@52=8E ;535=4 AE>68 <8DK > 25G=>9 ?B8F5 A>;=F0, ?@>>1@07>< :>B>@>9 =07K20NB F0?;N, >@;0, 0;L10B@>A0, :>=4>@0 8 4@C38E @50;L=KE ?B8F.  :8B09A:8E <8D0E G0AB> >?8AK205BAO @>645==0O A>;=F5< GC45A=>9 :@0A>BK ?B8F0 A ?5@LO<8 ?OB8 F25B>2, ?>NI0O ?@5:@0A=CN ?5A=N 87 ?OB8 =>B. -B> ?B8F0 $5=-EC0=  >48= 87 A2OI5==KE :8B09A:8E A8<2>;>2 =0@O4C A 4@0:>=><, G5@5?0E>9 8 548=>@>3><. >O2;5=85 $5=-EC0= ?@8=>A8B AG0ABL5, 0 70 55 >B;5B>< A;54CNB ?@8@>4=K5 154AB28O. /?>=A:0O ?B8F0 %>->, A8<2>; 8<?5@0B>@A:>9 2;0AB8, >;8F5B2>@O5B A>;=F5 A?CAB82H55AO =0 75<;N, GB>1K 45;0BL ;N4O< 4>1@>. 1@07 8725AB=>9 ?> =0@>4=K< A:07:0<, 10;5BC !B@028=A:>3> @CAA:>9 <8D>;>38G5A:>9 0@-?B8FK, :>B>@CN 20=-F0@528G A?0A05B >B >I5O 5AA<5@B=>3>, ?>O28;AO, ?>-2848<><C, ?>4 2;8O=85< :0: 70?04=KE, B0: 8 2>AB>G=KE <8D>2.  A1>@=8:5 @CAA:8E A:07>: D0=0AL520 5ABL 420 ?>25AB2>20=8O >1 >3=5==>9 ?B8F5  0A8;8A0 @5:@0A=0O 8 0@-?B8F0 8 20= &0@528G, 0@-?B8F0 8 !5@K9 >;:. # A:07>G=>9 0@-?B8FK >3=5==>-:@0A=K5 8 7>;>BK5 ?5@LO, :@K;LO  :0: O7K:8 ?;0<5=8, 0 3;070 A25@:0NB, :0: 0;<07K. ;8609H89 : =59 >1@07  ?5@A84A:89 A>:>; :0@H8?B0, :>B>@K9, :0: 8 0@-?B8F0, C<55B 3>2>@8BL. !> 2@5<5= 5@>4>B0 (V 25: 4> =. M.) D5=8:A >AB05BAO >4=8< 87 A0<KE ?>?C;O@=KE <8D>;>38G5A:8E ?5@A>=0659. > 8725AB=>AB8 A =8< =5 <>65B A>?5@=8G0BL =8 >4=0 ?B8F0. 8 >4=0 ?B8F0 =5 70E20BK20;0 G5;>25G5A:>5 2>>1@065=85 B0:, :0: A2OI5==K9 D5=8:A 87 5;8>?>;8A0, <8AB8G5A:0O ?B8F0 4@52=5538?5BA:>3> 3>@>40 A>;=F0. $5=8:A A;C68; A8<2>;>< A>;=F0, 70E>4OI53> 25G5@>< 8 A=>20 ?>O2;ONI53>AO CB@><, 8 25G=>9 687=8 4CH8, ?>:840NI59 B5;> ?>A;5 A<5@B8. >7<>6=>, D5=8:A 2>7=8: 2 A>7=0=88 ;N459 :0: 2>?;>I5=85 25G=>9 <5GBK G5;>25G5AB20 > 15AA<5@B88. @>>1@07>< D5=8:A0 <>3;8 ?>A;C68BL 8 =5:>B>@K5 284K @50;L=KE ?B8F, 87102;ONI8EAO >B ?0@078B>2, ?>72>;OO <C@02LO< 70?>;70BL =0 A2>8 ?5@LO, 8;8 8A?>;L7CNI85 4;O MB>9 F5;8 4K<. @8<5@K B0:>3> ?>2545=8O >?8A0=K C 2>@>= 8 4@C38E ?B8F. @C3>9 ?@8G8=>9 2>7=8:=>25=8O <8D0 <>3;0 1KBL ;8=L:0, ?@8 :>B>@>9 =5:>B>@K5 ?B8FK ?>;=>ABLN B5@ONB ?5@LO, 0 70B5< @>640NBAO 70=>2> 2 =>2>< >?5@5=88. >=5G=>, 2A5 MB8 ?@54?>;>65=8O  =5 1>;55 G5< 4>304:0. > 2>7<>6=>, >=8 A>45@60B 2 A515 4>;N 8AB8=K. 5@2>5 C?><8=0=85 > D5=8:A5 <K =0E>48< C 3@5G5A:>3> ?>MB0 5A8>40, :>B>@K9 3>2>@8B > =5< :0: > H8@>:> 8725AB=>9 4>;3>682CI59 ?B8F5. 4=0:> 55 A0<>5 ?>4@>1=>5 >?8A0=85 >AB028; 5@>4>B. => 8 ?>A;C68;> >B?@02=>9 B>G:>9 4;O @0728B8O <=>3>G8A;5==KE <8D>2 > D5=8:A5. !>3;0A=> 5@>4>BC, 538?BO=5 ?>G8B0;8 D5=8:A0 :0: A2OI5==CN ?B8FC. !0< >= =5 2845; ?B8FC 8 >?8AK205B 55 ?> D@5A:5 87 35;8>?>;LA:>3> E@0<0: D5=8:A ?>E>6 =0 >@;0 A :@0A=K<8 8 7>;>BK<8 ?5@LO<8. >B 8AB>@8O, 87;>65==0O 5@>4>B><: <>;>4>9 D5=8:A ?@8;5B05B 2 38?5B 87 @0288 >48= @07 2 500 ;5B, 2 :>3BOE >= ?@8=>A8B 7010;L70<8@>20==>5 2 <8@@5 B5;> A2>53> ?@54:0, :>B>@>5 E>@>=8B 2 %@0<5 A>;=F0 2 5;8>?>;8A5. 81;59A:89 ?@>@>: 575:88;L =07K205B D5=8:A0 F0@5< ?B8F 8 2>AE8I05BAO 53> GC45A=>9 ?5A=59. 8>35= 0M@B89 (III 25: =. M.) C?><8=05B > D5=8:A5, :0: > 548=AB25==>9 ?B8F5, :>B>@0O =5 =C6405BAO 2 ?0@B=5@5 4;O @>645=8O ?>B><AB20. 5@2>5 >?8A0=85 2>7@>645=8O D5=8:A0 <K =0E>48< C ;8=8O !B0@H53>: D5=8:A 6825B 2 @0288 540 ;5B, 0 70B5< C<8@05B 2 3=5745, 8AB>G0NI5< 0@><0B; 87 :>AB59 8 :>AB=>3> <>730 <5@B2>9 ?B8FK ?>O2;O5BAO <0;5=L:89 G5@2L, 87 :>B>@>3> 2K@0AB05B =>2K9 D5=8:A. !> 2@5<5= ;8=8O (I 25: =. M.) <8D>;>38G5A:85 G5@BK D5=8:A0 >AB0NBAO ?@0:B8G5A:8 =587<5==K<8: ?B8F0 6825B >G5=L 4>;3>, >=0 O2;O5BAO ;N4O< B>;L:> =5704>;3> 4> A<5@B8, ?>A;5 A<5@B8 @>6405BAO 70=>2> 8, =0:>=5F, D5=8:A  ?B8F0 A>;=F0. !8;L=>5 2;8O=85 =0 @0A?@>AB@0=5=85 ;535=4 > D5=8:A5 >:070;8 5B0<>@D>7K 2848O, :>B>@K9 A>740; @8<A:CN 25@A8N <8D0 =0 >A=>25 3@5G5A:>3> 7=0=8O > ?B8F5 A>;=F0. 1@07 D5=8:A0 :0: =5;L7O ;CGH5 8;;NAB@8@C5B =0720=85 :=838: <5B0<>@D>78A ?>-3@5G5A:8 >7=0G05B ?5@52>?;>I5=85. > 2848N, D5=8:A 15AA<5@B=0O ?B8F0, => 53> 687=L A>AB>8B 87 ?OB8A>B;5B=8E F8:;>2.  :>=F5 :064>3> F8:;0 ?B8F0 AB@>8B =0 2KA>:>9 ?0;L<5 3=574> 87 <8@@0, :>@8FK 8 4@C38E 1;03>2>=89. !>;=F5 2>A?;0<5=O5B 3=574>, 8 D5=8:A A3>@05B 2 >3=5. >;>4>9 D5=8:A, @>640NI89AO 87 ?5?;0, 6825B A;54CNI85 500 ;5B. >340 ?B5=5F AB0=>28BAO 4>AB0B>G=> A8;L=K<, >= ?5@5=>A8B ?@0E A2>53> ?@54:0 2 E@0< 3>@>40 A>;=F0. 5B0;L, A2O70==0O A ?0;L<>2K< 45@52><, <>65B =025AB8 =0 =5:>B>@K5 4>304:8 >B=>A8B5;L=> ?@>8AE>645=8O D5=8:A0. 3> >?8A0=85 C 2848O 70AB02;O5B 2A?><=8BL > 4@C3>9 A2OI5==>9 ?B8F5 38?B0  ?C@?C@=>9 F0?;5 15=C, =0720=85 :>B>@>9 >1>7=0G05B 5I5 8 284 ?0;L<K.  4@52=5538?5BA:>9 =835 <5@B2KE 3>2>@8BAO, GB> F0?;O 15=C B0:65 A;C68;0 2 5;8>?>;8A5 >4=8< 87 A8<2>;>2 A>;=F0.  =5:>B>@KE 8AB>G=8:0E 15=C =07K20NB 4CH>9 1>30 0  538?5BA:>3> 1>30 A>;=F0, 0 B0:65 A8<2>;>< 25@E>2=>3> 1>30 A8@8A0, 87 A5@4F0 :>B>@>3> >=0 O:>1K ?>O28;0AL. 8<A:89 8AB>@8: "0F8B (I 25: =. M.), CB25@6405B, GB> 682CI89 1461 3>4 D5=8:A ?5@54 A<5@BLN 2K45;O5B 2 3=574> =5:>5 ?;>4>@>4=>5 25I5AB2>, 87 :>B>@>3> 8 @>6405BAO <>;>40O ?B8F0. !>2@5<5==8: "0F8B0 A2OB>9 ;5<5=B 8<A:89 2?5@2K5 A2O7K205B >1@07 D5=8:A0 A E@8AB80=A:8< CG5=85<: ?>2B>@OO @0AA:07 2848O > ?OB8A>B;5B=5< D5=8:A5, >18B0NI5< 2 @0288, ;5<5=B 7025@H05B A2>9 @0AA:07 A;>20<8 > B><, GB> !>740B5;L, A>B2>@82H89 D5=8:A0, B0:8< >1@07>< ?@>45<>=AB@8@>20;, GB> 40@C5B 15AA<5@B85 B><C, :B> ?>A2OI05B 687=L 25@=><C A;C65=8N <C. -B0 <KA;L ;5<5=B0 1K;0 ?>4E20G5=0 1>;55 ?>74=8<8 E@8AB80=A:8<8 02B>@0<8  "5@BC;;80=><, 0:B0=F85<, CD8=><, A2OBK< @83>@85< "C@A:8< 8 4@C38<8.  15AB80@8OE, A@54=525:>2KE :=830E, 2 :>B>@KE >?8A0=8O 682>B=KE A>?@>2>640;8AL @5;838>7=K<8 :><<5=B0@8O<8, ;535=40 > D5=8:A5 A8<2>;878@C5B 2>A:@5H5=85 %@8AB0. ! B5G5=85< 25:>2 :>;8G5AB2> C?><8=0=89 > D5=8:A5 2 8AB>G=8:0E @0AB5B 2 35><5B@8G5A:>9 ?@>3@5AA88. A;8 70 2A5 2@5<O 4> >645AB20 %@8AB>20 8725AB=K B>;L:> 452OBL C:070=89 =0 D5=8:A0, B> 2 >4=>< B>;L:> I 25:5 =. M. <K =0E>48< C65 21 C?><8=0=85 C 45AOB8 02B>@>2.  @0==5E@8AB80=A:85 2@5<5=0 8E =0AG8BK205BAO C65 1>;55 100, 0 :>;8G5AB2> ;8B5@0BC@=KE 8AB>G=8:>2 >B=>AOI8EAO : A@54=525:>2LN, ?@>AB> =5 ?>4405BAO 8AG8A;5=8N. !8<2>;8G5A:>5 7=0G5=85 D5=8:A0 A B5G5=85< 2@5<5=8 <5=O;>AL. A;8, :0: C65 =5 @07 3>2>@8;>AL, 2 @52=5< 38?B5 D5=8:A >B>645AB2;O;AO A A>;=F5<, B> 2 8<5 >= AB0; A8<2>;>< 8<?5@0B>@A:>9 2;0AB8. 3> 87>1@065=8O =5@54:> 2AB@5G0NBAO =0 @8<A:8E <>=5B0E.  E@8AB80=A:>< CG5=88 D5=8:A AB0=>28BAO A8<2>;>< =5 B>;L:> 15AA<5@B8O 4CE0, 1>65AB25==>9 ;N128 8 1;03>A;>25=8O, => 8 >30-!K=0, 2>A:@5AH53> =0 B@5B89 45=L ?>A;5 @0A?OB8O. 7>1@065=8O D5=8:A0 C:@0H0NB A>1>@K 2 "C@5, 03451C@35, 075;5, <=>38E 4@C38E 52@>?59A:8E 3>@>40E. 081>;55 2?5G0B;O5B =0AB5==0O <>708:0 XII 25:0 2 A>1>@5 2 A2. 5B@0 2 8<5: =0 =59 87>1@065= D5=8:A, =0?><8=0NI89 A:>@55 >@;0, G5< F0?;N, A 15;>-3>;C1K< >?5@5=85<, => A 7>;>B>-:@0A=K<8 :@K;LO<8, 53> 3>;>20 >:@C65=0 15;K<8 8 7>;>BK<8 =8<10<8. %>BO D5=8:A 4>2>;L=> @54:> ?>O2;O5BAO =0 ?>;>B=0E EC4>6=8:>2 2@5<5= 52@>?59A:>3> >7@>645=8O, 53> 87>1@065=8O H8@>:> 8A?>;L7CNBAO 2 35@0;L48:5. $5=8:A C:@0H05B I8B 0==K 4'@:, ?5G0BL H>B;0=4A:>9 :>@>;52K 0@88 !BN0@B, <540;L>= ;87025BK I, 0=3;89A:>9 :>@>;52K. 0 1@>H8 ;548 659= !59<C@ =0@8A>20= D5=8:A, >1JOBK9 ?;0<5=5<. $5=8:A A @0A?@02;5==K<8 :@K;LO<8 87>1@065= 8 =0 >4=>8<5==>9 :0@B8=5 5<1@0=4B0. !CI5AB2C5B ?@54?>;>65=85, GB> MB> ?>;>B=> 1K;> 70:070=> EC4>6=8:C 0<AB5@40<A:>9 52@>?59A:>9 >1I8=>9, A8<2>;>< :>B>@>9 B0:65 1K; D5=8:A. 5AG8A;5==K C?><8=0=8O > D5=8:A5 2 EC4>65AB25==>9 ;8B5@0BC@5. @52=59H85 87 ;8B5@0BC@=KE 8AB>G=8:>2  0=3;89A:0O >M<0 > $5=8:A5 (IX 25:), 2 :>B>@>9 ?B8F0 >;8F5B2>@O5B 703@>1=CN 687=L, >CG5=85 > $5=8:A5 (XII 25:), A>45@60I0O >?8A0=85 ?>A5I5=8O @0O A2OBK< 5B@><, :>B>@K9 AB0=>28BAO A2845B5;5< 2>7@>645=8O D5=8:A0 87 ?5?;0 =0 B@5B89 45=L ?>A;5 A<5@B8, 8 5@F8D0;L >;LD@0<0 D>= -H5=10-E0 (XII 25:), 345 15AA<5@B=K9 D5=8:A AB>@>68B A2OI5==K9 0<5=L @00;O.  A@54=525:>2>9 $878>;>388 <K =0E>48< E@8AB80=A:CN 25@A8N <8D0 > D5=8:A5: 1>65AB25==0O ?B8F0 ?@8;5B05B 2 5;8>?>;8A 8 7=0:0<8 C:07K205B 6@5FC, 2 :0:>< <5AB5 A;54C5B @0725AB8 :>AB5@; D5=8:A ?>3@C605BAO 2 >3>=L 8 A3>@05B 4>B;0, => =0 A;54CNI89 45=L 87 53> ?@0E0 2K?>;705B G5@2L, :>B>@K9 5I5 G5@57 45=L ?@52@0I05BAO 2 ?B5=F0; :>340 6@5F ?@8E>48B 2 E@0< =0 B@5B89 45=L, >= 2848B 27@>A;CN ?B8FC, :>B>@0O 70B5< C;5B05B 2 =58725AB=>< =0?@02;5=88. AB>@8O, 5AB5AB25==>, C2O7K205BAO A 2>A:@5H5=85< %@8AB0. $5=8:A D83C@8@C5B 2 >65AB25==>9 :><5488 0=B5 8 2 A>=5B0E 5B@0@:8. >A;54=89 A@02=8205B A D5=8:A>< A2>N 15AA<5@B=CN ;N1>2L : 50B@8G5. 5A<>B@O =0 B> GB>, A>3;0A=> 4@52=8< 8AB>G=8:0<, =0 5<;5 6825B B>;L:> >48= D5=8:A, 35@>8 @><0=0 0@30=BN0 8 0=B03@NM;L $@0=AC0 01;5 2AB@5G0NB 2> 2@5<O A2>8E ?CB5H5AB289 >4=>2@5<5==> 14 D5=8:A>2 =0 >4=>< 45@525. $5=8:A  >48= 87 ;N18<KE >1@07>2 (5:A?8@0. 8D>;>38G5A:0O ?B8F0  35@>9 53> ?L5AK $5=8:A 8 3>@;8F0. $5=8:A  A8<2>; 15AA<5@B8O 8 8AB8=K, 0 3>@;8F0  ;N128 8 :@0A>BK. 10 A3>@0NB 2 >3=5 ?> ?@8G8=5 1@0G=>3> F5;><C4@8O.  :0G5AB25 A8<2>;0 2>7@>645=8O 8 =5?>2B>@8<>AB8 D5=8:A C?><8=05BAO 2 ?L5A0E C@O, 0: 20< MB> ?>=@028BAO, A5 E>@>H>, GB> E>@>H> :>=G05BAO, 5=@8E IV, 87=L :>@>;O 5=@8E0 V 8 "8<>= D8=A:89.  1646 3>4C 2KE>48B :=830 "><0A0 @0C=0 7CG5=85 2A5>1I8E 701;C645=89, >4=0 87 3;02 :>B>@>9 ?>A2OI5=0 D5=8:AC. @0C= 0=0;878@C5B >?8A0=8O D5=8:A0 2 3@5G5A:8E 8 @8<A:8E 8AB>G=8:0E, 2 81;88 8 C E@8AB80=A:8E 02B>@>2. = ?@8E>48B : 2K2>4C > B><, GB> D5=8:A =5 ACI5AB2C5B, ?>A:>;L:C =8:B> 8 =8:>340 53> =5 2845;. @0C= B0:65 ?>425@305B A><=5=8N >A=>2=K5 <8D>;>38G5A:85 G5@BK D5=8:A0  53> 548=AB25==>ABL 2 ?@8@>45, 53> A?>A>1 @07<=>65=8O, 53> =525@>OB=>5 4>;3>;5B85. !>B=8 ?>MB>2 8 ?8A0B5;59 >1@0I0;8AL 70 24>E=>25=85< : >1@07C D5=8:A0.  >B5@O==>< @05 8;LB>=0 0@E0=35; 0D08; A?CA:05BAO =0 75<;N : 40<C 2 >1@075 D5=8:A0. 8BA ?8H5B: =5 :@K;LO D5=8:A0 ?>H;8& GB>1K C;5B5BL O <>3 : A2>8< <5GB0<. $5=8:A 1K; 8 >AB05BAO A0<>9 ?>?C;O@=>9 <8D>;>38G5A:>9 ?B8F59 2 <8@5. = ?>8AB8=5 15AA<5@B5=. = 6825B A> 2@5<5= 5@>4>B0 8 5A8>40 2 =0H59 8AB>@88, <8D0E, D>;L:;>@5, ;8B5@0BC@5 8 8A:CAAB25.  53> G5ABL =0720= 3>@>4 2 !>548=5==KE (B0B0E. CABL 8 40;LH5 74@02AB2C5B 548=AB25==K9 8 25G=K9 D5=8:A! %   3@5G5A:>9 <8D>;>388 E8<5@0 (:>70)  GC4>28I5, :>B>@>5 ?>156405B 35@>9 5;;5@>D>=B. @52=59H85 C?><8=0=8O > =59 2 ;8B5@0BC@5 <K =0E>48< C ><5@0 8 5A8>40. ><5@ A>>1I05B, GB> E8<5@0  >3=54KH0I55 GC4>28I5, A?5@548 2K3;O48B, :0: ;52, 8<55B B5;> :>7K 8 E2>AB 7<58. 5A8>4 B0:65 3>2>@8B > B><, GB> E8<5@0 8725@305B >3>=L, 8 >?8AK205B 55 :0: ACI5AB2> C60A=>5, >3@><=>5, 1KAB@>=>3>5 8 A8;L=>5, C =55 B@8 3>;>2K: >4=0  ;L28=0O, 4@C30O  :>7LO, 0 B@5BLO  7<58=0O, 3>;>20 :@>2>604=>3> 4@0:>=0.  3@5G5A:>< 8A:CAAB25 E8<5@0 >1KG=> 87>1@060;0AL A BC;>28I5< ;L20, 3>;>2>9 :>7K 8 7<58=K< E2>AB><. !> 2@5<5=5< A;>2> E8<5@0 AB0;> 0AA>F88@>20BLAO A F5;K< @O4>< ACI5AB2, A>1@0==KE 87 G0AB59 B5;0 @07;8G=KE 682>B=KE 8 G5;>25:0. @8<5@>< MB>3> A;C68B >?8A0=85 E8<5@K C 8AA;54>20B5;O XVIII 25:0 >CBA0: !CI5AB2>, 2K4C<0==>5 ?>MB0<8, A ;8F>< ?@5:@0A=>9 452CH:8, ?5@54=8<8 ;0?0<8 8 3@C4LN ;L20, BC;>28I5< :>7;0, 704=8<8 ;0?0<8 3@8D>=0 8 E2>AB>< 7<58.  A>2@5<5==>< O7K:5 E8<5@0 2 ?5@5=>A=>< A<KA;5 G0AB> >7=0G05B =5@50;L=CN <5GBC 8;8 157C<=CN 845N.  ><5@ 8 5A8>4 25@8;8 2 1>65AB25==>5 ?@>8AE>645=85 E8<5@K. !>3;0A=> 5A8>4C, 55 <0B5@LN 1K;0 E84=0  =0?>;>28=C 452CH:0 A 3>@OI8<8 3;070<8 8 1;54=K<8 I5:0<8, =0?>;>28=C C60A=0O >3@><=0O 7<5O. BF>< E8<5@K 1K; &8D59  <;04H89 AK= 58 8 "0@B0@0. &8D59 >?8AK205BAO :0: GC4>28I5 2KH5 ;N1>9 87 3>@, A >3@><=K<8 :@K;LO<8, >3=5==K<8 3;070<8, ;0?0<8 4@0:>=0 8 E2>AB>< 304N:8. # E8<5@K 1K;8 =5 <5=55 ;N1>?KB=K5 1@0BLO: E@0=8B5;L ?>475<=>3> F0@AB20 ?5A &5@15@ 8 42CE3>;>2K9 ?5A @B, >E@0=O2H89 AB040 5@8>=0. 4=0:> MB> =5 548=AB25==0O 25@A8O ?@>8AE>645=8O E8<5@K. > 4@C38< 8AB>G=8:0<, 55 >BF>< 1K; @B, 0 <0B5@LN  <=>3>3>;>20O 84@0. ?@>G5<, :0:>2> 1K =8 1K;> 55 ?@>8AE>645=85, E8<5@0  157CA;>2=>, >4=> 87 4@52=59H8E <8D8G5A:8E GC4>28I, ?>AB>O==> 1>@>2H8EAO A 1>30<8->;8<?89F0<8 70 2;0ABL 2> 2A5;5==>9. !G8B0;>AL, GB> E8<5@0 68;0 2 8:88 2 0;>9 788. <5;8 <5AB> ?>?KB:8 A2O70BL 55 ?@>8AE>645=85 A 2C;:0=>< %8<5@0 (/=0@): !5@289, :><<5=B0B>@ 5@38;8O, ?8H5B > B><, GB> 87 65@;0 2C;:0=0 2K@K20;>AL ?;0<O, C 53> 25@H8=K 68;8 ;L2K, =0 A:;>=0E ?0A;8AL :>7K, 0 C ?>4=>68O 3=5748;8AL 7<58. ;CB0@E ?>;030;, GB> 8AB>G=8:>< 2>7=8:=>25=8O <8D0 > E8<5@5 ?>A;C68; ?8@0BA:89 :>@01;L, C:@0H5==K9 87>1@065=8O<8 7<58, ;L20 8 :>7K. @C385 CB25@640;8, GB> E8<5@0  MB> =5 GB> 8=>5, :0: <8D>;>38G5A:89 A8<2>; ;L20, ?>68@0NI53> :>7C. @>=7>2K5 D83C@:8 E8<5@K 2@5<5= 48=0AB88 %0=L (II 25: 4> =. M. II 25: =. M.) 1K;8 =0945=K 2 8B05; E8<5@0 =5@54:> 87>1@060;0AL =0 8=489A:8E ?5G0BOE 8 ?5@A84A:8E =043@>18OE. @5:8 87>1@060;8 E8<5@C :0: ;L20 A :>7;8=>9 3>;>2>9 =0 A?8=5 8 =0 :@K;LOE. %>BO E8<5@0 =5 1K;0 B0:8< ?>?C;O@=K< ?5@A>=065<, :0: >@3>=0 8;8 !D8=:A, A>E@0=8;>AL =5<0;> 87>1@065=89 18B2K E8<5@K A 5;;5@>D>=B><, A84OI8< 25@E>< =0 :@K;0B>< :>=5 530A5. 535=40 > A@065=88 5;;5@>D>=B0 A E8<5@>9  >4=0 87 4@52=59H8E 2 3@5G5A:>9 <8D>;>388. > @07=K< 25@A8O<, 5;;5@>D>=B  ;81> AK= F0@O ;02:0 >@8=DA:>3>, ?@8=O2H89 MB> 8<O ?>A;5 C189AB20 5;;5@0 8 A2>53> A>1AB25==>3> 1@0B0, ;81>, ?>A:>;L:C 35@>8 G0AB> 8<5;8 1>65AB25==>5 ?@>8AE>645=85, AK= A0<>3> >A594>=0. 3> A5<LO 87402=0 1K;0 2 =5<8;>AB8 C 1>3>2. B5F ;02:0  !878D 2 :0G5AB25 =0:070=8O 70 @073;0H5=85 A5:@5B0 52A0 1K; 2K=C645= 2AN 687=L :0B8BL =0 3>@C >3@><=K9 :0<5=L. ;02: ?@>3=520; 1>3>2 B5<, GB> :>@<8; A2>8E ;>H0459 G5;>25G5A:8< <OA><, ?>;030O, GB> >=8 AB0=CB A<5;55 2 18B20E. >A;5 C189AB20 1@0B0 5;;5@>D>=B 1568B 2 "8@8=. &0@L @>MB A>3;0H05BAO ?@8=OBL 53>. 5=0 F0@O  =B5O 2;N1;O5BAO 2 35@>O 8, =5 ?>;CG82 2708<=>AB8, <AB8B5;L=> >128=O5B 5;;5@>D>=B0 2 ?>?KB:5 A>1;07=8BL 55. @>MB ?>AK;05B 5;;5@>D>=B0 : >BFC =B58  F0@N 8:88 >10BC A ?8AL<><, 2 :>B>@>< >128=O5B 35@>O 2 ?@5;N1>45O=88 8 B@51C5B 53> :07=8BL. >10B ?@>=8:05BAO : 5;;5@>D>=BC 3;C1>:>9 A8<?0B859 8 2A:@K205B ?8AL<> B>;L:> =0 452OBK9 45=L. !>45@60=85 ?8AL<0 C60A05B >10B0. = =5 65;05B ;8G=> 8A?>;=8BL B@51>20=85 @>MB0 8 ?>@CG05B 5;;5@>D>=BC 2K?>;=8BL >?0A=>5 7040=85, 2 :>B>@><, :0: AG8B05B >10B, 53> 645B =5<8=C5<0O A<5@BL.  B> 2@5<O 8:8N >?CAB>H0;0 =5CO728<0O >3=54KH0I0O E8<5@0. > 2A5<C ?@>G5<C, E8<5@5 ?>:@>28B5;LAB2C5B 70:;OBK9 2@03 @>MB0  :0@89A:89 F0@L. 5;;5@>D>=B 4>;65= 871028BL AB@0=C >B E8<5@K. C4@5F >;8M94 A>25BC5B 5;;5@>D>=BC C:@>B8BL :@K;0B>3> :>=O 530A0 8 >B?@028BLAO =0 18B2C 8<5==> =0 =5<. !>3;0A=> <8D0<, 530A @>48;AO 87 :@>28 C18B>9 5@A55< 54C7K >@3>=K. B C40@0 :>?KB0 530A0 =0 3>@5 5;8:>= 7018; 7=0<5=8BK9 D>=B0= 8??>:@5=, ?>A2OI5==K9 <C70<. 5;;5@>D>=B =0E>48B 530A0 2 >@8=D5 8 A ?><>ILN D8=K =045205B =0 =53> 7>;>BCN C74C. 5@E>< =0 :>=5 >= ;5B8B 2 8:8N 8 A 157>?0A=>3> 4;O A51O @0AAB>O=8O ?>@0605B E8<5@C AB@5;0<8. 0:>=5F >= 1@>A05B :>?L5 A> A28=F>2K< =0:>=5G=8:>< ?@O<> 2 ?0ABL E8<5@K. K@K20NI89AO 87 55 ?0AB8 >3>=L @0A?;02;O5B A28=5F, >= A68305B 2=CB@5==>AB8 E8<5@K, 8 GC4>28I5 ?>38105B. >10B ?>@CG05B 5;;5@>D>=BC 8 4@C385 A<5@B5;L=> >?0A=K5 7040=8O, => 70B5< C7=05B ?@024C > 53> 2708<>>B=>H5=8OE A =B559 8 2 =03@04C 70 A;C61C >B405B 5<C 2 65=K 4@C3CN A2>N 4>GL  $8;>=>N.  =5AG0ABLN, 5;;5@>D>=B>< >2;045205B 3>@4K=O. = @5H05B 27;5B5BL =0 530A5 =0 A2OI5==K9 ;8<?. 52A =8725@305B 53> =0 75<;N, 345 35@>9, A;5?>9 8 E@><>9, A:8B05BAO 2 =8I5B5 4> A0<>9 A<5@B8. !F5=K 18B2K A E8<5@>9 70?5G0B;5=K =0 2070E 87 >@8=D0 8 BB8:8. 0 0BB8G5A:8E 0<D>@0E ;L28=0O 8 :>7;8=0O 3>;>2K E8<5@K @0A?>;>65=K =0 ?@>B82>?>;>6=KE G0ABOE 55 BC;>28I0 8 A<>B@OB 2 @07=K5 AB>@>=K. 0 7=0<5=8B>9 1@>=7>2>9 D83C@5 V 25:0, =0945==>9 2 B0;88, E8<5@0 ?@54AB02;5=0 2 2845 ;L20 A> 7<58=K< E2>AB>< 8 3>;>2>9 :>7K =0 A?8=5.  A@54=85 25:0 87>1@065=8O E8<5@K G0AB> 2AB@5G0NBAO =0 1>52KE I8B0E, <>708:0E =0 @5;838>7=K5 <>B82K, =0 8;;NAB@0F8OE : 81;88. $@0=G5A:> 48 6>@4-68> 8 C15=A ?>A2OB8;8 18B25 5;;5@>D>=B0 A E8<5@>9 A2>8 682>?8A=K5 ?>;>B=0. 0720=85 %8<5@0 =>A8B :0@B8=0 D@0=FC7A:>3> EC4>6=8:0 XIX 25:0 >AB020 >@>. =0 >B@0605B =>2K9 A<KA; A;>20 E8<5@0: =0 ?>;>B=5 =5B 87>1@065=8O :;0AA8G5A:>3> GC4>28I0, 745AL E8<5@0 A:>@55 >;8F5B2>@5=85 =>G=KE :>H<0@>2 8 ?>@>G=KE 65;0=89. !0< >@> 3>2>@8;, GB> 53> @01>B0 ?>A2OI5=0 E8<5@=K< A=0< > 154AB28OE, 1>;8 8 A<5@B8.  0=B8G=>9 ;8B5@0BC@5, ?><8<> ><5@0 8 5A8>40, : >1@07C E8<5@K >1@0I0;8AL 2@8?84, 28489 8 5@38;89.  -=5845 E8<5@0 ?@54AB05B :0: >4=> 87 C60A=KE GC4>28I, :>B>@KE F0@L -=59 2AB@5G05B 2 ?>475<=>< <8@5.  ;8B5@0BC@5 =>2>3> 2@5<5=8, =0?@8<5@ 2 ?@>872545=88 NAB020 $;>15@0 A:CH5=85 A2OB>3> =B>=8O, E8<5@0  A8<2>; D0=B0788, 75;5=>3;07>5 ACI5AB2>, :>B>@>5 ;05B 8 8725@305B >3>=L 87 =>74@59, =5 >G5=L C40G=> 2545B 15A54C A> !D8=:A><  A8<2>;>< @50;L=>AB8. %0@0:B5@ 15A54K A8<2>;878@C5B =5CAB@0=8<K9 @07@K2 <564C @50;L=>ABLN 8 <5GB>9.  ?L5A5 &8@: 4>:B>@0 0> '0@;L70 $8==5O E8<5@0 ?>:070=0 :0: ;52 A >@;8=K<8 :@K;LO<8 8 E2>AB>< 4@0:>=0, 0 A0< 35@>9 @><0=0 4>:B>@ 0> CB25@6405B, GB> E8<5@0 =5 <>65B >G8I0BL 65;C4>: 5AB5AB25==K< ?CB5< 8 2K=C645=0 A6830BL >AB0B:8 ?8I8 2 A2>8E 2=CB@5==>ABOE, >BAN40 8 >3>=L, 2K@K20NI89AO 87 ?0AB8.  70:;NG5=85 :>@>B:> >AB0=>28<AO =0 65=A:>9 8?>AB0A8 E8<5@K. @><5 =55 2 3@5G5A:>9 <8D>;>388 65=A:8<8 ACI5AB20<8 AG8B0;8AL !D8=:A, 54C70, 84@0, E84=0 8 =5:>B>@K5 4@C385.  4@C38E :C;LBC@0E B0:65 8<5NBAO ?>4>1=K5 >1@07K. >7<>6=>, MB8 ACI5AB20 >B@060NB >B@8F0B5;L=K5 G5@BK 5;8:>9 >38=8 2@5<5= <0B@80@E0B0. "@8 G0AB8 E8<5@K <>3;8 A;C68BL A8<2>;0<8 2@5<5= 3>40: ;52  25A=0, :>70  ;5B>, 7<5O  >A5=L 8 78<0. 4=8< 87 3;02=KE @8BC0;>2 2 <0B@80@E0;L=KE @5;838OE O2;O;>AL 65@B2>?@8=>H5=85 !2OI5==><C &0@N 8 &0@8F5  ;N4O<, ?@54AB02;ONI8< =0 75<;5 5;8:CN >38=N. >7<>6=>, 87 MB>3> @8BC0;0 ?>74=55 2>7=8: <8D > E8<5@5  ?>68@0B5;L=8F5 G5;>25G5A:>9 ?;>B8. > 2-< BKAOG5;5B88 4> =. M. <0B@80@E0BC 2 @5F88 1@>A8;0 2K7>2 ?0B@80@E0;L=0O M;;8=A:0O @5;838O.  <8D>;>388 1>@L10 <564C =8<8 8 ?>1540 ?0B@80@E0B0 >B@065=K 2 <8D0E, 345 35@>8-<C6G8=K ?>15640NB GC4>28I-65=I8=: 5@A59  54C7C, 5@:C;5A  84@C, 5;;5@>D>=B  %8<5@C. !>3;0A=> <8D0<, 2 MB> 2@5<O 52A AB0=>28BAO 25@E>2=K< 1>65AB2><, ?>4G8=82H8< A515 5<;N-5@C. >1540 =04 E8<5@>9 <>65B A8<2>;878@>20BL 8 @50;L=K9 70E20B M;;8=0<8 <0B@80@E0;L=KE A2OB8;8I >@=>9 >38=8 =0 3>@5 5;8:>= 8 2 >@8=D5. 0:>=5F, A B>G:8 7@5=8O A>2@5<5==>9 ?A8E>;>388, E8<5@0 >;8F5B2>@O5B B5<=CN, ?>4A>7=0B5;L=CN AB>@>=C G5;>25G5A:>3> ACI5AB20, A :>B>@K< A@0605BAO <C6A:>5 /. "0:85 <>=AB@K, :0: E8<5@0, =5 <5=55 206=K, G5< 35@>8. A;8 ?>4A>7=0B5;L=>5 C1820NB 8;8 3@C1> ?>402;ONB, 4065 35@>9 <>65B ?>B5@OBL G5;>25G5A:>5 ;8F>, 8 B>340 53>, :0: G5AB>;N182>3> 5;;5@>D>=B0, >68405B 1>65AB25==0O :0@0. !;54C5B >?0A0BLAO E8<5@K 8 4065 A@060BLAO A =59, >4=0:> =5 =C6=> B5H8BL A51O <KA;LN, GB> 55 <>6=> :>340-=81C4L >:>=G0B5;L=> ?>1548BL. '0ABL 2B>@0O "+ #$'! ((B@8E8 : ?>@B@5BC <>;>4>9 =0C:8 :@8?B>7>>;>388) "-"" #!+ !+ '& 8B5@0BC@0 > =5< >3@><=0. !;CG052  BKAOG8. ! G53> =0G0BL? 025@=>5, A :;0AA8:8&  ! '!,& 45-B> 2 2KA>:>3>@=KE 4>;8=0E =488, @O4>< A 2KA>G09H8<8 ?8:0<8 <8@0, 6825B 5254><>5 8;8, 25@=55. 5>1JOA=8<>5. !2845B5;LAB20 > =5< A>AB>OB 3;02=K< >1@07>< 87 A;54>2. =8 254CB : A0<K< 25@H8=0<, MB8 70304>G=K5 A;54K =0 A=53C.  >=8 87<5=G82K, 81> ?> @07<5@0< 8 3;C18=5 7028AOB >B O@:>AB8 A>;=5G=KE ;CG59 8 A>AB>O=8O A=56=>3> ?>:@>20. >@5==K5 68B5;8 MB>3> @538>=0 CB25@640NB, GB> A;54K >AB02;ONB ACI5AB20 ?C3;82K5 8 =5?@825B;82K5, =5254><K5 15;K< ?@8H5;LF0< 8 =5 8<5NI85 A>1AB25==>3> 8<5=8 2 52@>?59A:8E O7K:0E. 5;K5 ?@8H5;LFK ?@54?>G8B0NB >AB020BLAO ?@8 <=5=88, GB> A;54K >AB02;ONB 15;K5 <542548, :>B>@K5 <>3CB 1KBL ?C3;82K<8 4065 2 A>AB>O=88 3>;>40. > <5AB=>5 =0A5;5=85 CA8;5==> MB> >B@8F05B: =5 <542548, 0 A=56=K5 ;N48 >AB02;ONB B0:85 A;54K, 0 >=8, 15;K5 ;N48, =0BK:0NBAO ;8HL =0 A;54K, 8< =5 40=> 2AB@5B8BL B5E, :B> 8E >AB028;& N1>3>, :B> A?CAB8BAO A 8<0;052, A?@0H820NB, =5 A;KH0; ;8 >= GB>-B> > A=56=>< G5;>25:5, =5 E>G5B ;8 >= 70?8A0BL A2>8 2?5G0B;5=8O 8;8 @0AA:07K A2>8E 4@C759, :>B>@K< ?>257;> 1>;LH5. A5 B0:85 70<5B:8 =0G8=0NBAO 1>;55 8;8 <5=55 >48=0:>2>: "09=0 2>7=8:;0 >4=>2@5<5==> A =0G0;>< ?5@2>9 M:A?548F88 =0 -25@5AB 2 1921 3>4C. <5==> B0: =0G8=0;>AL A>>1I5=85 @C:>2>48B5;O MB>3> 2>AE>645=8O 1@8B0=A:>3> ?>;:>2=8:0 !. . >20@40-5@8, :>B>@K9 2 A>?@>2>645=88 ?OB8 4@C38E 52@>?59A:8E CG0AB=8:>2 8 26 ?@>2>4=8:>2 87 G8A;0 <5AB=KE 68B5;59 ?>?KB0;AO 27>1@0BLAO ?> A525@=><C A:;>=C -25@5AB0 2 A5=BO1@5 B>3> A0<>3> 3>40. A?>;L7CO 2 :0G5AB25 ?;0F40@<0 ;54=8:, M:A?548F8O CAB@5<8;0AL : E0:F0 0, ?@>E>4C =0 2KA>B5 22 BKAOG DCB>2. "0< =0 01A>;NB=> ACE>< A=53C >=8 C2845;8 A;54K 709F52 8 ;8A8F. > 8E 87C<;5=8N =5 1K;> 3@0=8F, :>340 27>@0< 8E ?@54AB0;8 >B?5G0B:8, :>B>@K5 <>3;8 >AB028BL 3>;K5 ABC?=8 G5;>25:0& >A8;LI8:8, :0: ?8H5B ?>;:>2=8: >20@4-5@8, 2 >48= 3>;>A 70O28;8, GB> MB> A;54K <5B>E:0=3<8 ( 6C@=0;0E 8 3075B0E <>6=> 2AB@5B8BL =5A:>;L:> 20@80=B>2 =0?8A0=8O MB>3> A;>20. K ?@845@68205<AO B@0=A:@8?F88 . 5@@5O, CG0AB=8:0 M:A?548F88 =0 -25@5AB 1951 3>40, :>B>@K9 1K; 7=0:>< A O72:0<8 <5AB=KE 68B5;59). =8 4>1028;8, GB> A;>2> MB> ?5@52>48BAO, 2 >B;8G85 >B 4@C38E, C?>B@51;O5<KE 4;O MB>3> ACI5AB20, <8@:0, 95B8, A>3?0; >7=0G05B: :0=3<8  A=56=K9 G5;>25:, 0 <5B>E 2>73;0A, A>>B25BAB2CNI89 ?>=OB8N C60A=K9, AB@0H=K9. !0< ?>;:>2=8: 70O28;, GB> GB>-B> =5254><>5 4>;6=> 2>48BLAO 745AL, B8?0 @0AK A=56=KE ;N459 (=> >= 2KA:070; ?@54?>;>65=85, 1C4B> A;54K  2>;GL8), >4=0:> ?@5AA0 =8:0: =5 >B@5038@>20;0 =0 53> >1JOA=5=85. %>BO A>>1I5=85 >1 MB>< 2>AE>645=88 8 >1>H;> <=>65AB2> 3075B 8 8;;NAB@8@>20==KE 565=545;L=8:>2, A0<0 2>7<>6=>ABL 2AB@5G8 =0 >3@><=KE 2KA>B0E A 48:8< G5;>25:>< @0AA<0B@820;0AL :0: D0=B0AB8:0. 0 <5AB=K5 68B5;8 ?@>AB> <>@>G0B 3>;>2C 52@>?59F0<! "0:>9 273;O4 6825B 8 ?>=K=5. > 254L ?>;:>2=8: 1K; =5 ?5@2K<, :B> A>>1I8; > B08=AB25==KE A;540E 8 2>>1I5 > A=56=>< G5;>25:5. !0<K9 ?5@2K9 8AB>G=8:, 8725AB=K9 =0<, :=830 1@8B0=A:>3> <09>@0 #M445;;0, :>B>@K9, :0: 284=> 87 B8BC;L=>3> ;8AB0 53> ?@>872545=8O, 1K; <548:>< 2 8=489A:>9 0@<88. =830 =07K20;0AL  8<0;0OE 8 2KH;0 2 >=4>=5 2 1899 3>4C, 0 A0<0 M:A?548F8O 87 0@468;8=30 2 A525@>-2>AB>G=K9 !8::8< 1K;0 ?@54?@8=OB0 45AOB8;5B85< @0=LH5. 0 AB@0=8F5 223 <>6=> ?@>G8B0BL B0:>9 0170F: 5A:>;L:> :@C?=KE A;54>2 =0 A=53C ?5@5A5:;8 =0H8 A>1AB25==K5 >B?5G0B:8 8 CE>48;8 : 2KA>:8< ?8:0<. >E>65, >=8 ?@8=04;560;8 48:8< 2>;>A0BK< ;N4O<, :>B>@K5, ?> ?@540=8N, 682CB A@548 25G=KE A=53>2 8 A2O70=K A <8D8G5A:8< 15;K< ;L2><, G59 @K: A;KH5= 2 1C@N. 5@0 2 =8E 6820 C 68B5;59 "815B0, => =8:B> =5 <>3 40BL <=5 B>G=K9 >B25B& 09>@ #M445;; 2 ?>8A:0E ;CGH53> >1JOA=5=8O 2KA:070; ?@54?>;>65=85, GB> A;54K <>3CB ?@8=04;560BL <54254N. I5 >48= 4>AB0B>G=> A><=8B5;L=K9 8AB>G=8:, ?@54H5AB2>202H89 A>>1I5=8N ?>;:>2=8:0 >20@40-5@8, :=830 D@0=FC7A:>3> 02B>@0 0=0 0@:5A- 825@0 "09=0O =48O 8 55 <038O. 4=> C65 55 =0720=85 =02>48B =0 A:5?B8G5A:85 <KA;8. 0@:5A- 825@C =5:89 AB@0==8: @0AA:070;, GB> 2AB@5G0NI85AO 2 3>@0E G5;>25:>?>4>1=K5 ACI5AB20  @0A0 3830=B>2, =5 <5425459 8 =5 >157LO=, :>B>@K5 3>2>@OB =0 =5254><>< O7K:5. !B@0==8: 70O28;, GB> CG0AB2>20; 2 M:A?548F88 <5AB=KE 68B5;59 ?> 8E A;540< 8 2845; A=56=>3> G5;>25:0. 5AOBL 8;8 1>;LH5 8E A845;> :@C6:><, >=8 1K;8 @>AB>< 10-12 DCB>2, 18;8 2 10@010= 8 @0A:0G820;8AL, :0: 1K >B?@02;OO =5:89 A;>6=K9 >1@O4. >;>AK ?>:@K20;8 8E B5;>, >=8 1K;8 3>;K<8 =0 B0:>9 2KA>B5, 8 C=K=85 >B@060;>AL =0 8E 6CB:8E ;8F0E. 8:><C =5 >1O70B5;L=> 25@8BL 2 MB8 A;CG08, => 2A5 >=8 >?8A0=K A>25@H5==> =57028A8<> 4@C3 >B 4@C30 8 O2;ONBAO 4>?>;=8B5;L=K<8 HB@8E0<8 :> 2A59 MB>9 8AB>@88. I5 >4=> ?>4B25@645=85 1>;LH>3> @0A?@>AB@0=5=8O 8 AE>65AB8 ?>25@LO ?>4>A?5;> 2 1922 3>4C >B @C:>2>48B5;O 2B>@>9 M:A?548F88 =0 -25@5AB 35=5@0;0 @NA0. AB0=>282H8AL =0 ?>AB>9 2 <>=0ABK@5 >=31C:, GB> @0A?>;>68;AO : A525@C >B 3>@K, >= A?@>A8; ;0<C, A;KH0; ;8 B>B GB>=81C4L > <5B>E:0=3<8. 0<0 >B@5038@>20; B0:, 1C4B> 53> A?@>A8;8 > A>25@H5==> >1KG=>< >18B0B5;5 MB8E <5AB, 8 A:070;, GB> 40, ?OBL B0:8E ACI5AB2 682CB 40;LH5 ?> 4>;8=5 >=31C:. 5=5@0; @NA @5H8; 1K;>, GB> =5;L7O =5 2>A?>;L7>20BLAO B0:>9 2>7<>6=>ABLN 8 =5 ?@8:>A=CBLAO : MB>9 70304:5  =0 MB> AB>8;> ?>B@0B8BL 2@5<O 8 A8;K. > @5H5=85 A2>5 B0: 8 =5 2K?>;=8;, C1>O2H8AL >B:;>=8BLAO >B 3;02=>9 F5;8. A5-B0:8 C 53> M:A?548F88 1K;8 25AL<0 :>=:@5B=K5 7040G8, A2O70==K5 A 2>5==K<8 459AB28O<8. -B> 1K;> 3;02=>9 >H81:>9. B> 7=05B, GB> ?@>87>H;> 1K, ?>948 @NA ?> =0?@02;5=8N, C:070==><C ;0<>9? !:>@55 2A53>, @NA ?@>AB> =5 ?>25@8; 2 A=56=>3> G5;>25:0.  1922 3>4C 2 ><155 ?>O28;>AL =>2>5 A>>1I5=85  8B0;LO=F0 . . "><1078, 25@=C2H53>AO 87 D>B>M:A?548F88 A N6=KE >B@>3>2 ;54=8:>2>3> @09>=0 0=G5=460=38. !8=L>@ "><1078 ?@>AB> 70O28;: / 2845;  A=56=>3> G5;>25:0 =0 2KA>B5 15 BKAOG DCB>2. >B >B@K2>: 87 53> A>>1I5=8O: A;5?8B5;L=K9 A25B <5H0; <=5 @073;O45BL GB>;81> =0 ?@>BO65=88 =5:>B>@>3> 2@5<5=8, => A:>@> O G5B:> C2845; >1J5:B 2 2-3 A>B=OE O@4>2 =865 ?> 4>;8=5. 5A><=5==>, D83C@0 =0?><8=0;0 G5;>25G5A:CN, 42830;0AL >=0 225@E ?> A:;>=C 8 >AB0=>28;0AL, GB>1K A>@20BL 25B:C @>4>45=4@>=0. =0 2K3;O45;0 B5<=>9 =0 D>=5 A=530 8 1K;0 O2=> 157 >4564K. '5@57 =5:>B>@>5 2@5<O >=0 70H;0 2 ;>618=C 8 ?>B5@O;0AL 87 284C. / >A<>B@5; A;54K, :>B>@K5 >:070;8AL ?> 3;C18=5 AE>68<8 A ;N4A:8<8, => 1>;LH8<8 ?> @07<5@C. !;54K ?OB8 ?0;LF52 8 ?>4J5< 1K;8 >G5284=K, => >B?5G0B>: ?OB:8 =5G5B:89. !;54K, =5A><=5==>, ?@8=04;560;8 42C=>3><C ACI5AB2C. ;8=0 H030 2 12-18 4N9<>2 >1KG=0 4;O <C6G8=K, :>B>@K9 =8:C40 =5 B>@>?8BAO. 'B> :0A05BAO A;54>2, B> ?OB:0 =5 2A5340 >B?5G0BK205BAO 8;8 =5G5B:0. "0: 65 :0: A>>1I5=85 >20@40-5@8 > B08=AB25==KE A;540E >:070;8AL =5 ?5@2K<8, B0: 8 AB@>:8 "><1078 > B><, :0: >= 2845; A=56=>3> G5;>25:0, B>65 =5 >@838=0;L=K. 0=LH5, G5< >=, 2845; A=56=>3> G5;>25:0 =5:B> -;25A, >?C1;8:>202H89 >1 MB>< A>>1I5=85 2 B@C40E ;>=4>=A:>3> >>;>38G5A:>3> >1I5AB20 2 1915 3>4C. "> 1K;> A2845B5;LAB2> =5 A0<>3> -;25A0, 0 535@O 8 5=B0, =5AH53> A;C61C 2>7;5 0@468;8=30 8 CB25@6402H53>, GB> 70<5B8; G5;>25:>>1@07=K5 D83C@K, :>B>@K5 <5AB=K5 68B5;8 =07K20;8 A>3;0, 2>72KH0NI85AO =04 :CAB0@=8:><. =8 1>;LH5 ?>E>48;8 =0 >157LO=, G5< =0 ;N459, 3>2>@8B 5=B, 8 ?>:@KBK 1K;8 4;8==>9 65;B>20B>-:>@8G=52>9 H5@ABLN. ;8=0 8E H030 A>AB02;O;0 1,5-2 DCB0 =0 ?;>A:>9 ?>25@E=>AB8 ?>G2K. > 2 =5:>B>@KE <5AB0E >=8 :0: 1K E>48;8 =0 :>;5=OE, B0: GB> A;54K ?0;LF52 :0: 1K C:07K20;8 =0704. -B> 25AL<0 206=K5 =01;N45=8O, >A>15==> 5A;8 CG5ABL, GB> =5:>B>@K5 ?@540=8O B815BF52 CB25@640NB, GB> =>38 C A=56=>3> G5;>25:0 ?>25@=CBK ?0;LF0<8 2>2=CB@L (8<5==> MB> 8 2K7K205B =54>25@G82K9 A<5E C >??>=5=B>2). %@>=>;>38G5A:8 8AB>@8O, ?>2540==0O 0=3;89A:8< 8AA;54>20B5;5< %K> 09B><, @0A?>;0305BAO <564C A;CG05< -;25A0 8 5=B0, A >4=>9 AB>@>=K, 8 A>>1I5=85< "><1078  A 4@C3>9.  A>60;5=8N, O =5 A<>3 =09B8 >@838=0; @0AA:070 09B0, B0: GB> MB0 8=D>@<0F8O >:070;0AL 2B>@8G=>9 8, 2848<>, 8A:065==>9. %LN 09B 70O28;, GB> 2AB@5B8; A=56=>3> G5;>25:0, :>B>@K9 =5 >6840; 53> ?>O2;5=8O, =0 1;87:>< @0AAB>O=88. = 1K; @>AB>< A 2KA>:>3> G5;>25:0 A 2K?C:;>9 3@C4LN 8 4;8==K<8 @C:0<8. (5@ABL 1K;0 65;B>20B0O, A <O3:8< 4;8==K< 2>;>A><.  =5< C304K20;8AL <>=3>;>84=K5 G5@BK 8 2K25@=CBK5 =5C:;N685 :>=5G=>AB8. /2=> =5>45B>5 ACI5AB2> 45@60;> =5GB> =0?>4>185 ;C:0. => A@07C 65 C1560;>, 1>;LH5 09B 53> =5 2845;. I5 >48= G5;>25: 2KABC?8; 2 70I8BC A=56=>3> G5;>25:0 A> A2>8< A>>1I5=85<  >=0;L4 0C;L10E, 8725AB=K9 =5<5F:89 35>3@0D 8 ?CB5H5AB25==8:.  1936 3>4C >= =0?0; =0 A;54K, :>B>@K5 1K;8 ?>E>68 =0 >B?5G0B:8 =>3 G5;>25:>>1@07=>3> ACI5AB20. -B> 1K;> <564C @5:0<8 'C 8 !0;28=. !;54>2 1K;> >:>;> ?OB8. ! 0C;L10E>< 1K;8 G5BK@5 =>A8;LI8:0-H5@?0. A5 G5B25@> 25@8;8 2 ACI5AB2>20=85 <5B>E:0=3<8, => ;8HL 42>5 70O28;8, GB> MB8 A;54K >AB02;5=K 8<, 42>5 4@C38E ?@54?>G;8 A:070BL, GB> A;54K ?@8=04;560B A=56=><C 10@AC. 0C;L10E ?>4G5@:=C;, GB> 2 MB>9 G0AB8 AB@0=K =8:>340 =5 2>48;8AL <542548, => 5<C A:070;8 ?>765, GB> A;54K <>3;8 >AB028BL ?0=4K 8;8 =58725AB=K5 >157LO=K, => 0C;L10E ?@>4>;60; C?>@AB2>20BL, GB> =8 >157LO=K, =8 ?0=4K 745AL =5 2>4OBAO, => 4065 5A;8 1K 2>48;8AL, B> =8 70 GB> =5 ?5@5A5:0NB ;8=8N A=53>2. = 1K <>3 A:070BL (=> =5 A45;0; MB>3>), GB> A0< D0:B >B:@KB8O =>2>3> 2840 >157LO=K B>65 1K; 1K 7=0<5=0B5;L=K< A>1KB85< 2 7>>;>388. ">B <54254L, :>B>@><C ?@8?8AK20;8 =5254><K5 A;54K, 8725AB5= 0<5@8:0=A:8< 7>>;>30< :0: Ursus actors pruinosus. -B>B ?>4284 1C@>3> <54254O 459AB28B5;L=> 2AB@5G05BAO 2 8<0;0OE, => =5 25745, 8 ?> @07<5@0< ?@81;8605BAO : 0<5@8:0=A:8< 3@87;8. &25B H5@AB8 ?0;52K9, <>65B 1KBL 4065 15;K<.  :>340 >= H0305B, 704=OO =>30 AB8@05B A;54 ?5@54=59, A>74020O MB0:89 >1I89 A<070==K9 A;54. >B :0: >?8AK205B $@5=: !<8B 2 A2>59 :=835 >;8=0 F25B>2 MBC A8BC0F8N: "'5BK@5 4N9<0 A=530 2K?0;8 =5>6840==>, 8 AB0;> >G5284=>, GB> A;54K ?>O28;8AL =0:0=C=5 25G5@><, ?>A;5 B>3>, :0: A>;=F5 C1028;> <>IL A2>8E ;CG59, 70 =>GL ?>4<>@>78;>, 8 A;54K >?@545;8;8AL 2> 2A5E 45B0;OE. 0 @02=8=5 >=8 =5 ?@52KH0;8 13 4N9<>2 2 4;8=C 8 6 2 H8@8=C, =>, ?> <5@5 B>3> :0: F5?>G:0 CE>48;0 225@E, >=8 AB0=>28;8AL 8 4N9<>2 2 4;8=C, 0 H8@8=0 1K;0 B>9 65. ;8=0 H030 1K;0 >B 18 4N9<>2 4> 2 DCB>2 =0 @02=8=5, => 3>@074> <5=LH5 ?> <5@5 ?>4J5<0. !BC?=8 A=0G0;0 1K;8 @0725@=CBK =0@C6C, :0: C G5;>25:0. <5;8AL G5B:85 >BB8A:8 ?0;LF52, 1,5 4N9<0 4;8=K 8 3/4 4N9<0 H8@8=K, => 2 >B;8G85 >B G5;>25G5A:8E @0A?>;030;8AL A8<<5B@8G=>& >8 A=8<:8 1K;8 ?@>O2;5=K 2 D8@<5 >40: 2 ><155 ?@8 CA;>28OE, 8A:;NG0NI8E 2>7<>6=>AB8 ?>4;>30 8 D0;LH82:8, 8 >1A;54>20=K ?@>D5AA>@>< 6C;80=>< %0:A;8, A5:@5B0@5< 1@8B0=A:>3> >>;>38G5A:>3> >1I5AB20, 4>:B>@>< 0@B8=>< %8=B>=><, 7>>;>3>< <C75O 5AB5AB25==>9 8AB>@88 2 >=4>=5, 8 <8AB5@>< . >:>=><. K2>4 1K; B0:>2: A;54K >AB02;5=K <542545<. !=0G0;0 1K; =0720= >48= ?>4284  Ursus actors pruinosus, => ?>B>< <=5=85 87<5=8;8, =07202 Ursus actors isabellinus, @0A?@>AB@0=5==K9 2 0?04=KE 8 &5=B@0;L=KE 8<0;0OE. !;54K ?>E>68 ?> @07<5@0< 8 B8?C, 8 2@O4 ;8 8E >AB028;> :0:>5-=81C4L 682>B=>5". K;> 1K, :>=5G=>, E>@>H>, 5A;8 1K A=8<:8 <8AB5@0 !<8B0 40;8 GB>-B> 5I5, :@><5 B0:>3> 2K2>40. > MB>3> 5I5 =5 ?@>87>H;>, E>BO 53> =>A8;LI8:8-H5@?K 1K;8 O2=> A<CI5=K MB8<8 A;540<8: 8< 65 E>@>H> 7=0:>< A<070==K9 <5425689 A;54. @><5 B>3>, >B?5G0B:8 ;0? <54254O 8 A=56=>3> G5;>25:0, A;CG0;>AL, =0E>48;8 @O4><& =>3> 8AB>@89 > 2AB@5G0E AB@0==KE A;54>2 ?>O28;>AL ?5@54 2B>@>9 <8@>2>9 2>9=>9, :>B>@0O ?@5@20;0 ?>8A:8 2 8<0;0OE.  1937 3>4C -@8: (8?B>= 8 X. "8;<M= ?@54?@8=O;8 M:A?548F8N 2 0@0:>@C<. 48= 87 55 CG0AB=8:>2 A 42C<O H5@?0<8 ?>1K20; 2 @54:> ?>A5I05<>< @09>=5  !=56=>5 >75@> 8 =0H5; B0< A;54K: =8 1K;8 >:@C3;K5, >:>;> DCB0 2 480<5B@5; 9 4N9<>2 H8@8=>9 8 >BAB>O;8 =0 18 4N9<>2 4@C3 >B 4@C30. =8 @0A?>;030;8AL B>G=> ?> ?@O<>9 ;8=88 8 =5 =0:;04K20;8AL, :0: MB> 1K20;> 2 A;CG05 A G5B25@>=>38<8 682>B=K<8. (5@?K A:070;8, MB> A;54K 95B8. !?CABO =5A:>;L:> 4=59 B5 65 H5@?K 2 A>A54=59 A=56=>9 4>;8=5 @0A?>7=0;8 A;54K <54254O. -@8: (8?B>= A0< 2845; B0:85 65 :@C3;K5 A;54K, A;53:0 ?@8AK?0==K5 A=53><.  X. "8;<M=, :>B>@K9 ?>=0G0;C >B=>A8; 25@C 2 95B8 : ?@54@0AAC4:0<, ?C1;8G=> 87<5=8; A2>5 <=5=85 ("><1078 B>65 A=0G0;0 ?@>O2;O; A:5?B8F87<, =07K20O 95B8 ?@87@0G=K< C2;5G5=85<, ?>:0 >4=064K A0< =5 C2845; >4=> B0:>5 ACI5AB2>. ?@8<. ?5@.)  E>BO MB8 A;54K =5 =5A;8 2 A515 45B0;59, 206=>, GB> >=8 @0A?>;030;8AL ?> ?@O<>9 ;8=88. 542548 B0: =5 E>4OB. @0240, ;8AK 8 4@C385 <5;:85 E8I=8:8 >AB02;ONB @>2=K5 F5?>G:8 A;54>2.  2@>?5 3>2>@OB: 8A8F0 ?@>H;0 :0: ?> 25@52>G:5, => B0: <>3CB E>48BL B>;L:> <5;:85 682>B=K5. @C?=><C 682>B=><C =C6=> 8<5BL =>38, :0: C 25@1;N40, GB>1K >AB028BL ?>4>1=K9 A;54, 8;8 65 1KBL 42C=>38<& 5;L7O =5 C?><O=CBL >1 >4=>< H5@?5, :>B>@K9 A>?@>2>640; (8?B>=0, !5=5 "5=F8=35. ">B 2845; =5 B>;L:> A;54K 95B8, => 8 A0<>3> 8E >1;040B5;O.  =>O1@5 1949 3>40 1>;LH0O 3@C??0 H5@?>2 A>1@0;0AL ?5@54 <>=0ABK@5< "ELO=31>G5 =0 @5;838>7=K9 D5AB820;L. >=0ABK@L @0A?>;>65= =0 A:;>=5 E>;<0 =0 2KA>B5 13 BKAOG DCB>2 =5 B0: 40;5:> >B -25@5AB0. >@C <>6=> 2845BL 87 >:>= <>=0ABK@O. (5@?K A>1@0;8AL =0 ;C3C, 3@0=8G0I5< A ;5A><.  8<5==> 87 ;5A0 =5>6840==> ?>O28;AO 95B8. ;86=85 H5@?K 1K;8 2 80 DCB0E >B =53>, >=8 ?>B>< @0AA:07K20;8, GB> >= 1K; B>3> 65 @>AB0, GB> 8 >=8 A0<8, 8 GB> B5;> 1K;> ?>:@KB>, :@><5 ;8F0, :@0A=>20B>-:>@8G=52>9 H5@ABLN. -. (8?B>=, #. 5@@59 8 4@C385 8AA;54>20B5;8 1K;8 ;8G=> 7=0:><K A "5=F8=3>< 8 8<5;8 2>7<>6=>ABL 15A54>20BL A =8< 2A:>@5 ?>A;5 A>1KB8O. 5;> 1K;> 2 1@8B0=A:>< ?>A>;LAB25 2 0B<0=4C, H5@?0 ?@83;0A8;8 2>9B8, >= 1K; >45B 2 ?>E>4=CN D>@<C  1>B8=:8 A H8?0<8 8 ?;>B=K5 HB0=K. =8 ?>765 @0AA:07K20;8, GB> "5=F8=3 =0AB>;L:> >1AB>OB5;L=> ?>2540; MBC 8AB>@8N, GB> 53> 2@O4 ;8 <>6=> 70?>4>7@8BL 2 D0;LA8D8:0F88. >B>< 1K;0 M:A?548F8O 1951 3>40, 8 ?>O28;8AL =>2K5 A2845B5;LAB20. #. 5@@59 ?>2540; >4=C 8AB>@8N 2 !:>B5 <M3M78= (". 59. 1953. ! 2): " =0G0;5 =>O1@O <K ?5@51@0;8AL A -25@5AB0 2 !>;0 ><1C 2 5?0;5 8 >1A;54>20;8 =58725AB=K5 >B@>38 2 30-40 <8;OE : 70?04C. 0H0 3@C??0 @0745;8;0AL. (8?B>= 8 #>@4 ?@>=8:;8 2 A0<>5 A5@4F5 0C@8H0=:0@0  48:>3> :>=3;><5@0B0 2KA>:8E ;54O=KE ?8:>2, ?@>=8:;8 G5@57 ?@>E>4 =0 20-BKAOG5DC3>2>9 2KA>B5, A59G0A =0720==K9 5=;C=3 0. C@489>= 8 O H;8 70 =8<8 A >BAB020=85< =0 =5A:>;L:> 4=59 (?>A;5 A2>8E 1>;55 A525@=KE 8AA;54>20=89). B 5=;C=3 0 <K ?@>A>G8;8AL =0 70?04=K9 ;54=8:. "0: =0 2KA>B5 18 BKAOG DCB>2 =0 53> ?>:@KB>9 A=53>< ?>25@E=>AB8 =0B>;:=C;8AL =0 A;54K 42C=>38E, A8;L=> >B;8G0NI8EAO >B >B?5G0B:>2 =>3 (8?B>=0 8 #>@40. K ?>H;8 ?> MB8< A;540< 2 3;C1L ;54=8:0 =0 425 <8;8 8 =5 <>3;8 =5 >B<5B8BL, GB> B5, :B> 8E >AB028;, 2K18@0;8 ;CGH89 <0@H@CB A@548 =03@><>645=8O ;L40. ;045;LFK A;54>2 2K18@0;8, E>4O A@548 B>@>A>2 A=530 8 ;L40, =0E>4O >?B8<0;L=K5 20@80=BK 4;O ?@>42865=8O 2?5@54. > A2>5<C 284C A;54K A>>B25BAB2>20;8 ?@54K4CI8< >?8A0=8O< =0E>4>: B0:>3> @>40. '5@57 425 <8;8 ;54=8: =0G0; >1@0AB0BL B@5I8=0<8. 8 A;54 @57:> 7025@=C; 2?@02> =0 :0<5=8ABCN @02=8=C, 345 8 70B5@O;AO. K A0<8 ?>H;8 ?> <>@5=5, >B<5B82 =5A:>;L:> AB04 48:8E :>7 8 >25F. 025@=>5, 745AL 1K;8 8 95B8. 094O (8?B>=0 8 #>@40, <K 70AB0;8 8E 70 @073;O4K20=85< B>G=> B0:8E A;54>2, :>B>@K5 >=8 >1=0@C68;8 70 =5A:>;L:> 4=59 4> =0A, :>340 >B?5G0B:8 1K;8 A>2A5< A25685. >340 A=53 AK@>9 8 BO65;K9, 95B8 >AB02;ONB ;8HL 3;C1>:89 >B?5G0B>: ABC?=8, 0 :>340 A;>9 A=530 B>=:89 8 ?>4<>@>65==K9, >B?5G0BK205BAO ?OB:0 8 @07;8G8<K ?OBL ?0;LF52. >340 95B8 ?5@5?@K38205B 8;8 ?5@5H038205B B@5I8=C 8;8 O<C, A;54 >A>15==> G5B:> 2845= =0 ?@>B82>?>;>6=>9 AB>@>=5. !;54K 1K;8 8 4N9<>2 H8@8=K 8 12,5 4;8=K, @0AAB>O=85 <564C >B?5G0B:0<8 A>AB02;O;> 9-10 4N9<>2. "5=F8=3, A>?@>2>6402H89 (8?B>=0, >?@545;8; A;54K 42CE 95B8. = E>@>H> 7=0; <54256L8 A;54K 8 A:070;, GB> MB8  =5 <54256L8& -. (8?B>=, H54H89 ?> A2568< A;540<, 70A=O; 8E, 8 A=8<>: 4>:07K205B, GB> MB8 A;54K 459AB28B5;L=> =5 <54256L8. 0C:5 =58725AB=> 682>B=>5, >18B0NI55 2 MB>< @09>=5, GB>1K >=> >AB02;O;> B0:85 A;54K (>:B>@ #. !20= 87 :>;;5460 !0=-$@0=F8A:> >1@0B8; 2=8<0=85 =0 1;87:>5 AE>4AB2> <564C A;540<8, 70A=OBK<8 (8?B>=><, 8 B5<8, GB> AD>B>3@0D8@>20; 0@; -:;8 2 D@8:5  A;540<8 3>@=>9 3>@8;;K. !095=A, B. 127, 1958).  E>BO >=8 =0?><8=0NB G5;>25G5A:85, => O2=> : B0:>2K< =5 >B=>AOBAO. -B>B D0:B 2065= B0:65, 81> 2 4>?>;=5=85 : CB25@645=8N > B><, GB> >=8 <54256L8, 2>;GL8, >157LO=L8 8 B0: 40;55, =5:>B>@K5 ;N48 AG8B0NB, GB> 8E >AB028;8 0A:5BK-8=4C8ABK, >BH5;L=8:8 8 B. 4. >=5G=>, 0A:5BK, :>B>@K5 E>4OB 3>;K<8, 8 >BH5;L=8:8 ACI5AB2CNB, => >=8 >AB02;ONB 2A5 65 G5;>25G5A:85 A;54K 10 4N9<>2 4;8=K 8 4  H8@8=K". /2=> A;54K >AB02;O5B :B>-B> 5I5, :@><5 MB8E 682>B=KE 8 >BH5;L=8:>2. 5@@59 70:0=G8205B A2>N AB0BLN =0 N<>@8AB8G5A:>9 =>B5: 'B> 65 MB> B0:>5  C60A=K9 A=56=K9 G5;>25: ? C<0N, =5 GB> 8=>5, :0: 95B8, <5B>E:0=3<8, <8@:0 8;8 A>3?0. > GB> B0:>5 <5B>E:0=3<8? 5@54 B5< :0: ?>?KB0BLAO >B25B8BL =0 MB>B 2>?@>A, E>GC ?5@5;8AB0BL 5I5 =5A:>;L:> 6C@=0;>2 8 :=83. =4@5 >H 87 H259F0@A:>9 M:A?548F88 1952 3>40 A>>1I0; > =5A:>;L:8E 3@C??0E A;54>2, =02>4OI8E =0 <KA;L > B><, 1C4B> A5<LO ?5@5A5;O;0AL 87 4>;8=K, :0: B>;L:> M:A?548F8O 2E>48;0 2 =55. 5A=>9 1954 3>40 ;>=4>=A:0O 59;8 <59; ?>A;0;0 M:A?548F8N 2 5?0; =0 ?>8A:8 A=56=>3> G5;>25:0, => @57C;LB0B>< 1K; =5 A0< A=56=K9 G5;>25:, 0 :=830 > =5< (770@4 . 0304:0 A=56=>3> G5;>25:0. LN->@:, 1955). "0:8< 65 >1@07>< A>1@0;0AL 25AL<0 <8;0O :>;;5:F8O 3075B=KE 8AB>@89 A> 2A5E :>=B8=5=B>2, 8 B>;L:> =0AB>OI85 8AA;54>20B5;8 <>3CB >?@545;8BL 7=0G8<>ABL B>3> 8;8 8=>3> A>>1I5=8O, A>?>AB0282 D0:BK. >:0 MB0 M:A?548F8O 1K;0 2 ?CB8, ?>;:>2=8: . . 0=0, 48@5:B>@ ?@028B5;LAB25==>3> 1N@> H0EB 5?0;0, A>>1I8;, GB> 420 =5?0;LF0 70E20B8;8 2 ?;5= 42CE A=56=KE ;N459. 48= 87 =8E @515=>:. > 8=D>@<0F8O ?@8H;0 A;8H:>< ?>74=>. >8A: =8G53> =5 40;, >=8 8AG57;8. B<5G0;>AL, GB> A;CG09 MB>B =5 B0:>9 C6 =5>1KG=K9 2 MB>9 AB@0=5 ;54=8:>2, 2KA>:8E ?8:>2, A=56=KE ?5@520;>2, => @074@060;> >?OBL >4=> 8 B> 65.  4@C3>< A;CG05 5I5 >48= 95B8, A0<5F, 1K; 70E20G5= <5AB=K<8 68B5;O<8. =8 =5=0456=> A2O70;8 53>, => >A>1L >B:070;0AL 5ABL, GB> 1K 59 =8 ?@54;030;8, 8 C<5@;0 2 ?CB8. 5 A>7=020O, GB> <5@B2>5 682>B=>5 ?@54AB02;O5B B0:CN 65 F5==>ABL, :0: 8 682>5, =5?0;LFK 871028;8AL >B B@C?0 8 O28;8AL : 2;0ABO< ;8HL A 8AB>@859 A2>8E ?@8:;NG5=89.  A>60;5=8N, 2 ?@02482>ABL B0:8E 8AB>@89 <0;> :B> 25@8B A53>4=O. 081>;55 >AO705<K9 >1J5:B 682>B=>3> ?@>8AE>645=8O E@0=8BAO 2 <>=0ABK@5 "ELO=31>G5. -B> B0: =07K205<K9 A:0;L? 95B8. 0;LD 770@4 C?><8=05B <=>38E ;N459, :>B>@K5 2845;8 53> 8 =5 =0H;8 =8 >4=>3> H20, GB> O2;O5BAO 4>:070B5;LAB2>< ?>4;8==>AB8. 0<0 =5 E>G5B @0AAB020BLAO A =8<, GB> 2?>;=5 ?>=OB=>, => >A>1> ?>G5B=K< ?>A5B8B5;O< 53> ?>:07K20NB.  1953 3>4C <>=0ABK@L >A<0B@820; 02=8B 0@5:E 87 ><159A:>3> >1I5AB20 5AB5AB25==>9 8AB>@88 8 1K; C4>AB>5= G5AB8 1KBL ?>42545==K< : A:0;L?C. >A?>;L7>202H8AL @0A?>;>65=85< AB0@>3> ;0<K, 0@5:E =5 ?@5<8=C; 2K45@=CBL ?0@C 2>;>A 87 A:0;L?0 :>B>@K5 >= A@>G=> >B>A;0; 2 @C=A28:, HB0B LN->@:, 4@C3C 5>=C %0CA<M=C  4;O >A<>B@0 8 845=B8D8:0F88. >:B>@ %0CA<M= A:;>=5= 4C<0BL, GB> A:0;L?  H0?:0, A45;0==0O 87 <5E0 A ?;5G 8;8 704=59 G0AB8 :@C?=>3> <;5:>?8B0NI53>. @O48 2>;>A =5 ?@8=04;560B =8 >157LO=5 ;0=3C@C, =8 <54254N 8 =8 >4=><C 87 2>7<>6=KE @>4AB25==8:>2. @O48 >G5=L AB0@K5, 8E 2>7@0AB <>65B 8AG8A;OBLAO AB>;5B8O<8.  70:;NG5=85 %0CA<M= >B<5B8;, GB> 5A;8 MB> 459AB28B5;L=> H0?:0, B> 682>B=>5, 87 H5@AB8 :>B>@>3> >=0 A45;0=0, 4>;6=> 1KBL @>4>< =5 87 5?0;0 8 =5 87 "815B0.  1957 3>4C >E>B0 =0 A=56=>3> G5;>25:0 A>B@C4=8:>2 59;8 <59; 1K;0 ?>2B>@5=0 G0AB=>9 M:A?548F859, => A=>20 157 70<5B=KE @57C;LB0B>2. >765 2 B>< 65 3>4C >48= 87 CG0AB=8:>2 A>25BA:>9 M:A?548F88 =0 0<8@5 70O28;, GB> 2845; >1J5:B =0 @0AAB>O=88. 0<8@ =0E>48BAO =0 B5@@8B>@88 "0468:8AB0=0, 8 F5;LN M:A?548F88 1K; ?>8A: 384@>@5AC@A>2.  >48= 87 4=59 . @>=8=, 384@>35>;>3, C2845; A=56=>3> G5;>25:0 =0 3>@=>9 25@H8=5 8 =01;N40; 53> 2 B5G5=85 ?OB8 <8=CB. !CI5AB2> 1K;> :>@5=0ABK<, C =53> 1K;8 4;8==K5 @C:8. "5;> ?>:@KB> A5@>-:>@8G=52>9 H5@ABLN, A>>1I0; . @>=8= 2 ><A><>;LA:>9 ?@0245. !?CABO B@8 4=O . @>=8= C2845; 53> =0 B>< 65 <5AB5. K;> MB> 2 023CAB5 1957 3>40. / =5 7=0N, GB> @CAA:85 4C<0NB ?> ?>2>4C A=56=>3> G5;>25:0, B5< 1>;55 GB> A>>1I5=8O 2 >A=>2=>< ?@8E>48;8 87 :0?8B0;8AB8G5A:8E AB@0=, => A2845B5;LAB20 A>>B5G5AB25==8:>2 70AB028;8 8E ?@>O28BL 0:B82=>ABL. K;0 A>740=0 A?5F80;L=0O 3@C??0, A@548 55 CG0AB=8:>2 >:070;AO 35>;>3 8 8AA;54>20B5;L !5@359 1@CG52 8 8AB>@8: >@8A >@H=52.  =>O1@5 1958 3>40 :>;;5:B82 3@C??K A45;0; 70O2;5=85, 2 :>B>@>< CB25@640;8AL 425 25I8: ?5@2>5  ACI5AB2>20=85 A=56=>3> G5;>25:0 ?>=5<=>3C ?>4B25@6405BAO 8 2B>@>5  <5AB> 53> >18B0=8O =0E>48BAO 2 ?CABK=OE "815B0 8 ?@>28=F88 !8=7O= 2 !525@>-0?04=>< 8B05. 48= 87 @CAA:8E 8AA;54>20B5;59 2KA:070; ?@54?>;>65=85, GB> =5C40G8 ?>8A:>2, ?@>2>482H8EAO 4> A8E ?>@, 2>7=8:;8 87-70 B>3>, GB> >=8 8A:0;8 =5 B0<. "=>385 B815BFK 2AB@5G0;8 MB> ACI5AB2>, ?8A0;8 @CAA:85, >=8 3>2>@OB > =5< :0: > 682>B=><, ?5@542830NI5<AO =0 42CE =>30E, A :>@8G=52>9 1;5ABOI59 H5@ABLN 8 4;8==K<8 2>;>A0<8 =0 3>;>25. 8F> ?>E>65 8 =0 >157LO=L5, 8 =0 G5;>25GL5. E>B=8:8 G0AB> =0E>4OB >AB0B:8 53> ?8I8, =0?@8<5@, :@>;8GL8 ?>B@>E0. > 70O2;ONB, GB> B5 C?>B@51;ONB 8 @0AB8B5;L=CN ?8IC. !53>4=O, :>340 =01@0;>AL 4>AB0B>G=>5 :>;8G5AB2> D0:B>2 8 =01;N45=89, <>6=> A45;0BL =5A:>;L:> 2K2>4>2. 1JOA=5=85 D5=><5=C ?@54;0305BAO B0:>5. 1. -B>  >157LO=0 ;0=3C@. !>25@H5==> 15A?>G25==>5 70:;NG5=85, 0=3C@K ?5@542830NBAO =0 G5BK@5E =>30E, >=8 =5 B0:85 <0AA82=K5, 8 B0<, 345 2AB@5G0NBAO, >=8 E>@>H> 8725AB=K <5AB=><C =0A5;5=8N. 2. !;54K >AB02;ONB <542548, B0: :0: >=8 8=>340 E>4OB =0 704=8E ;0?0E. 5A><=5==>, =5:>B>@K5 A;54K 459AB28B5;L=> >AB02;5=K <54254O<8, => <542548 ;8HL M?87>48G5A:8 2AB0NB =0 704=85 ;0?K. !;54K, >1=0@C65==K5 (8?B>=><, =8:>8< >1@07>< =5;L7O >B=5AB8 : <54256L8<. 3. !;54K >AB02;O5B <8;>4>=, 3830=BA:89 ;5=825F. 8?>B570 01AC@4=0 8 ?>4E>48B ;8HL ?>B><C, GB> <8;>4>= B>65 E>48B =0 704=8E ;0?0E 8 >1;0405B 4;8==>9 H5@ABLN, 70I8I0NI59 53> >B E>;>40. > 2A5 ;5=82FK  682CI85 8 2K<5@H85  >18B0B5;8 >2>3> !25B0. 4. 5B8  ?@8<8B82=K9 B8? G5;>25:0, <>65B 1KBL, 8AG57=C2H89 3830=B>?8B5: 8;8 65 G5;>25:>>1@07=0O >157LO=0. -B> 548=AB25==>5 70A;C6820NI55 @0AA<>B@5=8O CB25@645=85. 0 A53>4=OH=89 45=L A>E@0=8;>AL B@8 2840 G5;>25:>>1@07=KE >157LO=, @07;8G=KE ?> B8?C 8 2=5H=>AB8. 20 682CB 2 D@8:5  H8<?0=75 8 3>@8;;0, B@5B89 >@0=3CB0=  2 .3>->AB>G=>9 788. A5 >=8 >B;8G0NBAO ?@O<>E>645=85<. (8<?0=75 45;05B MB> ;CGH5, G5< >@0=3CB0=K. > =8 >48= 87 =8E =5 E>48B 8A:;NG8B5;L=> =0 704=8E =>30E, >=8 G0AB> ?@81530NB : E>4L15 =0 G5B25@5=L:0E. >@=0O 3>@8;;0 A?>A>1=0 2K45@6820BL 4>AB0B>G=> =87:85 B5<?5@0BC@K 8 =08<5=55 >12>;>H5=0 ?> A@02=5=8N A >AB0;L=K<8, 2 B> 2@5<O :0: >@0=3, 682CI89 2> 2;06=KE ;5A0E !C<0B@K, 8<55B =081>;55 4;8==CN H5@ABL, E>BO 8 =5 >G5=L ?;>B=CN. 0304:C =5;L7O @5H8BL >4=8< ;8HL CB25@645=85<, GB> :0:0O-B> =5254><0O G5;>25:>>1@07=0O >157LO=0 6825B 2 &5=B@0;L=>9 788. 4=0:> MB> =5 B0: C6 8 =52>7<>6=>. '5;>25:>>1@07=K5 >157LO=K 68;8 2 788 2 35>;>38G5A:>< ?@>H;>< 8 <>3;8 ?>E>48BL =0 B5E 682>B=KE, GB> 1K;8 =0720=K 2 A2O78 A> A=56=K< G5;>25:><: 8 ?0=40, 8-;0=3C@ ?5@2>=0G0;L=> >18B0;8 2 AC1B@>?8G5A:8E >1;0ABOE. >@K @>A;8, @09>= AB0=>28;AO 1>;55 E>;>4=K<, 8 3830=BA:0O ?0=40 (3830=BA:89 5=>B) ?@82K:;0 : <5=ONI8<AO CA;>28O<  MB> 1K;> ;CGH5, G5< <83@8@>20BL. @>1;5<C ?8I8 C40;>AL @5H8BL: >=0 ?5@5H;0 ?>;=>ABLN =0 @>AB:8 10<1C:0, B@>?8G5A:>5 @0AB5=85, >:0702H55AO 2K=>A;82K< 8 A?>A>1=K< @0AB8 2 ?@>E;04=>< :;8<0B5. 0=3C@, 4>;3>5 2@5<O >AB0202H89AO <8D8G5A:8< 682>B=K<, ?>:0 53> =5 >B:@K; ?@5?>4>1=K9 >B5F @<0= 0284, B>65 2K1@0; ?@>E;04=K5 3>@=K5 ;5A0, >H5;><82 7>>;>3>2 A2>8< M:AB@02030=B=K< 284>< =0 A=56=KE A:;>=0E, 70 GB> 8 ?>;CG8; 8<O A=56=>9 >157LO=K. !0<> A>1>9, 2A5 MB8 682>B=K5 8 =5 7018@0;8AL 2KH5 ;8=88 A=53>2, 345 =5B :>@<>2>9 107K 4;O @0AB8B5;L=>O4=KE 682>B=KE. ">, GB> A;CG8;>AL A ;0=3C@>< 8 ?0=4>9, <>3;> ?@>87>9B8 A ;N1>9 G5;>25:>>1@07=>9 >157LO=>9. > ?@>AB>5 CB25@645=85 > ACI5AB2>20=88 F5=B@0;L=>0780BA:>3> M:2820;5=B0 3>@=>9 3>@8;;K =5 @5H05B ?@>1;5<C! 54L =C6=> 4>?CAB8BL =0;8G85 >157LO=K A B0:8<8 >A>1K<8 40==K<8, :0: ?>AB>O==>5 ?@O<>E>645=85. "@C4=> ?@54?>;>68BL, 4;O G53> >157LO=5 >AB020BLAO 2 E>;>4=>< ;5AC. C ;04=>, ;5A 5ABL ;5A. > =C6=> 5I5 ?><=8BL, GB> >=0 4>?CA:0;0 5I5 8 ?;>B>O4=CN 485BC. > 8 MB> <>6=> A515 ?@54AB028BL 2 BO65;KE :;8<0B8G5A:8E CA;>28OE. > :0: @0AA<0B@820BL A2845B5;LAB2> %LN 09B0 >1 >@C48OE B@C40 C B0:8E 682>B=KE? =0G8B, AB>8B 3>2>@8BL > G5<-B> 8;8 > :><-B> 1>;55 1;87:>< : G5;>25:C  ?@>B>G5;>25:5?  >1@07 2K<5@H53> 3830=B>?8B5:0 A=>20 2>7=8:05B ?5@54 =0<8. 564C 42C<O <8@>2K<8 2>9=0<8 2 >AB>G=>9 788 ?@>87>H;8 8=B5@5A=K5 25I8. I5 2 1891 3>4C 3>;;0=4A:89 2@0G -65= N1C0 =0H5; G5@5? (157 G5;NAB59) 8 154@> =540;5:> >B 3028 =0 /25. !>1AB25==8:>< MB8E G0AB59 B5;0 AB0; ?8B5:0=B@>?CA M@5:BCA, ?@O<>E>4OI89 >157LO=>G5;>25:.  2A5 2>?@>AK 25@B5;8AL 2>:@C3 >4=>3>: 1K; ;8 MB> C65 G5;>25: 8;8 5I5 >157LO=0. =5=8O @0745;8;8AL. ,2K5 A2845B5;LAB20 ?>O28;8AL 2 1929 3>4C. >:B>@ . ;M: ?>;CG8; ?@8<8B82=K5 G5@5?0 87 >:@5AB=>AB59 5:8=0. E >1;040B5;O =0720;8 A8=0=B@>?>< 8 ?@87=0;8 G5;>25G5A:8< ACI5AB2><. 0H;8 8 AE>4AB20 A ?8B5:0=B@>?><, C:07K20NI85 =0 B>, GB> ?8B5:0=B@>? B>65 <>3 1KBL G5;>25:><. 0B5< /20 40;0 5I5 <0B5@80; ?> ?8B5:0=B@>?C: 2 O=20@5 1939 3>40 =0 /2C ?@85E0; 4>:B>@ . D>= 5=83A20;L4, B0< C65 @01>B0; 53> A>>B5G5AB25==8: $@0=F D>= 0945=@09E. 5=83A20;L4 ?@8E20B8; A A>1>9 =86=NN G5;NABL: =0 =59 A>E@0=8;8AL 7C1K, =5A><=5==>, C65 G5;>25G5A:85. > 1K; 8 707>@ <564C ?5@54=8<8 7C10<8 8 :;K:0<8, :>B>@K5 2A5340 AG8B0;8AL B8?8G=K<8 4;O 0=B@>?>84>2. 5A<>B@O =0 MB>, >10 0=B@>?>;>30 A>G;8 G5;NABL G5;>25G5A:>9 87-70 7C1>2, =5278@0O =0 B>, GB> >=0 >:070;0AL A;8H:>< :@C?=>9 4;O G5;>25:0& >A;5 =5:>B>@KE :>;510=89 =>2K9 B8? ?>;CG8; =0720=85 ?8B5:0=B@>?CA @>1CABCA. >B>< 5=83520;L4 =0H5; 5I5 425 G5;NAB8, >15 2>7;5 !0=38@0=0 =0 /25. 5@2CN =5;L7O 1K;> :;0AA8D8F8@>20BL, B0: :0: =5 E20B0;> <=>38E 7C1>2. @C30O 1K;0, =5A><=5==>, G5;>25G5A:>9, => >=0 >:070;0AL A;8H:>< :@C?=>9 4065 4;O ?8B5:0=B@>?CA0 @>1CABCA0! 5=83520;L4 @5H8;, GB> >=0 >B=>A8BAO 5I5 : >4=><C B8?C, 8 =0720; 53> <530=B@>?CA ?0;5>O20=8:CA  1>;LH>9 G5;>25: A> AB0@>9 /2K. KABC?0O A >4=>9 87 ;5:F89, 0945=@09E A:070;: K =5 >H815<AO, CB25@640O, GB> <530=B@>?CA 4>AB830; ?> @07<5@0<, A;>65=8N 8 A8;5 ?0@0<5B@>2 :@C?=>3> A0<F0 3>@8;;K. > >A=>20=89 4;O A><=5=89 1K;> 4>AB0B>G=>.  ?@8@>45 2A5340 2AB@5G0;8AL >B45;L=K5 8=48284CC<K 3830=BK A ?0B>;>38G5A:8<8 87<5=5=8O<8 87-70 =0@CH5=8O 3>@<>=0;L=>3> @0728B8O. -B> O2;5=85 ?>;CG8;> =0720=85 0:@><530;8B8G5A:>3> 3830=B87<0. 45 30@0=B8O, GB> G5;NABL =5 ?@8=04;560;0 8<5==> B0:>9 >A>18? 0945=@09E 1K; 3>B>2 : B0:>9 ?>AB0=>2:5 2>?@>A0. # 0:@><530;8B8G5A:>3> 3830=B0 C25;8G5=85 >B<5G5=> ;8HL 2 =86=8E G0ABOE, A>?@>2>640OAL =5?@>?>@F8>=0;L=> :@C?=K< ?>41>@>4:><. '5;NABL 65 <530=B@>?CA0 :@C?=0O 2AO F5;8:><, 8 C =53> 2>>1I5 =5B ?>41>@>4:0. 0;55, 7C1K C 3830=B0  A 4>?CAB8<>9 ?0B>;>3859. C1K <530=B@>?CA0 A>>B25BAB2CNB >AB0;L=>9 :>AB8. =0G8B, 70:;NG8;8 0=B@>?>;>38, =8G53> ?0B>;>38G5A:>3> 2 B>9 :>AB8 =5B. =0 ?@>AB> :@C?=0O 8 ?@8=04;568B ?@8<8B82=><C G5;>25:C A @>AB>< 8 A8;>9 3>@8;;K, => 1>;55 @07C<=><C. 8B09FK =07K20NB 2A5 8A:>?05<K5 :>AB8 :>ABO<8 4@0:>=0 8 7C10<8 4@0:>=0 8 ?@8?8AK20NB 8< GC4>459AB25==K5 ;5G51=K5 A2>9AB20. >MB><C >=8 45@60B 2 A5:@5B5 <5AB0, 345 8E =0E>4OB, 8 70?04=K<  CG5=K< ?@8E>48BAO ?>:C?0BL 8E 2 0?B5:0E. <5==> 2 0?B5:5 5=83A20;L4C C40;>AL :C?8BL B@8 :@C?=KE :>@5==KE 7C10 (157 :>@=O), :>B>@K5 2K3;O45;8 :0: G5;>25G5A:85, => 1K;8 2 6 @07 :@C?=55, G5< A>>B25BAB2CNI85 :>@5==K5 7C1K A>2@5<5==>3> G5;>25:0. 5=83520;L4 >B=5A 8E : 3830=B>?8B5:C, => 0945=@09E 70O28;, GB> ;CGH5 =0720BL 8E E>7O8=0 3830=B>B@>?CA><. A;8 A>>B=5AB8 @07<5@K 7C1>2 A @07<5@0<8 B5;0, B> ACI5AB2> 4>;6=> 1K;> 2 420 @070 ?@52KH0BL ?> @>ABC 3>@8;;C. A5 MB> 4>:07K205B =0;8G85 2 788 =5A:>;L:8E B8?>2 G5;>25:>>1@07=KE ACI5AB2. 'B> :0A05BAO 95B8, B> BCB 8<5NBAO 425 2>7<>6=>AB8: 8;8 MB> G5;>25:>>1@07=0O >157LO=0, >B;8G0NI0OAO >B 4@C38E ?>4>1=KE ACI5AB2, 0::;8<0B878@>202H0OAO 2 745H=5< :;8<0B5, 8;8 MB> ?>B><>: 4@52=53> B8?0 ACI5AB2, 8<5=C5<KE A=56=K<8 ;N4L<8& ! "  !#'/    ', "  (  1661 3>4C 2 ;8B>2A:>-3@>4=5=A:8E ;5A0E 2>5==K9 >B@O4 2K3>=O; =0 >E>B=8:>2 =5A:>;L:8E <5425459, 0 A@548 =8E  48:>3> G5;>25:0, :>B>@K9 1K; 2K;>2;5=, ?@82575= 2 0@H02C 8 ?>40@5= :>@>;N /=C II 078<8@C, AC?@C30 :>B>@>3> ?KB0;0AL >G5;>25G8BL MB> ACI5AB2>. "> 1K; E;>?5F 13-15 ;5B A 3CAB> ?>:@KBK< 2>;>A0<8 B5;><, ?>;=>ABLN ;8H5==K9 40@0 @5G8 8 :0:8E-;81> =02K:>2 G5;>25G5A:>3> >1I5=8O. 3> C40;>AL ?@8@CG8BL 8 2 :>=F5 :>=F>2 =0CG8BL =5A;>6=K< :CE>==K< @01>B0<. G5284FK 70?8A0;8 <=>385 >F5=:8 8 =01;N45=8O 70 <8H:>9-G5;>25:><, 0 =5:89 /= 5428G 2 1674 3>4C >?C1;8:>20; A?5F80;L=>5 A>G8=5=85 >1 MB>< GC48I5. "0:8E A2845B5;LAB2 =5 45AOB:8  A>B=8. 725AB=K9 @CAA:89 =0BC@0;8AB . . 09:>2 2 1914 3>4C 2 3>@=KE ;5A0E .6=>9 0=LG6C@88 40;5:> 2 B0935 ?@8H5; : E868=5 >E>B=8:0 $C &0O. ">B ?>;L7>20;AO ?><>ILN AB@0==>3> ACI5AB20, :>B>@>5 2?>;=5 ?@868;>AL 2 53> D0=75. <C 40;8 G5;>25G5A:>5 8<O 0= 5=L.  A8;:8 8 ;>2CH:8, @0AAB02;5==K5 $C &05<, >= 1K; ?@8CG5= A =5>1JOA=8<>9 ;>2:>ABLN 703>=OBL ?B8FC 8 725@O. > =5<=>38< ?@87=0:0<  ACBC;>ABL, 2>;>A0B>ABL, 15AA;>25A=>ABL  <K A@07C C7=05< 2 >?8A0=88 09:>20 =5GB>, =0?><8=0NI55 =0H53> ?>4>?5G=>3>, E>BO MB>B >4><0H=5==K9 M:75<?;O@ 1K; >45B >E>B=8:>< 2 :0:85-B> ;>E<>BLO. = 1K; <0;>@>A;K9, =0 284 ;5B 70 A>@>:. 0 3>;>25 C =53> A?CB0==K5 8 2A:;>:>G5==K5 2>;>AK >1@07>20;8 H0?:C. 8F> 53> :@0A=>-1C@>3> F25B0, =0?><8=0;> <>@4C E8I=>3> 725@O, AE>4AB2> MB> CA8;820;>AL >B:@KBK< 1>;LH8< @B><, 2 3;C18=5 :>B>@>3> A25@:0;8 @O4K :@5?:8E 7C1>2 A >AB@K<8 2K40NI8<8AO :;K:0<8. #28452 =0A, >= ?@8A5;, A?CAB82 A2>8 4;8==K5 2>;>A0BK5 @C:8 A :@NG:>20BK<8 ?0;LF0<8 4> ?>;C, 8 70<KG0; :0:8<-B> 48:8< 725@8=K< 3>;>A><. 8:85, ?>GB8 157C<=K5 3;070 53> 3>@5;8 2 B5<=>B5 :0: C 2>;:0. 0 70<5G0=85 E>7O8=0 >= >?OBL >B25B8; @KG0=85< 8 >B>H5; 2 AB>@>=C : =0@C6=>9 AB5=5, 345 8 C;53AO =0 ?>;C, A25@=C2H8AL :0;0G8:><, :0: A>10:8. . . 09:>2 ?@>4>;605B @0AA:07: "&  MB> 2@5<O 0= 5=L, ;5602H89 2 C3;C =0 ?>;C, 70@KG0; 2> A=5, :0: MB> G0AB> 45;0NB A>10:8: ?@8?>4=O; A2>N :>A<0BCN 3>;>2C 8 752=C;, >B:@K2 H8@>:CN ?0ABL 8 A25@:0O >AB@K<8 :;K:0<8.  MB>B <><5=B >= 1K; 4> B>3> ?>E>6 =0 725@O, GB> A?CB=8: <>9, >1>H8=, =5 C45@60;AO 8 ?@>3>2>@8;: >B, ?@>AB8 3>A?>48, =0@>48BAO 65 B0:>5 GC4>28I5! 0 G5;>25:0-B> 8 2>2A5 =5 ?>E>6!  5A;8 1 BK 2845; 53> 2 B0935, B> 8A?C30;AO 1K: 2>;:, 40 8 B>;L:>!  ?> 45@52LO< ;0705B =5 EC65 >157LO=K! 0 8 A8;0 2 =5< 725@8=0O, 40@>< GB> <0;5=L:89 40 IC?;K9. @54AB02L, 8 A>10:8 53> 1>OBAO, :0: 2>;:0.  =0 C;8F5 5<C ?@>E>40 =5 40NB. > =8 >4=0 5<C =5 ?>?0409AO: 704CH8B A@07C 8 ?5@5:CA8B 59 3>@;>.  B0: >= 4>1@>4CH=K9 ?0@5=L 8 ?>:;048ABK9& >GLN >1>H8= @071C48; 09:>20, 8 >=8 >AB>@>6=> 2KH;8 2A;54 70 2KA:>;L7=C2H8< 87 D0=7K 0= 5=5<. C=0 >70@O;0 B093C 8 70A=565==K5 3>@K. @8B082H8AL 2 B5=8 =025A0, >=8 =01;N40;8 ?@8A52H53> =0 :>@B>G:8 ?>4 :54@>< 8 ?>4=O2H53> 3>;>2C 0= 5=O, :>B>@K9 874020; 2>9, ?>4@0602H89 2 B>G=>AB8 ?@>BO6=><C 2AN :@0A=>3> 2>;:0. > 2@5<O 2KBLO >= 2KBO3820; =86=NN G5;NABL 8 ?> <5@5 ?>=865=8O 72C:0 >?CA:0; 3>;>2C ?>GB8 4> 75<;8, A>2A5< B0:, :0: MB> 45;0NB 2>;:8& ! 1;8609H59 A>?:8 5<C >B25G0;8 B0:8< 65 2>5< 725@8, ?@8G5<, :>340 >=8 =5=04>;3> 70<>;:0;8, 2>;:G5;>25: CA8;5==> ?>47K20; 8E A2>8< 2>5<. A:>@5 =0 ?>;O=C 2KH;8 B@8 2>;:0 8 >AB>@>6=>, 2@5<5=0<8 ?@8A540O, AB0;8 ?@81;860BLAO, 0 0= 5=L ?>?>;7 8< =02AB@5GC. !2>8<8 42865=8O<8 8 2>5< >= C4828B5;L=> B>G=> ?>4@060; 2>;:0<. 25@8 ?>4?CAB8;8 53> : A515 H03>2 =0 ?OBL, ?>A;5 G53> <54;5==> ?>1560;8 >1@0B=> : ;5AC, 0 0= 5=L, ?>4=O2H8AL A G5B25@5=5:, 1KAB@> ?>1560; 70 =8<8 8 A:@K;AO 2 B0935". #B@><, ?@>4>;605B 09:>2, GCBL A25B O28;AO 87 B0938 0= 5=L, 2A5 B0:>9 65 48:89 8 =5AC@07=K9 =0 284 8 =5?>=OB=K9. $C &09, A52 70 54C, ?>40; 5<C BCH:C >1>4@0==>9 =0:0=C=5 15;:8. ">B AE20B8; 55 >158<8 @C:0<8, ?>4=5A :> @BC 8 =0G0; 55 5ABL A 3>;>2K, ?@8G5< :>AB8 E@CAB5;8 =0 53> :@5?:8E 7C10E, :0: A>;><8=:8.  5I5 >48= @0AA:07  87 A@02=8B5;L=> =5402=53> 2@5<5=8. 2B>@ MB>3> A2845B5;LAB20, ?>ABC?82H53> 2 @0A?>@O65=85 A5<8=0@0 ?> ?@>1;5<5 @5;8:B>2>3> 3><8=>840 ?@8 0@28=>2A:>< <C755, 35=5@0;-<09>@ ">?8;LA:89, A;C682H89 2 ?>3@0=8G=KE 2>9A:0E =0 N6=KE @C1560E.  1925 3>4C . !. ">?8;LA:89 1K; :><0=48@>< >B@O40 :@0A=>0@<59F52, =0?@02;5==>3> =0 1>@L1C A 10A<0G0<8 2 3>@K "0468:8AB0=0. >4@>1=KE :0@B =5 1K;>, 8 ?>;030BLAO ?@8E>48;>AL =0 A2545=8O, ?>;CG5==K5 >B <5AB=>3> =0A5;5=8O.  68B5;8 A>>1I0;8, GB> 2 =5:>B>@K5 @09>=K 5748BL >?0A=>, ?>B><C GB> B0< 682CB >40<8-O2>8  48:85 ;N48. 4=064K, ?@5A;54CO 10=4C, >B@O4 =0B:=C;AO 2 @09>=5 0=GA:>3> 8 /73C;5<A:>3> E@51B>2 =0 F5?>G:C A;54>2 1>AKE =>3, =0?><8=0NI8E G5;>25G5A:85. !>10:0 MB>B A;54 =5 27O;0. >H;8 70 10A<0G0<8. "5 C:@K;8AL 2 ?5I5@5 ?>4 ;54O=K< :0@=87><. 0=48B0< ?@54;>68;8 A40BLAO 8 40;8 =0 @07<KH;5=85 G0A. >B>< 87 ?5I5@K @0740;8AL 2KAB@5;K. B AB@5;L1K >1@CH8;AO :0@=87 8 70:@K; 2E>4 2 ?5I5@C. ">;L:> >48= @0=5=K9 10A<0G 2K?>;7 87 =55. =-B> 8 @0AA:070;, GB>, ?>:0 3;020@8 A>25I0;8AL, 87 3;C18=K ?5I5@K ?>:070;8AL :0:85-B> =5254><K5 2>;>A0BK5 D83C@K. A?C302H8AL, 10=48BK ?@8=O;8AL AB@5;OBL& >9FK @07>1@0;8 >A:>;:8 ;L40  =5>1E>48<> 1K;> >BKA:0BL 3;020@O 8 4>:C<5=BK. 4=>2@5<5==> =0H;8 8 B@C? G5;>25:>>1@07=>3> ACI5AB20. 3> >?8AK205B A0< . !. ">?8;LA:89: "0 ?5@2K9 273;O4 <=5 ?>:070;>AL, GB> ?@54> <=>9 B@C? >157LO=K: >= 1K; ?>:@KB H5@ABLN. > 2 B> 65 2@5<O B@C? >:070;AO ?>E>68< =0 G5;>25:0. K =5>4=>:@0B=> ?5@52>@0G820;8 B@C? =0 682>B 8 =0 A?8=C, 87<5@O;8. "I0B5;L=K9 >A<>B@ B@C?0, ?@>872545==K9 =0H8< ;5:?><><, 8A:;NG0; 4>?CI5=85, GB> MB> 1K; G5;>25:. !CI5AB2> 1K;> <C6A:>3> ?>;0, @>AB>< 165-170 A0=B8<5B@>2.  F5;>< F25B 53> H5@AB8 1K; A5@>20B>-1C@K9, H5@ABL 25AL<0 3CAB0O, E>BO 8 157 ?>4H5@AB:0. 5=LH5 2A53> 2>;>A  =0 O3>48F0E, 87 G53> ;5:?>< A45;0; 70:;NG5=85, GB> ACI5AB2> MB> A848B, :0: G5;>25:. >;LH5 2A53> 2>;>A =0 154@0E. 0 :>;5=OE 2>;>A A>2A5< =5B, 70<5B=K <>7>;8ABK5 >1@07>20=8O. AO AB>?0 8 ?>4>H20 A>25@H5==> 157 2>;>A, ?>:@KB0 3@C1>9 :>@8G=52>9 :>659. ;5G8 8 @C:8 ?>:@KBK 2>;>A0<8 B0:, GB> 3CAB>B0 8E C<5=LH05BAO : :8AB8, ?@8G5< =0 BK;L=>9 AB>@>=5 :8AB8 2>;>AK 5I5 5ABL, 0 =0 ;04>=8 A>25@H5==> >BACBAB2CNB; :>60 =0 ;04>=8 3@C10O, <>7>;8AB0O. >;>AK ?>:@K20NB 8 H5N. > =0 ;8F5 8E =5B; F25B ;8F0 B5<=K9: =5B =8 1>@>4K, =8 CA>2, 0 ;8HL =5<=>385 2>;>AK ?> :@0O< =04 25@E=59 3C1>9 A>740NB 2?5G0B;5=85 =0<5:0 =0 CAK. #18BK9 ;560; A >B:@KBK<8 3;070<8, >A:0;5==K<8 7C10<8. &25B 3;07 B5<=K9. C1K >G5=L :@C?=K5, @>2=K5, 157 A8;L=> 2KABC?0NI8E :;K:>2. 04 3;070<8 >G5=L <>I=K5 2KABC?K  =041@>2LO. !8;L=> 2KABC?0NI85 A:C;K. >A ?@8?;NA=CBK9, A 3;C1>:> 2402;5==>9 ?5@5=>A8F59. #H8 1572>;>AK5, :065BAO, 1>;55 70>AB@5=K :25@EC, G5< C G5;>25:0. 86=OO G5;NABL >G5=L <0AA82=0O. #18BK9 >1;040; <>I=>9 3@C4LN, A8;L=> @0728B>9 <CA:C;0BC@>9.  AB@>5=88 B5;0 <K =5 70<5B8;8 >B:;>=5=89 >B G5;>25:0". "@C? 70:>?0;8 B0< 65 2> ;L4C 8 428=C;8AL 40;LH5. A;8 =0 35>3@0D8G5A:>9 :0@B5 <8@0 ?>AB028BL B>G:8 2 B5E <5AB0E, 345 ?@>8AE>48;8 C4828B5;L=K5 2AB@5G8 A> A=56=K< G5;>25:><, B> 25AL 75<=>9 H0@, 70 8A:;NG5=85<, :>=5G=>, ?>;O@=KE >1;0AB59, >:065BAO ?>:@KBK< MB8<8 B>G:0<8. K =5 30@0=B8@C5< 745AL AB>?@>F5=B=>9 4>AB>25@=>AB8, =5B.  =5:>B>@KE A;CG0OE ;N48 >H810NBAO. > >AB0;L=K5-B> A2845B5;LAB20 8A:@5==85 @0AA:07K A0<KE >1KG=KE ;N459.  38?A>2K5 >B;82:8 A;54>2, 0 >1@07FK H5@AB8, :>B>@K5 =5 845=B8D8F8@CNBAO =8 A >4=8< 87 =K=5 682CI8E 284>2 682>B=KE&  70?8A8 3>;>A0, =0:>=5F& >B @538>=K ?;0=5BK, 345 2AB@5G8 A 70304>G=K<8 ACI5AB20<8 A;CG0NBAO =081>;55 G0AB>: 0<8@, 8<0;08, "O=L-(0=L, 3>@K 02:070, A525@ 52@>?59A:>9 G0AB8 8 !818@8, 70?04=K5 >1;0AB8 !( 8 0=04K. ABL A2545=8O 8 87 2AB@0;88, 8 87 D@8:8.  ?>8A:0E 8 2AB@5G0E A> A=56=K< G5;>25:>< =0?8A0=> <=>3> (!<. =0 @CA. O7.: %8;;0@8 -., >93 . 0 E>;>4=KE 25@H8=0E. ., 1983; 770@4 . > A;540< A=56=>3> G5;>25:0. ., 1958). 0209B5 ?>A;CH05<-<5=55 8725AB=KE A2845B5;59, :>B>@K< ?>AG0AB;828;>AL C2845BL ACI5AB2> 2 @07;8G=KE B>G:0E ?;0=5BK. 0AA:07K205B <>=3>; 0268@:  -B> A;CG8;>AL 2 >48= 87 8N;LA:8E 25G5@>2. 0 25@H8=5 3>@K %>H8-3;M=, :>B>@CN <K 2<5AB5 A 42C<O ?@>2>4=8:0<8 871@0;8 >1J5:B>< =01;N45=89, ;560; A=53. =87C 65 <>@>A8; 4>64L.  2>B 2 B>< <5AB5, 345 ?>:@K202H89 3>@C ;54 8 A=53 =0G8=0;8 >BB0820BL, >1@07CO >AB@>2:8 @KE;>3> 3@C=B0, :0: @07 8 ?@>H5; 0;<0A. '5B:> >1>7=0G8;8AL :@C?=K5 A;54K, ?> D>@<5 =0?><8=02H85 G5;>25G5A:CN ABC?=N. 0<5@8;8. (8@8=0 ?5@54=59 G0AB8  13 A0=B8<5B@>2, 704=59  9. ;8=0 A;540  36,5 A0=B8<5B@0. 45AL 65 <K >1=0@C68;8 =5A:>;L:> @K6520BKE 2>;>A. @54?>;>68B5;L=> @>AB ACI5AB20 ?@52KH0; 2 <5B@0 20 A0=B8<5B@>2. & 4=064K <K >E>B8;8AL C >75@0 &030=-Hyp. > 2@5<O 70A04K, CAB@>5==>9 ?>4 A:0;0<8, :B>-B> 87 A?CB=8:>2 (=0A 1K;> B>340 2>A5<L G5;>25:) =5>AB>@>6=> G8@:=C; A?8G:>9.  BCB 65 @0740;AO B0:>9 ?@>=78B5;L=K9 A28AB, GB> =0H ?5A 1C:20;L=> ?@8:;58;AO : 75<;5. B =5>6840==>AB8 <K B>65 ?@860;8AL 4@C3 : 4@C3C. '5@57 =5:>B>@>5 2@5<O, 2K3;O=C2 87 C:@KB8O, <K @073;O45;8 2 18=>:;L B>3>, :B> ?>25@3 =0A 2 A<OB5=85. -B> 1K; 0;<0A. 848<>, 45<>=AB@8@CO A2>5 =54>2>;LAB2>, >= AB@0==> ?>45@30; @C:0<8.  2A:>@5 C40;8;AO, AH810O ?>?0402H85AO ?> ?CB8 :0<=8.  G5@57 =5A:>;L:> <8=CB <K C65 C2845;8 53> =0 4@C3>9 A:0;5. @8 ?5@2>9 65 ?>?KB:5 ?@81;878BLAO : =5<C G5;>25:>?>4>1=>5 ACI5AB2> 2=>2L A:@K;>AL 8 1>;LH5 =5 ?>O2;O;>AL. !#(!",   >340 ">=8 C;4@846, CG5=K9-D878: 8 0;L?8=8AB;N18B5;L, ?@85E02H89 2 1986 3>4C 2 8<0;08 ?> 7040=8N >4=>9 87 0=3;89A:8E D8@<, C2845; A25685, ?>E>685 =0 >157LO=L8, => A;8H:>< :@C?=K5 A;54K 2 A=53C, ?@>BO=C2H85AO ?> >15 AB>@>=K 2KA>:>3>@=>3> A:;>=0, >= A@07C ?>4C<0; > 95B8. -B0 <KA;L 53> ?>701028;0.  3>@>45 6>H8<0B5, :>B>@K9 @0A?>;>65= : A525@>-2>AB>:C >B 5;8, =540;5:> >B 3@0=8FK A 5?0;><, =0 2KA>B5 1800 <5B@>2, >B:C40 ">=8 =0G8=0; A2>8 2>AE>645=8O, >B@K20OAL =0 2@5<O >B 45;, 2A5 <5AB=K5 HCB:8 B0: 8;8 8=0G5 1K;8 A2O70=K A> A=56=K< G5;>25:><. (CB:8 2>7=8:0;8 =5 =0 ?CAB>< <5AB5. @8<5@=> 2 B5E 65 :@0OE, => C65 2 1976 3>4C, 3>@=>2>AE>48B5;8 8B5@ >@4<0= 8 6> "0A:5@ ?5@568;8 C60A=CN =>GL. =8 1K;8 @071C65=K CB@>1=K< @KG0=85<, 0 :>340 CB@>< >A<5;8;8AL 2K;57B8 87 ?0;0B:8, >1=0@C68;8, GB> 8E ?@>4>2>;LAB25==K5 70?0AK @073@01;5=K. @><5 A;54>2, AE>4=KE A B5<8, :>B>@K5 >?8A0; "8;<0= (> =5< 3>2>@8;>AL 2KH5), >=8 C2845;8 36 4>2>;L=> ;>2:> A=OBKE 8 @071@>A0==KE 2>:@C3 ?0;0B:8 >15@B>: >B :>=D5B& B0:, C;4@846 =0B:=C;AO =0 >B?5G0B:8 ;0? =58725AB=>3> 682>B=>3>.  / @5H8;, GB> MB> A;54K :@C?=>9 >157LO=K, 2A?><8=0; >= 2?>A;54AB288. 157LO= 1K;> >G5=L <=>3> 2=87C, 2 4>;8=5. >G5<C 1K >4=>9, A0<>9 ;N1>7=0B5;L=>9, =5 701@0BLAO ?>1;865 : A>;=KH:C? >, AC4O ?> @07<5@C >1C28, MB> 1K;0 A;8H:>< 1>;LH0O >157LO=0. "0:8E C;4@846C 2845BL =5 ?@8E>48;>AL. 0 8 2>>1I5, =0 B0:>9 2KA>B5, :C40 >= 701@0;AO (3300 <5B@>2), 87 :@C?=KE =5:>?KB=KE 682>B=KE @50;L=> 1K;> 2AB@5B8BL, ?>60;C9, B>;L:> A=56=>3> 10@A0. 4=0:> >B?5G0B:8 ;0? C =53> A>2A5< 4@C385. @5<O 1;878;>AL : ?>;C4=N. 5=L 2K40;AO A>;=5G=K<. !=53 1KAB@> @07<O3G0;AO. -B> ?>2KH0;> >?0A=>ABL AE>40 A=56=>9 ;028=K.  C;4@846C 5I5 ?@54AB>O; =5<0;K9 ?CBL 4> =0<5G5==>3> @C1560  :@0O 0;L?89A:>9 4>;8=K, C?8@02H59AO 2 =5?@8ABC?=K5 7C1LO 3>@. >B><C >= =5 AB0; B5@OBL 2@5<5=8 =0 15A?;>4=K5 4>304:8 8 428=C;AO 40;LH5. @>H;> >:>;> G0A0. &5;L 1K;0 C65 1;87:0, => A=53 2A5 1>;LH5 @07<O3G0;AO. C;4@846 =5@2=8G0;, 8 ;028=0 =5 70AB028;0 A51O 640BL& 3> A?0A =51>;LH>9 >B@>65:, 24>;L :>B>@>3> >= H5; 8 :>B>@K9 >3@0=8G820; 2848<>ABL A?@020. ! 3C;><, 3@><>2K<8 @0A:0B0<8, A<5B0O 2A5 =0 A2>5< ?CB8, ;028=0 ?@>=5A;0AL @O4><. >4=O2H8AL =0 3@515=L >B@>30, C;4@846 A 70<8@0=85< A5@4F0 A<>B@5; =0 A;54K =5402=53> >120;0. ?0A=>ABL, ?CA:09 4065 <8=>202H0O, => 4> :>=F0 =5 >A>7=0==0O, 70AB02;O5B =0A 2=>2L 8 2=>2L ?@>:@CG820BL 2 ?0<OB8 @>:>2K5 A5:C=4K.  ?>B><C C;4@846 =5 A@07C 70<5B8; AB@0==K9 <07>:, 1C4B> >AB02;5==K9 =0 @07@KE;5==>9 ?>25@E=>AB8 BO65;K< :0B:><. = H5; C 40;L=53> :@0O =5?@>E>48<>9 ?>A;5 ;028=K 7>=K, =5<=>3> =08A:>A>:, 0 A B>3> <5AB0, 345 >1@K20;AO <07>: :0B:0, BO=C;0AL F5?>G:0 A;54>2 : 1;8609H5<C :CABC. 0 :CAB>< <0OG8;0 :0:0O-B> D83C@0. C;4@846 ?>A<>B@5; =0 =55 2 18=>:;L 8 C2845;& 0 :CAB><, AC4>@>6=> 2F5?82H8AL 2 25B:8, AB>O;> C4828B5;L=>5 ACI5AB2>. >AB 53> C;4@846 >F5=8205B >:>;> 42CE <5B@>2. "5;> 1K;> ?>:@KB> 3CAB>9 B5<=>9 H5@ABLN. 5AL >1;8: ACI5AB20: <>3CG89 B>@A, :204@0B=0O, 1C4B> 2@>AH0O 2 ?;5G8 3>;>20, 4;8==K5, <CA:C;8ABK5 @C:8 (?5@54=85 ;0?K?)  2A5 3>2>@8;> > =54N68==>9 A8;5. # C;4@8460 1K; D>B>0??0@0B, 8 >=, 1>OAL C?CAB8BL <><5=B, A45;0; A=8<>:. > ACI5AB2> 8 =5 4C<0;> C1530BL. 025@=>5, >=> ?>=8<0;>, GB> G5;>25:C 4> =53> =5 4>1@0BLAO. ;8, A:>@55 2A53>, =0?C30==>5 =5402=8< >120;><, =5 @5H0;>AL 2K?CAB8BL 87 @C: >?>@C. "0: 8;8 8=0G5, >=> >AB020;>AL =0 <5AB5.  C;4@846 2?;>B=CN ?>4>H5; : @C156C, 70 :>B>@K< =0G8=0;0AL @KE;0O, =5?@>E>48<0O, 5I5 =5 CA?52H0O 70B25@45BL ?>A;5 AE>40 ;028=K ?>;>A0 A=530, 8, =5 B>@>?OAL, @0AAB@5;O; ?>;>28=C 70?0A0 ?;5=:8. 4=0:> 4> A=56=>3> G5;>25:0 (0 B>, GB> >= 2848B ?5@54 A>1>9 8<5==> 53>, C;4@846 =5 A><=520;AO) 1K;> 2A5-B0:8 40;5:>. >A;5 >1@01>B:8 D>B>?;5=:8 D83C@:0 >1>7=0G8;0AL 25AL<0 =57=0G8B5;L=>9 70:>@NG:>9 2KA>B>9 2 420 <8;;8<5B@0. 0: 60;:>, GB> C C;4@8460 =5 >:070;>AL A A>1>9 B5;5>1J5:B820! @>H;> >:>;> G0A0. >3>40 8A?>@B8;0AL, ?>20;8; A=53. 0A?@>AB82H8AL A =04564>9 =0 1>;55 1;87:CN 2AB@5GC A =52840==K< ACI5AB2>< (2A5 MB> 2@5<O >=> =5 ?>:840;> A2>9 ?>AB), C;4@846 >B?@028;AO 2 >1@0B=K9 ?CBL.  2AB@5G5 A> A=56=K< G5;>25:>< C;4@846 4>;3> =8:><C =8G53> =5 @0AA:07K20;.  B>;L:> G5@57 G5BK@5 <5AOF0 C=8:0;L=K5 A=8<:8 ?>?0;8 2 @C:8 A?5F80;8AB>2. -B>3> A@>:0 ACI5AB2C A ;028=K A ;8E2>9 E20B8;>, GB>1K ?5@5:>G520BL 2 4@C3>9 @09>= 3>@.  / >G5=L >15A?>:>5= 0:B82=>ABLN ;N459 2 ?>8A:0E 95B8, 3>2>@8B C;4@846, >1JOA=OO ?@8G8=C A2>53> 4>;3>3> <>;G0=8O. K =5 7=05<, A:>;L:> 5I5 >AB0;>AL MB8E @54G09H8E 682>B=KE. >65B 1KBL, 8E B0: <0;>, GB> 87JOB85 87 ?@8@>4K >4=>3> 87 =8E >:065BAO @>:>2K< 4;O 2A59 ?>?C;OF88? $>B>3@0D88, A45;0==K5 ">=8 C;4@8465<, 1K;8 2=8<0B5;L=> 87CG5=K 0=3;89A:8<8 A?5F80;8AB0<8. >B :0:>5 <=5=85 A;>68;>AL > =8E C ?@>D5AA>@0 D878G5A:>9 0=B@>?>;>388 >15@B0 0@B8=0:  !=8<:8 A;54>2 O:>1K =58725AB=>3> =0C:5 682>B=>3> 8<5NB =51>;LHCN ?@0:B8G5A:CN F5==>ABL. "0O=85 A=530 <>3;> >G5=L A8;L=> 87<5=8BL 8E D>@<C. > B5< =5 <5=55, ?> :@09=59 <5@5, =0 >4=>< >B?5G0B:5 284=>, GB> 1>;LH>9 ?0;5F =>38 682>B=>3> >B2545= >B D0;0=38 >AB0;L=KE. -B> E0@0:B5@=K9 ?@87=0: ?@8<0B>2. 0 4@C3>< A=8<:5 70?5G0B;5=0 F5?>G:0 A;54>2, 84CI8E 2=87 8 225@E ?> A:;>=C. ;O4O =0 =55, =5B@C4=> ?>=OBL, GB> 682>B=>5 ?5@542830;>AL =0 42CE =>30E. 4=0:> 4>:07K205B ;8 MB>, GB> ?5@54 =0<8 A;54K, >AB02;5==K5 ;535=40@=K< 95B8? 5:>B>@K5 284K >157LO=, 2 B>< G8A;5 >18B0NI89 2 8<0;0OE ;0=3C@, A?>A>1=K ?@>E>48BL =51>;LH85 CG0AB:8 ?CB8 =0 704=8E :>=5G=>ABOE, 10;0=A8@CO ;0?0<8. 07C<55BAO, >A>1K9 8=B5@5A 2K7K205B A=8<>: A0<>3> ACI5AB20. G5=L 60;L, GB> =58725AB=>5 682>B=>5 2KH;> <5;:8< ?;0=><. @8 C25;8G5=88 A=8<>: =54>AB0B>G=> G5B:89. = 4>?CA:05B A0<K5 @07;8G=K5 B>;:>20=8O. > AB>8B 70<5B8BL, GB> ?>A04:0 3>;>2K 25AL<0 E0@0:B5@=0 4;O B0:8E ?@8<0B>2, :0: ;0=3C@K. C;4@846 A>>1I05B, GB> >?CI5==K5 @C:8 682>B=>3> 4>AB830NB :>;5=. -B> =02>48B =0 <KA;L > G5;>25:>>1@07=KE >157LO=0E. 4=0:>, 206=> >B<5B8BL, :@C?=K5 ;0=3C@K B>65 >B;8G0NBAO 4>2>;L=> 4;8==K<8 ?5@54=8<8 ;0?0<8. 5A ;0=3C@0 B5< 1>;LH5, G5< 40;LH5 : A525@C >= >18B05B.  8<0;0OE >= <>65B 4>AB830BL 20 :8;>3@0<<>2. (5@ABL C ;0=3C@>2, :0: ?@028;>, 75<;8AB>-A5@KE A25B;KE >BB5=:>2, => 5ABL 8 4>2>;L=> B5<=K5 M:75<?;O@K. A5 2KH5A:070==>5 3>2>@8B 70 B>, GB> =0 D>B>3@0D88 <>3 1KBL 70?5G0B;5= :@C?=K9 ;0=3C@, ?@8A?>A>182H89AO : A:C4=><C 2KA>:>3>@=><C @0F8>=C. 070;>AL 1K, 2A5 AE>48BAO. > 345 65 =0 A=8<:5 E2>AB, :>B>@K9 C ;0=3C@>2 @0728B 8 4>AB8305B 4;8=K B5;0? 57>3>2>@>G=> ?>445@60; 25@A8N ">=8 C;4@8460 > A=56=>< G5;>25:5 ?@>D5AA>@ 0=0B><88 8 0=B@>?>;>388 6>= 59?8@.  / A:;>=ONAL : <KA;8, GB> ACI5AB2>, 87>1@065==>5 =0 A=8<:5, @5;8:B>2K9 3><8=>84. >=5G=>, <>6=> ?@54?>;030BL GB> C3>4=>, 2?;>BL 4> B>3>, GB> <K 2848< >BH5;L=8:0, >45B>3> 2 725@8=CN H:C@C 8 =0 2KA>B5 3300 <5B@>2 B2>@OI53> <>;8B2C. > 2A5-B0:8, =0 <>9 273;O4, A;54C5B 871530BL =04C<0==KE >1JOA=5=89. G5@B0=8O D83C@K ACI5AB20 1C:20;L=> ?>2B>@ONB >?8A0=85 B0: =07K205<>3> 0;<0ABK (<5AB=>5 =0720=85 A=56=>3> G5;>25:0 2 010@48=>-0;:0@88), A45;0==>5 384@>35>;>3>< . . @>=8=K<. >4>1=KE C4828B5;L=> ?>E>68E >?8A0=89 >G5=L <=>3>. !;>2><, ?>A;5 4>;38E A><=5=89 O AB0=>2;NAL C15645==K< AB>@>==8:>< ACI5AB2>20=8O 95B8. !"+  . "/ = 1K; >:>;> A5<8 DCB>2 @>AB><, ?;5G8 H8@5, G5< C G5;>25:0, =028A0NI89 ;>1, 3;C1>:> A84OI85 3;070 8 H8@>:89 =>A A> A;53:0 2K25@=CBK<8 =>74@O<8. # =53> 1K;8 2?0;K5 I5:8, CH8, ?>E>685 =0 G5;>25GL8, => :@C?=55, :@C3;K5 3;070, B0:65 1>;55 :@C?=K5, G5< 3;070 G5;>25:0. K?8@0NI0O 2?5@54 =86=OO G5;NABL, 2KABC?0NI85 3C1K. 5@54=85 7C1K :@C?=K5, :0: C ;>H048. ;070 G5@=K5. >;>AK B5<=>-:0HB0=>2K5, 4;8==K5, 2 DCB 4;8=>9, A2>1>4=> A28A0;8 =0 ?;5G8. A5 ;8F>, 70 8A:;NG5=85< =>A0 8 CH59, 1K;> ?>:@KB> :>@>B:>9 H5@ABLN. C:8 28A5;8 =865 :>;5=. 8AB8 @C: 1>;LH85, ?0;LFK >:>;> H5AB8 4N9<>2 4;8=>9, A>G;5=5=8O ?0;LF52 ;8HL A;53:0 2K45;5=K. %2>AB0 =5 1K;>, 8 B5;> 1K;> ?>:@KB> :>@>B:>9 H5@ABLN. # =53> 1K;8 BO65;K5 154@0, :>@>G5, G5< 3>;5=8. = H5; ?@O<>, H8@>:> @0AAB02;OO =>38. !BC?=8 1K;8 4N9<>2 425=04F0BL 4;8=>9 8 ?@8<5@=> H5ABL 4N9<>2 H8@8=>9  A?5@548 H8@5, G5< A7048. ! ?;>A:8<8 =>3BO<8. -B> 1K; <C6G8=0. >B B>, GB> <=5 C40;>AL OA=> @073;O45BL. -B> >?8A0=85 2 >:BO1@5 1977 3>40 40; 3@C??5 8AA;54>20B5;59 87 8B09A:>9 :045<88 =0C: 2 5:8=5 33-;5B=89 ;845@ :><<C=K 0=3 =A5=3. 0=3 @0AA:070;, :0: >= 2AB@5B8; 2>;>A0B>3> G5;>25:0 2 ;5AC =0 A:;>=5 CI5;LO, :C40 >= ?>H5; 703>B02;820BL B>?;82>.  -B>B G5;>25: ?>4E>48; 2A5 1;865 8 1;865. / ?OB8;AO =0704, ?>:0 =5 CB:=C;AO A?8=>9 2 A:0;C. 0;LH5 1560BL 1K;> =5:C40. / ?>4=O; B>?>@, 3>B>2K9 A@078BLAO 70 687=L. K AB>O;8 4@C3 ?@>B82 4@C30, =5 42830OAL A <5AB0, >:>;> G0A0. >B>< O ?>4=O; :0<5=L 8 1@>A8; 2 =53>. 0<5=L ?>?0; 5<C 2 3@C4L. = 8740; =5A:>;L:> 2>?;59 8 =0G0; B5@5BL <5AB> C40@0 ;52>9 @C:>9. >B>< ?>25@=C;AO =0;52>, ?@8A;>=8;AO : 45@52C, 0 70B5< <54;5==> ?>1@5; 2=87, : 4=C CI5;LO. = ?@>4>;60; 874020BL AB>=CI85 72C:8. & C==>9 =>GLN 2 <05 1976 3>40 H5AB5@> ;845@>2 :><<C=K 87 ;5A=>3> @09>=0 (5=>=389O 2 ?@>28=F88 %C159 5E0;8 =0 468?5 =5?>40;5:C >B 45@52=8 'C=HC9O. 4@C3 8E D0@K >A25B8;8 AB@0==>5 15AE2>AB>5 ACI5AB2> A :@0A=>20BK<8 2>;>A0<8, :>B>@>5 AB>O;> =0 4>@>35. >48B5;L >AB0=>28; 468?, C45@6820O 2 ;CG0E D0@ ACI5AB2>, 0 ?OB5@> G5;>25: 2KH;8 87 <0H8=K 8 >B?@028;8AL 8AA;54>20BL 2AB@5G=>3>. =8 ?>4>H;8 =0 =5A:>;L:> DCB>2  ACI5AB2> B0:65 :070;>AL 708=B@83>20==K< 8E ?>O2;5=85<, => ?>B>< >=> A:@K;>AL 2> BL<5. N48 =5 45;0;8 ?>?KB>: ?@5A;54>20BL 53>, => =0 A;54CNI55 CB@> >B?@028;8 B5;53@0<<C 2 5:8=, 2 :045<8N =0C:. A5 1K;8 C15645=K, GB> 2845;8 >4=>3> 87 ;535=40@=KE 2>;>A0BKE ;N459 8B0O. !B@0H=K5 A:07:8 0 ?@>BO65=88 25:>2 :8B09A:89 D>;L:;>@ E@0=8B AB@0H=K5 8AB>@88 > 1>;LH8E 2>;>A0BKE, ?>E>68E =0 ;N459 ACI5AB20E, :>B>@K5 E>4OB =0 704=8E ;0?0E.  A>>B25BAB288 A ;535=40<8, MB8 ACI5AB20 =0A5;ONB F5=B@0;L=K9 3>@=K9 @09>= 8B0O C8=;8=L-0H0=-(5=>=389O, 2 MB>< @09>=5 2>4OBAO B0:65 3830=BA:85 ?0=4K 8 4@C385 @54:85 284K 682>B=KE, =5 2AB@5G0NI85AO 1>;LH5 =8345 2 <8@5. > =5402=53> 2@5<5=8 8AB>@88 > 48:8E ;N4OE 2AB@5G0;8AL 2 8B05, :0: 8 ?>2AN4C, A 87@O4=K< A:5?B8F87<><, 5A;8 =5 A ?@O<K< =54>25@85<. !;CG82H55AO B>9 ;C==>9 =>GLN B5< =5 <5=55 40;> B>;G>: : B><C, GB>1K >B=>H5=85 MB> 87<5=8;>AL. #G5=K5 87 =AB8BCB0 ?0;5>0=B@>?>;>388 8 ?0;5>=B>;>388 ?>72>=>G=KE :045<88 =0C: 1K;8 =0AB>;L:> 708=B@83>20=K MB8< >?8A0=85<, A45;0==K< H5ABLN @C:>2>48B5;O<8 :><<C=K, GB> @0725@=C;8 ?>;=><0AHB01=>5 8AA;54>20=85, 2 B5G5=85 :>B>@>3> 1K;8 A>1@0=K A>B=8 ?>4>1=KE A2845B5;LAB2 >B ;N459, 682CI8E 2 &5=B@0;L=>< 8B05. >7<>6=>, ?5@2>5 ?8AL<5==>5 C?><8=0=85 > 48:8E ;N4OE 1K;> A45;0=> >:>;> 2000 ;5B =0704 <8=8AB@>< 8 ?>MB>< LN .0=5<, :>B>@K5 2 A2>8E AB8E0E G0AB> C?><8=0; > 3>@=KE 25;8:0=0E-;N4>540E. !5<L 25:>2 A?CABO, 2> 2@5<5=0 ?@02;5=8O 48=0AB88 "0=L, 8AB>@8: 8 /=HC >?8A0; 3@C??C 2>;>A0BKE ;N459, 682H8E 2 ;5A0E %C159. >GB8 2 B> 65 2@5<O, :>340 0<5@8:0=FK 25;8 A2>N 2>9=C 70 =57028A8<>ABL, ?>MB .0= 59 ?8A0; > AB@0==KE ?>E>68E =0 >157LO=, => >157LO=0<8 =5 O2;ONI8EAO ACI5AB20E 2 ?@>28=F88 (0=A8. > E>BO AB0@0O ;8B5@0BC@0 ?><>305B CAB0=>28BL 8AB>@8N 48:8E ;N459, >=0  =54>AB0B>G=K9 8AB>G=8: 4;O B>3>, GB>1K >?@545;8BL, :B> MB8 ACI5AB20 8 >B:C40 >=8 ?>O28;8AL.  2>B 2 1976 3>4C :8B09A:85 CG5=K5 >@30=87>20;8 8AA;54>20B5;LA:CN 3@C??C, GB>1K =09B8 1>;55 B>G=K5 40==K5. #G5=K5 87 5:8=0 8 (0=E0O, 87 ?@>28=F89 %C159, (0=A8 8 !KGC0=L 1>;55 42CE ;5B ?@>G5AK20;8 =08<5=55 4>ABC?=K5 CG0AB:8 ;5A>2 2 ?>8A:0E A;54>2. >;55 100 G5;>25:, ?@8 ?>445@6:5 2>8=A:8E G0AB59 8 4>1@>2>;LF52, 8AA;54>20;8 600 :204@0B=KE <8;L, 2 :>B>@K5 2>H;8 2A5 B5@@8B>@88 (5=>3898 8 >:@C60NI8E @09>=>2, 345 :>340-;81> >B<5G0;8AL A;54K 48:8E ;N459. 5C;>28<K5 A>740=8O > E>BO =0CG=0O 3@C??0 A>1@0;0 >?8A0=8O 48:8E ;N459, A>AB>OI85 87 A>B5= BKAOG A;>2, 8 F5;CN 181;8>B5:C, ?>;=CN 40==KE, A0<8 MB8 ACI5AB20 >:070;8AL AB>;L 65 =5C;>28<K<8, :0: ;>E-=5AA:>5 GC4>28I5 8 95B8. $>B>3@0DK 87 ?5:8=A:>9 ABC488 =0CG=KE 8 >1@07>20B5;L=KE D8;L<>2 ?@>25;8 2 ;5A0E ?>GB8 420 3>40, => 8< B0: 8 =5 C40;>AL 70?5G0B;5BL 48:>3> G5;>25:0. =8 ?>4>H;8 : =5<C =0 B0:>5 65 @0AAB>O=85, :0: 8 >G52845F 87 @09>=0 $0=LE0=L, 345 @0A?>;>68;0AL HB01-:20@B8@0 8AA;54>20B5;59. 0: 3>2>@8BAO 2 6C@=0;5 '09=0 @5:>=AB@0:BA, 32-;5B=OO 65=I8=0 ?> 8<5=8 >=L .;0= 2K1560;0 87 ;5A0, ?@868<0O : A515 G5BK@5E;5B=NN 4>GL. 5=I8=0 :@8G0;0: 8:89 G5;>25:, 48:89 G5;>25:! >765 >=0 @0AA:070;0 8AA;54>20B5;O<, GB> >=8 A 4>G5@LN A>18@0;8 B@02K 2 3>@0E, :>340 C2845;8 2>;>A0B>5 G5;>25:>?>4>1=>5 ACI5AB2>, :>B>@>5 G5A0;>AL > 45@52>. >340 8AA;54>20B5;8 ?@81K;8 =0 <5AB>, >=8 =5 =0H;8 A0<> ACI5AB2>, => >1=0@C68;8 <=>65AB2> ?@O459 B5<=>-:0HB0=>2KE 2>;>A @07=>9 4;8=K =0 AB2>;5 45@520, =0 2KA>B5 >:>;> 4 DCB>2. "5< =5 <5=55 2>;>AK MB8 AB0;8 4;O 8AA;54>20B5;59 F5==K< 4>:070B5;LAB2><. 1@07FK 1K;8 4>AB02;5=K 2 5:8=, 87CG5=K, 8 1K;> 4>:070=>, GB> 2>;>AK >B;8G0NBAO ?> A>AB02C 8 284C >B 2>;>A <5425459  :0: G5@=KE, B0: 8 1C@KE. >;55 2A53> MB8 2>;>AK =0?><8=0NB 2>;>AK ?@8<0B>2.  4>?>;=5=85 : 2>;>A0< CG5=K5 =0H;8 >BG5B;82K5 >B?5G0B:8 ABC?=59 8 M:A:@5<5=BK, :>B>@K5, :0: >=8 AG8B0NB, <>3CB A;C68BL 4>:070B5;LAB2>< 2>7<>6=>3> ACI5AB2>20=8O 48:8E ;N459. 0: A:070=> 2 >4=>< 87 4>=5A5=89, =0?8A0==KE =0 <5AB5 8 A>?@>2>6405<KE D>B>3@0D8O<8, >B?5G0B:8 ?@8=04;560B ?@>4>;3>20B>9 AB>?5, @0AH8@5==>9 (>:>;> 4 4N9<>2) 2?5@548 8 AC65==>9 (>:>;> 42CE 4N9<>2) A7048. B?5G0B:8 ?0;LF52 >20;L=K5, >48= ?0;5F, >G5284=>, >BAB05B >B 4@C38E. !;54K 84CB 4@C3 70 4@C3>< 2 >4=>< @O4C, @0AAB>O=85 <564C A;540<8 20@L8@C5BAO >B 4204F0B8 4N9<>2 4> O@40.  @09>=5, 345 G5B25@> @07;8G=KE >G5284F52, 2:;NG0O BC 65=I8=C A @515=:><, >B<5G0;8 ?>O2;5=85 48:>3> >157LO=>?>4>1=>3> ACI5AB20, 8AA;54>20B5;8 =0H;8 H5ABL :CG M:A:@5<5=B>2 =0 25@H8=5 A:0;K =0 ?>;?CB8 : 3>@5. %>BO B5 1K;8 C65 70B25@452H8<8 8 2KA>EH8<8, ?@8 0=0;875 C40;>AL >1=0@C68BL :CA>G:8 =5?5@520@5==>9 :>6C@K D@C:B>2 8 48:8E >@5E>2, => =8:0:8E D@03<5=B>2 682>B=>3> ?@>8AE>645=8O  <5E0 8;8 :>AB59. #G5=K5 70:;NG8;8, GB> M:A:@5<5=BK =5 <>3;8 ?@8=04;560BL =8 G5;>25:C, =8 ?;>B>O4=K< 682>B=K<. "5< =5 <5=55 :>;8G5AB2> M:A:@5<5=B>2 8 E0@0:B5@ =5?5@56520==KE 8 =5?5@520@5==KE >AB0B:>2 ?8I8 >=8 1K;8 A;8H:>< <0;K  =5 3>2>@OB > B><, GB> MB8 M:A:@5<5=BK >AB02;5=K :>?KB=K<8 682>B=K<8 8;8 <54254O<8.  F5;>< >1@07FK 25AL<0 =0?><8=0NB M:A:@5<5=BK B@02>O4=KE ?@8<0B>2. "5>@88 %>BO MB8 40==K5 =5 40NB >:>=G0B5;L=KE 4>:070B5;LAB2, :0A0NI8EAO ?@>8AE>645=8O 8 4065 ACI5AB2>20=8O 48:8E ;N459, :8B09A:85 CG5=K5 2K428=C;8 425 B5>@88, 8<5NI85 >B=>H5=85 : MB8< AB@0==K< ACI5AB20<. 4=8 AG8B0NB, GB> 48:85 ;N48  MB> 0B0287<, 35=5B8G5A:89 @53@5AA : @0==8< D>@<0< G5;>25G5A:>3> @>40, ?>O282H89AO 2 @57C;LB0B5 A;CG09=KE :><18=0F89 =0A;54AB25==KE 35=>2. > <=5=8N 4@C38E, MB8 !CI5AB20 O2;ONBAO ?@O<K<8 ?>B><:0<8 >B40;5==>3> ?@54:0 G5;>25:0, 3830=BA:>9 >157LO=K  3830=B>?8B5:0. "5>@8O 0B0287<0 ?@54?>;0305B, GB> 48:85 ;N48  MB> 2A53> ;8HL ;N48, @>645==K5 A =5=>@<0;L=> 1>;LH8< :>;8G5AB2>< 2>;>A =0 ;8F5 8 B5;5. "0:85 2>;>A0BK5 ;N48 >?@545;5==> ACI5AB2CNB 2 8B05, 8 =0 ?@>BO65=88 25:>2 :8B09FK >BB>@30;8 8E 87-70 8E AE>4AB20 A >157LO=0<8. 725AB=>, GB> @0=LH5 G@57<5@=> 2>;>A0BKE 45B59 C1820;8 ?@8 @>645=88 8;8 >AB02;O;8 2 ;5AC =0 ?@>872>; AC4L1K. (;O :8B09F52, :0: 8 4;O <=>38E 68B5;59 >AB>:0, @0AB8B5;L=>ABL =0 B5;5  O2;5=85 @54:>5 8 ?>B><C =5?@8OB=>5. =8 AB0@0NBAO C40;8BL 2>;>AO=>9 ?>:@>2, ?>@>9 A>A:@51K20O 25@52>G=>9 <>G0;:>9.) 4=> 2@5<O :8B09FK ?>;030;8, GB> MB8 2>;>A0BK5 ;N48  2>72@0B A B0:8< =0A;54AB25==K< ?@>B>B8?0<, :0: >157LO=>G5;>25:. > ?> 40==K< A>2@5<5==KE 35=5B8:>2, =5=>@<0;L=K5 E0@0:B5@8AB8:8, B0:85, :0: G@57<5@=K9 2>;>AO=>9 ?>:@>2, O2;ONBAO @57C;LB0B>< ?@>872>;L=KE @5:><18=0F89 @5F5AA82=KE ?@87=0:>2. 8B09A:>5 ?@028B5;LAB2> AB0@05BAO C1548BL 3@0640=, GB> =8:0:>9 70304:8 8 =8:0:>3> ?@>:;OB8O 2 MB>9 871KB>G=>9 2>;>A0B>AB8 =5B, ?KB0OAL B0:8< >1@07>< 27OBL 2>4 70I8BC =5AG0AB=KE. !B0BLO 2 '09=0 ?8:B>@8M;, =0?@8<5@, @0AA:07K205B > @515=:5 ?> 8<5=8 . 75=EC0=L, :>B>@K9 @>48;AO 2 1978 3>4C. A5 53> B5;> 1K;> ?>:@KB> 2>;>A0<8. $>B>3@0D88, 8;;NAB@8@CNI85 AB0BLN, 45<>=AB@8@CNB 2AN A5<LN  @>48B5;59 8 AB0@HCN A5AB@5=:C <0;LG8:0. A5 >=8 2?>;=5 =>@<0;L=K5 ;N48. 0: 3>2>@8BAO 2 AB0BL5, @5:;0<0, 40==0O @515=:C, ?>1C48;0 <=>38E ?>A5B8BL MBC A5<LN, 0 B0:65 =0?8A0BL > AE>4=KE A;CG0OE 2 :045<8N =0C:. !53>4=O 70D8:A8@>20=> 19 B0:8E A;CG052. A5 MB8 ;N48 ?>74=> B5@ONB A2>8 <>;>G=K5 7C1K, => 2 >AB0;L=>< 8E @0728B85 =8G5< =5 >B;8G05BAO >B =>@<0;L=>3>. B0287<, A:070=> 2 AB0BL5, :0: 1K;> 4>:070=> =01;N45=8O<8, =5 2;8O5B =0 ?>2A54=52=CN 687=L G5;>25:0. =B5;;5:B B0:8E ;N459 @0728205BAO =>@<0;L=>. 0;55 8 AB0BL5 3>2>@8BAO >1 >4=>< 2>;>A0B>< @515=:5, :>B>@K9 ?@5:@0A=> CG8BAO, 8 > 4@C3><, :>B>@K9 25;8:>;5?=> ?>5B 8 83@05B =0 D;59B5 8 O2;O5BAO ?@8<5@=K< @01>G8<. #25;8G820NI85AO 7=0=8O > 2>;>A0BKE ;N4OE ?>4B25@640NB B5>@8N > B><, GB> 48:85 ;N48  MB> 873>8 2 @57C;LB0B5 ?>O282H8EAO C =8E 0B028AB8G5A:8E ?@87=0:>2. =8 2K68;8 8 >@30=87>20;8 A2>8 :>;>=88 2 ;5AC. 48=AB25==K9 =54>AB0B>: B0:>9 B5>@88  MB> @>AB MB8E ;N459. !2845B5;8 >?8AK20NB MB8 ACI5AB20 :0: 25AL<0 @>A;KE, 8 1>;LH8=AB2> A;54>2, >AB02;5==KE 8<8, 3>@074> :@C?=55 B5E, GB> <>3 >AB028BL G5;>25:. 5:>B>@K5 CG5=K5 >B<5B0NB MB8 2>7@065=8O, 70O2;OO, GB> ?>A:>;L:C 25:0<8 48:85 ;N48 4>;6=K 1K;8 2K6820BL 2 BO6:8E CA;>28OE, B> 2K68;8 ;8HL =081>;55 :@C?=K5 8 ?@8A?>A>1;5==K5 >A>18. -B8 >AB02H85AO 157 >B25B0 2>?@>AK ?>1C48;8 <=>38E 25@=CBLAO : B5>@88, GB> 48:85 ;N48  682K5 ?>B><:8 3830=BA:>9 G5;>25:>>1@07=>9 >157LO=K  3830=B>?8B5:0, :>B>@0O =0A5;O;0 5<;N 2 <8;;8>=0 ;5B =0704. %>BO 4@52=85 >157LO=K, :0: AG8B05BAO, ?@5:@0B8;8 ACI5AB2>20=85 BKAOG5;5B8O =0704, CG5=K5 >B<5G0NB, GB> 3830=BA:0O ?0=40  284, :>B>@K9, :0: 8725AB=>, 68; 1>: > 1>: A 3830=BA:8<8 >157LO=0<8, ?>-?@56=5<C =0A5;O5B B>B 65 A0<K9 @538>=. =>385 87 682CI8E =K=5 8A:>?05<KE @0AB5=89  B0:8E, :0: 3>;C18=>5 45@52>, :8B09A:>5 BN;L?0=>2>5 45@52> 8 <5B0A5:2>9O, B0:65 2A5 5I5 @0ABCB 2 C8=;8=L-0H0=-(5=>=389O. @C385 @54:85 8 4@52=85 682>B=K5, B0:85 :0: B0:8= 8 7>;>B0O >157LO=0, ACI5AB2CNB B>;L:> 2 MB>< @538>=5. >MB><C, ?@54?>;030NB =5:>B>@K5 CG5=K5, 3830=BA:85 >157LO=K B0:65 A>E@0=8;8AL 745AL :0: 284. >AB8 3830=BA:8E >157LO= 0: @0==85, B0: 8 =5402=85 8AA;54>20=8O 3>2>@OB, GB> MB8 >157LO=K 2>48;8AL =0 :@09=5< N35 8B0O, => >=8 B0:65 ACI5AB2>20;8 2 M?>EC A@54=53> ?;59AB>F5=0  >B 500 4> 600 BKAOG ;5B =0704. "5< =5 <5=55 :@><5 :>AB59 3830=BA:8E >157LO= 1K;8 =0945=K A;54K 4@C38E :>AB=KE >:0<5=5;>AB59, 8A?>;L7>202H8EAO 2 4@52=5:8B09A:8E B@048F8>==KE ;5:0@AB25==KE ?@5?0@0B0E. !;54CO 8725AB=K< =0< 40==K<, <K <>65< ;8HL A:070BL, GB> 3830=B>?8B5:8 8<5;8 :@C?=K5, <0AA82=K5 :>AB8 8 <>I=K9 B>@A, >4=0:> :>=5G=>AB8 1K;8 =5=0<=>3> 4;8==55 8 A8;L=55, G5< C G5;>25:0, 3>2>@8B By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omo sapiens 8 53> G8A;5==>ABL 1K;0 2 =5A:>;L:> 45AOB:>2 @07 =865, B> B0:>9 284, ?>?@>ABC 3>2>@O, =5>1=0@C68<. "5?5@L > A=56=>< G5;>25:5. '5;>25: <KA;OI89 :0: 18>;>38G5A:89 284 2>7=8:, ?> <=5=8N 1>;LH8=AB20 CG5=KE, >:>;> 100 000 ;5B =0704.  MB> 2@5<O =0H ?@54>: 0@E0=B@>? (8;8 G5;>25: ?@O<>E>4OI89  ?8B5:0=B@>?, A8=0=B@>? 8 4@C385) ?@52@0B8;AO 2 B0: =07K205<>3> ?0;50=B@>?0  G5;>25:0 <KA;OI53>, ?>4284 =50=45@B0;LA:89. >A;54=89 H8@>:> @0A?@>AB@0=8;AO ?> 2A5<C 75<=><C H0@C. '5@57 =5A:>;L:> 45AOB:>2 BKAOG5;5B89 >= =0G0; @0A?040BLAO =0 425 25B28. 5@20O ;8=8O  3@0F80;L=K5 =50=45@B0;LFK 3@C??K -@8=3A4>@D (?> <5ABC B8?8G=>9 =0E>4:8  >G5284=>, =0H8 ?@O<K5 ?@54:8. !C4L10 2B>@>9 M2>;NF8>==>9 ;8=88 <5=55 OA=0). -B> :;0AA8G5A:85 =50=45@B0;LFK (?> <5AB0< =0E>4:8  3@C??K (0?5;L, CABL5, !?8 8 B.4.) >B25B2;5=85 >B 35=5@0;L=>3> AB2>;0 @0728B8O G5;>25G5A:>3> @>40, ?@8G5< >B25B2;5=85 M2>;NF8>==> =5402=55. 1 MB>< A2845B5;LAB2CNB 1;86=52>AB>G=K5 =50=45@B0;LFK 3@C??K !EC;  2>7<>6=>, 381@84K <564C 42C<O 25B2O<8.  8A:>?05<KE >AB0=:0E 20-30 BKAOG ;5B =0704 =0G8=0NB ?@5>1;040BL ?@54AB028B5;8 G5;>25:0 <KA;OI53> A>2@5<5==>3> B8?0. ;0AA8G5A:85 =50=45@B0;LFK AB0=>2OBAO 2A5 1>;55 @54:8. 0AA>2K5 =0E>4:8 8E ?@5:@0I0NBAO, 2AB@5G0NBAO ;8HL >B45;L=K5 :>AB=K5 D@03<5=BK, 1>;LH59 G0ABLN A><=8B5;L=K5. >;LH8=AB2> 0=B@>?>;>3>2 AG8B05B, GB> 2 ?>74=5< ?0;5>;8B5 =50=45@B0;LFK 2K<5@;8. > 254L <>6=> 4>?CAB8BL, GB> G8A;5==>ABL =0H8E 42>N@>4=KE @>4AB25==8:>2 A>:@0I0;0AL. @8B8G5A:0O, 1;87:0O : =C;52>9 G8A;5==>ABL, :>340 284 2K<8@05B, <>3;0 1KBL 4>AB83=CB0 2 =0H8 4=8 2 B5G5=85 ?;NA-<8=CA =5A:>;L:> AB>;5B89. !:>@55  ?;NA, CG8BK20O =5?@5:@0I0NI89AO ?>B>: A2845B5;LAB2 > :0:8E-B> 70304>G=KE G5;>25:>?>4>1=KE ACI5AB20E, 254CI8E A:@KB=K9 >1@07 687=8 2 C40;5==KE C3>;:0E ?;0=5BK 8 D83C@8@CNI8E ?>4 8<5=0<8 A=56=K9 G5;>25:, 95B8, 0;<0ABK& > 2AO:>< A;CG05, 8E >1;8:  1>;LH0O <0AA0, D878G5A:0O A8;0 8 B. ?. A>>B25BAB2C5B B><C =0?@02;5=8N M2>;NF88, ?> :>B>@><C H;8 :;0AA8G5A:85 =50=45@B0;LFK. 07C<55BAO, 4> =0H8E 4=59 4>68; C65 =5 =50=45@B0;5F, 0 =>2K9 284. A;8 8E G8A;5==>ABL 20-30 BKAOG ;5B =0704 1K;0 =0 ?>@O4>: <5=LH5, G5< =0H8E ?@O<KE ?@54:>2, B> MB0 1>:>20O 25B2L 4;O A>2@5<5==KE ?0;5>=B>;>3>2 <>3;0 8AG57=CBL.  ;CGH5< A;CG05 2 8E @C:8 <>3CB ?>?0ABL =8GB>6=K5 D@03<5=BK A:5;5B0, <0;> ?@83>4=K5 4;O A5@L57=>3> 8AA;54>20=8O. 0 5<;5 :064K9 3>4 >1=0@C6820NB =>2K5 284K A0<KE @07=KE 682>B=KE, 2:;NG0O ?@8<0B>2. "0:, 2 1987 3>4C 2 "815B5 2KA>:> 2 3>@0E ?>9<0=K G5BK@5 >A>18 N0=LA:>9 7>;>B>9 >157LO=K. >;3>5 2@5<O 8E AG8B0;8 2K4C<:>9 <5AB=KE 68B5;59, 0 A59G0A 8<8 <>6=> ?>;N1>20BLAO 2 5:8=A:>< 7>>?0@:5.  70:;NG5=85 A:065<, GB> 682>B=K9 <8@ :0: ?@>H;>3>, B0: 8 =0AB>OI53> 7=0G8B5;L=> 1>30G5, G5< :065BAO =0 A53>4=OH=89 45=L.  =5 AB>8B >G5=L C6 C482;OBLAO B><C, GB> A:5;5B A=56=>3> G5;>25:0, 25@=55 53> G0AB8, :0: 1C4B> 2A5 65 =0H;8 2 8<0;0OE. 0H @0AA:07 ?@54=0<5@5==> =5?>;=K9. "5<0 @5;8:B>2>3> 3><8=>840 70A;C68205B >B45;L=>3> B><0. AB0B8, C =0A 2 >AA88 ?>4>1=0O :=830 ?>:0 B0: 8 =5 =0?8A0=0& +( ' ! !,  $  ! " -B0 8AB>@8O <>3;0 1K 2>>1I5 =5 =0G0BLAO, =5 A>E@0=8AL A 40;5:>3> 1581 3>40 C4828B5;L=>3> ?@540=8O, ?5@5E>482H53> 87 ?>:>;5=8O 2 ?>:>;5=85, 1C4B> 2845;8 A;02=K5 2>8=K @<0:0 "8<>D5528G0 2 40;5:>9 75<;5 A818@A:>9 >3@><=KE 2>;>A0BKE A;>=>2 2 4@5<CG59 B0935& > A8E ?>@ A?5F80;8ABK B5@ONBAO 2 4>304:0E  :>3> 2845;8 4@C68==8:8 @<0:0? 54L =0AB>OI8E-B> A;>=>2 >=8 2 B5 2@5<5=0 C65 7=0;8  8<5;8AL >=8 2 7>>;>38G5A:8E A040E ?@8 42>@0E 2>52>4 8 2 F0@A:>< 725@8=F5.  A B5E ?>@ 6825B ;535=40 > 682KE <0<>=B0E& & 02=> MB> 1K;>, 5I5 454 @0AA:07K20; 9A0BC! B?@028;AO >48= @K10: =0 A5=>:>A. 5B> 2 01>;>BL5 AB>O;> 60@:>5, ACE>5  :><0@K ?>?@OB0;8AL ?> 1>;>B0<, <>H:0 5I5 2 A8;C =5 2>H;0. >A8;, :>A8; >= B@02C, ?5@54>E=CBL @5H8;, O3>4 ?>A18@0BL. 420 27>H5; =0 ;5A=>9 1C3>@  70A:>;L78;0 ?>4 =8< 75<;O 8 2=87 ?>H;0. @>20;8;AO @K10: 2 1>;LHCN B5<=CN ?5I5@C, =0A<5@BL ?5@5?C30;AO: :0: =025@E 2K15@5HLAO? !:>;L:> =8 A8;8;AO, =8G53> =5 2KH;>: 2KA>:>, =5 4>?@K3=5HL. 5H8; :0<=59 =0B0A:0BL, GB>1 3>@:C A45;0BL. 03=C;AO 70 ?5@2K< ?>?02H8<AO :0<=5<  8 >1><;5;. @O<> =0 =53> 3@><04=K9 75<;O=>9 1K:, <0<<CB>< =07K205<K9, ?>;75B, @>30 A2>8 :@82K5 8 3;04:85 =0AB02;O5B. 1><;5; @K10:  :>=5F =0AB0;: ?@>B:=5B 53> 1K: AB@0H=K<8 @>30<8. > <0<>=B ?>4?>;7, ?>4C; =0 =53>, ?>DK@G0;, 0 ?>B>< C =>3 ?@8<>AB8;AO. !848B @K10: =8 682 =8 <5@B2. "5<=5BL 2 ?5I5@5 AB0;>  284=>, A25G5@5;> =025@EC. >4=O; <0<>=B A2>N ;>E<0BCN 3>;>2C, ?>A<>B@5; 2 C?>@ =0 G5;>25:0 8 : :0<=N, GB> E>B5; 27OBL @K10:, =0?@028;AO. !B0; >= :0<5=L B>B ;870BL, C@G0BL >B C4>2>;LAB28O, 4>AKB0 =0;870;AO, 0 ?>A;5 8 @K10:0 : :0<=N 2@>45 1K ?>4B>;:=C;: 5HL! K10: ?>?@>1>20; :0<5=L O7K:>< B5?;K9, =0 E;51 ?>E>689, =C 8 B>65 ;870BL ?@8=O;AO. !@07C 3>;>4 ?@>H5;. A<5;5; @K10:, AK7=>20 2>7=0<5@8;AO =025@E 2K1@0BLAO, => <0<>=B >B 4K@K 53> >BB>;:=C; 8 2 E>4 70 A>1>9 ?>2;5:.  =0G0; @K10: A <0<>=B>< ?> ?>475<=K< E>40< H0AB0BL, <0<>=B @>30<8 75<;N @>5B, ;1>< C<8=05B 70 =8< 4>@>30 8 >AB05BAO. =>340 65 =0 A2>9 E>4 =01@54CB 8;8 =0 G59 5I5 B0<, ?> =5<C 84CB. =>3> >=8 8AE>48;8, :0<=O<8 ?8B0;8AL, :>@5=LO<8.  >4=064K >B;CG8;AO :C40-B> <0<>=B, 8 =5 1K;> 53> =5A:>;L:> 4=59, =025@=>5. K10: =8345 AJ54>1=KE :0<=59 =09B8 =5 <>3, >B>I0;, GCBL A 3>;>4C =5 ?><5@. >B>< ?>H5; ?> A;54C <0<>=B0 @07KA:820BL, 8  GC4>! 2?5@548 2@>45 1K A25B. !<>B@8B, 4K@0 2 15@53>2>< >1@K25 8 45=L 284=>. 8=C;AO @K10: : B>9 4K@5, 40 GCBL 1K;> =5 >A;5? A =5?@82KG:8 >B O@:>3> A>;=F0 8 =5 @0718;AO  2KA>:> 2 >1@K25 =>@0 1K;0, A20;8;AO >= 2=87, ?> 3@C4L 2 @5G=CN B8=C CH5;.  :>340 >?0<OB>20;AO, B> C2845;: =0E>48BAO >= C "0?:8=A:8E N@B, GB> 2KH5 "09B0<0:0 AB>OB =0 @5:5 >A:5& !B0;> 1KBL, =5 >4=C A>B=N :8;><5B@>2 >B<0E0; @K10: ?>4 75<;59. >1@0;AO >= 4> 4><C, 0 B0< 53> 402=> C65 640BL ?5@5AB0;8, ?>AG8B0;8 <5@B2K<. 0:-=8:0:, ?@>H;> F5;KE B@8 3>40, @K10:C 65 ?>:070;>AL  B@8 <5AOF0 <8=C;>& C, 0 :C40 <0<>=B 45;AO, =8:B> =5 7=05B: 3>2>@OB, B0?:8=A:85 <C68:8 =>@C E>48;8 =0 15@53 A<>B@5BL 8 2845;8 1C4B> 1K A;54 : @5:5 >B G53>-B> BO65;>3>, 1C4B> 1K ?>;7 :B>-B> : 2>45 8 B0< A:@K;AO. > 4;O <0<>=B0 MB> =5 AB@0H=>, >= 254L 8 2 2>45 <>65B 68BL. !:07K20NB, 1C4B> MB> <0<>=B 78<0<8 ;><05B B>;ABK9 ;54 2 @5:0E 8 >75@0E, CAB@08205B =0 @5:5 70B>@K 2 ;54>AB02. >@>N E>7O8= @5:8, 0;10=K, @0AA5@482H8AL =0 75<;O=>3> 1K:0, 70B8@05B 53> ;L48=0<8 8;8 >1@CH8205B ?>4 =8< 15@53. >B B>340 68B5;8 ?@81@56=KE A5;5=89 8 =0E>4OB =0 15@53C A:5;5BK 8 @>30 <0<>=B>2.  5I5 3>2>@OB: =5 2K=>AOB <0<>=BK A>;=5G=>3> A25B0, 381=CB, :0: B>;L:> ;CG A>;=F0 :>A=5BAO 8E H:C@K& -BC AB@0==CN 8AB>@8N @0AA:070; 8AB>@8:C . @5<8=C AB0@K9 >E>B=8: 9A0B =0 C;:C;5, 2 01>;>BL5, GB> @O4>< A ">1>;LA:><.  GCBL ?>765 2 653>4=8:5 ">1>;LA:>3> 3C15@=A:>3> <C75O 70 1908 3>4 >= >1=0@C68; ?C1;8:0F8N :@052540 . >@>4F>20 0<>=BK. 0?04=>A818@A:>5 A:070=85.  >48= 87 @0AA:07>2, ?5@540205<K9 >@>4F>2K<, 70?8A0= 8<5==> 2& 01>;>BL5! K;> MB> 2 1863  1868 3>40E, 8 ?@540=85 C4828B5;L=> ?>E>655 =0 B>, GB> <K ?@825;8 2KH5, B>;L:> <0<>=B B0< 4>1@55, >= >B?CA:05B G5;>25:0, 0 A0< A:@K205BAO 2 2>45. #482;O5B 745AL =5 682CG5ABL ;535=4K (1K20NB ?@540=8O 8 ?>4@52=55), 0 B0 ?@8O7=L, > :>B>@>9 A>>1I05BAO > 682>B=><, =52@06451=>ABL : G5;>25:C. "0: <>3;8 @0AA:07K20BL ;N48, >G5=L E>@>H> 7=02H85 ?>204:8 3830=B0. 1A:85 C3@K, A818@A:85 B0B0@K 8 @CAA:85 2 !818@8 5I5 2 ?@>H;>< 25:5 25@8;8: <0<>=B 682, => B>;L:> 2 =51>;LH>< :>;8G5AB25, >= >G5=L @>1>:. > A2>5<C =@02C 682>B=>5 MB> :@>B:>5 8 <8@>;N182>5& #4828B5;L=> MB> 7=0=85 ?A8E>;>388 725@O, 682H53> 2 M?>EC 25@E=53> ?0;5>;8B0. B:C40 B0:0O >A254><;5==>ABL? & >A>; 02AB@89A:>3> 8<?5@0B>@0 E>@20B !8387<C=4 5@15@HB59=, ?>A5B82H89 2 A5@548=5 XVI 25:0 >A:>28N, ?8A0; 2 1549 3>4C 2 A2>8E 0?8A:0E > >A:>288: 2 !818@8 & 8<55BAO 25;8:>5 <=>65AB2> ?B8F 8 @07;8G=KE 682>B=KE, :0:>2K, =0?@8<5@, A>1>;8, :C=8FK, 1>1@K, 3>@=>AB08, 15;:8 8 2 >:50=5 682>B=>5 <>@6& @><5 B>3>, 5A, B>G=> B0: 65 15;K5 <542548, 2>;:8, 709FK& . 5< 1K; MB>B B08=AB25==K9 725@L 5A, 4>;3>5 2@5<O =8:0: =5 <>3;8 ?>=OBL :><<5=B0B>@K 0?8A>:.  254L 5I5 2 1911 3>4C B>1>;LG0=8= . >@>4:>2 ?8A0; 2 >G5@:5 >574:0 2 !0;K<A:89 :@09 (653>4=8: ">1>;LA:>3> 3C15@=A:>3> <C75O. 1911. K?. XXI), GB> C A0;K<A:8E E0=B>2 IC:0-<0<>=B =07K205BAO 25AL. -B>B <>=AB@ 1K; ?>:@KB 3CAB>9 4;8==>9 H5@ABLN 8 8<5; 1>;LH85 @>30, 8=>340  25AL 70B520;8 <564C A>1>N B0:CN 2>7=N, GB> ;54 =0 >75@0E ;><0;AO A> AB@0H=K< 3@>E>B><. 5C4828B5;L=>, GB> 2?5G0B;8B5;L=K9 ?>A>;, =0A;CH02H8AL @0AA:07>2 > B08=AB25==>< 725@5 5A5, 70=5A 53> 2 @07@O4 @50;L=> ACI5AB2CNI8E 682>B=KE =0@O4C A <54254O<8, 2>;:0<8, 15;:0<8 8 A>1>;O<8.  <>65B 1KBL, >= @0A?>;030; 8 4@C38<8 A2545=8O<8? 5@2K<, :B> A>>1I8; <8@C > A818@A:8E <0<>=B0E, 1K;, 25@>OB=>, :8B09A:89 8AB>@8: !K<0 &5=L (II 25: 4> =. M.).  A2>8E AB>@8G5A:8E 70?8A:0E >= ?8H5B > ?@54AB028B5;OE 40;5:>9 ;54=8:>2>9 M?>E8 :0: >& 74@02AB2CNI8E 682>B=KE! 7 725@59 2>4OBAO& >3@><=K5 :010=K, A525@=K5 A;>=K 2 I5B8=5 8 A525@=KE =>A>@>3>2 @>4. =0G8B, 5I5 8 H5@AB8ABK5 =>A>@>38?! !B@0==>, ?>G5<C :8B09A:89 CG5=K9 =5 =07K205B >1>8E 682>B=KE 8<5=5< :@KAK B85=-BC 8 =5 70O2;O5B >1 8E 8A:>?05<>< A>AB>O=88, 254L 5I5 2 III 25:5 4> =. M. 182=8 22>78;8 2 8B09 87 !818@8. !:;04K205BAO 2?5G0B;5=85, GB> @5GL 845B > 682>< ACI5AB25, 682H5< 2 !818@8 5I5 2 III-II 25:0E 4> =. M. !?CABO AB>;5B8O A2845B5;LAB2> CG5=>3>, >A=>20==>5 =0 @50;L=KE D0:B0E, 1K;> ?@540=> 70125=8N, :0: MB> =5 @07 A;CG0;>AL 2 8<?5@0B>@A:>< 8B05, 8 CABC?8;> <5AB> D0=B0AB8G5A:8< A?5:C;OB82=K< 87<KH;5=8O< > :@KA5 B85=-BC. #65 :8B09A:89 ?>A;0==8: "C;8H5=, ?@>5E02H89 G5@57 !818@L 2 >AA8N, A>>1I0; 2 1714 3>4C 8<?5@0B>@C:  =0E>48BAO 2 A59 E>;>4=>9 AB@0=5 =5:>B>@K9 725@L, :>B>@K9, :0: A:07K20NB, E>48B ?> ?>475<5;LN, 8 :0: A:>@> A>;=F5 8;8 B5?;K9 2>74CE 4> =53> :>A=5BAO, B> >= C<8@05B& 8<O A53> 725@O  <0<C=B , 0 ?>-:8B09A:8  E8HC &  B5?5@L ?5@5=5A5<AO 2 4@C3>9 A525@=K9 @538>=, 2 ?@8?>;O@=K5 >1;0AB8 !( 8 0=04K.  >4=>< 87 =5402=8E =><5@>2 6C@=0;0 ;OA:0 <=5 ?>?0;0AL ;N1>?KB=0O AB0BLO 5=A8 . 5AA 8D > ?>A;54=5< <0<>=B5, 2 :>B>@>9, ?><8<> 8=B5@5A=KE @8AC=:>2 :>=F0 ?@>H;>3> 25:0, ?@82>48BAO @0AA:07 =5:>53> X. "LN:<0=0, CB25@6402H53>, GB> >=& 15A54>20; A 8=459F5<, C182H8< ?>A;54=53> <0<>=B0. >B MB0 8AB>@8O: " 1890 3>4C O ?CB5H5AB2>20; ?> @5:0< !5=B-09:; 8 .:>= =0 ;OA:5. ;>=409: 5I5 =5 1K; >B:@KB, 8 ?0@>E>4 ;OA:8=A:>9 B>@3>2>9 :><?0=88 =5 ?>4=8<0;AO 2KH5 $>@B-.:>=0 ?> ?@8G8=5 :>@>B:>3> A57>=0 AC4>E>4AB20; :0: @07 B0< O 8 >:070;AO, :>340 =0ABC?8;0 78<0.  $>@B-.:>=5 68;> =51>;LH>5 8=459A:>5 ?;5<O.  MBC 4>;3CN 78<C O CA;KH0; <=>3> 8=B5@5A=KE @0AA:07>2 >B AB0@>3> 8=459F0. 0:-B> 25G5@>< O @0AA<0B@820; :0:85-B> AB0@K5 @8AC=:8, ?@8=04;5602H85 6>  AB0@59H5<C 2>64N MB>3> ?;5<5=8. 0 >4=>< 87 @8AC=:>2 1K; 87>1@065= A;>=, ?@8 2845 :>B>@>3> AB0@K9 6> ?@8H5; 2 A8;L=>5 2>71C645=85 8 2 :>=F5 :>=F>2, A =5:>B>@>9 =5>E>B>9, >1JOA=8; <=5, GB> >= 2845; >4=>3> 87 MB8E 725@59 B0<  >= ?>:070; @C:>9 =0 A525@. >8 C25@5=8O 2 B><, GB> B0:85 682>B=K5 =5 2>4OBAO =0 MB>< :>=B8=5=B5, =8GCBL =5 ?>:>;510;8 53>. >4K3@K20O AB0@8:C, O ?>?@>A8; 53> @0AA:070BL MBC 8AB>@8N, GB> >= A45;0; ?>A;5 4>;38E C3>2>@>2. "4=064K, <=>3> ;5B B><C =0704, <K, O 8 !C=-BE09, 428=C;8AL 225@E ?> @5:5 >@:LN?09=. !C=-BE09 <>9 AK=, A59G0A >= C65 C<5@. 0B5< <=>3> 4=59 <K ?>4=8<0;8AL ?> <0;5=L:>9 @5G:5 225@E, 2 3>@K. > 3>@K 1K;8 >G5=L 2KA>:85 8 >G5=L :@CBK5, 8 <K =5 <>3;8 27>1@0BLAO =0 =8E. ">340 <K 25@=C;8AL =0704 8 ?>4AB@5;8;8 ;>AO 2>7;5 =51>;LH>3> >2@030. !C=-BE09 ?@>1@0;AO ?> =5<C 8 C2845;, GB> >2@03 70:0=G8205BAO =51>;LH8< CB5A><; 27>1@02H8AL =0 =53>, >= 70<5B8; ?5I5@C. = 1K; E@01@K<, !C=-BE09. = 70;57 2 ?5I5@C 8 >1=0@C68; 2 55 40;L=5< :>=F5 4K@C. !C=-BE09 2K3;O=C; 2 =55 8 C2845; ;53:89 ?CBL 4;O ?>4J5<0 =0 3>@C, 8 2>B, 27O2 A A>1>9 =5<=>3> <OA0, <K 70H;8 2 ?5I5@C 8 70<5B8;8, GB> >=0 CA5O=0 >3@><=K<8 :>ABO<8  8E @07<5@ ?@52KH0; <>9 @>AB, 8 O 8A?C30;AO, =>, 2K1@02H8AL G5@57 4K@C =0 A>;=5G=K9 A25B, O A=>20 >A<5;5;, 8 B0: <K 4>AB83;8 25@H8=K 3>@K. 0 @0AAB>O=88 <K 2845;8 1>;LHCN 4>;8=C, >75@0 8 45@52LO, 240;8, ?> BC AB>@>=C 4>;8=K, <K 2845;8 3>@K, 0 70 =8<8, >G5=L 40;5:>, 2KA>:85 3>@K A 25@H8=0<8, ?>:@KBK<8 A=53><, :>B>@K9 =8:>340 =5 AE>48B. !C=-BE09 A:070;: K 4>1C45< <=>3> 1>1@>2>3> <5E0 2 MB>9 4>;8=5, 0? / A:070;: 5B, MB> 4LO2>;LA:0O AB@0=0, 8 5I5 O A:070; 5<C, GB> MBC AB@0=C 8=459FK =07K20NB "8-09->0 (!;54 LO2>;0). ">340 !C=-BE09 =5<=>3> 8A?C30;AO 8 >B25B8;: 45<, >B5F, <K =5 >AB0=5<AO BCB =04>;3>; 70 ?0@C 4=59 =0AB@5;O5< 1>1@>2, 0 70B5< 25@=5<AO.  2>B 70 420 4=O <K 873>B>28;8 ?;>B 8 ?5@5A5:;8 >75@> 4;8==>5, :0: @5:0, 8 =0 A;54CNI89 45=L C2845;8 "8-09->0!" !B0@8: 70<>;G0; 8 70<5@. / A845; 15772CG=> 8 =5?>4286=>, >6840O& !B0@8: ?>4=O;AO 8 2KBO=C; @C:8 ?5@54 A>1>9.  53> 3;070E AB>O; AB@0==K9 1;5A:, ;>1 ?>:@K;AO :0?5;L:0<8 ?>B0.  MB>B <><5=B O =5 A><=520;AO, GB> >= >?8AK205B B>, GB> 459AB28B5;L=> 2845;. "= ;8; =0 A51O 2>4C 87 A2>53> 4;8==>3> =>A0, 0 ?5@54 53> 3>;>2>9 B>@G0;8 420 7C10 4;8=>9 2 45AOBL @C659 :064K9, 703=CBK5 8 A25@:0NI85 =0 A>;=F5 15;87=>9, A;>2=> ;51548=K5 :@K;LO. 3> H5@ABL 1K;0 G5@=>9, 4;8==>9 8 28A5;0 ?> 1>:0< B>G=> ?CG:8 A>@=>9 B@02K =0 25B2OE 45@520 ?>A;5 ?>;>2>4LO, 0 MB0 E868=0 2K3;O45;0 1K @O4>< A =8< :0: 42CE=545;L=K9 <0;KH @O4>< A> A2>59 <0<>9. K =5 @073>20@820;8, !C=-BE09 8 O, <K B>;L:> A<>B@5;8 8 A<>B@5;8, 0 2>40, :>B>@CN 682>B=>5 2K;820;> =0 A51O, AB5:0;0 ?> 53> 1>:0< =51>;LH8<8 @5G:0<8. > 2>B >=> ;53;> 2 2>4C, 8 4>15602H85 4> =0A G5@57 B@>AB=8: 2>;=K 4>AB83;8 =0H8E ?>4<KH5:, B0:>9 A8;L=K9 1K; 2A?;5A:. 0B5< 682>B=>5 ?>4=O;>AL 8 2AB@OE=C;>AL, >:CB02H8AL ?5;5=>9  A;>2=> 4>6452>9 H:20; >:0B8; 53>. =570?=> !C=-BE09 2A:8=C; A2>5 @C6L5 8, ?@5645 G5< O CA?5; >AB0=>28BL 53>, 2KAB@5;8;  1C<! 2 "8-"09->0. >B MB> 1K; HC<! !;>2=> BKAOG0 3CA59 70:@8G0;0 @07><, B>;L:> ?@>=78B5;L=55 8 3@><G5, 8 ?>:0B8;AO MB>B :@8: ?> 4>;8=5, ?>:0 =5 4>AB83 3>@, 8 ?>:070;>AL =0<, GB> 2 <8@5 1>;LH5 =8G53> =5 ACI5AB2C5B, :@><5 MB>3> C60A=>3> :@8:0! 0: B>;L:> 4K< >B 2KAB@5;0 ?>4=O;AO =04 :0<KH0<8, "8-09->0 C2845; !C=-BE0O 8, H;5?0O ?> 2>45, @8=C;AO : =5<C, 8 HC< >B MB>3> ?;5A:0 AB>O; B0:>9, :0: 1C4B> 2AO 2>4>?;020NI0O 48GL <8@0 ?>4=O;0AL =0 70:0B5 A >75@0. K ?>25@=C;8AL 8 1@>A8;8AL 1560BL, !C=-BE09 8 O. K <G0;8AL <8<> 45@52L52, ?@>GL >B =0H53> ;035@O, ?>A:>;L:C ?@O<> =0 =53> =5AAO "8-09->0, >E>BOAL 70 4K<><. @>15602 1>;LH>5 @0AAB>O=85, <K >AB0=>28;8AL ?5@54>E=CBL 8 ?@8A;CH0;8AL 8 BCB 65 >?OBL CA;KH0;8 <>3CG89 @52 "8-09->0  >= 8A:0; =0A, 8 <K ?>GC2AB2>20;8 =>2CN A8;C 2 =>30E, GB>1K 1560BL 40;LH5". !B0@K9 8=455F A5;, 2KB5@ @C:>9 ;>1 8 F5;KE 45AOBL <8=CB =5 3>2>@8; =8 A;>20  2>7<>6=>, 4C<0; > A2>5< C<5@H5< AK=5. / AB0; =0?@O30BL <>738, <CG8B5;L=> 2A?><8=0O, GB> 65 =0< 3>2>@8;8 > <0<>=B0E 2 H:>;5, ?>A:>;L:C O CB25@48;AO 2 48:>9 <KA;8, :>B>@0O ?@>=5A;0AL C <5=O 2 <>73C, :>340 O B>;L:> C2845; :0@B8=:C A> A;>=><. "CB AB0@8: ?>4=O;AO 8 428=C;AO : 2KE>4C 87 E868=K. 5 8I8 "8-09->0, 15;K9 G5;>25:, GB>1K B515 ?>B>< =5 ?@8H;>AL @0AA:07K20BL =0< B>, GB> O @0AA:070; B515.  >= H03=C; 2 OA=CN <>@>7=CN =>GL, >AB0282 <5=O 3040BL, :0: >= B0: B>G=> C7=0; <>8 <KA;8&  ?;5<5=8 8=459F52, 78<CNI8E 2 $>@B-.:>=5, 1K; >G5=L 682>9 8 A<KH;5=K9 <0;K9 ?> 8<5=8 >;, E>@>H> 3>2>@82H89 ?>-0=3;89A:8, :>B>@K9 :064>5 ;5B> ?>;L7>20;AO A?@>A>< 2 :0G5AB25 ;>F<0=0 4;O ?0@>E>4>2 ;OA:8=A:>9 B>@3>2>9 :><?0=88. >; 8<5; 2 A2>8E 68;0E =5<=>3> H>B;0=4A:>9 :@>28, 8, A1;8782H8AL A =8<, O C7=0;, GB> >= ?8B05B B0:>9 65 A8;L=K9 8=B5@5A : "8-09->0, :0: 8 O, 8 B0:>5 65 3;C1>:>5 ?@57@5=85 : AC525@8N, B@0:BCNI5<C 53> :0: 4LO2>;0. >340 O @0AA:070; >;C > A2>5< >?KB5, >E>BK =0 A;>=>2 2 D@8:5 2 70-5 3>4K, >= 703>@5;AO 65;0=85< >B?@028BLAO 2<5AB5 ?@54AB>OI8< ;5B>< 8 4>1KBL <0<>=B0, 5A;8 >= 459AB28B5;L=> ACI5AB2C5B. = 703>@5;AO 5I5 A8;L=55, :>340 O ?>2540; 5<C > 1>30BAB25, >6840NI5< G5;>25:0, :>B>@K9 A<>65B ?5@540BL 2 @C:8 B0:A845@<8AB>2 B0:>3> C=8:0;L=>3> ?@54AB028B5;O, ?>2848<><C, 2K<5@H59 D0C=K. 'C45A=K< CB@>< 2 =0G0;5 8N;O <K @0A?@>I0;8AL A $>@B-.:>=>< 8 >B?@028;8AL 225@E ?> @5:5 >@:LN?09= =0 4;8==>9 8 C7:>9 ;>4:5, :>B>@CN ?>AB@>8;8 A?5F80;L=> 4;O =0H59 F5;8. B>@>3> 023CAB0  2 45=L <>53> @>645=8O  <K A?@OB0;8 A2>8 25I8 8 ?>A?5H8;8 2?5@54, GB>1K =09B8 ?CBL 8 =0:>=5F 703;O=CBL 2 MBC AB@0=C 4LO2>;0. 7>1@02H8AL =0 2KABC?, <K >1=0@C68;8 ?5I5@C 8;8, A:>@55, B>==5;L. = 8<5; 200 DCB>2 4;8=K 8 H8@8=C, 4>AB0B>G=CN, GB>1K B@8 G5;>25:0 <>3;8 84B8 @O4><. >; B>==5;O ?> 2A59 4;8=5 1K; A?;>HL CA5O= >3@><=K<8 :>ABO<8 <0<>=B0, C28452 :>B>@K5 >; 4065 2A:@8:=C;. / 8A?KB0; =0 ?@>G=>ABL >48= 87 A?8==KE ?>72>=:>2 8 C1548;AO, GB> BO65;0O ?C;O <>53> @C6LO A ;53:>ABLN ?@>E>48B G5@57 =53>& / =5 1C4C ?>4@>1=> >?8AK20BL =0HC @01>BC ?> ?5@5=>A:5 25I59 >B <0;5=L:>9 @5G:8. 0< ?@8H;>AL 8A?>;L7>20BL 1;>:8 8 :0=0BK, GB>1K ?>4=OBL 8E :> 2E>4C 2 B>==5;L. 0:>=5F <K 2A5 ?5@5B0I8;8 8 =5A:>;L:> 4=59 A?CABO >:070;8AL =0 15@53C @5:8 "8-09>0. 'B> :0A05BAO >;0, O =5 2AB@5G0; @02=KE 5<C =8 2 >4=>< 87 A2>8E ?CB5H5AB289. !8;L=K9, M=5@38G=K9, =5CB><8<K9, 25A5;K9 8 >B ?@8@>4K I54@> =045;5==K9 87>1@5B0B5;L=>ABLN, >= ?@5>4>;520; ?@5?OBAB28O, ;8HL B>;L:> >=8 2>7=8:0;8, B>340 :0: 53> E@01@>ABL, E;04=>:@>285 8 01A>;NB=0O C25@5==>ABL 2 =0H5< :>=5G=>< CA?5E5 459AB2>20;8 =0 <5=O :0: M<>F8>=0;L=K9 B>=8: 2 <><5=BK, :>340 O @07<KH;O; > BO3>B0E =0H53> ?@54?@8OB8O. 204F0BL 452OB>3> 023CAB0 <K 2?5@2K5 C2845;8 <0<>=B0. = AB>O; =0 <0;5=L:>9 ;C609:5, MB>B A0<K9 1>;LH>9 725@L, :>B>@>3> 2845; 5I5 B>;L:> >48= 87 =K=5 682KE ;N459, 2KI8?K20O >3@><=K5 <0AAK <E0;8H09=8:0 8 ?>540O 8E B0:8< 65 >1@07><, :0: MB> 45;0NB A;>=K. 3> A;>2=> 6820O :>?8O  4>;3> A>E@0=ONI0O A2845B5;LAB2> :@>?>B;82>AB8 8 <0AB5@AB20 0<5@8:0=A:8E B0:A845@<8AB>2, :>B>@0O B5?5@L 70=8<05B =>2>5 :@K;> !<8BA>=>2A:>3> <C75O, B0: ?>4@>1=> 2>A?@>872>48;0AL =0 8;;NAB@0F8OE 6C@=0;>2 8 3075B 2> 2A5E F828;87>20==KE AB@0=0E <8@0& 0725 =5 53> 87>1@065=85 1K;> 2K25H5=> 2 30;5@55 >@>;52A:>9 0:045<88 2 MB>< 3>4C?  O =5 286C A<KA;0 >?8AK20BL 53> 21;878, 0 B>;L:> A:06C >1 8A?KB0==>< =0<8 B@5?5B5, 2K720==>< 284>< MB>3> 3@><04=>3> 682>B=>3>, <8@=> ?0AH53>AO 2 704C<G82>AB8 2 ?@8ACBAB288 42CE ?83<552, 704C<02H8E 53> ?>3C18BL& @8<5@=> 2 25 <8;OE =865 =0H53> ?5@2>3> ;035@O <K >1=0@C68;8 87>;8@>20==CN 3@C??C E2>9=KE 45@52L52, :>B>@K5 1K;8 A0<K<8 1>;LH8<8 A@548 B5E, GB> <K 2845;8 2 4>;8=5. "CB <K 8 =0G0;8 A2>N @01>BC. >?5@5: 2KA>EH53> @CA;0 =51>;LH>3> @CGLO, A >4=>9 AB>@>=K >B 42CE 45@52L52, :>B>@K5 1K;8 1>;LH5 4@C38E, <K 2>74283;8 <0AA82=CN :>=AB@C:F8N 87 A@C1;5==KE =0<8 AB2>;>2, A;>65==KE 2 ?OBL MB0659, 2=CB@L :>B>@>9 <K =018;8 ACE>3> 8 B@CE;O2>3> 45@520, >AB0282 =51>;LHCN ;0759:C, GB>1K <>6=> 1K;> ?>4>1@0BLAO 8 ?>465GL 53>. 025@E <K =020;8;8 1>;LH8E 45@52L52, A@C1;5==KE @O4><. 0:>=G5==0O :>=AB@C:F8O 2K3;O45;0 :0: 3830=BA:89 HB015;L A2565=0@C1;5==KE 45@52L52.  25B2O< AB>OI8E @O4>< A0<KE 2KA>:8E 45@52L52, ?@8<5@=> 60 DCB>2 2KA>BK, <K ?@82O70;8 25@52>G=K5 ;5AB=8FK 8, 2K1@02 C4>1=K5 <5AB0, >1>@C4>20;8 B0< A515 A845=LO 8 ?>4=O;8 BC40 :0=0BK, :>B>@K<8 <>3;8 ?@82O70BL A51O 2 A;CG05 =5>1E>48<>AB8.  A5=BO1@N <K 2A5 ?@83>B>28;8, 8 B5?5@L =0< ?@54AB>O;> 4>:070BL A?@0254;82>ABL <>53> ?@54?>;>65=8O, GB> 4K< ?@8BO38205B =0HC 4>1KGC. (5AB=04F0B>3> G8A;0 2A5 1K;> 3>B>2>, 8 ?5@54 A0<K< @0AA25B>< <K, A;>682 @C6LO 8 ?0B@>=B0H8 2 A2>8 3=5740 =0 45@52LOE, >B?@028;8AL =0 ?>8A:8 8 ?@8<5@=> 2 10 G0A>2 ?>?>;C4=8, ?@>94O B@8 <8;8, C2845;8 =0HC 4>1KGC. 0<>=B 2K3;O45; 2AB@52>65==K< 8 15A?>:>9=> =NE0; 2>74CE. 53:89 25B5@ H525;8; 25@ECH:8 45@52L52. K 7063;8 ?CG>: ACE8E 25B>: 8 ?><G0;8AL =0704 A B0:>9 A:>@>ABLN, =0 :0:CN B>;L:> 1K;8 A?>A>1=K.  B>B <><5=B, :>340 ?>4=O;AO 4K<>:, C60A=K9 2>9 >3;0A8; 4>;8=C ?>7048 =0A, 8 <K ?>GC2AB2>20;8, :0: 70B@OA;0AL 75<;O, :>340 <0<>=B @8=C;AO : =0<. K >ICI0;8, GB> MB> =0AB>OI0O 3>=:0, F5=0 :>B>@>9 687=L, 2 B> 2@5<O, :>340, ?@>1530O ?> ;5AC, ?>46830;8 ?@83>B>2;5==K5 70@0=55 :>AB5@:8. 0:>=5F <K 4>AB83;8 HB015;O, 8 G5@57 =5A:>;L:> A5:C=4 B>=5=L:0O AB@C9:0 4K<0 2>725AB8;0, GB> 18B20 A:>@> =0G=5BAO. K ?>A?5H8;8 2 =0H8 3=5740. >;3> 640BL =5 ?@8H;>AL. ! B>?>B>< 2KA:>G82H89 87-70 45@52L52 8 CAB@5<82H89AO A >3;CH8B5;L=K< @52>< 2?5@54 2;0AB5;8= 4@52=53> ;5A0 >AB0=>28;AO ?5@54 45@52O==K< =03@><>645=85<, ?@54AB02 ?5@54 =0<8 2> 2A59 A2>59 ?5@2>1KB=>9 <>I8. = 1K; O2=> >7040G5= ?@53@0482H8< 5<C ?CBL 3830=BA:8< HB015;5<, 87 :>B>@>3> C65 2K@K20;8AL :;C1K 4K<0. > ;8HL B>;L:> 70B@5I0;8 =0H8 @C6LO, @0740;AO A0<K9 C60A=K9 :@8: O@>AB8, :>B>@K9 <=5 :>340-;81> ?@8E>48;>AL A;KH0BL, 8 3@><04=K9 725@L, O2=> =5 GC2AB28B5;L=K9 : =0H8< 2KAB@5;0<, A 48:8< 15H5=AB2>< 0B0:>20; HB015;L. >=782 2 =53> A2>8 1>;LHCI85 182=8, >= A45;0; <>I=>5 CA8;85; =0?@O3H8AL 5I5 @07, >= ?>4=O; F5;CN :CGC 1@525=  =0?><8=0N, GB> >=8 1K;8 A:@5?;5=K 2<5AB5 8 A>AB02;O;8 2 2KA>BC, ?> :@09=59 <5@5, 25 DCB>2, 1@>A8; 8E =0 75<;N. >GC2AB2>202, 2848<>, GB> MB> 1>;LH5 B>3>, =0 GB> E20B05B 53> A8;, >= 70F5?8; A0<K9 25@E=89 AB2>;  BO65;5==>5 1@52=> 42CE A ?>;>28=>9 DCB>2 4;8=K 8 1>;LH5 DCB0 2 480<5B@5, 8 1@>A8; 53> G5@57 A51O. "5< 2@5<5=5< =0H8 @C6LO =5 157459AB2>20;8, O >?CAB>H8; C65 2B>@CN >1>9<C, F5;OAL 5<C 70 CE>. !B>O; B0:>9 HC< =5?@5:@0I0NI89AO @52 2<5AB5 A 53> ME><, >B@060NI8<AO >B 3>@, GB> O =5 A;KH0; 72C:>2 A>1AB25==KE 2KAB@5;>2, => =03@52H89AO AB2>; 3>2>@8;, GB> <0;5=L:85 7;K5 ?C;8 =5?@5@K2=> CAB@5<;ONBAO : A2>59 F5;8. 070;>AL, <0<>=B =5 ?>4>7@520; > 42CE 7;>C<KH;5==8:0E, 70A52H8E =04 =8<, 8 A;5?> 0B0:>20; 3>@OICN 45@52O==CN 10H=N, F5?;OO 1@52=0 8 H2K@OO 8E BC40 8 AN40 B0:, GB> O ?>=O;, GB> G5@57 =5A:>;L:> <8=CB 2AO :>=AB@C:F8O 1C45B @07<5B0=0 40;5:> ?> AB>@>=0<. 4=> 1@52=>, <5=LH55, G5< 4@C385, ?>;5B5;> 2 <>N AB>@>=C 8 >1@CH8;>AL =0 25B28 =04 <>59 3>;>2>9. @C3>5 C40@8;>AL 2 45@52> 2KH5, A>4@02 :>@C 8 GCBL =5 AB@OE=C2 <5=O =0 75<;N. > :>=5F 1K; C65 1;87>:, ?>A:>;L:C >3@><=>5 682>B=>5 8AB5:0;> :@>2LN, AB@C82H59AO 87> @B0 8 CH59, 8 AB0;> =5C25@5==> ?>:0G820BLAO. 'C2AB2> 60;>AB8 8 ABK40 >E20B8;> <5=O, :>340 O A<>B@5;, :0: A8;K >AB02;ONB MB> <>3CG55 4>8AB>@8G5A:>5 ACI5AB2>, :>B>@>5 O >1<0=C; 8 ;8H8; <8@=>3> 157<OB56=>3> ACI5AB2>20=8O, ?@>4>;602H53>AO BKAOGC ;5B. 5;> A45;0=>, 8 B5?5@L, GB>1K >?@0240BL 53>, <K 4>;6=K A>E@0=8BL H:C@C, :>AB8 8 2A5 G0AB8, :>B>@K5 2>7<>6=> ?@54>E@0=8BL >B ?>@G8. -B0 7040G0 >:070;0AL =5 87 ;53:8E&  A5@548=5 45:01@O 2A5 :>AB8 1K;8 >B45;5=K >B <OA0, BI0B5;L=> >G8I5=K 8 ?@>=C<5@>20=K. !=O2 2 ?>;=>9 A>E@0==>AB8 2AN H:C@C, <K @07>63;8 1>;LH>9 :>AB5@ 8 ?>460@8;8 =5<=>3> <OA0. / ?@>25; BI0B5;L=K5 >1<5@K ;53:8E, A5@4F0 8 2A5E A:>@>?>@BOI8EAO G0AB59. K @01>B0;8 =5 ?>:;040O @C: ?>GB8 4> :>=F0 O=20@O, =8 @07C =5 ?>:8=C2 ;035@L. OA> =5 1K;> =52:CA=K<, B>;L:> C60A=> 65AB:8<. CGH85 G0AB8, 70:>?0==K5 2 25G=> <5@7;CN 75<;N, ?@5:@0A=> A>E@0=O;8AL& 0:>=5F, 2 C:@><=>< <5AB5 <K A>>@C48;8 :0?8B0;L=K9 B09=8: 87 BO65;KE 1@525= 8 C?@OB0;8 2A5 MB> BC40, ?>B>< ?>AB@>8;8 =51>;LHCN ;>4:C 8 AB0;8 640BL, :>340 >B:@>5BAO @5:0, =87 ?> "8-09->0 <K 4>1@0;8AL 4> '5=4;0@0, >BBC40 4> .:>=0 8 !5=B-09:;0, 8 2>B ?5@2K9 65 ?0@>E>4 4>AB028; =0A 2 !0=-$@0=F8A:>. 45AL O A>25@H5==> A;CG09=> 2AB@5B8; <8AB5@0 >=@048 8, C7=02, GB> >= 3;C1>:> 8=B5@5AC5BAO 7>>;>3859, @0AA:070; 5<C > B09=8:5, >AB02;5==>< =0<8 =0 15@530E "8-09->0. / @0AA:070; 5<C =5 2A5, ?>A:>;L:C A0< E>B5; C7=0BL >B A254CI8E ;N459 2 <5@8:5 8 2@>?5 > B><, :0:CN AC<<C <>6=> ?>;CG8BL 70 <0<>=B0. >9 ?;0= 70:;NG0;AO 2 B><, GB>1K, 5A;8 C40ABAO, A2O70BLAO A> A?5F80;8AB0<8 87 @8B0=A:>3> <C75O 8 ?@>40BL 53> BC40. @54;>65==0O <8AB5@>< >=@048 AC<<0  <8;;8>=K 4>;;0@>2  ?>@078;0 <5=O, 8 ?>A;5 =545;8 @07<KH;5=89 O A>3;0A8;AO. >; =0>B@57 >B:070;AO 27OBL 1>;LH5 G5B25@B8 MB>9 AC<<K, 0@3C<5=B8@CO MB> B5<, GB> 4065 A MB8<8 45=L30<8 >= =5 7=05B, GB> 45;0BL 8 :0: 8E ?>B@0B8BL. &828;870F8O <0;> ?@8BO3820;0 53>, 2A:>@5 >= AB0; B><8BLAO 2> $@8A:>, AB@0AB=> 65;0; 25@=CBLAO =0 2>;N. -B8< 65 ;5B>< <K A >;>< >B?@028;8AL =0 A525@ 8 7078<>20;8 =0 "8-09->0 >:>;> =0H53> B09=8:0. 5A=>9 <K ?5@5?@028;8 <0<>=B0 2 >?@545;5==>5 <5AB> =0 @5:5 .:>=, 345 =0A 640; <8AB5@ >=@048, 8 C?0:>20;8 2 A?5F80;L=> ?@83>B>2;5==K5 OI8:8& / @5H8;, GB> =081>;55 ?>4E>4OI59 25@A859 1C45B B0:0O, ?> :>B>@>9 O:>1K <8AB5@ >=@048 =0H5; BCHC 2<>@>65==>9 2 09A15@3 2 @:B8:5. 7<5@5=8O, ?@>45;0==K5 <=>9, 1K;8 >B40=K 2 !<8BA>=80=, :0: 1C4B> 8E A45;0; A0< >=@048& " "@C4=> A:070BL, GB> 2 MB>< @0AA:075 ?@0240, 0 GB> 2K<KA5;. >, 4C<05BAO, ?>A;54=OO B>G:0 2 <0<>=B>2545=88 5I5 =5 ?>AB02;5=0! "5< 1>;55 GB> O?>=FK A>18@0NBAO 2>A:@5A8BL <0<>=B0 8 =0?@02;ONB 2 >AA8N M:A?548F8N, CG0AB=8:8 :>B>@>9 =0<5@520NBAO A>1@0BL 2 !818@8 =5>1E>48<K9 35=5B8G5A:89 <0B5@80; 4;O >?5@0F88 ?> 2>7@>645=8N :>A<0BKE 8A?>;8=>2. @8304C 8AA;54>20B5;59-M=BC780AB>2 2>73;02;O5B 047CDC<8 >B>, 4>F5=B C=825@A8B5B0 03>A8<0, AG8B0NI89AO :@C?=K< M:A?5@B>< 2 >1;0AB8 8A:CAAB25==>3> @072545=8O 682>B=KE. = >1JO28; 6C@=0;8AB0<, GB> A ?><>ILN @>AA89A:8E :>;;53 =0<5@5= =09B8 E>@>H> A>E@0=82H89AO 2 25G=>9 <5@7;>B5 B@C? <0<>=B0. 7 =53> ?@54?>;0305BAO 2K45;8BL 70<>@>65==K9 A5<5==>9 <0B5@80; A =5@07@CH5==>9   =>A8B5;5< =0A;54AB25==>AB8. >A;5 A>>B25BAB2CNI59 >1@01>B:8 8A:>?05<CN A?5@<C O?>=FK =0<5@5=K 225AB8 A>2@5<5==>9 A;>=8E5. > @0AG5B0< CG5=KE, >=0 2?>;=5 A<>65B ?@>8725AB8 =0 A25B ?>B><AB2> >B 70>G=>3> <C60, A:>=G02H53>AO 2> 2B>@>9 ?>;>28=5 ;54=8:>2>3> ?5@8>40. A;8 ?>2575B 8 A;>=8E0 @>48B A0<:C, B> A =59 <>6=> 1C45B ?>2B>@8BL >?5@0F8N ?> 8A:CAAB25==><C >A5<5=5=8N.  @57C;LB0B5, ?> 70<KA;C O?>=A:8E CG5=KE, 1C45B ?>;CG5=> 682>B=>5, :>B>@>5 =0 425 B@5B8 O28BAO <0<>=B><.  !  #,  ! +'+% . 5@54 =0<8 B@8 >G5@:0 > =5>1KG=KE <54254OE. ?@>G5<, =5:>B>@KE 87 =8E <54254O<8 =07K20NB G8AB> CA;>2=>. 7 :=838 ;530 C20520 G5=L 1>;LH>9 <54254L: &  1898 3>4C 2?5@2K5 AB0;> 8725AB=> > ACI5AB2>20=88 A0<>3> :@C?=>3> 2 <8@5 E8I=8:0  >3@><=>3> 1C@>3> <54254O&  ?8A0; 15;L389A:89 7>>;>3 5@=04 -925;L<0=A.  =02>4OI5< C60A GC4>28I5 3>2>@8;8 B0:65 ?0ABCE8 3;CE>9 '0C=A:>9 4>;8=K =0 'C:>B:5. $0@;8 >CMB, :0=04A:89 ?8A0B5;L, 2 :=835 N48 >;5=L53> :@0O ?@82>48; @0AA:07K, CA;KH0==K5 >B 68B5;59 ;OA:8, > AB@0H=>< 1C@>< 725@5 @>AB>< 242>5 2KH5 15;>3> ?>;O@=>3> <54254O. / ?@8H5; : C15645=8N, GB> 5A;8 >@30=87>20BL M:A?548F8N =0 'C:>B:C, B>, <>65B 1KBL, ?>AG0AB;828BAO @07>1@0BLAO 2> 2A59 MB>9 G5@B>2I8=5 A <54254O<8 =5?><5@=>9 25;8G8=K, > :>B>@KE 3>2>@OB B> =0 'C:>B:5, B> =0 0<G0B:5, B> =0 ;OA:5& ! MB8< O ?@8H5; 2 >:@C3 A25B0. 0 8AE>4=CN B>G:C ?>8A:>2 <K 2K1@0;8 >75@> -;L3K3KB3K=, 2 B@5EAB0E :8;><5B@0E >B '0C=A:>9 3C1K. & > ?@>E>48;8 4=8, =545;8  <5425459 =0 >75@5 -;L3K3KB3K= =5 1K;>, E>BO 2 ?@>H;>< >=> 1K;> 87;N1;5==K< <5AB>< 8E :>G5289.  ;8HL 2 A0<>< :>=F5 =5?>3>653> GC:>BA:>3> ;5B0 35>;>38, 25@=C2H85AO A 25@E>2L52 =NO, A>>1I8;8, GB> 2845;8 =0 >4=>< 87 3@51=59 1@54CI53> >3@><=>3> <54254O >G5=L A25B;>9, ?>GB8 15;>9 >:@0A:8. 5;K9 <54254L 701@5AB8 70 A>B=8 :8;><5B@>2 >B ?>15@56LO 54>28B>3> >:50=0 =5 <>3& / =5 A:070;, GB> MB> <>65B 1KBL B>B, :>3> O 8IC, AB@0H=K9, >48=>:89, ?>3810NI89 >B 3>;>40, 81> 2A5 682>5 CH;> 2 MB> ;5B> >BAN40. / @5H8; A0< ?>9B8 ?> MB8< A;540<. > BCB =5?>3>40 CAB0=>28;0AL ?@>G=> 8 =02A5340& >4, 2K1@0==K9 <=>9 4;O ?>8A:0, >:070;AO =0 @54:>ABL =5C40G=K<". "0:>2> 2:@0BF5 A>45@60=85 ?5@2>9 8 2B>@>9 B5B@0459 >G5@:0 G5=L 1>;LH>9 <54254L (>:@C3 A25B0. 1968. ! 1-2). "5B@04L B@5BLO #H;8 2 3;C18=C =525@>OB=K5 @K1K -;L3K3KB3K=0, 78<=85 25B@K =0G0;8 <=>3><5AOG=K9 <0BG 2 3>@=KE 4>;8=0E, 8 =0 I51=8AB>9 @02=8=5 2>:@C3 >75@0 ?@8=O;8AL ?>A28ABK20BL ?>75<:8. 5@>OB=>, 8<5==> > B0:8E <5AB0E "NBG52 =0?8A0;: &  3>=8B 1C9=K9 28E@L, =5 7=0NI89 ?>:>O, ?K;L A=56=CN 24>;L A<CB=KE 15@53>2& >, =0G02H8AL =0 A<CB=KE 15@530E, 8AB>@8O ?>8A:>2 ;5B0 1967 3>40 =0 MB>< =5 :>=G0;0AL. I5 ?5@54 M:A?548F859 O >1@0B8;AO : =5:>B>@K< ;N4O<, :>B>@K5 <>3;8 1K ?@>;8BL A25B =0 8=B5@5ACNICN <5=O ?@>1;5<C. ><0 <5=O >6840;8 B@8 ?8AL<0. 7 0=04K >B:;8:=C;AO $0@;8 >CMB. 7 AB0@8==>3> :070GL53> ?>A5;:0 0@:>25 =0 @5:5 =04K@L ?@8A;0; ?8AL<> 535@L, >E>B>254 A B@84F0B8;5B=8< AB065< 8 <542560B=8: 8:B>@ =4@5528G C=G5=:>. >:B>@ 5@=0@4 -925;L<0=A 2 0@865 B>65 ?>;CG8; <>5 ?8AL<> 8 ;N157=> ?@8A;0; ?@>AB@0==K9 >B25B. 0AB0;0 ?>@0 >1>7@5BL =0:>?82HCNAO 8=D>@<0F8N 70 ?8AL<5==K< AB>;><, :>340 M<>F8>=0;L=K5 D0:B>@K 2@>45 :>AB5@:0 87 ?>;O@=>9 15@57:8 8;8 ABC:0 :0<=59 2 B8H8=5 3>@=KE 4>;8= >BACBAB2CNB. 0A?@>AB@0=5==>5 G5;>25G5A:>5 ?@54C15645=85 3;0A8B, GB> M<>F88 <5H0NB >1J5:B82=><C 0=0;87C. 8@0<840 C<>70:;NG5=89 AB@>8;0AL ?@8<5@=> B0:. .z > @ FHjl@BV X !!!*%,%&&&&**++4/6///11J2L233f4h4556688::@;B;;;>>AABBbCdCDD.F0FRHTHII hqmNHh,/?jh`U h,/?6] hqm6]hqmWjl  Hl $*$`a$7*$`7$Z\vp%(00v49 B>FJP   "   h,/? hqmNHhqm`(*D h B7*$`77`77`7 XZ@BDF "` b %%&&((j)l)++....33::8;:;;;t?v?@@CCHHIIKKMMMMnNpNOOFQHQTTTTZZh[j[ccffXhZh ii nnrotooo"p$pssh,/? hqmNHhqm`B>)26:ZCIdLfSWZ`cgjVw~>:hjȌs$w&wwwxxzzn{p{$|&|}}B~D~:<ĄƄ`bLNprDFXZ *,ęƙpr "\^ln|~"$BD`bNP @BXZ df hqmNHhqmaȌʌ,@£db~D^bjdn7*$`7`b(*|~JLXZ24bd~VXNPd f     8 :     $&hqm hqmNHaJ x#*.27,:BHLPPPP(VY0_`gk"opjyz7*$`7<>`#b#&&(,*,--J.L.0055:8<8::|;~;,<.<j@l@AAAA>F@FFFJ J:M@CdDfDnDnDpDJOS W.Z\]`d\h@lmorJw|~lnz|l7*$`7NСLhdڼL$~v^V^PR`b|R  b~ "&&t+>/Z203p49*;V>*BBDH KO7*$`7OQ|UXXXX\`Peg,mjr"xl{~ʁtH2nƦ~7*$`7P"$24TNh &rXp $7*$`7$%6(8(F(H(,p06:<BIMPpSWN^aPgTkVkXkrkkkkl l7*$`7 lLlNlllm moszRr.ԓ̬ $7*$`7v `>|F N",!$(27;=BBfEhEEEJdT6Z]acehlvdzz~<҇RTܑb^7*$`7,*|D*8tʻxH,8:V7*$`7VL|" l  7*$`77`7 d  @      z  (! *! j! l! " # # X$ ( ( ( , , T, 1 2 2 7*$`77`7V$ X$ ( ( ( , R, T, 2 2 2 f Dg Fg p n d f B t v ' ' * * * b: : : FU xU zU V V ތ 4 6 By y y   T/ / / 'N(P(&1v1x1z1tvL<U hqm6]h,/? hqm5\ h,/?6]h,/?56\]hqm56\]hqm h,/?5\N2 2 4 f7 h7 7 7 .? F J 8R _ b f f Fg Li l n q ru *x y | ~ ` 7*$`7 R l  & ( n p *   p \ p B   7*$`7 4 <  b 4 f 8        4 l n 7*$`7n ! ! ' X+ f. / ,1 z2 85 9 j< > BA 6E I ~N O V tW v_ Vb d 7*$`77`7d g j n >t hz  ؄  ԏ : ` F p D Ƭ Ȭ  ȸ 7*$`7 ^ P Z j x d r  b \ @ B v P  2   J * *  # T& ( J) * * * J+ D0 3 5 6 7 9 `: b: : N< = F? ~@ ^B D LE K N O `P `P S T T DU FU zU V V V Z >] 6^ "_ Pa e n u Hv x $ . 6 f d 7*$`7d ~ ژ `  6  p Գ  $ P 8 : n p r    7*$`7 V  N v  l    *      ! # <( + . / 1 5 *9 ? D D G I L O W L[ ] &a b d Tf ,i "k l n \q r x x nx px @y By y z ~   7*$`7 ޅ R Z ގ  ~       n% * R/ T/ / 6 7  $C=40<5=B>< 2A59 8AB>@88 ?>A;C68;8 A;CE8, @54:85 8725AB8O 8 A2845B5;LAB20 > ACI5AB2>20=88 <5425459 =5?><5@=> 1>;LH>9 25;8G8=K 2 !525@>->AB>G=>9 788 8 A<56=KE @09>=0E !525@=>9 <5@8:8. 0 MB8 A;CE8 8 8725AB8O <>6=> 1K;> ?@8 8725AB=>9 A:;>==>AB8 : A:5?B8F87<C <0E=CBL @C:>9, 5A;8 1K =5 D0:B ACI5AB2>20=8O 3830=BA:>3> <54254O-:04LO:0; >1KG=> <54254L 25A8B >:>;> 300 :8;>3@0<<>2, :@C?=K9  500, 3@><04=K9 2@>45 3@87;8  4> 700, => <54254L, 4>AB02;5==K9 2 5@;8=A:89 7>>?0@: A >AB@>20 04LO:, 25A8; 1200 :8;>3@0<<>2.  =5 <5=55 206=K< D0:B>< O2;O5BAO ?>;=>5 A>2?045=85 ;535=4 > 1>;LH>< <542545 A@548 42CE 3@C?? ;N459, @0745;5==KE H8@>:8< ?@>;82><: C MA:8<>A>2 :>=B8=5=B0;L=>9 ;OA:8 8 C ?0ABCE>2 'C:>B:8. 5@28G=0O 38?>B570, 2 :>B>@CN O ?>25@8; 5I5 =0 >AB@>25 @0=35;O, :>340 A>1AB25==K<8 3;070<8 2845; 15;>3> <54254O 3@><04=KE @07<5@>2, A>AB>O;0 2 B><, GB> C <5425459 ?@>AB> <>3CB ?>O28BLAO >A>18 =5=>@<0;L=> 1>;LH8E @07<5@>2. @8 MB>< =5B >A=>20=89 3>2>@8BL > ACI5AB2>20=88 :0:>3>-B> >A>1>3> 2840 3830=BA:8E MB8E 682>B=KE.  A2O78 A C<5=LH5=85< >1I53> G8A;0 <5425459 ?> 70:>=0< AB0B8AB8:8 4>;6=> C<5=LH0BLAO 8 G8A;> :@C?=KE >A>159.  O 708=B5@5A>20;AO B5<, :0:8E 65 <5425459 1820;8 2 AB0@8=C, =0?@8<5@, 2 >AB>G=>9 !818@8. >B GB> A>>1I05B >1 MB>< 4>1@>A>25AB=K9 8AA;54>20B5;L, >E>B=8: 8 8B5@0B>@, 3>@=K9 8=65=5@ ;5:A0=4@ ;5:A0=4@>28G '5@:0A>2, 682H89 2 0109:0;L5 2 A5@548=5 XIX 25:0: & 04> 70<5B8BL, GB> 2 !818@8 <542548 4>AB830NB AB@0H=>9 25;8G8=K. =5 A;CG0;>AL 2845BL =0 >4=>9 87 AB0=F89 @0A=>O@A:>9 3C15@=88 H:C@C B>;L:> GB> C18B>3> <54254O 4;8=>9 >B =>A0 4> E2>AB0 A ;8H:>< 20 G5B25@B59; H:C@0 65 2 18 8;8 19 G5B25@B59 2 0109:0;L5 =5 @54:>ABL& A;8 CG5ABL, GB> @CAA:0O G5B25@BL MB> 17 A0=B8<5B@>2, B> ?5@2>=0G0;L=0O 38?>B570 ?>;CG0;0 A>;84=>5 ?>4:@5?;5=85. 53:> <>6=> ?@89B8 : 2K2>4C, GB> A 70A5;5=85< !818@8 :@C?=K5 <542548 >1KG=>3> 2840 A>E@0=8;8AL ;8HL 40;LH5 : 2>AB>:C  A:065<, 2 3;CE8E @09>=0E 'C:>B:8. "5< 1>;55 GB> 2>AB>G=K5 <542548, =0?@8<5@ :0<G0BA:85, 2A5340 AG8B0;8AL :@C?=55 A2>8E 70?04=KE A>@>48G59. > 8:B>@ =4@5528G C=G5=:> A>>1I8; <=5: / 682C 2 0@:>25 A 1932 3>40. 8G=> A0< C18; 16 <5425459, A@548 =8E :@C?=55 250-350 :8;>3@0<<>2 =5 1K;>. / 7=0N 745H=8E >E>B=8:>2-<542560B=8:>2, 4>1K2H8E 4> 40 <5425459. 48= 87 =8E, 8@=>2A:89, C<5@H89 2 1965 3>4C, @0AA:07K20;, GB> >3@><=KE <5425459 >= =5 4>1K20;, => 70AB@5;8; 2 1962 3>4C AB0@>3> A0<F0 >:>;> 500 :8;>3@0<<>2 25A><. / <=>3> ;5B @01>B0; ?@85<I8:>< ?CH=8=K, 8 G5@57 <>8 @C:8 ?@>H;> <=>3> H:C@. C<0N, GB> 2 ?@545;0E =04K@A:>3> @09>=0 (>= @0A?>;>65= : N3C >B >1;0AB8 >75@0 -;L3K3KB3K=. . .) <5425459 >3@><=KE @07<5@>2 =5 4>1K20;>AL& >=5G=>, A2845B5;LAB2> . . C=G5=:> @0A?@>AB@0=O5BAO B>;L:> =0 =04K@A:89 @09>=, 0 8<5==> >= 1K; F5=B@>< :070GL59 :>;>=870F88 'C:>B:8 5I5 A A5@548=K XVII 25:0. > B5< =5 <5=55 38?>B570 > <5AB=KE <54254OE-?5@5@>AB:0E ?>;CG8;0 A>;84=CN B@5I8=C, C >E>B=8:>2 5ABL A2>8 :0=0;K 8=D>@<0F88, 8 2 A;CG05 4>1KG8 =5>1KG=> 1>;LH>3> <54254O C=G5=:>, 1572K574=> 682CI89 =0 'C:>B:5, 7=0; 1K >1 MB><. . =0G8B, @5GL <>65B 84B8 A:>@59 =5 >1 0780BA:8E <54254OE, 0 > :0:8E-B> 4@C38E, M:7>B8G5A:8E (0 <>65B 1KBL, @5;8:B>2KE?), 682CI8E 2 B0:8E ?CABK==KE <5AB0E 8 2AB@5G0NI8EAO B0: @54:>, GB> >E>B=8:8 4> =8E 8 =5 4>1@0;8AL. AB0B8, ?0ABCE8 3>2>@8;8 =5 ?@>AB> > 1>;LH><, 0 >1 >A>1><, AB@0H=>< <542545. A>1>ABL <>6=> >1JOA=8BL =5>1KG=K< 2=5H=8< 284><  =0?@8<5@, >:@0A:>9, AB@0H=K9 <>6=> >1JOA=8BL @07<5@0<8 8 03@5AA82=>ABLN. 081>;55 :@C?=K< <542545< 87 8725AB=KE =0C:5 O2;O5BAO 3@87;8. >65B ;8 :0:>5-=81C4L =57=0G8B5;L=>5 G8A;> 3@87;8 ?>?0ABL 8;8 M?87>48G5A:8 ?>?040BL =0 'C:>B:C? #15645==K< AB>@>==8:>< MB>9 38?>B57K 2KABC?05B 2 A2>5< ?8AL<5 $0@;8 >CMB. =5 :065BAO, ?8H5B >=, GB> 20H 3830=BA:89 <54254L <>65B >:070BLAO @>4AB25==8:>< A525@>0<5@8:0=A:>3> 3@87;8, :>B>@K9, :0: 2K 7=05B5, A0<K9 1>;LH>9 =0 A25B5& >A:>;L:C >=8 682CB =5240;5:5 >B 5@8=3>20 ?@>;820, 2?>;=5 2>7<>6=>, GB> 2 ?@>H;>< >=8 <>3;8 <83@8@>20BL 2 !818@L. !;54K '8E >3@><=K, 8 4065 ?> A;54C <>6=> 2845BL, GB> MB>B 725@L 242>5 :@C?=55 >1KG=>3>. !>>1I5=8O > 2AB@5G0E A 3830=BA:8<8 <54254O<8 =0 'C:>B:5 O AG8B0N 2?>;=5 25@>OB=K<8. >7<>6=>, GB> @5GL 845B > B5E <54254OE, :>B>@K5 4@59D>20;8 =0 ;L48=0E G5@57 5@8=3>2 ?@>;82 8;8 ?5@5A5:;8 53> ?5H:>< 2 >A>1> AC@>2K5 78<K. / 3>2>@N B0:, ?>B><C GB> 0;OA:8=A:89 3@87;8  25;8:89 :>G52=8:& "@C4=> AC48BL > B><, <>65B ;8 ACE>?CB=K9 3@87;8 4@59D>20BL =0 ;L48=5. > ?5@5A5GL 70<5@7H89 70-:8;><5B@>2K9 ?@>;82 5<C, 25@>OB=>, =5 B@C4=>. ">340 ?>=OB=> C482;5=85 ;N459, 2AB@5G02H8E 70304>G=KE <5425459, >1;8: 3@87;8 =5?@82KG5= 4;O ?0ABCE>2 'C:>B:8. ">340 ?>=OB=>, ?>G5<C >= 2AB@5G05BAO B0: @54:>. -B>B ?@8H5;5F 1KAB@> 8AG5705B, 81> 18>;>38G5A:>5 2>A?@>872>4AB2> 4065 2 ?@83>4=KE 4;O 687=8 CA;>28OE B@51C5B >?@545;5==>3> (8 =5<0;>3> ?> 70:>=0< 18>;>388) G8A;0 >A>159 >1>53> ?>;0. > MB> 65 A>>1@065=85 70AB02;O5B CA><=8BLAO 2 70<0=G82>9 38?>B575 A>E@0=5=8O 2 451@OE 3>@=KE 4>;8= @5;8:B>2>3> <54254O ?@56=8E 2@5<5=. (AB0B8, 2 A2>5< ?8AL<5 $0@;8 >CMB A> A2>9AB25==>9 5<C ?8A0B5;LA:>9 M<>F8>=0;L=>ABLN =5 C45@60;AO >B >1AC645=8O 8 B0:>9 4>304:8: &  ">@=30BA:8E 3>@0E =0 ?>;C>AB@>25 01@04>@ MA:8<>AK @0AA:07K20NB > 4@C3>< B8?5 <54254O, A >G5=L 4;8==K<8 2>;GL8<8 7C10<8. I5 =8 >48= 15;K9 G5;>25: B0:>3> <54254O =5 2845;, 8, 2>7<>6=>, MB> <8D. 4=0:> >?8A0=8O MA:8<>A>2 >G5=L ?>E>68 =0 @5:>=AB@C:F8N ?5I5@=>3> <54254O, :>B>@K9, :0: ?@54?>;030NB, 8AG57 =5A:>;L:> BKAOG5;5B89 B><C =0704. A5 MB> <>65B A;C68BL A;01>9 =04564>9 =0 B>, GB> =51>;LH>5 G8A;> ?5I5@=KE <5425459 ACI5AB2C5B 8 A59G0A.  5A;8 MB> B0:, B> O ?>8A:0; 1K 8E 8<5==> 2 3>@=KE @09>=0E 5@E>O=A:0, >;K<K 8 =04K@O& ) 0: 1K B0< =8 1K;>, ACI5AB2CNB @0AA:07K > <542545, ?>@060NI5< 2>>1@065=85 ?0ABCE>2 =0 'C:>B:5 8 MA:8<>A>2 =0 ;OA:5. 54254L  682>9 725@L, >= C:;>=O5BAO >= 2AB@5G A HC<=K<8 M:A?548F8O<8, 1C4L B> 35>;>38, B>?>3@0DK, MB=>3@0DK, B5< 1>;55 GB> 2A5 MB8 ;N48 ;8HL 3>AB8 2 ?>;O@=KE 3>@0E 8 BC=4@5.  5A;8 A>3;0A8BLAO A B5<, GB> B0:>9 <54254L ACI5AB2C5B, B> =04> ;81> ?@8=OBL 38?>B57C A;CG09=> 701@54H53> 2 78N 3@87;8, ;81> ?@54?>;>68BL, GB> ACI5AB2C5B @54:89 8 <0;>G8A;5==K9 284 3830=BA:8E <5425459 2@>45 <54254O-:04LO:0. >?@>A MB>B B5< 1>;55 A;>65=, GB> A0<0 A8AB5<0B8:0 8 >?8A0=85 0@:B8G5A:8E 1C@KE <5425459 5I5 2 >1I5<-B> =5A>25@H5==K. 5A:>;L:> AB@0=8F ?8AL<0 4>:B>@0 5@=0@40 -925;L<0=A0 8 1K;8 ?>A2OI5=K 8<5==> MB><C, 2848<>, 8=B5@5ACNI5<C 53> 2>?@>AC. " =0AB>OI55 2@5<O, ?8H5B 5@=0@4 -925;L<0=A, 1>;LH8=AB2> CG5=KE ?@8H;> : >1I5<C A>3;0A8N =0AG5B B>3>, GB> =04> A25AB8 : >4=><C 284C 1C@KE <5425459-3830=B>2 8 A5@KE <5425459, 8;8 3@87;8, 2@0788 8 !525@=>9 <5@8:8, :>B>@K9 ?>4@0745;O;AO 1K, A;54>20B5;L=>, =0 <=>3>G8A;5==K5 ?>4284K. & !0<K< @07C<=K< 8 A0<K< ?@028;L=K< 1K;> 1K AG8B0BL 1C@KE <5425459-3830=B>2 :@09=59 D>@<>9 20@80F88 3@87;8& " C@K< <542545<-3830=B>< 4>:B>@ -925;L<0=A =07K205B <54254O C@CA 0@:B>A <8445=4>@D8, 7>=0 @0A?@>AB@0=5=8O :>B>@>3> >3@0=8G8205BAO ?@81@56=>9 ?>;>A>9 2 A>B=N :8;><5B@>2 ?>;C>AB@>20 ;OA:0, => >E20BK205B B0:65 <=>3>G8A;5==K5 >AB@>20 24>;L ?>15@56LO, 2 B>< G8A;5 8 7=0<5=8BK9 >AB@>2 04LO:. "0:8< >1@07><, 4>:B>@ -925;L<0=A AG8B05B, GB> 38?>B5B8G5A:89 1>;LH>9 <54254L 'C:>B:8  0780BA:89 A>1@0B 1C@>3> <54254O-3830=B0, 8;8 <54254O-:04LO:0, 682CI53> ?> BC AB>@>=C 5@8=3>20 ?@>;820.  ?@8 87CG5=88 0780BA:8E <5425459 4>:B>@ -925;L<0=A @5:><5=4C5B ?@5645 2A53> B@C4K A>25BA:8E CG5=KE. >4E>4O : :>=FC A2>53> @0AA:070 > ?>8A:0E >G5=L 1>;LH>3> <54254O, O =5 <>3C =5 >AB0=>28BLAO 5I5 =0 >4=>9 25I8. 2>5 87 <>8E C20605<KE :>@@5A?>=45=B>2 ?>;L7CNBAO 2 <8@5 4>AB0B>G=> H8@>:>9 8725AB=>ABLN. / 3>2>@N > ?8A0B5;5 $0@;8 >CMB5 8 ?@>D5AA>@5 5@=0@45 -925;L<0=A5.  8E ?8AL<0E 5ABL >4=0 >1I0O =>B0: >=8 A 3@CABLN ?8HCB >1 8AG57=>25=88 70<5G0B5;L=KE 725@59  <5425459. / 3>2>@N > 3@87;8 ?@5@89, ?8H5B >CMB, :>B>@K5 =0A5;O;8 0=04C 8 !>548=5==K5 (B0BK 8 1K;8 8AB@51;5=K ?>A;5 70A5;5=8O MB8E >1;0AB59. K=5 >=8 AG8B0NBAO 2K<5@H8<8& ""0:8< >1@07><, =5B 1>;LH5 =04564K @07@5H8BL ?@>1;5<K :;0AA8D8:0F88 <5425459 2840 C@ACA 0@:B>A, ?8H5B -925;L<0=A. >-2848<><C, <>6=> =5 A>3;0H0BLAO A ?5AA8<8AB8G5A:>9 >F5=:>9 4>:B>@0 -925;L<0=A0, 81> ?>:0 5ABL <542548, 5ABL 8 =04564K =0 8E :;0AA8D8:0F8N. > :5< 1K =8 1K; B08=AB25==K9 1>;LH>9 3>@=K9 <54254L 'C:>B:8  A;CG09=K< ?@8H5;LF5< A 4@C3>3> :>=B8=5=B0 8;8 ?@54AB028B5;5< 2K<8@0NI59 3@C??K, @54:8< 01>@835=>< =04K@A:>3> =03>@LO 8;8 >@O:88, 15AA?>@=> >4=>: 2 ?>8A:0E, :>B>@K5, =5A><=5==>, 1C4CB ?@>4>;60BLAO, =04> 70@0=55 2>>@C68BLAO 2=8<0=85< 8 ;N1>2LN : =8<. 5 G5;>25: =C65= <54254N, 0 <54254L  G5;>25:C, 81> ?@8@>40 40;0 G5;>25:C ?@02> A8;L=>3>, :>B>@>5 2 40==>< A;CG05 B@0:BC5BAO >4=>7=0G=>  70I8I0BL. 7 >G5@:0 0;5@8O @;>20 09=K=-:CBE> >@O:A:>3> =03>@LO: "1@0I0NAL : 20< 2>B A :0:>9 ?@>AL1>9. ><>38B5, ?>60;C9AB0, >BKA:0BL =0CG=CN >@30=870F8N 8;8 ;N459 A>>B25BAB2CNI53> ?@>D8;O, :>B>@K5 708=B5@5ACNBAO =58725AB=K<8 682>B=K<8, =5 70=5A5==K<8 2 A8AB5<0B8:C <;5:>?8B0NI8E. / C65 >1@0I0;AO A B0:8< ?@54;>65=85< 2 :045<8N =0C:. 82>B=>5, > :>B>@>< 845B @5GL, >B=>A8BAO : @>4C <5425459, 2 MB>< A><=5=8O =5B.  @>4C <5425459 1C45B 2>AL<K<. => :@C?=KE @07<5@>2, ?@8<5@=> 242>5 ?> 25AC ?@52>AE>48B >1KG=>3> <54254O. > >G5=L A8;L=> >B;8G05BAO AB@>5=85< B5;0. 04=85 =>38 :>@>G5 ?5@54=8E, 0 <564C =>3 @0A?>;>65= :C@4N:, 8;8 68@>2>9 <5H>:, :>B>@K9 ?>AB>O==> :0A05BAO 75<;8. 5AB=K5 68B5;8 (:>@O:8, GC:G8) =07K20NB 53> 8@:C95< A C40@5=85< =0 "C". >-:>@O:A:8  2>;>G0I89 ?> 75<;5 HB0=K. "838;LA:85 65 :>@O:8 =07K20NB 53> :09=K=-:CBE>, GB> >7=0G05B  1>3-<54254L. "0: =0G8=0;>AL ?5@2>5 ?8AL<> >48>=0 8:>;0528G0 !82>;>1>20, B@84F0B8H5AB8;5B=53> 68B5;O =51>;LH>3> ?>A5;:0 "8;8G8:8, GB> AB>8B =0 15@53C 70;820 >@D0, 2 A525@=>9 G0AB8 0<G0BA:>3> ?>;C>AB@>20, C ?>4=>68O 48:8E 3>@ >@O:A:>3> =03>@LO. 8AL<> MB> 1K;> =0?@02;5=> 2 04@5A @540:F88 6C@=0;0 E>B0 8 >E>B=8GL5 E>7O9AB2>. 7=0:><8; <5=O A =8< $5;8:A >15@B>28G (B8;L<0@:, :0=4840B 18>;>38G5A:8E =0C:, 8725AB=K9 A?5F80;8AB ?> >E>B>2545=8N 8 70?>254=><C 45;C 8 =5<0;> ?>E>482H89 ?> ;5A0< !818@8 8 0;L=53> >AB>:0. $5;8:A >15@B>28G =5A:>;L:8<8 <5AOF0<8 @0=55 @5F5=78@>20; @C:>?8AL <>59 :=838  :@0N 1>;LH>3> <54254O, 2 :>B>@>9 O @0AA:070;, :0:, >:0702H8AL A;CG09=> 2 3>@=KE @09>=0E 'C:>B:8, ?@8H5; : @07304:5 8AB>@88 > 1>;LH>< 8 AB@0H=>< 725@5, =02>482H5< C60A =0 ?0ABCE>2->;5=52>4>2. 5@2K< ?>?KB0;AO @07>1@0BLAO 2> 2A59 MB>9 G5@B>2I8=5 35>;>3 8 ?8A0B5;L ;53 C2052, 8725AB=K9 A2>59 ?@8AB@0AB=>ABLN : =5;53:8< ?CB5H5AB28O< ?> !525@C. KB0OAL >BKA:0BL :0:-B> 3>@C 87 A5@51@0, > :>B>@>9 1C4B> A>>1I0;8 ;535=4K, >= CA;KH0; 2 O@0=35 @0AA:07 > A28@5?>< A25B;>H:C@><, =5?>E>65< =0 >1KG=KE <5425459 725@5, 2@5<O >B 2@5<5=8 >1JO2;O2H5<AO 2 3>@0E 8 =0?0402H5< =0 AB>918I0 ;N459. '8B0O :=838 :0=04A:>3> =0BC@0;8AB0 $0@;8 >CMB0, >= >1@0B8; 2=8<0=85, GB> > ?>4>1=>< AB@0H8;8I5 @0AA:07K20NB 8 MA:8<>AK ;OA:8.  AB>;:=C2H8AL A :=83>N 15;L389A:>3> CG5=>3> 5@=0@40 -925;L<0=A0 !;54K =52840==KE 725@59, C2052 2K428=C; 25@A8N, GB> 2 3>@0E 'C:>B:8 A>E@0=8;AO =5254><K9 =0C:5 725@L. = ?@54?>;>68;, GB> MB>B <54254L-1@>4O30 ?5@518@05BAO ?> ;L40< 5@8=3>20 ?@>;820 A ;OA:8 =0 'C:>B:C 8 2>72@0I05BAO >1@0B=>, >BG53> 8 @54:8 1K20NB A =8< 2AB@5G8. 1 MB>< 8 > A2>5< ?CB5H5AB288 =0 >75@> -;L3K3KB3K=, 345 >= =045O;AO ?>2AB@5G0BLAO A> 725@5<, C2052 @0AA:070; 2 =5A:>;L:8E =><5@0E 6C@=0;0 >:@C3 A25B0. ! B5E ?>@ 8 ?>H;0 E>48BL 5A;8 =5 ?> A25BC, B> C6, 2> 2AO:>< A;CG05, ?> 'C:>B:5 <>;20 > =5>1KG=>< >3@><=>< <542545. =5 A0<><C ?@8H;>AL 4>AB02;OBL ?8A0B5;N A>>1I5=8O > A25B;>H:C@KE 3830=B0E, 2AB@5G02H8EAO 35>;>30<. > @07>1@0BLAO 4> :>=F0 A ?@8G8=>9 2>7=8:=>25=8O @0AA:07>2 > =5>1KG=>< 725@5 C ?0ABCE>2 ;53 8E09;>28G B0: 8 =5 CA?5;.  A0<>< @0AF25B5 A8;, A>18@0OAL >B?@028BLAO 2 ?;020=85 =0 =51>;LH>< AC45=KH:5 24>;L 15@53>2 !818@8, >= 2=570?=> A:>=G0;AO. 5 2K45@60;>, :0: A:070;8 2@0G8, ?5@53@C7>: A5@4F5.  A?CABO =5A:>;L:> ;5B, ?@8;5B52 2 ?>A5;>: (0@:>2>, GB> AB>8B =0 15@53C @5:8 =04K@L, 5420 ;8 =5 2 A0<>< F5=B@5 'C:>BA:>3> ?>;C>AB@>20, =5 157 ?>4A:07:8 >4=>3> 87 >E>B=8:>2 O ?@8H5; =5>6840==> : 2K2>4C, GB> A28@5?K9 A25B;>H:C@K9 3830=B >B=N4L =5 2K4C<:0. -B> @50;L=> ACI5AB2CNI89 725@L: 15;K9 <54254L!  B>B 3>4, 25A=>9, A@07C B@8 >3@><=KE 15;KE <54254O ?>4>H;8 : MB><C ?>A5;:C, ?@8254O 2 2>;=5=85 68B5;59. 48= 87 =8E =0?0; =0 >E>B=8:0, 2B>@>9 ?@818; A>10:C, 0 B@5B89 CH5; =5B@>=CBK< : >75@C -;L3K3KB3K=, 345, :0: CB25@640; C2052, 15;K5 <542548 =5 <>3CB ?>O2;OBLAO. "0:>5 701;C645=85 4;O =53>, =518>;>30, ?@>AB8B5;L=>.  B> 2@5<O H8@>:>9 ?C1;8:5 <0;> 1K;> 8725AB=> > 15;>< <542545. 8HL 18>;>38, 70=8<02H85AO 87CG5=85< MB8E 725@59, 7=0;8 > B><, GB> 70E>4K 15;KE <5425459 2 3>@K 'C:>B:8 =5@54:8. > 2@5<O >E>BK =0 BN;5=59 2<5AB5 A> ;L40<8 >=8 ?>?040NB 2 5@8=3>2> <>@5, 0 70B5<, B25@4> 45@60 =0?@02;5=85, 2>72@0I0NBAO G5@57 ?>;C>AB@>2 2 @>4=CN @:B8:C. > 2@5<O MB8E ?5@5E>4>2, >:0702H8AL 2 =5?@82KG=>9 4;O A51O AB8E88, >=8, ?>4>;3C 682O 2?@>3>;>4L, 8 254CB A51O =5@54:> 25AL<0 03@5AA82=>. 07>@ONB ;0107K >E>B=8:>2 8 @K10:>2, =02>4OB AC<OB8FC 2 AB>918I0E >;5=52>4>2, 4065, 1K205B, =0?040NB =0 ;N459. ">3> 65 <=5=8O, :0: >:070;>AL, A 402=8E ?>@ ?@845@6820;AO 8 !0220 8E09;>28G #A?5=A:89, 8725AB=K9 A?5F80;8AB ?> 15;K< <54254O<. C2052A:0O 25@A8O, B0:8< >1@07><, >:070;0AL =5A>AB>OB5;L=>9. ! <>8<8 4>2>40<8 A>3;0A8;AO 8 $. . (B8;L<0@:, =0?8A02 ?>;>68B5;L=CN @5F5=78N =0 <>N :=83C. > :>340 @C:>?8AL CH;0 2 ?@>872>4AB2> 8 A 70304:>9 >G5=L 1>;LH>3> <54254O, :070;>AL, 1K;> ?>:>=G5=>, BCB-B> 8 >1JO28;>AL ?8AL<> !82>;>1>20.  >=5G=>, A<CI5==> ?>:0H;820O, @07<KH;O; 2A;CE $5;8:A >15@B>28G, ?@54;>682 <=5 >7=0:><8BLAO A ?8AL<><, A>>1I5=L8F5 MB> =04> 1K ?@>25@8BL. B?@028< =0 :>=AC;LB0F8N ?@>D5AA>@C 5@5I038=C, =0H5<C 3;02=><C A?5F80;8ABC. 0 0<G0B:5 O =5 1K;, A <54254O<8 B0<>H=8<8 =5 7=0:><, 40 8 70O2;5=85 2K3;O48B D0=B0AB8G=> =0 ?5@2K9 273;O4. !@548 B0: E>@>H> 87CG5==KE 682>B=KE  8 24@C3 =58725AB=K9 =0C:5 284! >& '5<, :0: 3>2>@8BAO, G5@B =5 HCB8B. 4@C3 MB>B 8@:C95< 8 5ABL B>B A0<K9 3@><048=0, :>B>@>3> 8A:0; 2 3>@0E 'C:>B:8 ;53 C2052! @>D5AA>@ 5@5I038= A?CABO =5:>B>@>5 2@5<O >?C1;8:>20; >B25B =0 MB> ?8AL<> 2 6C@=0;5 E>B0 8 >E>B=8GL5 E>7O9AB2>. 0G0; >= A @0AA:070 > B><, GB> : =5<C 2 >>;>38G5A:89 8=AB8BCB :045<88 =0C: 2 5=8=3@045 ?>GB8 5654=52=> 72>=OB, ?8HCB, ?@8E>4OB ;N48, B@>=CBK5 @5;8:B>2K< 7C4><. 48= ?>68;>9 8=65=5@ =0 ?>;=>< A5@L575 C25@O;, GB> 7=05B 8 2845; A0< =51>;LH>3> 48=>702@0 <5B@0 ?>;B>@0 B>;I8=>9, C?>;702H53> 2 @0AI5;8=C >1@K20 @5G:8 @5456, : 70?04C >B 5=8=3@040. @C3>9  :>@@5A?>=45=B :0:>9-B> <=>3>B8@06:8  4>:07K20; ?>;=CN 4>AB>25@=>ABL >18B0=8O :@>:>48;0 2 2>4>5<0E 8 ?@81@56=KE :CAB0@=8:0E =0 .6=>< #@0;5 2 0H:8@88. "@5B89  87 '5;O18=A:0  AB@0H=> @07>1845;AO 8 ?5@5AB0; ?8A0BL, :>340 ?@>D5AA>@ >A<5;8;AO =5 ?>25@8BL 53> 7025@5=8O<, GB> 2 >75@0E ?@02>15@56LO @BKH0 70 ">1>;LA:>< 6825B B> ;8 1535<>B, B> ;8 <>@6.  1K2H89 =0G0;L=8: 35>;>3>@07254>G=>9 ?0@B88 A ?5=>9 C @B0 4>:07K20;, GB> 2 >4=>< 87 >75@ ?@8>E>BA:>9 75<;8 2>48BAO >3@><=0O :0A0B:0. =0 4065 CB>?8;0 >4=064K A0==K9 :0@020=, @07;><02 ;54, :>340 >48= 87 :0N@>2 AB0; =5?>GB8B5;L=> @C18BL 55 B>@G0I89 87 ;L40 A?8==>9 ?;02=8:-:>AC& K;8, ?@8?><8=0; CG5=K9, 8 4@C385 =5 <5=55 70=OB=K5 70O2;5=8O. > 2> 2@5<O @073>2>@0 A $5;8:A>< >15@B>28G5< O >1 MB>< 5I5 =5 7=0;.  E>BO 2A5340 A> A:5?A8A>< >B=>A8;AO : <5;L:02H8< 2 ?@5AA5 A>>1I5=8O< > 5AA8, A=56=KE ;N4OE 8 ?>4>1=KE GC45A0E, @07 8 =02A5340 @5H82 4;O A51O: B>, GB> =52>7<>6=> A=OBL =0 D>B>-, :8=> 8;8 2845>?;5=:C, =5 <>65B ACI5AB2>20BL, ?>>15I0; CG5=><C ?>?KB0BLAO @07>1@0BLAO 8 2 MB>< 45;5. 5704>;3> 4> MB>3> <=5 4>25;>AL ?>1K20BL =0 0<G0B:5, ?@>25AB8 =5A:>;L:> 4=59 2 "8;8G8:0E. <5AB5 A @09>==K< >E>B8=A?5:B>@>< O >1;078; >:@5AB=K5 3>@K 8 @5G:8. &5;LN <>8E ?>8A:>2 2 B>B @07 1K;8 3=5740 E8I=KE ?B8F, => 8 1C@K<8 1>;LH8<8 B0<>H=8<8 <54254O<8 ?@8H;>AL 708=B5@5A>20BLAO. 5 @07 >=8 2AB@5G0;8AL =0 =0H5< ?CB8. :>;> 45AOB:0 725@59 4>25;>AL <=5 =01;N40BL B0< 70<5QOF, =Q91B>@KE C40;>AL AD>B>3@0D8@>20BL. ! @07=K<8 ;N4L<8 70 2@5<O MB>3> AB@0=AB28O ?@8E>48;>AL 2AB@5G0BLAO, A :5< B>;L:> =5 @073>20@820BL: 8 A >E>B=8:0<8, 8 A @K10:0<8, 8 A ?0ABCE0<8->;5=52>40<8. > =8 @07C 70 2A5 MB> 2@5<O O =5 A;KH0; > 48:>28==><, AB>;L =5>1KG=KE D>@< >3@><=>< 725@5. C4B> 8 =5 ACI5AB2>20;> B0< 53>.  70O28B5;L C25@O;, GB> =0?8A0BL >1> 2A5<, GB> 5<C >1 MB>< 725@5 8725AB=>, =52>7<>6=>, 4;O MB>3> ?>B@51C5BAO <=>3> AB@0=8F. :@0BF5 65 >= A>>1I0; ?>:0 2>B GB>: &  B5G5=85 =5A:>;L:8E ;5B O A>18@0N >?@>A=K5 40==K5 >1 MB>< 725@5. > ?>O2;5=8O =0 A525@5 =0H53> ?>;C>AB@>20 =0@57=>3> >@C68O MB8E 682>B=KE, 25@>OB=>, 1K;> =5<0;>, => 70B5< :0640O 2AB@5G0 A G5;>25:>< >:07K20;0AL 4;O 8@:C95<0 ?>A;54=59. >;LH>9 25A, H8@>:0O @0AAB0=>2:0 =>3, <0;5=L:85 704=85 =>38 =5 4020;8 2>7<>6=>AB8 725@N 1KAB@> 8 2>2@5<O A:@KBLAO ?@8 2AB@5G5 A ;N4L<8. ABL A2545=8O, GB> B0:>3> <54254O, ?@8=O2 53> 70  C@>40 , ;5B 45AOBL =0704 4>1K;8 35>;>38. > 2 >A=>2=>< MB8 725@8 2AB@5G0NBAO >;5=52>40<. "0:, AC4O ?> 4>2>;L=>-B0:8 4>AB>25@=K< @0AA:070<, 8E 4>1K20;8 2 1976, 1980, 1982 3>40E 2 ;NB>@A:><, 0@038=A:><, "838;LA:>< @09>=0E. 7 2A53> MB>3> A;54C5B, GB> 2 1;8609H85 3>4K 725@L 15AA;54=> 8AG57=5B. 20 3>40 O ?@54?@8=8<0; ?>?KB:8 53> >BKA:0BL, => ?@>=8:=CBL BC40, 345 53> <>6=> =09B8 2 B5G5=85 >4=>3> ?>;52>3> A57>=0, <>6=> B>;L:> =0 25@B>;5B5, 0 C <5=O 53>, C2K, =5B.  A515, A2>59 ?@>D5AA88 G5;>25: MB>B =5 A>>1I8; =8G53>, :@><5 B>3>, GB> >= @>48;AO 2 ?>A5;:5 5B259. > :0: @07 MB>-B> 8 708=B@83>20;> <5=O 1>;55 2A53>. >;C701@>H5==K9 ?>A5;>: MB>B AB>8B A@548 ?>9<5==KE 48:8E ;5A>2 2 A@54=5< B5G5=88 @5:8 K25=:8. =5 4>25;>AL B0< 1K20BL, 8 =5 AB>8;> 70:@K20BL =0 <83 3;070, GB>1K ?@8?><=8BL ?CB5H5AB285 ?> MB>9 @5:5, 345 8 2 =0H8 4=8 <>6=> C2845BL @>A><0EC 8 C48@0NI53> >B =55 709F0, 70=OB>3> @K1=>9 ;>2;59 1C@>3> <54254O, 40@OI53> 15;>E2>AB>3> >@;0=0. 5425459 2 B5E <5AB0E GB> :><0@>2, :0: 3>2>@OB <5AB=K5 68B5;8.  5A;8 4065 >B1@>A8BL, :0: =5A5@L57=>5, 70O2;5=85 !82>;>1>20 > B><, GB> 8@:C95<  =58725AB=K9 =0C:5 284, B> GB>-B> =5>6840==>5 87 687=8 1C@KE :0<G0BA:8E <5425459, ?>:070;>AL, 1C45B <>6=> C7=0BL. / >B?@028; 2 ?>A5;>: "8;8G8:8 420 ?8AL<0, >4=>  !82>;>1>2C, 2>A?>;L7>202H8AL 53> 7025@5=85<, GB> C =53> A>1@0= >3@><=59H89 <0B5@80; >1 C4828B5;L=>< 682>B=><. / ?@>A8; 53>, =5 >3@0=8G820O A51O @07<5@0<8, =0?8A0BL ?>?>4@>1=59 >1> 2A5<: :0:, :>340, >B :>3>, ?@8 :0:8E >1AB>OB5;LAB20E >= 2?5@2K5 CA;KH0; @0AA:07K > 725@5, ?>AB0@0BLAO ?@825AB8 2 ?>4@>1=>ABOE @0AA:07K ;N459 >1 8@:C95<5, >15I0O >?C1;8:>20BL MB8 <0B5@80;K 2 6C@=0;5. 0>4=> ?>8=B5@5A>20BLAO, =0<5@5= ;8 >= A0< 27OBLAO 70 ?>8A:8 725@O, 8 ?@54;>68; =0 2AO:89 A;CG09 A2>N ?><>IL. B>@>5 ?8AL<> >B?@028; 402=5<C ?@8OB5;N CH0=C 170;B48=>2C, @09>==><C >E>B8=A?5:B>@C, 2<5AB5 A :>B>@K< 1@>48; ?> 3>@0< ?>;C>AB@>20 >25=, >BKA:820O 3=5740 15;KE :@5G5B>2, 0 70B5< :>@<8; <>H:C 2 ;5A0E ?> @5:5 K25=:5 8 55 ?@8B>:C 5B25N, 345 2KA;56820; B>65 15;KE, => B>;L:> :@C?=KE :0<G0BA:8E OAB@51>2. > 2@5<O MB8E A:8B0=89 C =0A A CH0=>< @>48;AO ?;0= ?@>9B8AL ?> :0<G0BA:8< @5:0< 5I5 @07, => B>340 C6 =5 70 ?B8F0<8, 0 B>;L:> 4;O B>3>, GB>1K A25B;K<8 =>G0<8 ?>=01;N40BL 70 1C@K<8 <54254O<8 2> 2@5<O <0AA>2>3> E>40 @K1K : <5AB0< =5@5AB8;8I. / C65 8 ?;5=:C 2KA>:>GC2AB28B5;L=CN 4;O AJ5<:8 4>AB0;, => B> =5?>3>40, B> =5>B;>6=K5 45;0 <5H0;8 >ACI5AB28BL 704C<0==>5, 8, ?>8=B5@5A>202H8AL, =5 ?5@53>@5; ;8 <>9 ?@8OB5;L, 7040; 2>?@>A, GB> 4C<05B >= ?> ?>2>4C 8@:C95<0, > :>B>@>< 53> A>A54 ?> ?>A5;:C H;5B ?8AL<0 2 @540:F88 6C@=0;>2 8 :045<8N =0C:. B25B >48>=0 8:>;0528G0 ?@8H5; 1KAB@>.  ?8AL<5 1K;0 ?0G:0 D>B>3@0D89. 0 =8E >= 70?5G0B;5; A2>N 65=C 8 <0;5=L:>3> AK=0 =0 D>=5 >B<5==> 2K45;0==>9 <54256L59 H:C@K. !51O @O4>< A ?>4AB@5;5==K< 4>2>;L=> 1>;LH8E @07<5@>2 1C@K< <8H:>9.  5I5 A51O C BCH8 <54254O, A :>B>@>3> C65 A>4@0;8 H:C@C. ! 402=8E ?>@ O =5 70=8<0NAL >E>B>9, 70?@5B82 A515 :>340-;81> 1@0BL 2 @C:8 @C6L5, >E>GCAL 70 682>B=K<8 ;8HL A D>B>0??0@0B><, 8, G5AB=> ?@87=0BLAO, @073;O4K20BL ?>4>1=K5 D>B>3@0D88 =5 ;N1;N. K;8 2 ?8AL<5 8 5I5 A=8<:8. $>B>MBN4K A ;09:>9, C :>AB@0, =0 D>=5 ?CABK==>9 @5:8, A 4>1KG59  ?>425H5==K< 70 =>38 709F5<, => 4;O <5=O 2 40==>< A;CG05 >=8 B0:65 8=B5@5A0 =5 ?@54AB02;O;8.  2 ?8AL<5 !82>;>1>2 A>>1I0;, GB> 27OBLAO 70 =0?8A0=85 >G5@:0 4;O 6C@=0;0 >1 8@:C95<5 >= =0>B@57 >B:07K205BAO. !>74020BL A5=A0F8N 87 =8G53>, ?>OA=8; !82>;>1>2, 1K;> 1K =5C2065=85< : G8B0B5;O< 6C@=0;0  >:@C3 A25B0 , :>B>@K< O2;ONAL 8 O. N18B5;59 ?>4>1=KE A5=A0F89 1K;> =5<0;>, 8 C <5=O =5B 65;0=8O AB0=>28BLAO 2 >4=C H5@5=3C A =8<8 ( A=56=K9 G5;>25: , ;>E-=5AA:>5 GC4>28I5, O:CBA:89 GCGC=00& ).  2>B 20H5 65;0=85 ?@8=OBL CG0AB85 2 ?>8A:0E 8@:C95<0 <=5 ?>=@028;>AL. >, ?@54C?@5640; >=, =0?0@=8: <=5 =C65= B0:>9, :>B>@K9 A<>3 1K =0E>48BLAO 2 BC=4@5 2 60@C 8 2 4>64L, A@548 BCG :><0@>2 8 <>H:8 8 ?5@542830BLAO ?@8 MB>< ?> 1>;>B8AB>9 6865, 70BO3820NI59 =>38, :0: B5AB>, A @N:70:>< 25A>< 25-20 :3.  MB> =5 2 B5G5=85 42CE-B@5E 4=59, 0 ?>;=K9 <5AOF, :>340 2A5 <542548 1C4CB ?@82O70=K : =5@5AB>2K< @5G:0<& B:07 ?>45;8BLAO A G8B0B5;5< A>1@0==K< <0B5@80;>< 8 MB> 53> ?@54C?@5645=85 > ?@54AB>OI8E B@C4=>ABOE <5=O =5A:>;L:> C4828;8, 81> O A>>1I8;, GB> =5 @07 1K20; 2 7=0:><KE 5<C <5AB0E. >;=>20;> 65 !82>;>1>20 1>;LH5 2A53> B>, GB> =5 C405BAO 5<C =8:0: ?>;CG8BL ;8F5=78N =0 >BAB@5; 8@:C95<0. 5B>< >E>B0 =0 1C@KE <5425459, :0: 8725AB=>, 70?@5I5=0, 0 :0: @07 2 MB> 2@5<O >= 8 <>65B >B?@028BLAO =0 53> ?>8A:8. 1@0I0;AO >= 70 @07@5H5=85< : >E>B8=A?5:B>@C 170;B48=>2C, => B>B >:070;AO O:>1K =5 B5< G5;>25:><, :>B>@K9 A<>3 1K 2=8:=CBL 2 A5@L57=59HCN ?@>1;5<C. 0 ?5@2>< <5AB5, 60;>20;AO !82>;>1>2, C =53> <C7K:0, =0 2B>@><  ?>4@C30, 0 ?>B>< C65 2A5 >AB0;L=>5.  :>=F5 ?8AL<0 !82>;>1>2 A>>1I0;, GB> 5<C AB0;> 8725AB=> > B><, GB> >;5=52>4K 87 A>2E>70 >@DA:89 >A5=LN C18;8 8@:C95<0. = A>18@05BAO ?@54?@8=OBL ?>574:C 2 ?>A5;>: %08;8=>, GB>1K :0: A;54C5B 2A5 @07C7=0BL 8 ?>AB0@0BLAO 4>AB0BL E>BO 1K H:C@C.  @57C;LB0B0E ?@54?@8OB8O <=5 =5?@5<5==> A>>1I8B.  >B25B=>< ?8AL<5 O ?>AB0@0;AO C1548BL !82>;>1>20, GB> <>3C 1KBL 5<C =0?0@=8:><, 2KA;0; A=8<:8 1C@KE <5425459, :>B>@KE A=8<0; =5?>40;5:C >B 53> @>4=>3> ?>A5;:0. 1JOA=8;, GB> @07 C6 O 1C4C A D>B>0??0@0B><, B> =570G5< 8<5BL ;8F5=78N =0 >BAB@5;. !D>B>3@0D8@C5<, ?>:065< A=8<:8 CG5=K<, ?CABL @5H0NB, =>2K9 ;8 MB> 284, 0 C6 B>340, 5A;8 MB> =0 A0<>< 45;5 1C45B =C6=>, 702545< @073>2>@ > 2K40G5 ;8F5=788. A:>@5 O ?>;CG8; 8 25AB>G:C >B 170;B48=>20. E>B8=A?5:B>@ A>>1I0;, GB> BO65;> 1>;5;, ?5@5=5A >?5@0F8N, 5420 =0 B>B A25B =5 >B?@028;AO, 0 ?>B><C 8 4>;3> <>;G0;.  25A=5 >= =0455BAO =01@0BLAO A8;, >:>=G0B5;L=> >:;5<0BLAO 8 >B?@028BLAO A> <=>9 =0 <>B>@:5 ?> @5:0< D>B>3@0D8@>20BL <5425459. 'B> 65 :0A05BAO GC40-N40 <54254O H81:> 1>;LH>3>, > :>B>@>< 2> 2A5 :>=FK B@572>=8B !82>;>1>2, B> A0< >= 2 MB> 402=> =5 25@8B. >=0G0;C-B>, ?@87=020;AO 2 ?8AL<5 CH0=, 8 >= 1K;> 2>73>@5;AO, AB0; @0AA?@0H820BL > 1>35-<542545 C 2A5E >E>B=8:>2. =>385 87 =8E ?@>25;8 =0 0<G0B:5 ;5B ?> 4204F0BL, => 2A5 2 >48= 3>;>A 70O2;O;8, GB> E>BO 8 2AB@5G0;8AL 8< ?>@>9 >G5=L 1>;LH85 725@8, => B0:8E, GB>1K A :C@4N:><, :>@>B:>;0?KE 8 >G5=L 68@=KE, =5 ?>?040;>AL. 5 B0: 402=> 2 25@E>2LOE @5:8 C:BCH=>9 2845;8 <54254O, A?8=0 :>B>@>3> 2>72KH0;0AL =04 :CAB0@=8:><.  :CAB0@=8:  ?> 3@C4L <C6G8=5->E>B=8:C. "> 5ABL 725@L 1K; 2 E>;:5 =5 <5=55 ?>;CB>@0 <5B@>2, 0 MB> C65 >3@><=K9 <54254L. >6=> ?@54AB028BL, :0:8< >= >3@><=K< ?>:065BAO @04>< A G5;>25:><, 5A;8 2AB0=5B =0 704=85 ;0?K. 07<5@0<8 >= <>3, ?>60;C9, A@02=8BLAO A 0<5@8:0=A:8<8 3@87;8, :04LO:><  A0<K<8 :@C?=K<8 1C@K<8 <54254O<8.  B0:8E >A>159 =0 0<G0B:5 5I5 2AB@5G05BAO =5<0;>, AG8B0; >E>B8=A?5:B>@. @8E>48;>AL 5<C 2845BL 8 D>B>3@0D88, 8 H:C@K 725@59, => 2A5 MB> >1KG=K5 1C@K5 <542548. >B 8 4C<05B >=, GB> =5B C =8E 2 3>@0E =8:0:>3> 8@:C95<0. "0:>3> 65 <=5=8O 8 >E>B>254K 87 0<G0BA:>3> >B45;5=8O  >E>BK 8 725@>2>4AB20, 0 C6 8< ;8 =5 7=0BL > ACI5AB2>20=88 <0;>?>4286=>3> 3830=B0! > 2@5<O <54256L8E A20451, :>340 70 A0<:>9 E>4OB =5A:>;L:> 725@59-A0<F>2, ?@8?><8=0; 2 ?8AL<5 >E>B8=A?5:B>@, 5<C ?@8E>48;>AL 2845BL =5?@82KG=KE 27>@C <>3CG8E 725@59, ?>460@KE, A =5>1KG=> 4;8==K<8 =>30<8. ?>;=5 2>7<>6=>, 4>?CA:0; >=, GB> >A5=LN, 2> 2@5<O >18;L=KE @K1=KE ?8@H5AB2, B0:85 >3@><=K5 A0<FK <>3CB >1J540BLAO B0:, GB> :0:>5-B> 2@5<O 4065 8 =5 2 A>AB>O=88 =>@<0;L=> ?5@542830BLAO. 5 B0:8E ;8 725@59 :>@O:8 8 ?@>720;8 8@:C95<0<8? > 8 MB> 2A53> ;8HL 53> ?@54?>;>65=85.  !82>;>1>25 CH0= =5 ?>65;0; <=>3> ?8A0BL, => 8 =5 A:@K; =54>2>;LAB20 8< :0: >E>B=8:><. ABL C =53> ?>4>7@5=8O, GB> =5 2> 2A5< A>1;N405B B>B ?@028;0, 0 A>1;N40BL 8E 5<C ?@845BAO. E>B>9 >= 70=8<05BAO :0: ;N18B5;L, 0 @01>B05B 2 ?>A5;:5 2 ?>60@=>9 G0AB8 H>D5@><. >8A:0< 8@:C95<0 >= =8:0: =5 ?@5?OBAB2C5B, => B@51C5B B>;L:>, GB>1K 25; 8E, =5 =0@CH0O 70:>=>2, 70?0AH8AL A>>B25BAB2CNI8< @07@5H5=85<.  1>;55 2A53> 5<C =5 =@028BAO B>, GB> !82>;>1>2 =0 :064>< C3;C B5?5@L 70O2;O5B, GB> ?@>A;028BAO >1O70B5;L=>, 1C4CB ?@> =53> ?8A0BL 2 3075B0E 8 6C@=0;0E. CH0=0 O 7=0; :0: G5;>25:0 4> =082=>AB8 G5AB=>3> 8 ?>@O4>G=>3>, A 4>2>40<8 53> B@C4=> 1K;> =5 A>3;0A8BLAO, 8, =025@=>, O ?>AB028; 1K B>G:C =0 ?>8A:0E 8@:C95<0, => BCB 8 ?>O28;0AL AB0BLO ?@>D5AA>@0 5@5I038=0, > :>B>@>9 O C?><8=0; 2=0G0;5. 0AAC640O > B><, =04> ;8 >B=>A8BLAO A:5?B8G5A:8 :> 2A5< D0=B0AB8G5A:8< 845O<, ?@54;>65=8O<, ?>8A:0<, :0: 1K =082=K >=8 =8 1K;8 8 :0:85 1K 8@>=8G5A:85 C;K1:8 =8 2K7K20;8, ?@>D5AA>@ A>A;0;AO =0 CG5=>3> 8 D0=B0AB0 20=0 =B>=>28G0 D@5<>20, :>B>@K9 ?8A0;, GB> =5 A;54C5B >B=8<0BL C ?C1;8:8 ?>;5B D0=B0788, 25@C 2 ACI5AB2>20=85 B08=AB25==KE A8; 8 70304>: 1KB8O. -B> 2A5 @02=> GB> >B=8<0BL C 45B59 ;N18<CN 83@CH:C.  5@5I038=, A;54CO 871@0==><C ?@028;C, B0: 2KA:070;AO > A>>1I5=88 !82>;>1>20: "0: 8725AB=>, C 5@8=3>20 ?@>;820, =0 'C:>B:5 8 ;OA:5, >AB@>20E ;5CBA:>9 3@O4K 682CB A0<K5 :@C?=K5 2 <8@5 1C@K5 <542548, ?8A0; >= 2 6C@=0;5 E>B0 8 >E>B=8GL5 E>7O9AB2>. BJ52H8AL =0 =5@5ABOI8EAO ;>A>AOE 8 ?KH=>9 B@025, >=8 4>AB830NB 25A0 500-600 :3. BAN40 C =0A 2 >>;>38G5A:>< 8=AB8BCB5 E@0=8BAO 1>;LH0O A5@8O G5@5?>2, A>1@0==KE 2 90-E 3>40E ?@>H;>3> AB>;5B8O . @51=8F:8<. 'B> 65 70 725@L, > :>B>@>< A>>1I05B !82>;>1>2? 5A8B >= 1C4B> 4> ?>;CB>@0 B>==, 0 2KA>B0 53> 2 E>;:5 4>AB8305B 1,5 <5B@0. KBL <>65B, MB> ?@>AB> A8;L=> >B:>@<82H85AO >A>18 1C@>3> <54254O? > ?>G5<C B>340 >=8 =8 @07C =5 ?>?0;8AL CG5=K<? A53> 10-12 BKAOG ;5B =0704, @072820; A2>N <KA;L CG5=K9, 2 !525@=>9 <5@8:5 >B ;OA:8 4> 0;8D>@=88 1@>48;8 ?>A;54=85 M:75<?;O@K 3830=BA:>3> :>@>B:><>@4>3> <54254O 0@:B>4CA A8<CA. <5@8:0=A:85 CG5=K5 AG8B0NB, GB> 0@:B>4CA 1K; :@C?=59H8< =075<=K< E8I=8:>< 25:0 <;5:>?8B0NI8E :09=>7>O, 3@>7>9 2A5E B>340H=8E :>?KB=KE <5@8:8  >B ;>H048 4> 187>=0. @54AB02LB5 A515 GC4>28I5 2KA>B>9 2 E>;:5 420 <5B@0, 25A>< >:>;> 42CE B>==, A G5@5?>< 4;8=>9 45 A0=B8<5B@>2. 'B>, 5A;8 0@:B>4CA, C30A=C2 2 <5@8:5, A>E@0=8;AO 4> =0H8E 4=59 =0 'C:>B:5 8 0<G0B:5?  8@:C95< =5 GB> 8=>5, :0: 87<5;LG02H89 ?>B><>: 0@:B>4CA0?! -B> 1K;0 1K ?@52>AE>4=0O @07304:0. /, :>=5G=>, =0?8A0; >48>=C 8:>;0528GC 8 ?>?@>A8; ?@8A;0BL E>BO 1K >48= 7C1 8;8 >1;><>: :>AB>G:8 8@:C95<0 A> AB>918I0 >;5=52>4>2. >6825<  C2848<, => ?>:0 =C6=0 H8@>G09H0O 8=D>@<0F8O 8 ?@87K2 : >E@0=5 ?>A;54=8E 3830=B>2". %8B@>20BK5 @0AAC645=8O CG5=>3>, 1>;LH>3>, 8725AB=>3> =0 25AL <8@ A?5F80;8AB0, =5 ?>2;8O;8 =0 <>N C15645==>ABL 2 ACI5AB2>20=88 8@:C95<0. @>D5AA>@ =5 AB0; >B=8<0BL 83@CH:C, <8;> ?>D0=B078@>20;. =5 4>25;>AL G8B0BL, GB> 70A5;5=85 ;N4L<8 !525@=>9 <5@8:8 =0G0;>AL, :0: AG8B0NB 0<5@8:0=A:85 CG5=K5, 11 BKAOG ;5B =0704. >A;5 B>3>, :0: B0< 2K<5@;8 A01;57C1K5 B83@K, ;L2K, 2>;:8 8 4@C385 AB@0H=K5 E8I=8:8, 2 B>< G8A;5 8 0@:B>4CA A8<CA. -B>B >3@><=K9 <54254L, AB>;:=C2H8AL A :>B>@K<, :0: AG8B0;8 CG5=K5, ?>B5@?5; 1K ?>@065=85 ;N1>9 G5;>25:, >A>15==>, :0: ?>4G5@:820;>AL, =0 >B:@KB>< ?@>AB@0=AB25, 345 A?0AB8AL >B =53> 1K;> ?@>AB> =52>7<>6=>.  ?>?048 MB>B 725@L =0 'C:>B:C 2 A8;C :0:8E-;81> >1AB>OB5;LAB2, ?@52@0B8;AO 1K >= 2 68@=CN =5?>2>@>B;82CN C;8B:C. AB0B8, :@C?=K5 E8I=8:8, :0: AG8B0;8 B5 65 CG5=K5, 2K<5@;8 2 A2O78 A 87<5=5=85< :;8<0B0, AB02H53> 4;O =8E 3C18B5;L=K<. 4=0:> >48>= 8:>;0528G >B A2>53> =5 >BABC?0;. A:>@5 O ?>;CG8; 5I5 >4=> ?8AL<> A D>B>3@0D859 H:C@K 1C@>3> <54254O, @0ABO=CB>9 =0 AB5=5 A0@0O. ! 284C MB> 1K;0 A0<0O >1KG=0O <54256LO H:C@0, => !82>;>1>2 =5 A><=520;AO  8@:C95<! = C:07K20; =0 2KABC?K <564C :>=5G=>ABO<8, =0 =5>1KG=>5 @0A?>;>65=85 E2>AB0, GB> <>3;> ?>4B25@48BL =0;8G85 :C@4N:0. ;8=0 H:C@K, A>>1I0; >=, 235 A0=B8<5B@>2, @07<0E ?5@54=8E ;0?  300, 25A8; <54254L, :0: ?@54?>;030; E>7O8=, ?@8<5@=> 500 :3.  E>BO 2A5 MB8 40==K5 =5 A>>B25BAB2>20;8 @07<5@0< 725@O 2 420 @070 1>;55 >1KG=>3>, 25A>< 2 70O2;5==K5 ?5@2>=0G0;L=> ?>;B>@K B>==K, => =083;02=59H8< 4>:070B5;LAB2><, :0: AG8B0; !82>;>1>2, 1K;0 H5@ABL. =0 A>2A5< =5 ?>E>48;0 =0 H5@ABL >1KG=>3> <54254O. CG>: MB>9 H5@AB8 !82>;>1>2 2;>68; 2 ?8AL<> 8 ?@>A8; ?5@540BL A?5F80;8AB0< 4;O 0=0;870. (5@ABL, A=8<>: 8 ?8AL<> O ?5@540; 0;5=B8=C !5@35528GC 065B=>2C, 8725AB=><C 7=0B>:C 1C@KE <5425459.  >48>=C 8:>;0528GC 2 ?8AL<5 ?5@5A:070; 53> A><=5=8O =0AG5B 8@:C95<0, :>B>@K9 5A;8 8 2K45;8BAO 87 A5<59AB20 1C@KE <5425459, B>, A:>@55 2A53>, :0: ?>4284, 0 =5 A0<>AB>OB5;L=K9 284. 54L 8 B0:85 =5>1KG=K5 <542548 <5@8:8, :0: 3@87;8, :0:, 2?@>G5<, 8 2A5 >AB0;L=K5, >B=5A5=K : >4=><C 284C 1C@K9 <54254L.  :0: A:070; 065=B>2, ?>4284>2 1C@KE <5425459 2 <5@8:5 =5:>B>@K5 CG5=K5 =0AG8BK20NB >:>;> ?OB8 45AOB:>2. >;55 B>3>, =5 C45@60;AO O, @073>2>@ 845B B>;L:> ;8HL >1 >3@><=>< <542545, => 5A;8 MB> A0<>AB>OB5;L=0O ?>@>40, B> 4>;6=K 1KBL 8 8@:C95<8FK-A0<:8, 8 8@:C95<560B0-<542560B0.  > =8E ?>:0 8 @5G8 =5 2545BAO, =5B =8 548=>3> C?><8=0=8O. "'5AB=> ?@87=0BLAO, >B25B8; <=5 2A:>@5 !82>;>1>2, O 1K; =5<=>3> >3>@G5= ?>A;54=8< 0H8< ?8AL<><, 0 8<5==> B5<, GB> K CB25@6405B5 > =52>7<>6=>AB8 >18B0=8O 2 =0H8E :@0OE =58725AB=>3> =0C:5 725@O. > O, =025@=>, 1>;LH5 C4828;AO 1K, A>3;0A8AL K A> <=>9, B0: :0: =0G8=0; 8A:0BL 548=><KH;5==8:>2 A@548 <5AB=KE >E>B>254>2, 70B5< 2 0<G0BA:>< >B45;5=88  >E>BK 8 725@>2>4AB20 8 2 :>=F5 :>=F>2 4>H5; 4> , 8 2 1>;LH8=AB25 A;CG052 2 >B25B <=5 ?>:@CG820;8 ?0;LF5< 2>:@C3 28A:0& / 70B@0B8; =0 ?>8A:8 MB>3> <54254O 8 53> H:C@K <=>3> ;8G=>3> 2@5<5=8 8 A@54AB2, => =5 60;5N >1 MB><, 0 ;N48, :>B>@K5 ?> @>4C A2>8E 70=OB89 4>;6=K 1K 8< 708=B5@5A>20BLAO, ?@>O2;ONB C4828B5;L=>5 @02=>4CH85. 0==K9 M:75<?;O@, H:C@0 :>B>@>3> =0E>48BAO C <5=O, 1K; 4>1KB >;5=52>4>< 10-3> 725=0 >;5=5A>2E>70 >@DA:89, A5;> %08;8=>. > <=5 ?@8H;>AL ;5B5BL 70 H:C@>9 2 0@0BC=:C, =0 N3 0<G0B:8, B0: :0: 87 %08;8=0 55 CA?5;8 ?5@5?@028BL BC40.  2>B @57C;LB0B& =5 4>25;>AL 2845BL <=>3> <54256L8E H:C@.  MB>9 O A@07C 70<5B8; =5A>>B25BAB285 ?@>?>@F89 4;O >1KG=>3> <54254O, 7=0G8B!.. A5 65 CG5=K5 4>;6=K @07>1@0BLAO, ?>A;54=55 A;>2> 70 =8<8". / B>65 >6840; @57C;LB0B0 >F5=:8 CG5=KE, 640; ?8AL<0 >B 065B=>20, => @0=LH5 ?>;CG8; 5I5 >4=> ?>A;0=85 >B !82>;>1>20: "8HC 0< 2=5>G5@54=>5 ?8AL<>, B0: :0: ?>;CG8; >B 5@5I038=0 A ?@><56CB:>< 2 ?OBL 4=59 ?8AL<> 8 ?>GB>2CN >B:@KB:C.  B0: :0: 2>;5N A;CG0O O 70B@028; 20A MB8< <542545<, AG8B0N =C6=K< 8 2 40;L=59H5< 45@60BL 2 :C@A5 A>1KB89. >B 2:@0BF5 A>45@60=85 ?8AL<0: AC4O ?> D>B>, ?>4G5@52>: C <8H:8 1K; GC4>28I=> =5>1KG=K9, >:@0A 3>;>2K  15;5AK9, <>@40 =5AB0=40@B=0O. #@>4;82> :>@>B:85 704=85 =>38. 25@L 1K; <54;8B5;L=K9, <8@=K9. 0:@> 8 <8:@>A:>?8G5A:>5 A@02=5=85 A H5@ABLN 1C@KE <5425459 =8G53> ?CB=>3> =5 40;>. "5< 1>;55 GB> =58725AB=>, >B:C40 27OB0 ?@>10. ;O 2K2>4>2 > A8AB5<=>9 ?@8=04;56=>AB8 =C65= G5@5? 8;8 E>BO 1K =86=89 8;8 25@E=89 7C1=>9 @O4. ( =8:0: =5 D>B>3@0D8O, ?>4<5B8; <=5 !82>;>1>2.) >B 2848B5? ">, G53> =5 70<5B8;8 2K, 70<5B8; G5;>25:, :>B>@K9 :>5-GB> 2 MB>< ?>=8<05B. >;>20 459AB28B5;L=> <0;0 4;O <54254O B0:8E @07<5@>2, 40 8 CE> >?CI5=> =865, @0AAB>O=85 >B 3;070 4> CE0 <5=LH5, G5< C 1C@>3> <54254O. C 0 2 704=59 G0AB8 H:C@K @07;8G85 A8;L=> 2K45;O5BAO. !>45@60=85 >B:@KB:8: A;8 ?> 8AA;54>20=8N G5@5?0 8 7C1>2 8@:C95< >:065BAO 459AB28B5;L=> =>2K< 284><, B> H:C@0 53>, 157CA;>2=>, 4>;6=0 E@0=8BLAO 2 F5=B@0;L=>< <C759=>< A>1@0=88 A C:070=85< ?5@2>>B:@K20B5;O, B> 5ABL 0A. >MB><C ?>15@538B5 55 4;O 40;L=59H53> 2K:C?0. @:C95<0 4;O ?>B><:>2 =07>25< Ursus sivolobovi ( 54254L !82>;>1>20 . 2B.), 5A;8 K =5 2>7@0605B5, :>=5G=>. K;> 1K =5?;>E> >@30=87>20BL =0 ?>8A:8 G5@5?0 8 :>AB59 A?5F80;L=CN M:A?548F8N, ?>:0 >AB0=:8 =5 C=8GB>68;8 E8I=8:8 8;8 8E =5 C=5A;> 2>4>9. "0:>5 >1@0I5=85 ?@>D5AA>@0 C65 =5 2>A?@8=8<0;>AL :0: 83@0 2 D0=B078N, 8, ?> ?@0245 3>2>@O, <5=O =5A:>;L:> >H0@0H8;>, 81> ?5@54 MB8< O CA?5; ?>;CG8BL >B7K2 065B=>20, :>B>@K9 ?8A0;, GB> =5 4>?CA:05B <KA;8, GB> =0 0<G0B:5 5ABL 5I5 :0:>9-B> ?>4284 <54254O, :@><5 2A5< 8725AB=>3> 1C@>3>. > 2 B> 65 2@5<O 8 >=, E>BO AG8B0; ?>78F8N MBC B5>@5B8G5A:8 H0B:>9, 4>?CA:0;, GB> ?@8 >?@545;5==KE 10@L5@0E, =5 4>?CA:0NI8E A<5H5=8O A >1KG=K< 1C@K<, 4@C3>9 ?>4284 <>3 2 ?@8=F8?5 8 ACI5AB2>20BL.  !82>;>1>2 2 :>=F5 ?8AL<0 2<5AB> =04>52H8E <=5 D>B> C18BKE <5425459 87>1@078; ?5@>< A >A>1>9 BI0B5;L=>ABLN :>@>B:>=>3>3> A >B28AH8< 4> 75<;8 1@NE><-:C@4N:>< 8@:C95<0.  D0A 8 2 ?@>D8;L. 25@O =0@8A>20; 5<C :>@O:A:89 EC4>6=8: 8@8; 0A8;L528G 8;?0;8=, >48=>:> 682CI89 =0 @5:5 K25=:5.  :>340 MB>B @8AC=>:, A>>1I0; !82>;>1>2, >= ?>:070; 2 :>@O:A:>9 A5<L5 0;K:, B> AB0@8G:8-E>7O520 2 >48= 3>;>A 2>A:;8:=C;8: @:C95<! ">G=> B0:>9, :0:>3> <K 8 2845;8. > 2845;8 >=8 53> ;8HL @07 8 402=>. 'B> 65 :0A05BAO <542560B, 7025@8; <5=O !82>;>1>2, B> 8E 8 <542548F 87 @>40 8@:C95<>2 B0:65 2845;8. AB@5B8;8 >4=064K 2A5 A5<59AB2> =5?>40;5:C >B %08;8=0. # =53> 8<5NBAO 8 D0<8;88 ;N459, ?>2AB@5G02H8EAO A> 725@O<8. ABL, <>;, 8 MB> 4>:070B5;LAB2>, GB> 8@:C95<K A0<>AB>OB5;L=K9 284. AB0;0AL B5?5@L A0<0O <0;>ABL: 70?>;CG8BL 2 A2>8 @C:8 G5@5?.  A 45;>< MB8< >= C6 :0:-=81C4L B5?5@L A?@028BAO.  ?@542:CH5=88 A:>@>3> CA?5E0 >= 45;8;AO 2 ?8AL<5 ?@54AB>OI8<8 ?;0=0<8: 2=0G0;5 >B?@028BAO 2 %08;8=> 8A:0BL G5@5?, 0 70B5< 8 A0<>3> 725@O. =5 65 >AB020;>AL A>60;5BL, GB> O =5 A<>3C >B?@028BLAO 2<5AB5 A =8<. ! B5E ?>@ <8=C;> 420 ;5B0. 0 0<G0B:C O B0: 8 =5 2K1@0;AO. %>BO =5 @07, A?8AK20OAL A CH0=><, AB@>8; ?;0=K ?CB5H5AB289 ?> :0<G0BA:8< @5:0< 70 D>B>3@0D8O<8 1C@KE <5425459 40 ?@>OA=5=85< 70304:8 8@:C95<0. %>B5;>AL A0<><C 2AB@5B8BLAO 8 ?>3>2>@8BL A ;N4L<8, =0 @0AA:07K :>B>@KE AAK;0;AO !82>;>1>2. > B> >4=>, B> 4@C3>5 =5?@542845==>5 >1AB>OB5;LAB2> 70AB02;O;> >B:;04K20BL ?>574:C, ?5@5=>A8BL 55 =0 A;54CNI89 3>4. '5@5? 65 8;8 E>BO 1K 7C1 ?>:0 B0: 8 =5 1K; =0945=. 170;B48=>2 C65 =5 1K; @09>==K< >E>B8=A?5:B>@><. !B0; @01>B0BL ?@>ABK< >E>B=8:><, 8 ?><>3 5<C 2 MB>< !82>;>1>2. 0 MB> 2@5<O >= AB0; 5A;8 =5 7=0<5=8BK<, B> 4>AB0B>G=> 8725AB=K<. @> =53>, >B:@K20B5;O 8@:C95<0, G0AB> ?8A0;8 <5AB=K5 3075BK, A45;0;> ?5@540GC B5;52845=85, =0:>=5F, @0AA:070;0 3075B0 @0240. 4CI89 70 B09=>9  B0: 1K; =0720= @5?>@B06.  =5 2 >1I5<-B> 2A5 @02=>, ?@87=020;AO >48>= 8:>;0528G, :5< O2;O5BAO =0 A0<>< 45;5 8@:C95<: ?@>AB> :@C?=K< <542545< 8;8 ?>B><:>< 2K<5@H53> 0@:B>4CA0. ;02=>5  ?@8>B:@KBL 7025AC B09=K =04 MB8< 70304>G=K< ACI5AB2><, 4>1KBL > =5< ?@02482CN 8=D>@<0F8N&  0 MB>B @07 84C 2 BC=4@C =5 >48=, A =0?0@=8:><, A>>1I0; >=. A;8 ?>B@51C5BAO, =5 ?>60;5N 4;O ?>8A:0 8 A2>53> >B?CA:0. 5 ?@8=5A5B @57C;LB0B>2 =K=5H=OO M:A?548F8O  ?@54?@8<C =>2K5. 0<, 682CI8< 2> 2B>@>9 ?>;>28=5 4204F0B>3> 25:0, =5 ?@>ABOB ?>B><:8 ?>;=>3> 8AG57=>25=8O AB>;L =5>1KG=>3> ?@54AB028B5;O 682>B=>3> <8@0. ?0A=>ABL 65 ?>4>1=0O ACI5AB2C5B. <5==> ?>B><C O 8 A>1@0;AO 2 4>@>3C& 5<C4@5=>, GB> <5AB=K5 2;0AB8 AB0;8 >B=>A8BLAO : =5<C A 1>;LH8< ?>GB5=85<.  @09>==K9 >E>B8=A?5:B>@, MB>B =58A?@028<K9 <5;><0=, :0: 8 ?@5645, AB>O; =0 A2>5<: 2 ;5B=NN ?>@C  =8:0:8E ;8F5=789 =0 >BAB@5; <54254O! !82>;>1>2 A2>8<8 60;>10<8 : 2KH5AB>OI5<C =0G0;LAB2C 4>18;AO ?@8AK;:8 2 "8;8G8:8 ?@>25@ONI53>, 8 E>BO C;8G8BL 2 :0:8E 1K B> =8 1K;> =5?@02KE 459AB28OE @09>==>3> >E>B8=A?5:B>@0 =5 C40;>AL, => <KH8=0O 2>7=O, :0: ?@87=0;AO 2 ?8AL<5 CH0=, 5<C B0: =04>5;0, GB> >= @5H8; C9B8 2 >E>B=8:8.  =5 60;5;, AG8B0O MBC ?@>D5AA8N ?@5:@0A=>9. A;8 1KBL 8AB8==> >E>B=8:><, 0 =5 C=8GB>68B5;5<, ?@8102;O; ?@8 MB>< >=. > ?>8A:0< G5@5?0 8@:C95<0 >BAB02:0 >E>B8=A?5:B>@0 CA?5E0 =5 ?@81028;0. K@>A;> :>;8G5AB2> >G5284F52, C25@O2H8E, GB> 2AB@5G0;8 8@:C95<0. 2>5 >E>B=8:>2 ?>65@B2>20;8 H:C@K 70AB@5;5==KE 8<8 =5>1KG=KE 725@59 A C:>@>G5==K<8 704=8<8 ;0?0<8. !82>;>1>2 ?@8A;0; <=5 D>B>3@0D8N: G5BK@5 <54256L8E H:C@K, 2K25H5==KE =0 701>@5 2 @O4. !@548 =8E 1K;0 H:C@0 >1KG=>3> <54254O, B@8  8@:C95<>2. 07=8F0 8<5;0AL, => 5@5I038= ?@>4>;60; B25@48BL A2>5: =C65= G5@5?, E>BO 1K :>AB>G:0.  53>-B>, :0: MB> =8 AB@0==>, ?>B><C GB> >1KG=> >E>B=8:8 G0I5 2A53> ?@54?>G8B0NB A>E@0=8BL G5@5?, =8 >48= 87 >E>B=8:>2 ?@54AB028BL =5 <>3. (:C@0 A 2K45;0==K< G5@5?>< 7=0G8B5;L=> 4>@>65 F5=8BAO. ! !82>;>1>2K< O 2AB@5B8;AO 2 >A:25. = ?@8;5B5; :C?8BL 4;O >E>BK ?>@>48ABCN ;09:C. >AB0 >= >:070;AO =52KA>:>3>, 87 ?>@>4K ;N459, ?@> :>B>@KE ?@8=OB> 3>2>@8BL  N@:85. K@01>B02H89AO, >G5284=> 70 ?>A;54=85 3>4K, 0?;><1 2 @073>2>@5 1K; E>@>H> 70<5B5=. 5@=K< >= AG8B0; ?@5645 2A53> A>1AB25==>5 AC645=85 8 =5 65;0; A;CH0BL :0:8E-;81> <>8E 2>7@065=89. E>B=8:>< >= >:070;AO AB@0AB=K<. 0 E>@>HCN A>10:C 45=53 =5 ?>60;5;.  <5425459, =5 A:@K20;, 70 A2>N 687=L CA?5; =5 >48= 45AOB>: C;>68BL.  ACI5AB2>20=88 8@:C95<0 >= 1K; C25@5= =0 2A5 AB> ?@>F5=B>2. 0 MB>B @07 =0 ?>8A:8 53> >= 1@0; A A>1>9 :8=>>?5@0B>@0. 0AA:070;, GB> ABC48O 852=0CGD8;L<, >7=0:><82H8AL A ?C1;8:0F8O<8 2 @07;8G=KE 3075B0E, @5H8;0 A=8<0BL ?@> 8@:C95<0 D8;L<. = A>3;0A8;AO 1KBL 8E :>=AC;LB0=B>< 8 ?@>2>4=8:><. 0 G0H:>9 G0O, @074>1@82H8AL, >48>= 8:>;0528G ?>>15I0; ?@83;0A8BL 2 MB>B ?>E>4 8 <5=O. K720BL 2 "8;8G8:8 2 =C6=>5 2@5<O. > ;5B> >:>=G8;>AL, 0 ?@83;0H5=8O O =5 4>640;AO.  >A5=LN ?>;CG8; >G5@54=CN ?0G:C D>B>3@0D89, 345 1K;> =5<0;> ?5970659, 3=574 :0=N:>2 8 4065 :@5G5B>2.  345 65 8@:C95<?  ?>A;0; O 2 >B25B 2>?@>A. K A?@0H8205B5, 345 8@:C95<? 1C4B> CA;KH0; O 53> 2>@G;82K9 >B25B, ?@>G8B02 ?@8H54H55 ?8AL<>. !?@0H820BL ;53G5, G5< 8A:0BL, 0 8A:0BL ?>:0 =8:B> =5 E>G5B&  :>=F5 8N;O 1991 3>40 5I5 >48= 8@:C95< 1K; 15AF5;L=> C18B, A>>1I0; 40;55 >=. @>87>H;> MB> 2 @09>=5 <KA0 @>7=K9 ;NB>@A:>3> 70;820. 0@0C;82H85 >;5=59 2 =>G=>< 456C@AB25 "C@:8=8 8 -;52L8 C2845;8, :0: 2 AB04> >;5=59 2:;8=8;AO <54254L C@>4;82>3> B5;>A;>65=8O. 5C:;N65 ?@K30O, >= ?@81;860;AO 2 >;5=O<, @0A?C3820O AB04>. -;52L8 42C<O 2KAB@5;0<8 ?@8:>=G8; 725@O. #B@>< A=O;8 H:C@C, ?KB0;8AL 55 2K45;0BL, => =0G0;8AL 4>648, 8 55, 70G5@25;CN, 1@>A8;8 =0 >4=>9 87 AB>O=>: ?@O<> 2 BC=4@5. #7=02 >1 MB><, @0AA:07K20; 2 ?8AL<5 !82>;>1>2, >= ?>72>=8; 5@5I038=C. > B>B, :0: 8 @0=LH5, ?>60;>20;AO =0 =8I5BC A2>59 >@30=870F88, >BACBAB285 A@54AB2 4;O >?;0BK 25@B>;5B0.  ?>?0ABL 2 B> <5AB> <>6=> 1K;> B>;L:> =0 25@B>;5B5. 5@5I038= ?>>15I0; A>72>=8BLAO A :>;;530<8 87 03040=0, ?>B>< ?5@572>=8BL 5<C.  ?@>?0;. ">340 !82>;>1>2 >1@0B8;AO 2 @540:F8N 6C@=0;0 E>B0 8 >E>B=8GL5 E>7O9AB2>. 54L 4>@>3 1K; :064K9 45=L, B>3> 8 3;O48, 2K?045B A=53, 0 B>340 @0725 >BKI5HL 2 BC=4@5 >AB0=:8!   @540:F88 <5=O >BDCB1>;8;8, ?@>4>;60; !82>;>1>2, 2 @>4=>5 0<G0BA:>5 . >340-B> 8 B0< <=5 >B:07K20;8 2 ?><>I8, => =0 MB>B @07 A>3;0A8;8AL ?><>GL, 27O2 A <5=O A;>2>, GB> O >B40< 8< >4=C 87 8<5NI8EAO C <5=O H:C@ 8@:C95<0. 0D@0EB>20;8 25@B>;5B =0 G5BK@5 G0A0. !> <=>9 70 H:C@>9 8@:C95<0 >B?@028;AO . . >I552, A?5F80;8AB ?> <54254O<. 0;5B5;8 2=0G0;5 2 %08;8=> 70 ;N4L<8, :>B>@K5 A<>3;8 1K C:070BL <5AB>, 345 1K; 4>1KB 725@L. > ?CB8 701@0;8 A> AB>O=:8 @07<>:HCN ?;5H82CN H:C@C, 1@>H5==CN >;5=52>40<8. C 0 40;LH5, :0: 2A5340, =0G0;>AL =52575=85. 5H:8 A 15;>9 B@O?:>9 =0 :>=F5, >AB02;5==>9 >E>B=8:0<8 C BCH8 <54254O, =0 <5AB5 =5 >:070;>AL. ;5=52>4K, =5 ?@54?>;0302H85 5I5 2 MB8 <5AB0 2>72@0I0BLAO, =5 ?@8A<>B@5;8AL 2 A2>5 2@5<O : <5AB=>AB8 8 =8:0: =5 A<>3;8 A>@85=B8@>20BLAO. '0A CBN68;8 <K ?;>I04:C ?@8<5@=> 2 >48= :204@0B=K9 :8;><5B@, => :>AB59 B0: 8 =5 =0H;8. A5 ?>@>A;> <5B@>2>9 2KA>BK :CAB0@=8:><. "0:, =5A>;>=> E;5102H8, ?@8H;>AL 2>72@0I0BLAO. >B 8 5I5 >48= 8@:C95< C18B, ?>425; 8B>3 !82>;>1>2, 0 45;> > @0A?>7=020=88 53> B0: 8 =5 A428=C;>AL.  A2>5 2@5<O, ?@8?><=8; >=, O ?@54;030; ?@>D5AA>@C 5@5I038=C 27OBLAO 70 >?>25I5=85 2A5E >;5=52>4>2 MB>3> @09>=0 0<G0B:8 > F5==>AB8 8 @54:>AB8 MB>3> 725@O, 206=>AB8 70?>;CG5=8O >AB0=:>2 4;O =0C:8. 5;> 1K;> 70 B5<, GB>1K @07@5H8BL 8< >BAB@5; 2 ;5B=NN ?>@C. 54L >;5=52>4>2 =5 <5=55 500 G5;>25:, 8 2 >A=>2=>< >=8 ?>AB>O==> E>4OB ?> >B40;5==K< C3>;:0< 2 ;5B=NN ?>@C. 07@5H8 8< >BAB@5; >D8F80;L=>, GB>1K =5 E>@>=8;8AL ?>B><, >1JOA=8 =5>1E>48<>ABL, 8 ?0@C ;5B =0704 <K 1K 8<5;8 =5 B>;L:> G5@5?, => 8 25AL A:5;5B. 5@5I038= 65 =0 >BAB@5; =8:0: =5 A>3;0H05BAO, ?@>4>;60; @072820BL A2>N <KA;L !82>;>1>2, <>B828@CO MB> 2>7=8:=>25=85< =574>@>2>3> 068>B060 8 =5=C6=K< C=8GB>65=85< @54G09H8E 725@59. A;8 >=8 5ABL. > <=5 :065BAO, GB> 2 MB>-B> >= :0: @07 8 =5 25@8B.  B>340 B5< 1>;55, ?>G5<C 1K =5 2K40BL ;8F5=78N =0 >BAB@5;. 84=>, A>2A5< >AB0@5; 5@5I038=, ?>GB8 90 ;5B, =5 A:@K20; @074@065=8O >48>= 8:>;0528G. >@0 1K 5<C =0 ?5=A8N, CABC?0BL 4>@>3C <>;>4K<.  B>< 65 ?8AL<5 A =5>4>1@5=85< ?@>H5;AO 8 ?> 0;5=B8=C !5@35528GC 065B=>2C. @8A;0;, <>;, B>B ?8AL<>, ?>>15I0; ?>4:;NG8BL : ?>8A:C 8@:C95<0 7>>D0:C;LB5B #. 0 B0: 8 ?@>?0;. 8 A;CE0 =8 4CE0.  ;NB>@A:>< @09>=5, 45;0; >:>=G0B5;L=K9 2K2>4 !82>;>1>2, =0 A53>4=OH=89 45=L, ?> A>1@0==K< 8< 40==K<, 8<55BAO 4-5 @07@>7=5==KE, C40;5==KE 4@C3 >B 4@C30 =5 <5=55 G5< =0 A>B=N :8;><5B@>2, C30A0NI8E >G03>2 MB>3> =5?>7=0==>3> 725@O.  :064>< 87 =8E >B =5A:>;L:8E ?> ?>;CB>@0 45AOB:>2 >A>159. 5@>OB=>, 420-B@8 >G030 5ABL 2 0@038=A:>< @09>=5. 48= 725@L, 0 2>7<>6=>, =5A:>;L:> @07@>7=5==> 4>6820NI8E A2>9 25: >A>159 >AB0NBAO 2 "838;LA:><. >@0 72>=8BL 2> 2A5 :>;>:>;0, AG8B0; !82>;>1>2, 5A;8 <K E>B8< A>E@0=8BL MB> C=8:0;L=>5, @5;8:B>2>5 ACI5AB2>. = ?@54;>68; <=5 =0?8A0BL >1> 2A5< MB>< 2 A2>5< 6C@=0;5 >:@C3 A25B0. @83;0H0; ?@85E0BL, AD>B>3@0D8@>20BL =0 F25B=CN ?;5=:C H:C@K 8@:C95<>2, ?@54;030; 4;O 8A?>;L7>20=8O 2AN 8<5NICNAO C =53> 8=D>@<0F8N. / ?>4C<0; 8& A>3;0A8;AO. 5B5BL =0 0<G0B:C ?>:070;>AL =0:;04=K< 8 =5=C6=K<.  @57C;LB0B5 4;8B5;L=>9 ?5@5?8A:8 8=D>@<0F88 C <5=O A:>?8;>AL ?@54>AB0B>G=>. / A>>1I8; >1 MB>< !82>;>1>2C, >= =5 2>7@060;. G5@: >1 8@:C95<5 1K; ?>AB02;5= 2 G5B25@BK9, 0?@5;LA:89 =><5@. %>B5;>AL, GB>1K 53> ?@>G8B0;8 >;5=52>4K 8 CG0AB=8:8 2A5E M:A?548F89, >B?@02;ONI8EAO =0 ;5B=85 @01>BK 2 >B40;5==K5 C3>;:8 0<G0B:8. >65B, 8E =01;N45=8O, 2K2>4K, =0E>645=8O E>BL :0:8E-B> >AB0=:>2 725@O ?><>3CB @07@5H8BL =0:>=5F-B> 70304:C 8@:C95<0. #2K, ?5@2K< >B:;8:>< =0 ?C1;8:0F8N 1K;> ?8AL<> 65=K >48>=0 8:>;0528G0. 0 8A?>;L7>20=85 2K45@65: 87 ?8A5< A2>53> <C60 >=0 =8 <=>3> =8 <0;> >15I0;0 ?@82;5GL <5=O : AC4C. -B8< O:>1K O 7045; G5ABL 8 4>AB>8=AB2> >48>=0 8:>;0528G0. 0B5< ?@8H;> =0 8<O 3;02=>3> @540:B>@0 8 2>7<CI5==>5 ?8AL<> A0<>3> !82>;>1>20.  A2>5< >G5@:5 O ?@54>AB028; 2>7<>6=>ABL 2KA:070BLAO ?> ?>2>4C ACI5AB2>20=8O 8@:C95<0 =5 B>;L:> 5<C, => 8 2>A?@>8725; A;>20 ?@>D5AA>@0 5@5I038=0, 2KA:07K20=8O >E>B8=A?5:B>@0 170;B48=>20. -B>-B> 8 7045;> =5C3><>==>3> 68B5;O "8;8G8:. 1 8@:C95<5 =0 MB>B @07 =5 1K;> A:070=> =8 A;>20. 0: <>6=> 1K;> ?@54>AB02;OBL =0 AB@0=8F0E 6C@=0;0 A;>2> 1M0;B48=>2C. = C65 402=> =5 >E>B8=A?5:B>@, 0 >E>B=8:, 2>7<CI0;AO >48>= 8:>;0528G. 0 8 >E>B=8:-B> >= =8:C4KH=K9. '0A0<8 A;CH05B <C7K:C  <5;><0=! %>BO 87 ?5@5?8A:8 A CH0=>< O 7=0;, GB> 53> 2=>2L =07=0G8;8 =0 4>;6=>ABL >E>B8=A?5:B>@0, >= 1K; ?@54A540B5;5< @09>==>3> >1I5AB20 >E>B=8:>2.  !82>;>1>2 >?OBL ?8H5B =0 =53> 60;>1K 2> 2A5 8=AB0=F88. "@C4=> 5<C @01>B0BL. ">;L:> B5?5@L O, :065BAO, =0:>=5F-B> 8 A0< @073;O45; >48>=0 8:>;0528G0. >=O;, GB> G5;>25: MB>B 40;5:> =5 ?@>AB>9, 8 ?>A>GC2AB2>20; CH0=C.  ?8AL<5 2 @540:F8N, 8A?5?5;82 >E>B8=A?5:B>@0, !82>;>1>2 ?>OA=8;, 2 G5< 7045B0 53> G5ABL. '8B0B5;O< >G5@:0 <>65B ?>:070BLAO, GB> MB> >= A0< ?@84C<0; 8@:C95<0, 0 ?>B><C >= B@51C5B, GB>1K 2 A;54CNI5< 65 =><5@5 1K; >?C1;8:>20= A?8A>: D0<8;89 2A5E ;N459, :>B>@K5 @0AA:07K20;8 5<C > 2AB@5G5 A MB8< 725@5<. !?8A>: 1K; 4>2>;L=>-B0:8, =04> A:070BL, 4;8==K9.  ?C1;8:>20BL 53>, :>=5G=>, =5 1K;> 2>7<>6=>AB8 40 8 =5>1E>48<>AB8. A:>@5 =0 B5;5M:@0=K AB@0=K 2KH5; 4>:C<5=B0;L=K9 D8;L< 3>@O C475520 > :0<G0BA:8E <54254OE. 3> @070 B@8 ?>:07K20;8 ?> B5;52845=8N, 8, :>=5G=>, A<>B@5; 53> 8 >48>= 8:>;0528G. >:070= 1K; B0< >= A0<. 0: E>48B ?> BC=4@5, 2AB@5G05BAO A :>@O:0<8->;5=52>40<8, 70?8AK205B 8E @0AA:07K > 1>;LH>< <542545, ?>:07K205B 8< @8AC=:8 8@:C95<0 8 B5 ?>4B25@640NB, GB> 40, >= B0:>9. > 2> 2@5<O MB8E ?>E>4>2 =5 B> GB> 8@:C95<0, >1KG=>3> <54254O =5 C40;>AL 2AB@5B8BL. @8H;>AL :8=>3@C??5 >1@0I0BLAO 70 ?><>ILN : 8B0;8N 8:>;05=:> 8 3>@N 525=:>, 8725AB=K< >E>B>2540< 8 1>;LH8< A?5F80;8AB0< ?> D>B>3@0D8@>20=8N :0<G0BA:8E <5425459. =8 8 ?><>3;8 E>@>H> A=OBL =0 ?;5=:C >G5=L :@C?=KE 725@59 2> 2@5<O @K10;:8. 1JOA=8;8, :0: 25AB8 ?@8 MB>< A51O ;N4O<, GB>1K =5 2K720BL =0?045=8O, 0 70>4=> 8 >B25B8;8 =0 2>?@>A, 25@OB ;8 >=8 2 ACI5AB2>20=85 8@:C95<0. 10 >B=5A;8AL : MB><C >B@8F0B5;L=>. 5B 2 8E :@0OE =8:0:>3> 8@:C95<0! 5 >1>H;8 2 D8;L<5 8 AB>@>=>9 CH0=0 170;B48=>20.  B> 2@5<O 154>202H53> =0 15@53C ;NB>@A:>3> 70;820 ?@>ABK< >E>B=8:><. 3>@L C47552, @568AA5@, ?> 2>72@0I5=88 A 0<G0B:8 2 @073>2>@5 A> <=>9 2KA:070;AO > =5< :0: > =081>;55 3@0<>B=><, >1@07>20==>< A?5F80;8AB5. 8:0: =5 C=860O G5AB8 8 4>AB>8=AB20 !82>;>1>20, ?@87=02H8AL, GB> :>340-B> 8 A0< 1K; 3>B>2 2AB0BL =0 AB>@>=C MB>3> >E>B=8:0, CH0= 2KA:070;AO 2 MB>< D8;L<5 B0:, GB> 8@:C95< =5 GB> 8=>5, :0: @57C;LB0B 8=1@848=30, 1;87:>@>4AB25==>3> A<5H5=8O. "> 5ABL  C@>4. >B><C-B> 2@5<O >B 2@5<5=8 2 8E :@0OE ?>O2;ONBAO B0:85 725@8 8 8AG570NB 2A:>@5 :0: =A ?@8A?>A>1;5==K5 : 0:B82=>9 687=8. > MB>, A:070; >=. 53> 25@A8O, 8 >=0 5I5 =C6405BAO 2 ?>4B25@645=88. >;6=> 1KBL, D8;L< MB>B CB8E><8@8; ?K; 65=K !82>;>1>20, 8 O =5 ?>;CG8; ?>25AB:8 A 2K7>2>< =0 AC4. B:;8:>2 =0 ?C1;8:0F8N ?@8H;> =5<=>3>. 8A0;8 G8B0B5;8 87 >;30@88, >A:2K 8 4@C38E 3>@>4>2, => =5 ?@8H;> ?>GB8 =8 >4=>3> ?8AL<0 >B 68B5;59 0<G0B:8. B:;8:8 1K;8 @07=K5: A 708=B5@5A>20==>ABLN, A><=5=8O<8 8 4065 A 87452:>9. A5 MB8 ?8AL<0 ?> <5@5 ?>ABC?;5=8O O ?5@5AK;0; 2 "8;8G8:8. > >B !82>;>1>20 O ?>;CG8; ;8HL >4=> ?8AL<>. @8H;> >=> 3;C1>:>9 >A5=LN. @87=0;AO, GB> =5 2A5 2 <>59 ?C1;8:0F88 5<C ?>=@028;>AL: =5 : G5<C, AG8B0; >=, 1K;> ?@82>48BL 2KA:07K20=8O 5@5I038=0 8 170;B48=>20, 0 =04> 1K;> =0?8A0BL ?@>AB>, GB> 2>B, <>;, 5ABL B@8 H:C@K 8 <=>3> CAB=KE 70O2;5=89, 8 MB> ?><>3;> 1K ;CGH5 ?@>42865=8N 45;0 ?> ?>8A:C 8@:C95<0.  ACI5AB2>20=85 53> >= 25@8B ?>-?@56=5<C, 0 =0 2>?@>A, ?>G5<C >;5=52>4K 4> A8E ?>@ B0: 8 =5 <>3CB A>E@0=8BL :>AB8 8 G5@5? 725@O, >B25G0;, GB> ?>28==0 2 MB>< ?@5645 2A53> 8E B5<=>B0 8 =5>1@07>20==>ABL.  :>B>@>9, :AB0B8, 28=>20BK <K A0<8. >@0 1K A 1>;LH8< 2=8<0=85< >B=>A8BLAO 2A5< =0< : MB8< <0;K< =0@>40<. 0 1075 0<G0BA:>3> >B45;5=8O  >E>BK 8 725@>2>4AB20, A>>1I0; A =5A:@K205<>9 @04>ABLN >=, A>740=0 =>20O =0CG=0O >@30=870F8O, 8 . . >I552 ?>;CG8; 7040=85 70=OBLAO 8AA;54>20=85< <5425459 A525@=KE @09>=>2 0<G0B:8. 0 ?>;5BK 2K45;5=K A@54AB20, 8 =0G8=05BAO =0AB>OI0O @01>B0 ?> ?>8A:C 8@:C95<>2. '8B0O MB8 AB@>G:8, O ?>4C<0;, GB> ?C1;8:0F8O 2 6C@=0;5 >G5@:0, A;54>20B5;L=>, =5 ?@>H;0 40@><.  A:>@>< 2@5<5=8 8AA;54>20B5;8 >B?@02OBAO =0 >1A;54>20=85 >:@5AB=>AB59 >75@0 >B033KBEK=, 1CEBK !><=5=8O, 345 2AB@5G0;8 48:>28==KE 725@59.  A> <=>9, ?>OA=8; >48>= 8:>;0528G, 1C<06=CN ?>;5<8:C >= @5H8; =02A5340 70:>=G8BL. "0: :0: =5 2848B 2 MB>< =8:0:>3> A<KA;0. >B B0:. @>;5B5;> 5I5 >4=> ;5B>. 0 0<G0B:C O 2K1@0BLAO B0: 8 =5 A<>3. 0 <>5 A;54CNI55 ?8AL<> >B25B0 >B !82>;>1>20 C65 =5 ?@8H;>. 84=>, B25@4> @5H8; 45@60BL 40==>5 A;>2>. !;KH0; O, GB> 8< :@5?:> 708=B5@5A>20;8AL :@8?B>7>>;>38, CG5=K5, :>B>@K5 25@OB, GB> =5 2A5 5I5 2 =0H5< <8@5 ?>7=0=>, =5 B5@ONB =04564K =0 >B:@KB85 =58725AB=KE =0C:5 ACI5AB2.  3075B0E ?@><5;L:=C;> A>>1I5=85, GB> 5420 ;8 =5 A0< 5@5I038= ?@5?OBAB2C5B >1=0@C65=8N 8@:C95<0.  2 @57C;LB0B5 ?@>H5; A;CE, GB> !82>;>1>2, B0: 8 =5 4>6402H8AL @07@5H5=8O =0 >BAB@5;, 2KA;548;-B0:8 8 70AB@5;8; 8@:C95<0. CH0= =0 <>9 70?@>A >B25B8;, GB> >1 MB>< 5<C ?>:0 =8G53> =5 8725AB=>. > A;KH0; >=, GB> :0:>9-B> =0945==K9 G5@5? :0<G0BA:85 >E>B>254K >B257;8 A?5F80;8AB0< 2 >A:2C, 0 B0< B0:8E G5@5?>2 >:070;0AL C9<0. KOA=8;>AL, GB> G5@5? >1KG=K9, ?@8=04;5602H89 1C@><C <54254N. >60;C9, <>6=> 1K;> 1K =0 2A59 MB>9 8AB>@88 ?>AB028BL B>G:C. > >:07K205BAO, :0: 8 @515=:C B@C4=> @0AAB0BLAO A 8=B5@5A=>9 83@CH:>9, =5 ;53:> AB0;> 8 <=5 A<8@8BLAO A <KA;LN, GB> 2>;>G0I53> ?> 75<;5 HB0=K 8 1>30-<54254O =5 ACI5AB2C5B. >65B, =525@=K 2A5 @07C<=K5 4>2>4K ?@03<0B8G=KE A?5F80;8AB>2, 6825B 345-B> 2 A0<KE ?>B05==KE C3>;:0E >@O:A:>3> =03>@LO <54;8B5;L=K9 8 =5?>2>@>B;82K9 725@L8@:C95<. @5<O 845B. ! B5E ?>@ <8=C;> C65 =5 >4=> ;5B>. > :0:8E-;81> =>2KE A2545=89 >1 MB>< A 0<G0B:8 1>;LH5 =5 ?@8E>48B&   !"    5B 15 =0704 (AB0@>68;K @540:F88 6C@=0;0 >:@C3 A25B0 ?><=OB!) AB0;8 ?@8E>48BL 2 6C@=0; C4828B5;L=K5 A>>1I5=8O A 0;L=53> >AB>:0. C4B> 1K 2845;8 ;N48 2 @07=KE <5AB0E ?>15@56LO  =0 0<G0B:5, C ><0=4>@A:8E >AB@>2>2 40 8 2 4@C38E @09>=0E& AB5;;5@>2KE :>@>2. 0-40, B5E A0<KE =5AG0AB=KE <>@A:8E 8A?>;8=>2, :>8 ?0;8 65@B2>9 =5C5<=KE 0??5B8B>2 ?@><KA;>28:>2 2> 2B>@>9 ?>;>28=5 40;5:>3> XVIII 25:0. >>1I5-B> MB0 B5<0 2 >D8F80;L=>9 7>>;>38G5A:>9 =0C:5 AG8B05BAO 70:@KB>9 8 2K7K205B @074@065=85 C CG5=KE. 530B82=>5 >B=>H5=85 : ?>4>1=K< =01;N45=8O< 2KA:07K20;8 7>>;>38 . . !>:>;>2, . . 5?B=5@, !. . ;C<>2 8 4@C385. 2B>@0 >4=>3> 87 A>>1I5=89, >B=>AOI53>AO 2 1966 3>4C 8 >?C1;8:>20==>3> 2 3075B5 0<G0BA:89 :><A><>;5F, ?@>AB> ?>4=O;8 =0 A<5E. 5GL H;0 > B08=AB25==KE B5<=>:>68E 682>B=KE, 70<5G5==KE =0 <5;:>2>4L5 A :>@01;O C <KA0 020@8=, A525@>-2>AB>G=55 0<G0B:8.  BCB  A=>20 ?8AL<>& 5B5>@>;>3 . .. >52 =0?8A0; 2 04@5A AK28=0@0 -:>;>38O =5?>7=0==>3> ?@8 @540:F88 F5;>5 ?>A;0=85: B0: <=>3> =0:>?8;>AL C =53> 2AO:8E 8=B5@5A=KE 8, =04> A:070BL, B>G=KE A2545=89 > ?@8@>45 0<G0B:8, > @07;8G=KE =5?>7=0==KE O2;5=8OE. > =0A A59G0A 8=B5@5ACNB 2>B MB8 AB@>:8: >3C CB25@640BL, GB> 2 023CAB5 1976 3>40 2 @09>=5 <KA0 >?0B:0 2845; AB5;;5@>2C :>@>2C. 'B> <=5 ?>72>;O5B A45;0BL ?>4>1=>5 70O2;5=85? 8B>2, :>A0B>:, BN;5=59, <>@A:8E ;L2>2, :>B8:>2, :0;0=>2 8 <>@659 2845; =5>4=>:@0B=>. -B> 65 682>B=>5 =5 ?>E>65 =8 =0 >4=> 87 2KH5=0720==KE. ;8=0 >:>;> ?OB8 <5B@>2. ;K;> =0 <5;:>2>4L5 >G5=L <54;5==>. 0: 1K ?5@5:0BK20;>AL =0?>4>185 2>;=K. !=0G0;0 ?>O2;O;0AL 3>;>20 A E0@0:B5@=K< =0@>AB><, 70B5< <0AA82=>5 B5;> 8 70B5< E2>AB. 0-40, GB> 8 ?@82;5:;> <>5 2=8<0=85 (:AB0B8, 5ABL A2845B5;L). >B><C GB> :>340 B0: ?;K2CB BN;5=L 8;8 <>@6, 704=85 ;0?K C =8E ?@860BK 4@C3 : 4@C3C, 8 284=>, GB> MB> ;0ABK, 0 C MB>9 1K; E2>AB =0?>4>185 :8B>2>3>. "0:>5 2?5G0B;5=85, ?@>4>;605B 02B>@ ?8AL<0, GB> 2K=K@820;0 :064K9 @07 682>B>< 225@E, <54;5==> ?5@5:0BK20O A2>5 B5;>.  E2>AB AB028;0 =0?>4>185 :8B>2>9  101>G:8 , :>340 :8B CE>48B 2 3;C18=C& @54286C 3=52=K5 2>73;0AK CG5=KE: !:>;L:> 65 <>6=> @50=8<8@>20BL 402=> 8 ?@>G=> 8AG57=C2H55 A ;8F0 75<;8 682>B=>5!, 0;> ;8 GB> ?@83@578BAO G5;>25:C! > 40209B5 2A5 65 ?>4>645< A :0B53>@8G=K<8 2K2>40<8, 0 2<5AB> MB>3> 25@=5<AO 2 B>B A0<K9 4>AB>?0<OB=K9 1741 3>4, A :>B>@>3> 8 =0G0;0AL MB0 C4828B5;L=0O 8 B@038G5A:0O 8AB>@8O. (0< ?><>3CB 2 2>AA>740=88 8AB>@88 >B:@KB8O 8 8AG57=>25=8O AB5;;5@>2>9 :>@>2K 18>3@0D 5>@30 8;L35;L<0 !B5;;5@0  5>=30@4 (0B9=535@, 0 B0:65 . 5:0@A:89, 02B>@ @E82=KE @07KA:0=89 >1 87>1@065=88 =5ACI5AB2CNI53> 682>B=>3> Rhytina borealis, >?C1;8:>20==KE 2 @8;>65=8OE : XV B><C 0?8A>: 8<?5@0B>@A:>9 :045<88 =0C:, 1, !1, 1869). > 2B>@=8:, 4 8N=O 1741 3>40, ?0:5B1>B !2OB>9 5B@ ?>4=O; ?0@CA0 2 5B@>?02;>2A:>9 3020=8 =0 ?>;C>AB@>25 0<G0B:0. !C4=><, :>B>@>5 ?;020;> ?>4 @CAA:8< D;03><, :><0=4>20; 8BCA 5@8=3, 0 F5;LN ?;020=8O 1K;> 8AA;54>20=85 A0<>9 A525@=>9 :@><:8 "8E>3> >:50=0. @5645 2A53>, 1K;> =5>1E>48<> 2KOA=8BL, ACI5AB2C5B ;8 ACE>?CB=0O A2O7L <564C !818@LN 8 <5@8:>9. !0< :><0=4>@ 8 ?>GB8 ?>;>28=0 53> M:8?060 1>;LH5 =8:>340 =5 25@=C;8AL =0 @CAA:CN 75<;N. 0 1>@BC !2OB>3> 5B@0 A@548 53> M:8?060, A>AB>O2H53> 87 78 G5;>25:, =0E>48;AO 8 =5<5F:89 2@0G 8 5AB5AB2>8A?KB0B5;L 5>@3 8;L35;L< !B5;;5@. 5@8=3 ?>?@>A8; 53> ?@8A>548=8BLAO : M:A?548F88 2 ?>A;54=89 <><5=B, :>340 2=570?=> 701>;5; AC4>2>9 E8@C@3 0A?0@ $5935. 5@20O G0ABL ?CB5H5AB28O ?@>H;0 CA?5H=>. 5@8=3 C40G=> 2KA048;AO =0 70?04=>< ?>15@56L5 ;OA:8. !B5;;5@ AB0; ?5@2K< 5AB5AB2>8A?KB0B5;5<, ABC?82H8< =0 MBC =58725AB=CN 75<;N. > ?>B>< @07K3@0;0AL B@03548O. >340 AC4=> C65 ?>25@=C;> 4><>9, A@548 M:8?060 @07@078;0AL F8=30, MB>B A0<K9 AB@0H=K9 2@03 ?5@2KE ?>;O@=KE 8AA;54>20B5;59. 4 =>O1@O 240;5:5 2 BC<0=5 70<0OG8; :0:>9-B> 2KA>:89, =53>AB5?@88<=K9 15@53, 8 <>@O:8 2=0G0;5 >1@04>20;8AL, ?>;030O, GB> MB> <0B5@8:. > ?>A;5 =01;N45=89 70 ?>;>65=85< A>;=F0 >A>7=0;8, GB> >=8 2A5 5I5 =0E>48;8AL =0 @0AAB>O=88 A>B5= <8;L >B 0<G0B:8, 8 @04>ABL M:8?060 A@07C 65 A<5=8;0AL >BG0O=85<. K;0 A>720=0 2AO :><0=40, 8 B0: :0: >AB020;>AL 2A53> 6 D;O3 ?;>E>9 2>4K, B> 1K;> ?@8=OB> 548=>4CH=>5 @5H5=85  A>9B8 =0 15@53 >AB@>20, :>B>@K9 A59G0A =>A8B 8<O 8BCA0 5@8=30. > : MB><C 2@5<5=8 C65 =5 1K;> 4>AB0B>G=> A8;L=KE ;N459, GB>1K >AB028BL :>3>-B> 87 =8E =0 1>@BC. @8=O;8 @5H5=85 2A5< ?>:8=CBL AC4=>. >;L=K5 1K;8 ?><5I5=K 2 =0A?5E ?>AB@>5==KE E868=0E 8 75<;O=:0E, 2K@KBKE 2 ?5A:5, 0 =545;N A?CABO !2OB>9 5B@ A>@20; O:>@=CN F5?L, 1K; 2K1@>H5= A525@>-2>AB>G=K< HB>@<>< =0 15@53 8 ?@0:B8G5A:8 @0720;8;AO. @8 B0:8E 4@0<0B8G5A:8E >1AB>OB5;LAB20E !B5;;5@ 8 >B:@K; 682>B=>5, :>B>@>5 AB0=5B 3;02=K< 459AB2CNI8< ;8F>< 2 =0H59 8AB>@88.  2>45 ?@8 2KA>:>< ?@8;825 >= 70<5B8; =5A:>;L:> 3@><04=KE 3>@10BKE BCH, :>B>@K5 1K;8 ?>E>68 =0 ?5@525@=CBK5 225@E 4=>< ;>4:8. 5A:>;L:> 4=59 A?CABO, :>340 5<C C40;>AL ?>;CGH5 @073;O45BL MB8 ACI5AB20, >= ?>=O;, GB> >=8 ?@8=04;560B : ?@5645 =5 >?8A0==><C 284C; MB> 1K;8 682>B=K5, B5?5@L 8725AB=K5 =0C:5 ?>4 =0720=85< <>@A:0O :>@>20 !B5;;5@0. A;8 <5=O A?@>A8;8 1K, A:>;L:> O 2845; 8E =0 >AB@>25 5@8=30, B> O 1K =5 70<54;8; >B25B8BL  8E =52>7<>6=> A>AG8B0BL, >=8 15AG8A;5==K&  ?8A0; !B5;;5@. !525@=0O <>@A:0O :>@>20 1K;0 @>4AB25==8:>< ;0<0=B8=0 8 4N3>=O. > ?> A@02=5=8N A =8<8 >=0 1K;0 =0AB>OI8< 3830=B>< 8 25A8;0 >:>;> B@5E A ?>;>28=>9 B>==. B=>A8B5;L=> <0AA82=>3> BC;>28I0 3>;>20 C =55 1K;0 C4828B5;L=> <0;5=L:>9, A >G5=L ?>4286=K<8 3C10<8, ?@8G5< 25@E=OO 1K;0 ?>:@KB0 70<5B=K< A;>5< 15;>9 I5B8=K, :>B>@CN ?> 3CAB>B5 <>6=> A@02=8BL A >?5@5=85< FK?;OB. =0 ?5@542830;0AL ?> >B<5;O< A ?><>ILN 42CE :C;LB59, =0?><8=0NI8E ;0?K, @0A?>;>65==KE 2 ?5@54=59 G0AB8 55 BC;>28I0; => =0 3;C1>:>9 2>45 MB> 682>B=>5 ?@>B0;:820;> A51O 2?5@54 25@B8:0;L=K<8 C40@0<8 ?> 2>45 A2>53> 1>;LH>3> @0742>5==>3> E2>AB0. 5 H:C@0 =5 >B;8G0;0AL 3;04:>ABLN, :0: C ;0<0=B8=0 8;8 4N3>=O, 8 =0 =59 ?@>ABC?0;8 <=>3>G8A;5==K5 1>@>74:8 8 <>@I8=K; >BAN40 8 55 =0720=85 Rythina stellerii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~ 1574=K B;0=B8:8, : 2>AB>:C  <5;:85 <>@O, 70;82H85 G0ABL :>=B8=5=B0;L=>9 ACH8. (<84B 70<5B8;, GB> ?@81;878B5;L=> 2 @09>=5 MB>9 ;8=88 2 :>=F5 ;5B0 8 A:0?;820NBAO 75-<8;;8<5B@>2K5 ;5?B>F5D0;CAK, :>340 =0G8=0NBAO 8E ?@52@0I5=8O, >?8A0==K5 @0AA8 8 0;0=4@CGG8>.  A;54CNI59 25A=5 >=8 AB0=>2OBAO <>;>4K<8 C3@O<8 8 ?>4E>4OB : CABLO< 52@>?59A:8E @5:. >A;5 ?@>1 8 >H81>: (<84B ?>=O;, GB> <5AB>, >B:C40 C3@8 =0G8=0;8 A2>5 ?CB5H5AB285, 25@>OB=55 2A53>, 1K;> !0@30AA>2K< <>@5<. !0@30AA>2> <>@5, =570A;C65==> A;K2CI55 :;0418I5< ?>381H8E :>@01;59, :>B>@K5 B5@ONB E>4 2 ?;02CG5< :;C1:5 B>;ABKE 3=8NI8E 2>4>@>A;59, =0 A0<>< 45;5 ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>9 @09>= B;0=B8G5A:>3> >:50=0, 345 2 B5?;KE 2>40E N6=KE H8@>B @0ABCB 2>4>@>A;8 >A>1>3> 2840. <5O >20;L=CN D>@<C, <>@5 BO=5BAO A A525@0 =0 N3 ?@8<5@=> =0 BKAOGC <8;L 8 =0 425 BKAOG8  A 70?040 =0 2>AB>:. => <54;5==> >1@0I05BAO 2>:@C3 A2>59 >A8, ?>A:>;L:C 53> =5?@5@K2=> ?>4B0;:820NB >:50=8G5A:85 B5G5=8O 8 >A>15==> >;LDAB@8<. &5=B@ MB>3> 2@0I0NI53>AO <>@O =0E>48BAO 2 =5A:>;L:8E A>B=OE <8;L : N3>-2>AB>:C >B 5@<C4, 0 A0<8 >AB@>20 @0A?>;>65=K =0 :@0N !0@30AA>20 <>@O. 0A:>;L:> 1;87:> : :@0N, 7028A8B >B 2@5<5=8 3>40, ?>A:>;L:C :>;8G5AB2> 2>4>@>A;59 <5=O5BAO. -:A?548F8O, :>B>@>9 ?@54AB>O;> ?@>A;548BL ?CBL C3@O : 53> 459AB28B5;L=><C =5@5AB8;8IC, >B?;K;0 2 1913 3>4C =0 <0;5=L:>9 HEC=5 0@30@8B0. (<84B 8 53> ?><>I=8:8 70<5B8;8: G5< 40;LH5 24>;L >;LDAB@8<0 ?@>42830;8AL >=8, B5< <5;LG5 AB0=>28;8AL ;5?B>F5D0;CAK. 5@5AB8;8I5 1K;> 2 @09>=5 !0@30AA>20 <>@O  MB> M:A?548F8O CAB0=>28;0 B>G=>. #2K, 2A53> G5@57 ?>;3>40 @01>BK 0@30@8BC 2K1@>A8;> =0 15@53 5AB-=488.  ?>B>< =0G0;0AL <8@>20O 2>9=0.  1920 3>4C (<84B 25@=C;AO : @01>B5  =0 G5BK@5E<0GB>2>9 <>B>@=>9 HEC=5 0=0 (70?><=8< MB> =0720=85!).  2KOA=8;: 52@>?59A:85 C3@8, ?>:840NI85 @5:8 2@>?K >A5=LN, ?>E>65, ?5@542830NBAO A ?>AB>O==>9 2KA>:>9 A:>@>ABLN 8 ?>?040NB 2 !0@30AA>2> <>@5 : >645AB2C 8 >2><C 3>4C. 45 >=8 <5GCB 8:@C, 5I5 B>G=> =5 8725AB=>: 55 =5B 2 ?;020NI8E =0 ?>25@E=>AB8 2>4>@>A;OE, E>BO >=8 >1@>A;8 8:@>9 4@C38E @K1. 5B 55, ?>E>65, 8 =0 <>@A:>< 4=5, ?>A:>;L:C >:50= ?>4 !0@30AA>2K< <>@5< >G5=L 3;C1>:. 0 ?5@2>5 ;5B> >=8 2K@0AB0NB 4> 25 <8;;8<5B@>2, 70 2B>@>5 MB0 4;8=0 C4208205BAO, 0 70 B@5BL5 4>AB8305B 75. >A;5 ?@52@0I5=8O >=8 2E>4OB 2 ?@5A=CN 2>4C 8 84CB 225@E ?> @5:0<. 0 B@8 3>40, ?@54H5AB2CNI85 ?@52@0I5=8N, >=8 ?5@5<5I0NBAO ?@8<5@=> =0 BKAOGC <8;L 2 3>4, :0B0OAL 1>;LHCN G0ABL 2@5<5=8 2 AB@COE >;LDAB@8<0. <5@8:0=A:85 C3@8 B>65 <5GCB 8:@C ?>4 !0@30AA>2K< <>@5<, => 2 =5A:>;L:> 8=>< 53> @09>=5. E =5@5AB8;8I5 1;865 : 15@530< <5@8:8. <5@8:0=A:89 C3>@L B>65 ?@>E>48B BKAOGC <8;L 2 3>4, => 2K@0AB05B 4> 4;8=K 2 B@8 4N9<0 70 >48= 3>4. >;LH5 2@5<5=8 5<C =0 MB> =5 B@51C5BAO, ?>B><C GB> >= =0<=>3> 1;865 : CABLN @5:, 2 :>B>@KE ?@>2>48B 1>;LHCN G0ABL 687=8. !1820NBAO ;8 <>;>4K5 C3@8 A ?CB8? >:0 =8G53> ?>4>1=>3> =5 70<5G5=>! 0304:0 <83@0F88 4> A8E ?>@ =5 @073040=0. >40209B5 25@=5<AO : B>9 A0<>9 B09=5, :>B>@CN <K >15I0;8 2 =0G0;5 @0AA:070. >A;5 ?;020=8O 2 !0@30AA>2> <>@5 :>@01;L 0=0 CG0AB2>20; 5I5 2 >4=>9 M:A?548F88, :@C3>A25B=>9. =0 A>AB>O;0AL 2 1928-1930 3>40E. >;;5:F8O, A>1@0==0O M:A?548F859, A59G0A =0E>48BAO 2 ;01>@0B>@88 <>@A:>9 18>;>388 2 (0@;>B35=;C=45.  :>;;5:F88 5ABL ;5?B>F5D0;CA, 2K;>2;5==K9 =0 3;C18=5 >:>;> BKAOG8 DCB>2 1;87 :@09=59 B>G:8 D@8:8, 35 3@04CA>2 42 <8=CBK N6=>9 H8@>BK 8 18 3@04CA>2 37 <8=CB 2>AB>G=>9 4>;3>BK. -B>B ;5?B>F5D0;CA 8<55B 4;8=C& 184 A0=B8<5B@0! 7@>A;K9 C3>@L MB>3> 2840 =8:><C =5 8725AB5=& A;8 >= @0AB5B 2 B5E 65 ?@>?>@F8OE, GB> 8 >1KG=K9 C3>@L, B> ?>;CG05BAO GC4>28I5 4;8=>9& 1>;55 20 <5B@>2. 5 1C45< CB25@640BL, GB> MB> 8 5ABL <>@A:>9 7<59, => 40209B5 2A5 65 704048<AO 2>?@>A><: GB> 1K 87 =53> 2K@>A;>, 5A;8 1 >= >AB0;AO =0 A2>1>45?  + %-!!   #  + '#( ;C1>:> 70?@OB02H55AO 2 H>B;0=4A:8E ?;>A:>3>@LOE, >:@C65==>5 3>@0<8, CB5A0<8 8 ?>;O<8, ;568B >75@> 5AA, >48= 87 :@C?=59H8E ?@5A=>2>4=KE 2>4>5<>2 2@>?K. ;8=0 53> 24 <8;8, 0 H8@8=0 @54:> ?@52KH05B >4=C; D0=B0AB8G5A:0O 3;C18=0  1>;55 700 DCB>2 45;05B >E-5AA ?> >1J5<C ?@5A=>9 2>4K B@5BL8< 2 2@>?5.  ?> A2>59 B08=AB25==>AB8 >=> 70=8<05B ?5@2>5 <5AB>.  53> E>;>4=KE 3;C18=0E, B5<=KE 8 =5?@>7@0G=KE 87-70 G0AB8G5: B>@D0, :>B>@K9 87>18;C5B =0 15@530E, ?> ?@840=8N, 6825B =5254><>5 ACI5AB2>. !@548 15AG8A;5==KE A2845B5;59 0=><0;L=>3> O2;5=8O  %LN -9B>=, D5@<5@, @01>B02H89 =0 ?>;5 ?> A>A54AB2C A >75@>< C 45@52=8 >@5. 4=064K 2 023CAB5 -9B>= A AK=>< 68<>< 8 B@>5 4@C38E :@5ABLO= 7045@60;8AL =0 @01>B5 4> 7.30 25G5@0. 0: @07 2 B>B G0A >=8 24@C3 C2845;8, :0: =5GB> 42830;>AL ?> ?>25@E=>AB8 2>4K. @8A<>B@5;8AL. => 1K;> 1>;LH>5 8 G5@=>5, @0AA:07K20; ?>B>< -9B>=, =0 >75@5 =8 25B5@:0, =8 HC<0. >  MB> @02=><5@=> 42830;>AL 2?5@54. 5>6840==> 4> D5@<5@>2 4>H;>, GB> >=8 284OB ;>E-=5AA:>5 GC4>28I5, 8 ;N1>?KBAB2> 27O;> 25@E =04 >AB>@>6=>ABLN. KAB@5=L:> A?CAB82H8AL : ?@8AB0=8, G5B25@> ?@K3=C;8 2 ;>4:C A ?>425A=K< <>B>@>< 8 ?CAB8;8AL 2 ?>3>=N. => 42830;>AL 225@E ?> >75@C, 2A?><8=05B -9B>=, 8, ?@81;8782H8AL : =5<C, <K A<>3;8 @073;O45BL 45B0;8. ;8==0O H5O 2KABC?0;0 DCB>2 =0 H5ABL =04 2>4>9, 0 3>;>20 =0?><8=0;0 ;>H048=CN, B>;L:> :@C?=55 8 1>;55 ?;>A:0O. "5;> 1C4B> A>AB>O;> 87 B@5E =52KA>:8E 3>@1>2, 1K;> 30-40 DCB>2 4;8=>9 8 G5BK@5  2KA>B>9. :@0A 1K; B5<=K<, 0 :>60 3@C10O. >B>@:0 ?@81;878;0AL : ACI5AB2C =0 50 O@4>2, :>340 >=> ?>1>;LH5 2KAC=C;>AL 87 2>4K, 0 70B5< ?>3@C78;>AL 2=>2L, 8 2>40 701C@;8;0 B0:, GB> ;>4:0 70:0G0;0AL; 3>;>20 A=>20 2KAC=C;0AL, 0 ?>B>< A:@K;0AL A>2A5<. / 70?><=8; :0: A;54C5B, 4>102;O5B -9B>=, >20;L=K5 3;070 225@EC 3>;>2K. 8:>340 =5 701C4C, :0: >=8 A<>B@5;8 =0 =0A. AB>@8O =5 A>E@0=8;0 A0<>3> ?5@2>3> A2845B5;LAB20 2AB@5G8 A >75@=K< OI5@><. > 2>4O=K5 4CE8 8 ?>4>1=K5 ACI5AB20 1K;8 =0 ?@>BO65=88 25:>2 G0ABLN ;535=4 H>B;0=4A:8E ?;>A:>3>@89.  565 3>4C 2 ?>A5;:5 =0 15@53C @5:8 5AA 8@;0=4A:89 <8AA8>=5@ A2. >;C<10 CG0AB2>20; 2 ?>E>@>=0E G5;>25:0, ?>425@3H53>AO =0?045=8N GC4>28I0, 8, :@><5 B>3>, A2OI5==8: A?0A 4@C3>3>  ?;>2F0, =0 :>B>@>3> =01@>A8;0AL 25AL<0 AB@0==0O 15AB8O, ?>E>60O =0 3830=BA:CN 601C, B>;L:> B> 1K;0 =5 6010. 'C4>28I5 C65 1K;> AE20B8;> =5AG0AB=>3>, => A2OB>9 >B5F :@8:=C;: #948, =5 B@>309 53>! #E>48! !CI5AB2>, ?>4>1@02H55AO : ?;>2FC, >BABC?8;> 8 ?>3@C78;>AL 2 2>4C. 4=0:> 4>AB>25@=>ABL MB8E A>1KB89 B@C4=>4>:07C5<0. @52=85 A:>BBK =07K20;8 MB8 A>740=8O 2>4O=K<8 :5;?8, ;>H04L<8, 1K:0<8 8;8 ?@>AB> 4CE0<8, 0 <0B5@8 8A?>:>= 25:C 70?@5I0;8 <0;KH0< 83@0BL 1;87:> >B 15@530 @5:8 8;8 >75@0: GC4>28I5, 8;8 GB> B0< 2>48BAO, <>65B ?@8=OBL >1@07 A:0GCI59 30;>?>< ;>H048, AE20B8BL <0;KH0, CA048BL A515 =0 A?8=C 8 70B5< A 15A?><>I=K< <0;5=L:8< 2A04=8:>< ?>3@C78BLAO 2 ?CG8=C. 4=> 87 ?5@2KE A>2@5<5==KE =01;N45=89 2 =>259H85 2@5<5=0 40B8@C5BAO 1880 3>4><, :>340 ;>4>G=8:; C=:0= 0:4>=0;L4, =0=O2H89AO =0 A57>=, 8A:0; ;>4:C, 70B>=C2HCN 2 >75@5. = >1A;54>20; <5AB>, 345 >=0 70B>=C;0, :0: 24@C3 ?C;59 2K=K@=C; =0 ?>25@E=>ABL. ! ?5@5:>H5==K< >B AB@0E0 ;8F><, 4@>60, >= =0:>=5F A<>3 G;5=>@0745;L=> A:070BL, GB> 2845; ?>4 2>4>9 GC4>28I5. 0?><=8;AO 53> 3;07  <0;5=L:89, A5@K9 8 7;>1=K9. > =5:>B>@K< A2545=8O<, 0:4>=0;L4 =8:>340 1>;LH5 1;87:> =5 ?>4E>48; 2 >75@C& ! B5E ?>@ =0:>?8;>AL >:>;> B@5E BKAOG A2845B5;LAB2 >G5284F52, =01;N402H8E GC4>28I5 :0: A 15@530, B0: 8 A ;>4>:, 2 ;N1>5 2@5<O 4=O  A 1>;55 8;8 <5=55 <=>3>G8A;5==K<8 45B0;O<8, 2 7028A8<>AB8 >B 2>>1@065=8O B>3> 8;8 8=>3> G5;>25:0. !@548 >G5284F52 D5@<5@K 8 A2OI5==>A;C68B5;8, @K10:8 8 N@8ABK, ?>;8F59A:85 8 ?>;8B8:8 8 4065 ;0C@50B >15;52A:>9 ?@5<88 2 >1;0AB8 E8<88 0=3;8G0=8= 8G0@4 . . !8=46, =01;N402H89 ACI5AB2> 2 1938 3>4C. >@>3>AB>OI85 M:A?548F88 >1A;54>20;8 >E-5AA, 8AA;54>20B5;8 ?@>2>48;8 <5AOFK, >A<0B@820O ?>25@E=>ABL >75@0 2 18=>:;8, D@0EB>20;8 <8=8-?>4;>4:8, A:0=8@>20;8 3;C18=K A ?><>IL" A0<KE A>2@5<5==KE M;5:B@>==KE ?@81>@>2. 48= M=BC780AB ?>4AG8B0;, GB> =0 >75@5 ?@>2545=K A>B=8 G0A>2 =0AKI5==KE @01>B, =0?8A0=0 181;8>B5:0 :=83 8 AB0B59, >BHC<5;> =5A:>;L:> 3@><:8E @07>1;0G5=89, ?@>E>4OB D5AB820;8 5AA8 (?>G5<C-B> AG8B0NB, GB> MB> ACI5AB2> 65=A:>3> @>40). > >75@> ?>-?@56=5<C E@0=8B A2>N B09=C. 8 AB0@>9 :>AB8, =8 :CA>G:0 :>68 8;8 5I5 :0:>3>-=81C4L >G5284=>3> 4>:070B5;LAB20 ACI5AB2>20=8O GC4>28I0. ><8<> B><>2 >?8A0=89 2A52>7<>6=KE 287C0;L=KE =01;N45=89 A2845B5;LAB20 ?>?>;=ONBAO ;8HL A><=8B5;L=>3> @>40 ;N18B5;LA:8<8 A=8<:0<8 8 @0AH8D@>2:0<8 8=D>@<0F88, ?>ABC?0NI59 A A>=0@>2. >MB><C A53>4=O 70304:0 >75@0 >E-5AA B0: 65 40;5:0 >B @5H5=8O, :0: 8 2> 2@5<5=0 C=:0=0 0:4>=0;L40, =>A : =>AC ?>2AB@5G02H53>AO 2 B>@DO=>9 6865 A =5254><K< ACI5AB2><. ?@>G5<, MB>  >1KG=>5 45;> 2 ?>4>1=>3> @>40 8AB>@8OE. 75@=K5 GC4>28I0  >3@><=K5, B08=AB25==K5, C3@>60NI85 ;N4O<  G0ABL D>;L:;>@0 <=>38E =0@>4>2 5<;8. 8B5;8 H>B;0=4A:8E =03>@89 =5 ?@8G8A;ONB A51O : G@57<5@=> @><0=B8G5A:8< =0BC@0<, => ?@87=0NB, GB> B0:85 ACI5AB20 2>4OBAO 1>;55 G5< 2 ?OB8 <5AB=KE 2>4>5<0E, ?><8<> >E-5AA0, :>=5G=>. "0:, 4@C3>5 >75@>  >E->@0@ 2 ?>A;54=85 3>4K 3@><:> 70O28;> > A515, B0< B>65 ?>O28;>AL GC4>28I5  >@03. ABL A2545=8O >1 0=0;>38G=KE ACI5AB20E 2 >75@0E !:0=48=0288, @;0=488, !818@8 8 D@8:8. !C4O ?> ?>:070=8O< >G5284F52, C 5AA8, ?> :@09=59 <5@5, 420 :C75=0 2 !525@=>9 <5@8:5. 0 >75@5 (0<?;59=, 109-<8;L=>< 2>4=>< ?CB8 <564C HB0B0<8 LN->@: 8 5@<>=B, 0 B0:65 2 2515:5  @>48=5 (0<?0, =01;N402H53>AO 1>;55 200 @07 8 >4=064K 4065 70A=OB>3> =0 ?;5=:C.  2 >75@5 :0=030= 2 @8B0=A:>9 >;C<188 ;N48 B>65 G0AB> AB0;:820;8AL A >75@=K< <>=AB@><. > =5:>B>@K< 40==K<, D@0=FC7A:89 8AA;54>20B5;L XVII 25:0 !0<NM;L (0<?;59= C2845; AB@0==>5 ACI5AB2> 2 >75@5, ?>;CG82H5< 53> 8<O. > ?5@2>5 4>?>4;8==>5 A2845B5;LAB2> >B:>A8BAO : ;5BC 1819 3>40, :>340 ;>4>G=8: 70<5B8; 4;8==>H555 ACI5AB2> A 3>;>2>9, 2KAC=CB>9 87 2>4K 06 =0 15 DCB>2; 70B5< ?>A;54>20;8 AE>685 >?8A0=8O, 8 : :>=FC 25:0 8=B5@5A : >75@C 2>7@>A =0AB>;L:>, GB> F8@:>2>9 8<?@5A0@8> . ". 0@=C< ?@54;>68; :@C3;5=L:CN AC<<C 70 ?>8<:C GC4>28I0  682>3> 8;8 <5@B2>3>. > 1>;LH5 =8:0:>9 8=D>@<0F88 =5 ?>ABC?0;>, 8 ;N48 =0G0;8 C65 A><=520BLAO: 0 ACI5AB2>20; ;8 2>>1I5 (0<?? > 2 1977 3>4C 65=I8=0, ?@>2>482H0O >B?CA: =0 15@530E (0<?;59=0, AD>B>3@0D8@>20;0 =5GB> 2@>45 3>;>2K =0 4;8==>9 H55, 2KAC=C2H59AO 87 2>4K.  2 80-5 3>4K 2;0AB8 HB0B>2 5@<>=B 8 LN->@: 2 2845 ?@54C?@548B5;L=>9 <5@K @5H8;8 >3@0=8G8BL 4>ABC? BC@8AB>2 : >75@C. AB>@8O GC4>28I 2 :0=04A:8E >75@0E ?5@5405BAO 87 ?>:>;5=8O 2 ?>:>;5=85 25:0<8. # 8=459F52 5ABL ;535=40 > 09B0:5, 8;8 2>4O=>< 7<55, ?>;C1>35, ?>;C45<>=5. =8 B0: 1>OBAO 09B0:C, GB>, ?;K2O ?> >75@C, 70401@820NB 53> 682K<8 ?>@>AOB0<8 8 FK?;OB0<8, 1@>A0O 8E 2 2>4C. ">B, :B> MB>3> =5 45;05B, @8A:C5B 687=LN.  B><C 5ABL >B=>A8B5;L=> =5402=55 ?>4B25@645=85.  A5@548=5 50-E 3>4>2 ?@>H;>3> 25:0 6>= 0:4C30;; ?5@5A5:0; >75@> 2 :0=>M, 70 =8< ?;K;8 425 ;>H048, ?@82O70==K5 : ;>4:5 25@52:0<8. 1KG=> 0:4C30;; A2OB> 8A?>;=O; 4@52=89 8=459A:89 >1@O4, 1@>A0O 2 2>4C <5;:8E 682>B=KE ?5@54 B5<, :0: >B?@028BLAO 2 ?CBL, => =0 MB>B @07 ?>G5<C-B> 701K;. 0: 3;0A8B ?@540=85, A:>@> :B>-B> AB0; 45@30BL ;>H0459 70 =>38 8 BO=CBL 2=87. A;8 1K 0:4C30;; =5 2KE20B8; =>6 8 =5 ?5@5@570; 25@52:8, B> :0=>M 2A;54 70 ;>H04L<8 ?>H;>: 1K =0 4=>. 5A<>B@O =0 ?>4>1=K5 8AB>@88, 0 <>65B, 1;03>40@O 8<, >:0=030=A:>5 GC4>28I5 B0: 1K 8 AG8B0;>AL ?@>AB> <5AB=K< ?@540=85<  4> 20-E 3>4>2 =K=5H=53> AB>;5B8O, :>340 A=>20 AB0;8 ?>ABC?0BL A2845B5;LAB20 >G5284F52. A5 >=8 C:07K20NB, GB> ACI5AB2> MB> 1572@54=>5, 8 ?5@2K5 AB@0E8 >1KG=> A<5=O;8AL >1KG=K< ;N1>?KBAB2><. 5AB=K5 68B5;8 >:@5AB8;8 53> ;0A:>2K< 8<5=5< 3>?>3>, 0 2 1983 3>4C BC@8ABA:0O 0AA>F80F8O CG@548;0 ?@87 2 <8;;8>= 4>;;0@>2 B><C, :B> ?@54AB028B 4>:070B5;LAB20 53> ACI5AB2>20=8O. 025@=O:0 MB> 1K;> A45;0=> 4;O ?@82;5G5=8O >B4KE0NI8E, >4=0:> G;5=K 0AA>F80F88 =045NBAO, GB> :B>-B> 2A5 65 70@01>B05B 45=L38. > 2AO:>< A;CG05, AC<<0 1K;0 70AB@0E>20=0 8725AB=>9 AB@0E>2>9 :><?0=859 ;>94 2 >=4>=5. @>H;> =5A:>;L:> ;5B, 8 2>B =5:0O <8AA8A ;0@: 87 0=04K 682>?8A0;0 =5?>A@54AB25==CN 2AB@5GC A GC4>28I5<, ?@>8AH54HCN 70 13 ;5B 4> MB>3>.  1974 3>4C, 1C4CG8 ?>4@>AB:><, >=0 ?;K;0 ?> >75@C, 45@60AL 70 =04C2=>9 <0B@0F, 2 G5B25@B8 <8;8 >B 15@530, :>340 GB>-B> BO65;>5 8 1>;LH>5 7045;> 55 70 =>38. 52CH:0 2A:0@01:0;0AL =0 <0B@0F 8 >A<>B@5;0AL. / A<>3;0 @0AA<>B@5BL 3>@1 >:>;> 2>AL<8 DCB>2 4;8=K, =0 G5BK@5 DCB0 2>72KH02H89AO =04 2>4>9, 428302H89AO 2?5@54, @0AA:07K20;0 >=0. A53> 65 682>B=>5 8<5;> 2 4;8=C 25-30 DCB>2 8 872820;>AL, 3>@1OAL, :0: 3830=BA:89 G5@2L.  2A5 65 =0 :064>5 =01;N45=85 (0<?0 8 3>?>3> ?@8E>48BAO 4N68=0 A2845B5;LAB2 > 5AA8.  8<5==> =0 >E-5AA A>18@0NBAO 2 ;5B=85 <5AOFK >E>B=8:8 A >1>8E 15@53>2 B;0=B8:8  ?>?KB0BLAO ?>8A:0BL 53> 8;;N7>@=>3> >18B0B5;O. 5>;>38 >B=>AOB >1@07>20=85 >75@0 : M?>E5 ?>A;54=53> >;545=5=8O  ?@8<5@=> 10-20 BKAOG ;5B =0704, :>340 >3@><=K9 O7K: ;54=8:0 2K@K; ;>65 >75@0 2 75<=>9 :>@5. # 68B5;59 (>B;0=4A:>3> =03>@LO 1>;55 ?@>AB>5 >1JOA=5=85 2A5<C ?@>8AH54H5<C.  4@52=85 2@5<5=0, 3;0A8B ;535=40, =0 <5AB5 >75@0 ;560;0 @09A:0O 4>;8=0 A> A2OI5==K< 8AB>G=8:><. 3> 2>40, :0: AG8B0;8 6@5FK-4@C84K, 87;5G820;0 <=>385 1>;57=8. >, :0: 8 2A5 @09A:85 <5AB0 =0 5<;5, >=> B>65 =0E>48;>AL ?>4 ?>AB>O==>9 C3@>7>9 @07@CH5=8O. @C84K ?@54C?@548;8 ;N459, GB> :064K9 @07, =01@02 2>4C, >=8 4>;6=K >1O70B5;L=> ?>;>68BL =0 <5AB> :0<5=L, :>B>@K9 ?5@5:@K205B @>4=8:. A5 B0: 8 1K;>, ?>:0 2 >48= =5AG0AB=K9 45=L : :;NGC =5 ?@8H;0 65=I8=0, >AB0282H0O 4><0 @515=:0 >4=>3> C >G030. ">;L:> >=0 >B>428=C;0 :0<5=L, :0: @515=>: 70?;0:0;. =0 ?>1560;0 4><>9, 0 2>40 B5< 2@5<5=5< 70B>?8;0 4>;8=C. N48 1560;8 2 3>@K, 8 4>;8=C >3;0A8;8 :@8:8: Tha loch'nis 0nn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essiteras rhomoborteryx  ?>-3@5G5A:8 GC4> 87 5AA0 A 2K@570==K< A ?><>ILN 0;<070 ?;02=8:><. (CB=8:8 4>4C<0;8AL, GB> D@070 <>65B G8B0BLAO :0: 0=03@0<<0: >445;:0 GC4>28I0 AM@0 8B5@0 !.. 50:F8O 1K;0 5I5 1>;55 =5?@8OB=>9, G5< 2 A;CG05 A >B?5G0B:0<8 ;0? 38??>?>B0<0 2 1933 3>4C. >5-:B> 4065 ?CAB8; A;CE, GB> =5:0O :><0=40 7;>C<KH;5==8:>2 A?5F80;L=> ?;>48B ;>6=K5 A2845B5;LAB20, 0 =0 45;5 =8G53> 8 2 ?><8=5 =5B. 5@2K< 87 G8A;0 >B@8F0B5;59 >1=0@>4>20; A2>N B>G:C 7@5=8O >@8A 5@B>=, 1K2H89 A>B@C4=8: @8B0=A:>3> <C75O 8 C20605<K9 7>>;>3.  A2>5 2@5<O >= ?@8G8A;O; A51O : AB>@>==8:0< ACI5AB2>20=8O GC4>28I0. 8=A459; 4065 >40;6820; C 5@B>=0 :0<5@K, :>340 2?5@2K5 ?@85E0; =0 >75@> 2 1960 3>4C. ?>A;54AB288 8=A459; AB0; 7=0<5=8B>ABLN ?>A;5 >4=>3> C40G=>3> =01;N45=8O, 0 5@B>= >:070;AO 2 B5=8. >7<>6=>, 8<5==> MB>B D0:B ?>2;8O; =0 53> ?>A;54CNI55 >B=>H5=85 : ?@>1;5<5.  1961 3>4C 2 A2>59 :=835 ?>4 :@0A=>@5G82K< =0720=85< 5C;>28<>5 GC4>28I5 7>>;>3 CB25@6405B, GB> =0 1>;LH8=AB25 D>B>3@0D89, A:>@55 2A53>, 70?5G0B;5=K 2K4@K  2>4O=K5 @K1>O4=K5 A>@>48G8 ;0A:8, 682CI85 2 >75@5. K4@K 2AB@5G0NBAO :@C?=K5, 4> H5AB8 DCB>2 4;8=>9. # =8E <0;5=L:85 3>;>2:8, 87>3=CBK5 H58 8 @5;L5D=K5 E2>ABK. =8 ?>:@KBK B5<=>9 H5@ABLN, :>B>@0O 1;5AB8B, :>340 =0<>:=5B. , A>3;0A=> 5@B>=C, 2K4@K 25AL<0 A:@KB=K5. "K4@0 <>65B >@C4>20BL =0 @5:5 @O4>< A 45@52=59 8 =8:B> =5 1C45B 4>304K20BLAO > 55 ACI5AB2>20=88, CB25@6405B >=. C6=0 A2>@0 A>10:, GB>1K 4>1KBL E>BO 1K >4=C 87 =8E.  @07<5@K 8E  8;;N78O, ?@>4>;605B 5@B>=. >B@52>65==0O 8;8 ;N1>?KB=0O 2K4@0 <>65B 2KBO=CBL 8 157 B>3> 4;8==CN H5N 40;5:> 87 2>4K, 0 2>A?@88<G82K9 =01;N40B5;L, 3>B>2K9 C2845BL >3@><=>5 GC4>28I5, ;8F57@55B B>, GB> ?>4A:07K205B 5<C 2>>1@065=85: 20-25-DCB>2>5 B5;>. >;LH8=AB2> ;N459, CB25@6402H8E, GB> 2845;8 682>B=>5, 3>2>@OB, GB> 2 B> 65 2@5<O 8A?KB0;8 ?>B@OA5=85 8 4065 C60A.  B0:85 <><5=BK <K 70G0ABCN 2848< ?@54<5BK 1>;LH8<8, G5< >=8 5ABL =0 A0<>< 45;5. A5 :070;>AL, 3>2>@8;> > B><, GB> 7=0<5=8B0O D>B>3@0D8O 1934 3>40  A=8<>: E8@C@30  <>3;0 87>1@060BL ?>B@52>65==CN 2K4@C. >:B>@ #8;A>= B0:65 ?>4AC=C; 3>;>2C 8 H5N >4=>3> 87 MB8E 682>B=KE.  2A5 >AB0;L=K5 A2845B5;8, CB25@6405B 5@B>=, 1K;8 22545=K 2 701;C645=85 ;>4:0<8, ?B8F0<8, ?;K2CI8< >;5=5<, C2845==K< =0 @0AAB>O=88 8 8A:065==K< 87-70 <8@060. 1 'B> :0A05BAO 8=A459;0, 70O2;O5B 5@B>=, B0: >= ?@>AB>-=0?@>AB> 70A=O; :0:CN-B> <5AB=CN @K10F:CN ;>4:C; 3>@1K 24>;L A?8=K A?CB0;8 A A84OI8<8 2 =59 ;N4L<8  >1KG=0O 4;O >E-5AA0 :0@B8=0. > 2 40==>< A;CG05 ?>78F88 5@B>=0 >:070;8AL 25AL<0 H0B:8<8  @K10:8 745AL, :0: ?@028;>, 2KE>4OB =0 >75@> 2 >48=>G:C, <0:A8<C<  242>5<. 5@B>= C:07K205B, GB> =0 <=>38E 87>1@065=8OE ?@8ACBAB2CNB @07;8G=K5 @0AB8B5;L=K5 ?@54<5BK A:>?;5=8O 3=8;KE ;8ABL52, AB2>;K 8 ?@>G55. >340 2A5 MB> ?>4=8<05BAO A> 4=0, 2K45;ONBAO ?C7K@L:8 3070, GB> 8 2K7K205B 42865=85 2>4K =0 ?>25@E=>AB8. 4=0 =5ABK:>2:0  B0:85 ?C7K@L:8 ?@0:B8G5A:8 =5 ?>O2;ONBAO =0 >E-5AA5. A;8 25@8BL >=0;L4C 8==AC, >1;8G0NI5<C, :AB0B8, AB>@>==8:>2 ACI5AB2>20=8O GC4>28I0 2 A2>59 :=835 073040==0O B09=0 >E-5AA (1983), =0;8G85 >?@545;5==KE :8A;>B =0 4=5 >75@0 <5H05B ?@>F5AA0< 3=85=8O.  @57C;LB0B5 @0AB8B5;L=K5 >AB0B:8, >A540NI85 =0 4=>, ?@52@0I0NBAO 2 ?>@>H>:, 8 307 =5 35=5@8@C5BAO. ">B 65 8==A =0>B@57 >B25@305B 25@A8N > B><, GB> 87>1@065=8O <>=AB@0 =5 GB> 8=>5, :0: =01CEH85 AB2>;K 45@52L52 (A>A5=), ?@82>48<K5 2 42865=85 3070<8. 4=0:> 8==A A>3;0H05BAO A 5@B>=>< 2 B><, GB> =0 <=>38E A=8<:0E 70?5G0B;5=K 2K4@K, ?B8FK, >;5=8 8 4@C385 A;CG09=K5 682>B=K5. = 4>102;O5B, GB> 8=A459; 1K; ?5@5CB><;5= 8 <0;> A?0; F5;CN =545;N 4> A>1KB8O 2 0?@5;5 1960-3>; A0< B>3> =5 2540O, >= 70A=O; <>B>@=CN ;>4:C. A5 3;02=K5 A=8<:8 09=A0 8 87>1@065=8O, 4>1KBK5 A ?><>ILN A>=0@0, ?@>4>;60;8 ?>425@30BLAO 0:B82=K< 0B0:0< :@8B8:>2.  1983 3>4C 420 0<5@8:0=A:8E 8=65=5@0, ;0= 8;0@ 8 8::8 0740=, =0=O;8 ?;>B 8 CAB0=>28;8 =0 =5< A>=0@=>5 >1>@C4>20=85. N1>9 >1J5:B 1>;55 10 DCB>2 4;8=>9, ?@>E>482H89 ?>4 ?;>B><, 2K7K20; 1K A83=0; B@52>38, 8 ?@81>@ D8:A8@>20; 1K 53> 02B><0B8G5A:8. '5@57 =5A:>;L:> <5AOF52 8AA;54>20B5;8 25@=C;8AL 4><>9 A ?CABK<8 @C:0<8. >340 65 >=8 ?@>0=0;878@>20;8 1>;55 @0==85 40==K5 ?> 5AA8, B> 2KOA=8;>AL, GB> <=>3> @07 A>=0@K A@010BK20;8 >H81>G=>: 87-70 ?@>?;K20NI8E <8<> ;>4>:, :0:8E-=81C4L AB0F8>=0@=KE >1J5:B>2, 0 2 =5:>B>@KE @0AG5B0E A>45@60BAO <0B5<0B8G5A:85 >H81:8. =65=5@K A C482;5=85 C7=0;8, GB> >4=0 <5AB=0O 68B5;L=8F0 ?><>3;0 09=AC >?@545;8BL <5AB>?>;>65=85 GC4>28I0 A ?><>ILN& 18>;>:0F88. -B>B A;CG09 1K; A2O70= A D>B>3@0D859 ?;02=8:0, A45;0==>9 2 1972 3>4C. >;=K5 ?>4>7@5=89, 8=65=5@K >ACI5AB28;8 2 ;01>@0B>@88 :><?LNB5@=>5 C25;8G5=85 B5< 65 A?>A>1><, GB> ?@8<5=O5BAO 2 :>A<8G5A:>9 D>B>AJ5<:5. !=8<>: ?;02=8:0 ?>;CG8;AO A 75@=>< 8 =5G5B:89, @57:> :>=B@0AB8@>20; A >?C1;8:>20==K<. 09=A0 70?>4>7@8;8 2 @5BCH8@>20=88. ">B 2>7@078;, GB> ;8G=> :><18=8@>20; @07=K5 C25;8G5=8O, GB>1K ?>;CG8;>AL =081>;55 C40G=>5 87>1@065=85. -B> >1KG=0O ?@>F54C@0, 70O28; 08=5, 8 >B =53> >BAB0;8. > =0 A0<>5 4> A8E ?>@ C1548B5;L=>5 4>:070B5;LAB2> ACI5AB2>20=8O 5AA8 B5=L 1K;0 1@>H5=0. 074020;0AL 8 4@C30O :@8B8:0 2 >B=>H5=88 :;0AA8G5A:>3> A=8<:0. (>B;0=4A:89 0@E8B5:B>@ !BN0@B 5<?15;;, 45B0;L=> 87CG82H89 2A5 A2845B5;LAB20, AG8B05B, GB> A=8<>:  ?@52>AE>4=0O ?>445;:0. KG8A;82 C3>;, ?>4 :>B>@K< 4>;6=0 =0E>48BLAO :0<5@0, 8 >1@0B82 2=8<0=85, GB> >BACBAB2C5B ?5@54=89 D>= 87>1@065=8O, 5<?15;; ?>4AG8B0;, GB> #8;A>= 4>;65= 1K; AB>OBL 2 200 DCB0E >B D>B>3@0D8@C5<>3> >1J5:B0, 0 =5 2 600, :0: >= A>>1I8; >=AB0=F88 #09B. @5C25;8G820O @0AAB>O=85 4> >1J5:B0, #8;A>= ?>?@>ABC E>B5; 2K40BL 2K4@C 70 GC4>28I5. @C3>9 0=0;87 42CE >:50=>3@0D>2 87 C=825@A8B5B0 @8B0=A:>9 >;C<188 ?>:070;, GB> =0 A=8<:5 #8;A>=0 459AB28B5;L=> 87>1@065=> :@C?=>5 682>B=>5, H5O :>B>@>3> =0 4 DCB0 2>72KH05BAO =04 ?>25@E=>ABLN 2>4K& !B@5<OAL 48A:@548B8@>20BL ?>8A:8 GC4>28I0, A:5?B8:8 =5 60;5;8 A@54AB2, ?@82;5:0O 2A5 =>2K5 8 =>2K5 ?>445;:8 8 <8AB8D8:0F88. 48= 87 A0<KE =5?@8OB=KE A;54>2 2 MB>9 8AB>@88 >AB028; $@5=: !5@;, >E>B=8: 70 GC4>28I0<8, :>B>@K9 =04>;3> >B@028; 687=L <=>38< ;N18B5;O<-@><0=B8:0<. K2H89 1@8B0=A:89 45A0=B=8:, !5@; @01>B0; <5=5465@>< D@C:B>2>9 :><?0=88 2 5;8:>1@8B0=88, :>340 53> C3>@0748;> 2 8N=5 1969 3>40 CAB0=>28BL B>@3>2K9 ;>B>: =5?>40;5:C >B >75@0 >E-5AA. ';5=K  4065 ?>=0G0;C A>G;8 53> 70 =0AB>OI53> >E>B=8:0 8 2@CG8;8 5<C :0<5@C 4;O AJ5<:8. 0 B@8 3>40 !5@; ?@>8725; <=>3> A=8<:>2, => =8:>340 =8:><C 8E =5 ?>:07K20;. > 2>B 2 1972 3>4C >= A45;0; D>B>3@0D8N, :>B>@0O ?@825;0 2 2>AB>@3 4@C38E 8AA;54>20B5;59. 0 =59 1K; 2845= 3>@1 2 AB@COE 2>4K. !?CABO =5A:>;L:> <5AOF52 >= ?@54JO28; 5I5 B@8 D>B>3@0D88 A5@8N 87 3>@1>2, H58 8 :@C?=>9 3>;>2K, :>B>@CN >= A45;0;, :>340 GC4>28I5 =5>6840==> ?>O28;>AL @O4>< A ;>4:>9, ?>B>< =K@=C;> 8 2=>2L 2A?;K;> ?> 4@C3><C 1>@BC. A:>@5 >= A>1@0; 2>548=> 2A5 A2>8 D>B>A=8<:8 8 ?@82;5: : A515 2A5>1I55 2=8<0=85. > <5;>G=>ABL 8 BI5A;0285 A>A;C68;8 5<C =54>1@CN A;C61C.  "=D>@<0F8>==>< F5=B@5 >E-5AA, ?> A>A54AB2C A :>B>@K< >= @0A?>;>68; A2>9 B@59;5@, !5@; ?@>4020; >B:@KB:8 A>1AB25==>3> 873>B>2;5=8O 8 0C48>:0AA5BC A> A2>59 25@A859 8AB>@88 GC4>28I0. = >?C1;8:>20; B0:65 :=83C 5AA8: A5<L ;5B 2 ?>8A:0E <>=AB@0, 2 :>B>@>9 ?>A5B>20; >1 >D8F80;L=>< 53> =5?@87=0=88, =530B82=> 2KA:070;AO ?> ?>2>4C CA8;89 , 09=A0 8 8=A459;0, ?>E20AB0;AO A>B@C4=8G5AB2>< A =>2K<8 <>;>456=K<8 65=A:8<8 3@C??0<8 8AA;54>20B5;59, A >B45;L=K<8 ?@54AB028B5;L=8F0<8 :>B>@KE >= 45;8; A2>9 B@59;5@. ! 3>40<8 !5@; @0AB5@O; B> C2065=85, :>B>@>5 :>340-B> 702>520; A@548 >E>B=8:>2 70 GC4>28I5<. !:5?B8:8 =0AB0820;8, GB> >= =8:>340 8 =5 1K; 02B>@>< 42CE 45AOB:>2 A=8<:>2, :>B>@K5 2 A2>5 2@5<O ?@54AB028;.  =0 B5E, 345 2@>45 1K :@0A>20;>AL GC4>28I5, =0 ?>25@:C >:07K20;8AL ;8HL 25B28 8 AB2>;K. 48= @07 5<?15;; 4065 C;8G8; !5@;0 2 O2=>9 ?>445;:5: B>B =0;>68; =0 A=8<>: 87>1@065=85 @5?B8;88. !5@; ?@>4>;60; ?@82;5:0BL =082=KE BC@8AB>2 4> :>=F0 1983 3>40, :>340 2K?CAB8; ?>A;54=NN ;8AB>2:C, 2 :>B>@>9 A>>1I8;, GB> ?>:8405B >75@> 8 >B?@02;O5BAO 70 :;040<8.  A>60;5=8N, A2>59 45OB5;L=>ABLN >= >B?C3=C; =0AB>OI8E G5AB=KE 8AA;54>20B5;59. !><=8B5;L=>ABL 53> A=8<:>2 =0;>68;0 >B?5G0B>: =0 2AN B5<C. @>1;5<0 ?>445;L=KE D>B>3@0D89, ?> 2K@065=8N 8=A459;0, AB0;0 ?@>:;OB85< >E-5AA0. 'C4>28I5  =0AB>OI55 =5AG0ABL5 4;O D>B>3@0D0. => 2>7=8:05B =0 ?>25@E=>AB8 =5>6840==> 8 70AB05B 2@0A?;>E 4065 28402H8E 284K 8AA;54>20B5;59.  ?>B>< 5AA8 <>;=85=>A=> CE>48B =0 3;C18=C. =>340 ACI5AB2> <0B5@80;87C5BAO 2 C3>;:5 3;070 =01;N40B5;O. >4G0A GB>-B> A;CG05BAO A 70B2>@>< D>B>0??0@0B0, 0 70B5< A =530B820<8. <5==> 87-70 8;;N7>@=>AB8 5AA8 =5:>B>@K5 8AA;54>20B5;8 A:;>==K AG8B0BL 55 =5 <0B5@80;L=K< ACI5AB2><, 0 =5:8< ?A8E8G5A:8< D5=><5=><. @>1;5<0 >::C;LB87<0 =5 >1>H;0 8 >E-5AA. 535=40 A>E@0=8;0 @0AA:07 > :>@01;5-?@87@0:5. 025@=>5, =0 B0:>< A2. >;C<1 ?CB5H5AB2>20; ?> >75@C 1400 ;5B =0704. >@01;L ?>O2;O5BAO :064K5 20 ;5B, A:>;L7O ?> =>G=K< 2>40< A ?>4=OBK<8 =0 548=AB25==>9 <0GB5 ?0@CA0<8 8 0::C@0B=> A25@=CBK<8 =0 ?0;C15 1CEB0<8 :0=0B>2. 3> 2845;8 2 1922, 1942 8 1962 3>40E, => =8:B> =5 >?8A0; 2878B 2 1982 3>40.  =0G0;5 XX 25:0 ;59AB5@ @>C;8, 8725AB=K9 045?B G5@=>9 <0388, :C?8; 4>< C >75@0 8 ?>@>48; 2 =5< B0:8E 45<>=>2, GB> 53> M:>=>< ;8H8;AO @0AAC4:0 8 ?KB0;AO C18BL 65=C 8 45B59; E>48;8 A;CE8 > G5;>25G5A:8E 65@B2>?@8=>H5=8OE, 8 4> A8E ?>@ <5AB=K5 68B5;8 2 AB@0E5 >1E>4OB AB>@>=>9 MB> 7;>25I55 <5AB>. 5;5=0 AC525@89, :065BAO, >12>;0:8205B 8 A0<> GC4>28I5. 5:>B>@K5 >A>1> GC2AB28B5;L=K5 ;8G=>AB8 AG8B0NB, GB> 53> ?>O2;5=85 ?@8=>A8B =5AG0ABL5, 8 2 1973 3>4C ?@5?>4>1=K9 >=0;L4 C<0=4 CAB@>8; F5@5<>=8N 873=0=8O 4LO2>;0, => GC4>28I5 873=0BL =5 C40;>AL, 8 A2OI5==8: C40;8;AO 2 ?>;=>9 C25@5==>AB8, GB> 2A5 7;> ?>@>6405BAO C<AB25==>9 =5C@02=>25H5==>ABLN B5E, :B> 70 =8< 3>=O5BAO. @>D5AA8>=0;L=K5 >E>B=8:8 70 GC4>28I5< A=0G0;0 A 2>7<CI5=85< >B25@3;8 MB> 70O2;5=85, => B5< =5 <5=55 C =8E A;CG0;8AL =5>1JOA=8<K5 ?@8ABC?K AB@0E0, MB>3> >=8 =5 <>3;8 =5 ?@87=0BL. ! 3>40<8 <=>385 87 =8E 701>;520;8. !0< 8=A459; 8A?KBK20; 48A:><D>@B =0 >?@545;5==KE >B@57:0E 15@530 8 2@5<O >B 2@5<5=8 704020; A515 2>?@>A: =5 >:070;AO ;8 >= ?>4 =5CAK?=K< >:>< 4LO2>;0? %>BO 8=A459; 8 =5 >B25@30; 2 :0B53>@8G=>9 D>@<5 70?@545;L=CN B@0:B>2:C ;>E-=5AA:>3> D5=><5=0, >=, :0: 8 <=>385 53> :>;;538, 1K; B25@4> C15645=, GB> 4>;6=> 1KBL :0:>5-B> @07C<=>5 >1JOA=5=85 70304>G=K< A=8<:0<, ?>O2;ONI8<AO =0 ?@>BO65=88 AB>;L:8E ;5B. !0<>9 ?>?C;O@=>9 25@A859 ?>-?@56=5<C >AB020;0AL B5>@8O > ?;578>702@0E, =51>;LH0O ?>?C;OF8O :>B>@KE 1;03>?>;CG=> ?5@568;0 ?>A;54=55 >;545=5=85 8 A>E@0=8;0AL 2 >75@5. !B>@>==8:8 MB>9 25@A88 2A?><8=0NB > ?>8<:5 2 1938 3>4C 682>3> F5;0:0=B0, :@C?=>9 4>8AB>@8G5A:>9 @K1K, :>B>@0O, :0: AG8B0;8, @0745;8;0 2 A2>5 2@5<O AC4L1C ?;578>702@>2. > MB8 ?>A;54=85  =5 548=AB25==K5 ACI5AB20, :>B>@K5 ?@5B5=4CNB =0 ?5@25=AB2> 2 >E-5AA5. ABL B5>@8O, ?> :>B>@>9 5AA8  C25;8G5==K9 20@80=B 4@52=59H53> G5@2O. 48= 87 ?>AB>O==KE 8AA;54>20B5;59 D5=><5=0, 1K2H89 <>@A:>9 8=65=5@ $. %>;8459 AG8B0;, GB> ACI5AB2>  3830=BA:89 2>4O=>9 G5@2L, @0=55 >1=0@C65==K9 ;8HL 2 8A:>?05<KE >AB0=:0E, A <0:A8<0;L=>9 4;8=>9 14 4N9<>2. > A =8< <0;> :B> A>3;0A8;AO. @8B8:8 A?@0254;82> ?>;030NB, GB> G5@2L =8:0: =5 <>65B 4>AB8GL 3830=BA:8E @07<5@>2. ">;L:> =5:>B>@K5 15A?>72>=>G=K5, B0:85, :0: 3830=BA:89 :0;L<0@ 8 >AL<8=>3, 4>AB0B>G=> :@C?=K, GB>1K 4>3=0BL ?;578>702@0 ?> @07<5@0<, => >=8 =8G5< =5 ?>E>68 =0 =53>. =>385 8AA;54>20B5;8, 2 B>< G8A;5 4@80= (09=, =0BC@0;8AB-;N18B5;L 87 >=4>=0, =0G02H89 @01>B0BL 2  A 1973 3>40, 4>?CA:0NB, GB> MB> @K10, @07=>284=>ABL C3@O, >4=> 87 A0<KE 25@>OB=KE ?@54?>;>65=89 >B=>A8B5;L=> 70304>G=>3> >18B0B5;O >75@0. >E-5AA 1>30B ;>A>AO<8 8 C3@O<8, 8 B5, 8 4@C385 4>AB830NB 7=0G8B5;L=KE @07<5@>2. @><5 B>3>, >=8 1KAB@> ?;020NB, 87@54:0 2A?;K20NB. > 53> ?@>B82=8:8 :0B53>@8G=K: @K1K =5 <5=ONB 3>@87>=BK A B0:>9 A:>@>ABLN, :0: MB> 45;05B =5GB> ?> =01;N45=8O< A>=0@>2.  B><C 65 C3>@L 8728205BAO 87 AB>@>=K 2 AB>@>=C, 0 5AA8  25@B8:0;L=>.  5A;8 MB> @K10, 4>102;ONB >=8, B> :0: 1KBL A =075<=K<8 2AB@5G0<8? A5 MB8 0@3C<5=BK A>:@0B8;8 G8A;> ?>4>7@5205<KE 2 ?@8G0AB=>AB8 : 5AA8 682>B=KE. AB0;8AL B>;L:> <;5:>?8B0NI85. > <=5=8N CG5=KE, ;8HL ?@54AB028B5;8 =5A:>;L:8E >B@O4>2  ;0AB>=>38E, A8@5= 8 :8B>>1@07=KE  <>3CB 4>AB830BL @07<5@>2 GC4>28I0 8 A?>A>1=K 68BL 4>;3>5 2@5<O 2 ?@5A=>9 2>45. M:5; 65, ?5@51@02 :0=4840B>2  >B 3830=BA:>3> A;87=O 4> 0<D8188-25;8:0=0, @5H8; >3@0=8G8BLAO 7593;>4>=><, 7<55284=K< ?@8<8B82=K< :8B><, AG8B0NI8<AO 2K<5@H8< 70 <8;;8>=>2 ;5B =0704. >=5G=>, 4;8==>H585 BN;5=8 8 2K4@K >AB0NBAO A0<K<8 25@>OB=K<8 :0=4840B0<8 =0 @>;L <>=AB@0. > =5AA825@K, AG8B0NI85, GB> MB> 2>>1I5 =5254><>5 ACI5AB2>, ?@>4>;60NB CB25@640BL, :0: 2 1934 3>4C -420@4 0C=B8=, GB> BN;5=8 A;8H:>< >1I8B5;L=K5 8 AB04=K5 ACI5AB20, :>B>@K5 B> 8 45;>, ?>@57282H8AL 2 2>45, 2K18@0NBAO 3@C??0<8 =0 15@53. K4@K 1>;55 ?C3;82K5 8 70<:=CBK5 682>B=K5, => >=8 =5 =0AB>;L:> 2>4=K5, GB>1K ?>AB>O==> 68BL 8 @07<=>60BLAO 2 2>4=>9 AB8E88, :0:, 25@>OB=>, 45;05B MB> GC4>28I5.  >=8 =5 <>3CB =K@OBL =0 700-DCB>2CN 3;C18=C, =0 :>B>@>9 A>=0@K 70A5:0;8 4286CI85AO >1J5:BK. A;8 845=B8D8:0F8O 682>B=>3>, <O3:> 3>2>@O, ?@>1;5<0B8G=0, B> G8A;5==>ABL >A>159  5I5 1>;LH0O 70304:0.  B5, :B> 25@8B 2 ACI5AB2>20=85 <>=AB@0, 8 A:5?B8:8 G0I5 3>2>@OB >1 >4=>< ACI5AB25, => 1K;8 A2845B5;LAB20 8 > 42CE 8 1>;55 682>B=KE, =01;N405<KE 2<5AB5. A5 AE>4OBAO 2> <=5=88, GB> >4=>-548=AB25==>5 682>B=>5 =5 <>3;> 1K A>E@0=8BLAO 2 >75@5 =0 ?@>BO65=88 25:>2. A=>2K20OAL =0 @07<5@0E >75@0 8 53> ?8I52>< >15A?5G5=88, 6>@46 C3 87 !<8BA>=>2A:>3> 8=AB8BCB0 AG8B05B, GB> G8A;> =5AA8?>4>1=KE ACI5AB2 2 >75@5 <>65B 20@L8@>20BL >B 10 4> 20 ?@8 CA;>288, 5A;8 :064>5 25A8B >:>;> 3000 DC=B>2, 8 1>;55 150 ?@8 25A5 330 DC=B>2. >:0 CG5=K5 A?>@OB, >E>B=8:8 70 A5=A0F8O<8 ?KB0NBAO 4>:070BL ACI5AB2>20=85 5AA8.  3>4 70 3>4>< 09=A 8 53> :>;;538 2>72@0I0NBAO =0 >75@> 2 =045645 ?>AB028BL =0:>=5F B>G:C 2 MB>9 8AB>@88. 4=0:> =0G8=0O A 1985 3>40, :@><5 D>B>3@0D89, A45;0==KE 09=A><, =8G53> 1>;55 8;8 <5=55 7=0G8B5;L=>3> 2 <8@5 ?> MB><C ?>2>4C =5 ?>O2;O;>AL. <5==> 87-70 MB8E A=8<:>2 G;5=K 0:045<88 25@=C;8AL =0 >E-5AA 2 1986 3>4C ?@8 D8=0=A>2>9 ?>445@6:5 LN->@: B09<A, GB>1K ?@>25AB8 A0<>5 3@><:>5 8 =081>;55 B5E=8G5A:8 >A=0I5==>5 =0CG=>5 8AA;54>20=85. 08=5 A>1@0; :><0=4C 87 42CE 45AOB:>2 CG5=KE A0<>3> @07;8G=>3> ?@>D8;O, 2:;NG0O -435@B>=0 8 8:>DD0 87 !(, A?5F80;8AB>2 87 0=04K 8 =3;88. -:A?548F8O ?@81K;0, 8<5O >1>@C4>20=85 25A>< 425 BKAOG8 DC=B>2, 8 2 8N=5 @0725@=C;0 F5;K9 0@A5=0; 2A52>7<>6=KE A>=0@>2 8 :0<5@, 2 B>< G8A;5 16-<8;;8<5B@>2CN, A?>A>1=CN 45;0BL 15 A=8<:>2 2 A5:C=4C, 425 35-<8;;8<5B@>2K5 AB5@5>:0<5@K, 2?5@2K5 ?@8<5=5==K5 =0 >E-5AA5, 8 B5;52878>==CN :0<5@C, A?>A>1=CN DC=:F8>=8@>20BL :@C3;>ACB>G=>. A5 >1>@C4>20=85 1K;> ?>425H5=> =0 3;C18=5 40 DCB>2 ?>4 ?;>B><, CAB0=>2;5==K< 2 AB0 O@40E >B "5<?;-8@, 2>7;5 70<:0 #@:C0@B. 015;8 8 B5;52878>==K5 ;8=88 :>=B@>;8@>20;8AL A 15@530. G5@54=0O A<5=0 CG5=KE ?>;CG0;0 8=D>@<0F8N, >BA=OBCN G5@57 :064K5 15 A5:C=4, 0 35-<8;;8<5B@>2K5 AB5@5>:0<5@K 2:;NG0;8AL ;8HL 2 A;CG05 ?>O2;5=8O 21;878 >B =8E ;N1>3> ?>4E>4OI53> >1J5:B0. 0 ?@>BO65=88 42CE <5AOF52 CG0AB=8:8 M:A?548F88 0=0;878@>20;8 ?>;CG5==K5 40==K5 8 A:0=8@>20;8 2>4K >75@0 A2>8<8 A>=0@0<8. > 4><>9 25@=C;8AL 157 :0:8E-;81> 4>:070B5;LAB2 ACI5AB2>20=8O :@C?=KE 4286CI8EAO >1J5:B>2.  B> >A>15==> 60@:>5 8 ACE>5 ;5B> B5<?5@0BC@0 25@E=8E A;>52 2 >75@5 =0 15 3@04CA>2 ?@52KA8;0 >1KG=CN 42-3@04CA=CN >B<5B:C ?> $0@5=359BC. # CG5=KE 2>7=8:;> ?@54?>;>65=85, GB> 2A5 682K5 >@30=87<K CH;8 =0 3;C18=C. > 4@C3>9 25@A88, B5< ;5B>< C@>25=L 2>4K 70<5B=> ?>=878;AO 8 87<5=8;8AL <5AB0 >1KG=>3> ?@51K20=8O ;>A>A59, 2A;54AB285 G53> 8 5AA8 A<5=8;0 A2>9 0@50;, C94O =0 1>;55 <5;:85 <5AB0. 0 180 BKAOG0E A=8<:>2, A45;0==KE A?5F80;L=K<8 :0<5@0<8, <>6=> 1K;> @0A?>7=0BL D>@5;L, ;>A>AO 8;8 C3@O, => =8:0: =5 GC4>28I5. @81>@ 8=D@0:@0A=>3> 87;CG5=8O A 2KA>:>9 @07@5H0NI59 A?>A>1=>ABLN, ?@54=07=0G5==K9 4;O B>3>, GB>1K >BKA:820BL GC4>28I5 ?> B5?;>87;CG5=8N, 8AE>4OI5<C >B 53> B5;0, B>65 =8G53> =5 ?>:070;. 48= 87 A>=0@>2 G5B:> >G5@B8; :>=BC@K 1><10@48@>2I8:0 8;8=3B>=, C?02H53> 2 >75@> 2> 2@5<O B@5=8@>2>G=>3> ?>;5B0 2 1940 3>4C.  2A5-B0:8 MBC M:A?548F8N =5;L7O =0720BL ?>;=>ABLN @07>G0@>2K20NI59, 81> >=0 ?@8=5A;0 =5A:>;L:> ?>@078B5;L=KE >B:@KB89. :>;> ?>;C=>G8 16 8N=O '0@;7 8:>DD, =01;N40O 70 B5;5M:@0=><, 24@C3 70<5B8;, GB> A>A54=OO B5;5:0<5@0 :0: 1K C30A;0, 2710;0<CG5==0O G5<-B> 2>40 70BC<0=8;0 87>1@065=85. #G5=K9 ?>:@CB8; @CG:C =0AB@>9:8, => 2>40 >AB020;0AL ?>?@56=5<C <0;>?@>7@0G=>9, 8 4065 <>I=K9 ;CG A25B0 =5 <>3 ?@>18BLAO A:2>7L 55 B>;IC. !?CABO =5A:>;L:> <8=CB 2848<>ABL ?@8H;0 2 =>@<C, => 87>1@065=85 ?>G5<C-B> @57:> A428=C;>AL 2?@02>. 8:>DD A=>20 27O;AO 70 =0AB@>9:C, => :0<5@0 =5 @01>B0;0. !?CABO G0A >=0 A=>20 =0G0;0 ?>:07K20BL 87>1@065=85. ! =59, A:>@55 2A53>, =8G53> =5 A;CG8;>AL. 0: =0?8A0; 5=8A 5@548B, 8740B5;L 6C@=0;0 "5:=>;>468 @52N 8 E@>=8AB M:A?548F88, MB>B A;CG09 >AB0;AO =5@073040==K<. '0@;7 B0: 8 =5 ?>=O;, 2845; ;8 >= GC4>28I5 8;8 =5B. #4@CG5==K9, >= ?>H5; A?0BL. >GLN 5<C A=8;8AL :>H<0@K. @>8AE>48;8 8 4@C385 AB@0==K5 25I8.  :>=F5 8N=O CG5=K5 >?CAB8;8 >48= 87 A>=0@>2, GB>1K ?@>A:0=8@>20BL B>;IC 2>4K 2>:@C3 :0<5@. !>=0@K 70A5:;8 GB>-B> ?@>?;K20NI55 <8<>. 20 8N=O 70<5B8;8 C65 420 A;540, 8728202H85AO 2>7;5 M:@0=0. >65B 1KBL, ?0@0 :@C?=KE ;>A>A59? > 2>B 24 8N=O AB0;8 ?>O2;OBLAO 8=K5 A;54K  :@C?=K5 >1J5:BK, =0<=>3> 1>;LH5 @K18= 8 B>;I8=>9 >:>;> 6 DCB>2. =8 1K;8 >B<5G5=K 2 7.18, 8.52 8 8.56 8 >AB020;8AL =0 M:@0=5 2A53> =5A:>;L:> A5:C=4, 0 ?>B>< 8AG570;8, >:07K20OAL 2=5 ?@545;>2 2848<>AB8 :0<5@. 30 8N=O 2 10.44 65=0 8:>DD0, %5;5=, A;54O 70 A>=0@><, =01;N40;0 :@C?=K9 >1J5:B, 2>H54H89 2 ;CG 2. 120 O@40E 8 ?@81;8782H89AO =0 @0AAB>O=85 80 O@4>2.  2A5 65 >= 1K; A;8H:>< 40;5:> >B :0<5@K, 0 G5@57 =5:>B>@>5 2@5<O 2>>1I5 8AG57.  =0:>=5F 1 8N;O 2 5.00 A0<K9 2=CH8B5;L=K9 A;54 >AB028;0 <8H5=L >:>;> 30 DCB>2 @07<5@><, ?@>H54H0O 2 AB0 O@40E. 8:>DD A0< =01;N40; 70 =59, >=0 >AB020;0AL 2 ;CG5 >:>;> B@5E <8=CB. 0B5< CG5=K9 2K1560; 87 :>BB5460 8 @8=C;AO =0 ?8@A, GB>1K 2AB@5B8BL B0<, ?8H5B 5@548B, ;8HL :;>GLO A5@>3> BC<0=0 =04 B8E8<8 2>40<8. >A;54=55 A2845B5;LAB2> ?>ABC?8;> 4 8N;O, 0 ?>B><  =8G53>. >65B 1KBL, GC4>28I5 ?>4?;K20;> 2 ?>A;54=89 @07, GB>1K 1>;LH5 =5 2>72@0I0BLAO, =0?C30==>5 G@57<5@=>9 ;N4A:>9 0:B82=>ABLN? 8:B> =5 >B25B8B. #5760O, ?8H5B 5@548B, >=8 C2>78;8 A A>1>9 ?>;=CN C25@5==>ABL, GB> MB> 1K;> >=>, ;>E-=5AA:>5 GC4>28I5, >AB0202H85AO A><=5=8O >B?0;8 C =8E ?@8 @0AA;54>20=88 ?>A;54=53> A;CG0O, 15A54 A <5AB=K<8 68B5;O<8 8 A>1AB25==KE =01;N45=89. @><5 40==KE A>=0@0, =8:0:8E =0CG=KE 4>:070B5;LAB2 =5 ?>ABC?8;>. > 2 ;N1>< CG5=>< A?>@5 :>=:@5B=K5 A2845B5;LAB20  B>;L:> 25@ECH:0 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=>3> 09A15@30. =87C 65  >3@><=>5 G8A;> 7K1:8E 4>:070B5;LAB2, ?>:070=89 8 4065 4><KA;>2, :>B>@K5 B>;L:> ?>4?8BK20NB B5>@8N. ;O B0:8E C2;5G5==KE 8AA;54>20B5;59, :0: -435@B>= 8 8:>DD, MB>3> A;CG0O 1K;> 2?>;=5 4>AB0B>G=>, GB>1K ?>4B25@48BL ACI5AB2>20=85 Nessiteras rhomboteryh  GC4>-5AA8 A >1@570==K< 0;<07>< ?;02=8:><  8<5==> MB> 8<O AM@ 8B5@ !:>BB ?@8A2>8; 682>B=><C, :>340 ;8G=> C1548;AO 2 1962 3>4C 2 53> ACI5AB2>20=88.  08=5 ?@>4>;60; :064>5 ;5B> 2 ?8:C 03@5AA82=K< A:5?B8:0< 2K5760BL =0 ?>8A:8 5AA8.  1979 3>4C >= @07@01>B0; ?;0= 8A?>;L7>20=8O 4;O ?>8A:>2 42CE 45;LD8=>2, M:8?8@>20==KE A>=0@0<8 8 A?5F80;L=K<8 :0<5@0<8. 45O A>AB>O;0 2 B><, GB> 45;LD8=K A 8E 2KA>:>@0728BK<8 A5=A>@=K<8 A?>A>1=>ABO<8 @07KICB GC4>28I5, 7063CBAO ;0<?K 8 2:;NG0BAO :0<5@K, :>B>@K5 8 70A=8<CB ?@>8AE>4OI55. > 5I5 4> B>3> :0: 45;LD8=>2 4>AB028;8 =0 >75@>, >48= 87 =8E ?>381, 8 08=5 >B:070;AO >B 70B58. @8B0=FK 65 ?@>O28;8 C?>@AB2>. %>BO  =5 4>18;AO CA?5E>2 8 2@5<5==> A=O;AO A 107K. '5@57 ?0@C ;5B =5:>B>@K5 M=BC780ABK ?5@53@C??8@>20;8AL 8 >B?@028;8AL =0 >E->@0@, =0 70?04=>5 ?>15@56L5 (>B;0=488, 2>BG8=C >@030. > ;535=45, C28452H89 >@030 =5<54;5==> ?>3810;, => =0AB>OI8E >E>B=8:>2 =0 <>=AB@>2 8 8AA;54>20B5;59 B0:85 >?0A=>AB8 ;8HL ?>4AB53820;8 : 40;L=59H8< ?>8A:0<. =8 A;548;8 70 A>1KB8O<8 =0 >75@5 A 1969 3>40, :>340 2?5@2K5 C7=0;8 > ?>O2;5=88 >@030. 4=064K ;5B=8< 25G5@><, 3;0A8;> A>>1I5=85, GC4>28I5 =0?0;> =0 ;>4:C A 42C<O ;N4L<8, 2>72@0I02H8<8AO A @K10;:8. 48= 87 =8E, C=:0= 0:4>==5;;, ?KB0;AO >B18BLAO 25A;><, A;><0; 53>, 8 B>;L:> ?>A;5 2KAB@5;>2 2B>@>3> @K10:0, #8;LO<0 !8<?A>=0, GC4>28I5 @5B8@>20;>AL, =K@=C2 ?>4 ;>4:C. 0 ?@>BO65=88 =5A:>;L:8E ;5B >E>B=8:8 A >E-5AA0 ?@5@K20;8 A2>8 ?>8A:8 =0 >75@5 8 >B?@02;O;8AL =0 2KE>4=K5 2 >E->@0@C, GB>1K ?>?KB0BL AG0ABLO B0<.  1974 3>4C >=8 >A=>20;8 B0< 107C, =07202 ?@54?@8OB85 @>5:B . . 8 .. >73;028; 53> 4@80= (09=. > 8=B5@5AK 8E @0745;8;8AL, 8 >=8 @5H8;8 25@=CBLAO =0 >E-5AA, 2=>2L 27O2 >75@> ?>4 =01;N45=85 2 1982 3>4C  =075<=>5 8 2>4=>5.  B> ;5B> 2 @0<:0E @>5:B0 . . 8 . 1K;> ?@54?@8=OB> 1500-G0A>2>5 :@C3;>ACB>G=>5 A:0=8@>20=85 2>4 >@0@0. !;54>2 ?>O2;5=8O :0:8E-B> >1J5:B>2, O2=> =5 @K1, 1K;> <=>3>, 8;8, ?> :@09=59 <5@5, MB> 1K;8 =58725AB=K5 @K1K. > GC4>28I5 1C:20;L=> :0: 2 2>4C :0=C;>. 0 >E-5AA 2A5 1K;> B8E> 1>;55 ?OB8 ;5B. > 2>B 2 1987 3>4C >=> A=>20 >:070;>AL 2 F5=B@5 2=8<0=8O. 564C=0@>4=>5 >1I5AB2> :@8?B>7>>;>3>2, >1J548=ONI55 2A5E, :B> 8=B5@5AC5BAO =5254><K<8 682K<8 >@30=87<0<8, A>1@0;>AL =0 5653>4=>5 70A540=85 2 >@>;52A:>< H>B;0=4A:>< <C755 2 -48=1C@35, ?>A2OB82 25AL 45=L >1AC645=8N A8BC0F88 A 5AA8.  B>< 65 3>4C ?>4 :>=B@>;5< (09=0 1K;0 >@30=87>20=0 =>20O, E>@>H> >A=0I5==0O M:A?548F8O  >?5@0F8O ;C1>:>5 A:0=8@>20=85  A0<>5 BI0B5;L=>5 ?@>A25G820=85 B>;I8 2>4K >75@0 70 2A5 3>4K 8AA;54>20=89. 20 45AOB:0 ;>4>:, 1>@B : 1>@BC, 1C:20;L=> =0:@K;8 >75@> A>=0@=K< 70=025A><. "@8 4=O 1>@>748;8 >75@>, 70@538AB@8@>202 B@8 :>=B0:B0, >48= 87 :>B>@KE 708=B5@5A>20; 4065 A:5?B8:>2-8=65=5@>2, >1A;C68202H8E A>=0@. 540;5:> >B #@:C0@BA:>3> 70<:0 70A5:;8 =5GB> :@C?=>5 =0 3;C18=5 600 DCB>2. > A;>20< 0@@5;0 >C@5=A0, ?@57845=B0 M;5:B@>==>9 :><?0=88 2 "C;A5 (:;0E><0), =0B:=C;8AL =0 GB>-B> =5?>=OB=>5, 1>;55 :@C?=>5, G5< @K10, <>65B, :0:>9-B> =>2K9 284, =5254><K9 =0C:5& 5<0;> 708=B@83>20==K5, CG0AB=8:8 M:A?548F88 ?>;CG8;8 87>1@065=85, :5<-B> 845=B8D8F8@>20==>5 :0: 3=8;>5 45@52> 8 :CA>: A:0;K, => >G5=L ?>E>655 =0 8725AB=K9 A=8<>: (09=0 2 1975 3>40. 8GB> =5 4>:07K20;> ACI5AB2>20=85 GC4>28I0, => 8 =5 A2845B5;LAB2>20;> ?@>B82. -B> >7=0G0;>, GB> ?>8A:8 A;54C5B ?5@5=5AB8 =0A;54CNI89 A57>=, :>340 ?>ABC?OB 2 @0A?>@O65=85 1>;55 A>25@H5==K5 ?@81>@K. ;8, <>65B AB0BLAO, 5AA8 A<O3G8BAO 8 ?>?>78@C5B 4;O A5@88 A=8<:>2, :>B>@K5 ?>AB02OB >:>=G0B5;L=CN B>G:C 2 A?>@0E. >2>@O >B:@>25==>, 2 ?>A;54=55 2@5<O :>;8G5AB2> A:5?B8:>2 A8;L=> C25;8G8;>AL, 8 8E @O4K @0ABCB, 0 =0C:0 =8:0: =5 <>65B A:070BL A2>53> 25A:>3> A;>20. > =5;L7O =5 25@8BL A2845B5;LAB20<  287C0;L=K< =01;N45=8O< 8 40==K< ?@81>@>2, :>B>@KE =0:>?8;>AL 70 ?>A;54=85 ?>;25:0 ?@54>AB0B>G=>.  C6 =8:0: =5 A1@>A8HL A> AG5B0 AB0@CN <C4@>ABL <5AB=KE 68B5;59, 25@=55, >4=>3> AB0@F0, :>B>@K9 <=>3> ;5B =0704 87@5::  MB>< >75@5 5ABL <=>3> =5>1KG=>3>. !C4O ?> 2A5< 8<5NI8<AO A>>1I5=8O<, >3@><=K5 8 =58725AB=K5 =0< ACI5AB20 459AB28B5;L=> =0A5;ONB >75@0 8 <>@O ?;0=5BK. 4=0:> A>2@5<5==0O =0C:0, :>B>@0O, ?> C25@5=8O<, 87CG8;0 8 :;0AA8D8F8@>20;0 ?>GB8 2A5 D>@<K 687=8, :0:8<8 1K @54:8<8 8;8 <8:@>A:>?8G5A:8<8 >=8 =8 1K;8, =5 A<>3;0 >1=0@C68BL =8:0:8E D878G5A:8E A;54>2 MB8E >3@><=KE ACI5AB2. <5==> =5?>440205<>ABL AB@>3><C =0CG=><C 0=0;87C A>AB02;O5B 206=CN >A>15==>ABL O2;5=89 ?>4>1=>3> @>40. $>B>3@0D88 2 A>G5B0=88 A> A2845B5;LAB20<8 >G5284F52 C15640NB, GB> GC4>28I 2845;8 =0 A0<>< 45;5, 0 2>B 25I5AB25==KE 4>:070B5;LAB2 B>3>, GB> >=8 D878G5A:8 ACI5AB2CNB, =5B. %>BO =8GB> O282H55AO =0< 2 2>>1@065=88 =5;L7O AG8B0BL =52>7<>6=K<, <K B5< =5 <5=55 C15645=K, GB> H0=AK 2AB@5B8BL ;>E-=5AA:>5 GC4>28I5 AB>;L 65 <0;K, :0: 8 2>7<>6=>ABL AB>;:=CBLAO A ;N1K< 4@C38< D0=B><=K< ACI5AB2><. 5GL 845B > B0: =07K205<>9 D5=><5=0;8AB8G5A:>9 @50;L=>AB8. ! D5=><5=0;8AB8G5A:>9 B>G:8 7@5=8O =5B =8:0:8E A><=5=89, GB> >75@=K5 8 <>@A:85 <>=AB@K 459AB28B5;L=> ACI5AB2CNB. !>>1I5=8O > 2AB@5G0E A =8<8 ?>ABC?0NB 87 (>B;0=488, @;0=488, !:0=48=0288, 0=04K, D@8:8, >2>9 5;0=488  >B>2AN4C, 345 4;O MB8E GC4>28I 5ABL ?>4>10NI0O 8E @07<5@0< 68;?;>I04L, 8 4065 >BBC40, 345 ?;>I04L MB0 O2=> <0;>20B0. 4=> 87 2>7@065=89, 2K428305<KE 18>;>30<8 ?@>B82 ACI5AB2>20=8O ;>E-=5AA:>3> GC4>28I0, :0: @07 8 A>AB>8B 2 B><, GB> >75@> >E-5AA G5@5AGC@ <0;> 4;O ?@>6820=8O :>;>=88 B0:8E ACI5AB2.  2<5AB5 A B5< 5ABL >75@0, CABC?0NI85 ?> @07<5@0< >E-5AA, 8 B5< =5 <5=55 B0<, 5A;8 25@8BL A>>1I5=8O<, B0:65 >18B0NB 3830=BA:85 <>=AB@K. 0?8B0= 5A;8, : ?@8<5@C, =5 >48= 3>4 87CG0; ;535=4C > 4@C3>< GC4>28I5  >==5<0@A:><, =0720==>< B0: ?> @09>=C 2 0?04=>9 @;0=488, 345 =0E>48BAO >75@>. @5<O >B 2@5<5=8 =5:>B>@K< <5AB=K< 68B5;O< C4020;>AL, ?> 8E A;>20<, C2845BL 53> 8 2 =0H8 4=8. -B8 <>=AB@K 4>AB830NB ?>;<8;8 2 4;8=C. 16 >:BO1@O 1965 3>40 :0?8B0= ?@>8725; 27@K2 =0 >75@5 $0440 8 1K; 2>7=03@0645= 284>< :0:>3>-B> GC4>28I0, 10@0EB02H53>AO ?@8<5@=> 2 50 O@40E >B 15@530. 0=55, 2 1954 3>4C, 181;8>B5:0@N 87 ;8D45=0 2 3@0DAB25 M;C59 6>@468=5 M@15@@8 8 B@5< 55 4@C7LO< 8A:;NG8B5;L=> ?>257;>: =0E>4OAL =0 B>< 65 >75@5, >=8 2A53> 2 20 O@40E >B A51O, ?><5@B252 >B C60A0, =01;N40;8 GC4>28I5  3830=BA:CN G5@=CN 7<5N, ?;K2HCN A >B:@KB>9 ?0ABLN ?@O<> ?> =0?@02;5=8N : =8<. >4>1=K9 MDD5:B ?0@0;8G0 ?@8 AB>;:=>25=88 A D0=B><=K<8 GC4>28I0<8 >B<5G0;AO C65 402=>. "0:, 2 1857 3>4C ;>@4C 0;A15@8 53> 535@8 @0AA:07K20;8 > GC4>28I5, 2845==>< 8<8 2 >E-@:5935. >@4 BCB 65 ?@54;>68; ?>4AB@5;8BL GC4>28I5, =0 GB> ?>;CG8; >B25B: 5 B>@>?8B5AL, 20H0 <8;>ABL, A:>@55 2A53>, 8 20H5 @C6L5 40AB >A5G:C. A5 A>2@5<5==K5 02B>@K 70=8<0NBAO 2KOA=5=85< 2>?@>A0: ACI5AB2CNB ;8 ?>4>1=K5 A>740=8O 2 D878G5A:>< A<KA;5? @8 MB>< ?>GB8 2A5 >=8  >B C;40 2 1934 3>4C 4> >AB5;;> 2 =0H8 4=8  A:;>==K AG8B0BL GC4>28I0 @50;L=K<8 2 >1K45==>< A<KA;5 MB>3> A;>20. @C385 65, 8E O2=>5 <5=LH8=AB2>, >1JOA=ONB 2A5 A;CG08 O2;5=89 GC4>28I >H81:>9 2>A?@8OB8O, =04C20B5;LAB2>< 8;8 ?A8E>;>38G5A:8<8 ?@8G8=0<8. !@548 ?>A;54=8E 3;02=0O @>;L, 157CA;>2=>, ?@8=04;568B 25;8:><C @0725=G0B5;N <8D>2 >@8AC 5@B>=C.  AB0@KE :=830E > 2>4O=KE <>=AB@0E =8:B> =5 ?KB0;AO 2K4020BL 8E 70 459AB28B5;L=> ACI5AB2CNI8E ?@54AB028B5;59 D0C=K; 8E AG8B0;8 ?@>4C:B>< 83@K AB8E89=KE A8;.  687=5>?8A0=88 A2. >;C<10, =0?@8<5@, 3>2>@8BAO > B><, GB> >:>;> 505 3>40 >= A?5@20 ?@8720;, 0 70B5< >B>A;0; ;>E-=5AA:>5 GC4>28I5. >4>1=K5 65 A;CG08 70:;8=0=8O 4CE>2 GC4>28I A>45@60BAO 8 2 AB0@8==KE ;535=40E, 8 2 <8D0E, @0A?@>AB@0=5==KE 2> 2A5<C A25BC.  =8E <K =587<5==> 2AB@5G05< 35@>O, :>B>@K9 2> 2A5>@C688 A>;=5G=>3> A8O=8O ?>156405B 7<5O 8;8 4@0:>=0. "0:8< >1@07><, OA=>, GB> @5GL 845B > O2;5=88, 8725AB=>< 87402=0. 5>1E>48<> B0:65 A:070BL >1 MDD5:B5 ?0@0;8G0, =01;N40NI53>AO C B5E, :B> AB0;:8205BAO A =5254><K<8 682>B=K<8. >7<>6=>, 2 MB>< ?@>O2;O5BAO >A>15==>ABL ?A8E8:8 G5;>25:0. 064K9 7=05B ?> A515, GB> ?@8 2AB@5G5 A =5>6840==K< 8 =58725AB=K< 2 ?5@2K9 <><5=B =0ABC?05B :0: 1K >F5?5=5=85, 8 ;8HL A?CABO :0:>5-B> 2@5<O G5;>25: =0G8=05B 459AB2>20BL. >-2848<><C, MB0 >A>15==>ABL 4>AB0;0AL =0< 2 =0A;54AB2> >B 40;5:8E ?@54:>2  <K 70<8@05< 2 ?5@2K9 <><5=B ?@8 2845 =58725AB=>3>, 0 70B5<, :>340 A>7=0=85 8 ?>4A>7=0=85 >F5=8B AB5?5=L >?0A=>AB8, A;54C5B @50:F8O  1560BL, 2ABC?0BL 2 1>9, ?@>AB> =01;N40BL. >MB><C 2845BL GB>-B> <8AB8G5A:>5 2 B><, GB> ;N48 701K20;8 > D>B>0??0@0B5, :8=>:0<5@5, B> 5ABL =0ABC?0; :0: 1K MDD5:B ?0@0;8G0, 7=0G8B ?;>E> 7=0BL >A>15==>ABL G5;>25G5A:>9 ?A8E8:8. 54L >:@C60NI89 <8@  =5 ;01>@0B>@8O, 345 2A5 @07;>65=> ?> ?>;>G:0< 8 345, ?@>BO=C2 @C:C, <>6=> 4>AB0BL ;N1CN ?@>18@:C 8;8 >1@075F 4;O 8AA;54>20=89.  =5254><K5 682>B=K5 ?>O2;ONBAO A>2A5< =5 B>340 8 =5 B0<, 345 8E 64CB =01;N40B5;8 8;8 CG5=K5. "0: GB>, =025@=>5, 2AB@5G0 A =5254><K<8 682>B=K<8 2?>;=5 5I5 2>7<>6=0& 5>3@0D8O ?@5A=>2>4=KE OI5@>2 25AL<0 >1H8@=0. <5NBAO A>>1I5=8O > =8E 87 @;0=488, (25F88, >@25388, 0=04K, >AA88& '#) # # !"  @;0=4FK ;N1OB ?>1>;B0BL 8 ?@>AB> A8ONB >B AG0ABLO, @0AA:07K20O >G5@54=CN ;535=4C 8;8 109:C. B> =5 A;KH0; >1 87;N1;5==KE 35@>OE 8@;0=4A:>3> D>;L:;>@0  M;LD0E 8 AB>=CI8E 4CE0E? > A0<K5 ?>?C;O@=K5 70304>G=K5 ACI5AB20 =0 75<;5 @;0=488 =5 MB8, 0 AB@0==K5 <>@A:85 A>740=8O, :>B>@KE =07K20NB ?>-@07=><C: ?80ABK, ?59ABK 8;8 >;D59ABK. 0: 8 ;535=4K >1 M;LD0E, <0;5=L:8E G5;>25G:0E, @0AA:07K >1 8@;0=4A:8E 2>4O=KE <>=AB@0E CE>4OB :>@=O<8 2 40;5:>5 ?@>H;>5. $5=80=A:89 F8:; 8@;0=4A:8E A03 @0AA:07K205B, :0: >75@> 5@3 (@0A=>5 >75@>) ?>;CG8;> A2>5 =0720=85: MB> ?@>87>H;> ?>A;5 B>3>, :0: 35@>9 $8== C18; <>=AB@0, :>B>@K9 ?@>3;>B8; =5A:>;L:8E ;N459.  @0AA:075 > 687=8 A2OB>3> >GC0 87 0;;K 2 VII 25:5 B>65 D83C@8@C5B ?>4>1=0O B20@L, A>6@02H0O ?;>2F0, :>B>@K9 ?KB0;AO ?5@5?;KBL @5:C (0==>=.  4@C3>9 ;535=45 A2OB>9 >;<0= 87 @><>C@0 A?0A 452CH:C >B AB@0H=>3> GC4>28I0, ?>A5;82H53>AO 2 >75@5 8.  A@54=85 25:0 8 ?>765 GC4>28I @53C;O@=> 2845;8 2 >75@0E 05:, @5=8, 0 B0:65 @5=5, <0;5=L:><, => ?>-A2>5<C ?@5:@0A=>< >75@5 C 8AB>:0 @5:8 ;5:2>B5, > G5< A>E@0=8;8AL A2845B5;LAB20 >G5284F52. > 8 2 XX 25:5 @O4 2?>;=5 >1@07>20==KE ;N459 AG8B05B 2>7<>6=K<, GB> 3;C18=K 8@;0=4A:8E 2>4 A:@K20NB B08=AB25==KE GC4>28I. >340 =5:>B>@K5 <5AB=K5 68B5;8, ?>AB>O==> >18B0NI85 =0 15@530E >75@0 8, 70<5B8;8 4;8==>5 7<55284=>5 ACI5AB2> 2 ?5@2K5 3>4K ?>A;5 2B>@>9 <8@>2>9 2>9=K, 1>;LH8=AB2> 2KA<5O;> 8E. 4=0:> 2 1960 3>4C ACI5AB2> 2845;8 <=>385 02B>@8B5B=K5 ;N48, 8 4065 A:5?B8:8 ?@8704C<0;8AL. & 5G5@>< 18 <0O 1960 3>40 B@>5 A2OI5==8:>2 87 C1;8=0 ;>28;8 @K1C 2 %>;;8->9=B5 =0 >75@5 8. B5F MBLN 5@:, >B5F M=8M; N@@59 8 >B5F 8G0@4 283;8 E>@>H> 7=0;8 >75@>, B0: :0: G0AB5=L:> E>48;8 AN40 =0 @K10;:C. > A8E ?>@ >=8 AG8B0;8 2A5 @0AA:07K > <>=AB@0E :@0A>G=K<8 2K4C<:0<8, 8 ?>MB><C 1K;8 A>25@H5==> 87C<;5=K, :>340 B5?;K< 25A5==8< 25G5@>< =04 3;04:>9 ?>25@E=>ABLN 2>4K 24@C3 ?>O28;>AL 682>B=>5, :0:>3> >=8 =8:>340 @0=LH5 =5 2845;8. => ?;K;> =0 @0AAB>O=88 100 O@4>2 >B =8E, 53> 87>3=CB>5 B5;> =0?><8=0;> 7<58=>5, >=> :0: 1K >1@07>2K20;> ?5B;N, 0 3>;>20, 2KA>2K202H0OAO =04 ?>25@E=>ABLN =0 =5A:>;L:> DCB>2, 1K;0 ?>E>60 =0 3>;>2C ?8B>=0, B>;L:> 7=0G8B5;L=> 1>;LH5. =8 =5 7=0;8 B>G=>, :0:>3> @07<5@0 1K;> MB> ACI5AB2>, =>, ?> 8E @0AG5B0<, >1I0O 4;8=0 42CE 2848<KE CG0AB:>2  0 2B>@>9 :070;AO 1>;LH8<, 70:@C3;5==K<, 2>7<>6=>, >A=0I5==K< ?;02=8:0<8, 4>;6=0 1KBL 1>;55 16 DCB>2. ?8AK20O 2?>A;54AB288 MB> ?@>8AH5AB285, >48= 87 A2OI5==8:>2, >B5F 5@: CB25@640;, GB> ACI5AB2> ?5@542830;>AL 4>2>;L=> =5B>@>?;82>, 2848<> =5 ?>4>7@520O > =0H5< ?@8ACBAB288. K =01;N40;8 70 =8< ?@8<5@=> 2-3 <8=CBK. => ?;K;> 2 A525@>-2>AB>G=>< =0?@02;5=88 : 15@53C, => ?>B>< G0AB8G=> ?>3@C78;>AL ?>4 2>4C 8 A:@K;>AL 87 2840. 0 A;54CNI89 45=L A2OI5==8:8 @0AA:070;8 6C@=0;8AB0< > B08=AB25==>9 2AB@5G5, 0 ?>B>< ?@54AB028;8 ?>;=K9 >BG5B @;0=4A:><C @K1=><C B@5ABC.  >B;8G85 >B ?@54H5AB2CNI8E A>>1I5=89 > 2>4O=KE <>=AB@0E >BG5B > ?@>8AH5AB288 18 <0O B@C4=> 1K;> >?@>25@3=CBL. 0?@8<5@, 2@O4 ;8 B@>5 A2OI5==>A;C68B5;59 704C<0;8 >1<0=CBL B0:>5 :>;8G5AB2> ;N459, 40 8 A> AB>;L 1;87:>3> @0AAB>O=8O >=8 =5 <>3;8 ?@8=OBL 70 682>B=>5 GB>-B> 4@C3>5. '5@57 =5A:>;L:> =545;L =5:>B>@K5 A:5?B8:8 2K428=C;8 @O4 5AB5AB25==KE >1JOA=5=89: ACI5AB2> 1K;> <8=80BN@=>9 @CAA:>9 ?>42>4=>9 ;>4:>9; MB> 1K;0 @K1>;>2=0O A5BL; B@8-G5BK@5 :@C?=KE C3@O A;CG09=> A;8;8AL 2 >4=>9 8 B>9 65 ?>75, 8 MB> ?@>8725;> 2?5G0B;5=85, GB> 2 2>45 8728205BAO 1>;LH>5 =58725AB=>5 682>B=>5. ?@>G5<, =8 >4=C 87 MB8E 25@A89 4>:070BL =5 C40;>AL, 0 :>340 ?>ABC?8;8 A2545=8O 8 > 4@C38E B08=AB25==KE 682>B=KE, :0: 425 :0?;8 2>4K ?>E>68E =0 B5E, :>B>@KE 2845;8 A2OI5==8:8, C25@5==>ABL 8@;0=4F52 2 B><, GB> 2 >75@5 459AB28B5;L=> >18B05B =5GB> AB@0==>5, C:@5?8;0AL.  023CAB5 42>5 ;>2F>2 IC: 0B@8: 5=;8 8 6>75D 283;8 87 =8HBC@:0 70;>28;8 A2>59 A5BLN GB>-B> =525@>OB=> 1>;LH>5, => ACI5AB2> 2K@20;>AL 8 A1560;> 4> B>3>, :0: >=8 2B0I8;8 A5B:C =0 1>@B. 5=;8 >B<5B8;, GB> MB> 682>B=>5 4>;6=> 1KBL A8;L=K<, :0: ;>H04L, GB>1K ?>@20BL B0:CN :@5?:CN A5BL. = B0:65 70O28;, GB> >=> 2> 2@5<O 1>@L1K ?@>B0I8;> 8E ;>4:C 30-40 O@4>2. -B> A;CG8;>AL 2 A5@548=5 >75@0 8, 345 3;C18=0 4>AB8305B 60 DCB>2, 2 ?>;C<8;5 >B B>3> <5AB0, 2 :>B>@>< 70 =5A:>;L:> <5AOF52 4> MB>3> A2OI5==8:8 2845;8 A2>53> <>=AB@0. @>G8B02 ?C1;8:0F8N >1 023CAB>2A:>< 8=F845=B5, 42>5 0=3;89A:8E BC@8AB>2 70O28;8 8@;0=4A:>9 3075B5, GB> 8E B>65  5I5 2 1958 3>4C  ?@>B0I8;> ?> >75@C =5:>5 ACI5AB2>, :>340 >=8 2KB0A:820;8 A5B8 A @K1>9, 0 2;045;5F ?0AA068@A:>3> AC4=0 @0AA:070;, GB> >=> C40@8;>AL > :0:>9-B> >3@><=K9 ?>4286=K9 >1J5:B 2 A5@548=5 2>4>5<0, 2 B>G:5, 345 1K;0 4>2>;L=> 1>;LH0O 3;C18=0. >A;5 MB>9 ?>A;54=59 8AB>@88 >75@> 1K;> ?@>25@5=> 2 B>< <5AB5, =0 :>B>@>5 C:07K20; H:8?5@, => =8G53> =5 1K;> >1=0@C65=>. >2>AB8 > B08=AB25==>< >18B0B5;5 >75@0 8 @0A?@>AB@0=8;8AL ?> 2A59 @;0=488, 8 8=B5@5A : 70304:5 2>7@>A 5I5 8 ?>B><C, GB> 87 4@C38E <5AB B0:65 ?>ABC?0;8 A2545=8O > 2845==KE 2>4O=KE GC4>28I0E. >;LH0O G0ABL 87 =8E, 2>7<>6=>, 1K;8 ?;>40<8 2>>1@065=8O, ;N48 ?@8=8<0;8 70 GC4>28I 2A?;K2H85 1@52=0 8;8 4@C385 5AB5AB25==K5 >1J5:BK.  4@C385 ;>38G5A:8 <>6=> 1K;> >1JOA=8BL B>;L:> >4=8< A?>A>1><: A2845B5;8 ;30;8. 1 <0O AB@>8B5;L, @01>B02H89 ?> :>=B@0:BC, 659<A C=8 5E0; A ?@8OB5;5< 09:;>< 0:=0;B8 <8<> >75@0 ;5=40@@8, :>B>@>5 @0A?>;>65=> =0 >AB@>25 E8;;. !25B D0@ 2KE20B8; AB@0==>5, ?>E>655 =0 48=>702@0 682>B=>5 A 4;8==>9, :0: C ;5154O, H559, :>B>@>5 ?5@5A5:;> 4>@>3C ?@O<> ?5@54 8E DC@3>=>< 8 8AG57;> 2 3CAB>9 @0AB8B5;L=>AB8. @8<5@=> H5ABL =545;L A?CABO 59 5=25@, H5AB=04F0B8;5B=89 ?>4<0AB5@L5 ?;>B=8:0, 5E0; 4><>9 A <5AAK =0 25;>A8?545, :>340 C2845; ?>E>655 ACI5AB2>, :>B>@>5 ?>O28;>AL 87 ;5A0 >:>;> B>@DO=KE 15@53>2 >75@0 ;5=40@@8. >B><, 2 ?5@2>5 2>A:@5A5=L5 8N=O, =5A:>;L:> A2845B5;59, A@548 :>B>@KE 1K;8 187=5A<5= 0=45;: 8 42>5 ?CB5H5AB2CNI8E 02B>AB>?><, 2845;8 4;8==>H5NN OI5@8FC 4;8=>9 >:>;> 20 DCB>2 =0 15@53C B>3> 65 >75@0. !:5?B8:8 @53C;O@=> B25@4OB, GB> 8AB>@88 >1 8@;0=4A:8E <>=AB@0E ?@84C<K20NBAO A F5;LN ?@82;5GL BC@8AB>2.  A;CG05 A >75@>< ;5=40@@8, 4> :>B>@>3> 4>2>;L=> ;53:> 4>1@0BLAO, MB> <>65B >:070BLAO 25@=K<. 4=0:> 1>;LH8=AB2> <5AB, :0: C25@ONB, :8H0I8E <>=AB@0<8, B@C4=>4>ABC?=K 8 =5?@82;5:0B5;L=K 4;O BC@8AB>2, <0;> :B> 87 ?CB5H5AB25==8:>2 @5H8BAO =0 BO65;K9 ?CBL ?> 48:8< <5AB0< @048 A><=8B5;L=>3> C4>2>;LAB28O. >;55 B>3>, 5A;8 :B> 8 >B2068BAO =0 MB>, >= 1C45B @07>G0@>20= =527@0G=>ABLN <5AB, : B><C 65 <=>385 B0:85 >75@0 5420 ;8 1>;LH5 3;C1>:>9 ;C68. -B0 ?>A;54=OO 45B0;L 8 @>6405B <=>3> ?>4>7@5=89 2 2>7<>6=>AB8 ACI5AB2>20=8O 8@;0=4A:8E ?80AB>2, 254L >75@0, 345 8E O:>1K 2845;8, =0AB>;L:> <0;K, GB> B0< =5 <>65B 1KBL 4>AB0B>G=> ?8I8 4;O AB>;L 1>;LH8E 2>4O=KE ACI5AB2.  GB> 1>;55 206=>, 8=>340 ?@54?@8=8<0NBAO ?>?KB:8 8AA;54>20BL B0:85 <0;5=L:85 2>4>5<K, GB> A>2A5< =5 B@C4=> A45;0BL, 8 =8G53> =5 >1=0@C68205BAO.  1968 3>4C 1K;8 8A?>;L7>20=K A0<K5 @07=K5 <5B>4K, 2:;NG0O A5B8, 3;CH8B5;8, 0:20;0=38 8 406535;83=8B>2K5 70@O4K, GB>1K ?>?KB0BLAO ?>9<0BL 12-DCB>2>5 682>B=>5 A 87>3=CBK< BC;>28I5<, :>B>@>5 <=>385 ;N48 2845;8 2 >75@5 $04F0, GB> 2 >==>B5, MB> >75@> ?;>I04LN 130 O@4>2 =0 80. A5 8AA;54>20=8O >1=0@C68;8 >1KG=K5 ?>?C;OF88 @K1, 8 =8G53> 1>;55. A:>@5 ?>A;5 MB>3> B0 65 :><0=40 8AA;54>20B5;59 2>73;02;O5<0O ?@>D5AA>@>< >5< M:0;><, A=>20 27O;0AL 70 @01>BC, =0 MB>B @07 2 >75@5 5EC8=, 3@0DAB2> 5;259, 345 22 D52@0;O B>3> 65, 1968 3>40 D5@<5@ !B825= >9= 2845; >3@><=>5 C3@5?>4>1=>5 GC4>28I5.  MB>< A;CG05 8A?>;L7>20;8AL 384@>;>:0B>@K 8 >1A;54>20=85 4=0 B@0;>< 2 4>102;5=85 : 8=AB@C<5=B0@8N, 8A?>;L7>20==><C 2 >75@5 $0440, => 8 =0 MB>B @07 ?>8A:8 =8G53> =5 40;8. @>D5AA>@ M:0; ?@54?>;>68;, GB> 682>B=>5, 4>;6=> 1KBL, CH;> 2 <>@5 G5@57 =51>;LH>9 @CG59, => MB0 38?>B570, :0: 8 A0<0 2>7<>6=>ABL ACI5AB2>20=8O 682>B=>3>, O2;ONBAO 25AL<0 A?>@=K<8. 'B> 65 =0 A0<>< 45;5 AB>8B 70 <=>3>25:>2>9 B@048F859 8@;0=4A:>3> D>;L:;>@0? >38:0 3>2>@8B =0<, GB> >=8 =5 <>3CB ACI5AB2>20BL; >BG5BK A2845B5;59 ?@54?>;030NB B0:CN 2>7<>6=>ABL. ;O B5E, :B> 70=8<05BAO: 8AA;54>20=85< =5>1JOA=8<KE ?@8@>4=KE D5=><5=>2, MB> ?@82KG=0O 48;5<<0.  +  BABC?0O, ;54=8: 701@K730; 0=04C B0: >18;L=>, GB> 8 ?>=K=5 =0 55 B5@@8B>@88  ?>GB8 AB> BKAOG >75@, 8 >BB>3> <0;> :B> C482;O5BAO, GB> =0 4>;N MB>9 AB@0=K ?@8E>48BAO 3>@074> 1>;LH5 ;535=4 >1 >75@=KE GC48I0E, G5< =0 :0:CN-;81> 4@C3CN.  B5G5=85 XX 25:0 1C:20;L=> A 4N68=K :0=04A:8E >75@ ?@8H;8 A>>1I5=8O, 8 2A5 >=8 C:07K20;8 =0 B>, GB> A@548 ?@8@>4=>9 D0C=K !525@>0<5@8:0=A:>3> :>=B8=5=B0 >:070;8AL 8 ACI5AB20, ?>E>685 =0 ?;578>702@>2. 4=> 87 =8E, : ?@8<5@C, MB> GC48I5 A '5@5?0HL53> >75@0 2 !0A:0BG520=5, 2?5@2K5 ?>?02H55AO =0 3;070 2 1924 3>4C, 8 4;8==0O G5@=0O B20@L A >75@0 >=8=30<C:, :>B>@0O >1JO28;0AL 3>4>< @0=LH5. 0=8?>3>, <>=AB@, ?>A5I02H89 >75@0 0=8B>10 8 8==8?53>38A, A>548=5==K5 :0=0;>< @59=-M@@>C7, B08;AO 4> :>=F0 30-E, 0 ?@82;5: : A515 ?@8AB0;L=>5 2=8<0=85, ;8HL :>340 ?>:070;AO 2> 25AL @>AB 1>;LH>9 3@C??5 ;N18B5;59 ?8:=8:>2 2 1960 3>4C, C ?0@:0 0=8B>10, 1;87 A0<>3> >75@0. 25@N30 A ?;>A:>9 7<58=>9 3>;>2>9, G5@=>9 :>659 8 B@5<O 3>@10<8 ?>?0; 8 =0 D>B>-, 8 =0 :8=>?;5=:8. (0<?0, 682>B=>5, 2@>45 1K >18B0NI55 2 >75@5 (0<?;59=, :>B>@>5 ?@>AB8@05BAO 70 3@0=8FC 0=04K, G5@57 HB0BK 5@<>=B 8 LN->@: !(, 70 ?>A;54=NN A>B=N ;5B 2845;8 B0: G0AB>, GB> :>5-:B> 2A5@L57 ?>?KB0;AO 70=5AB8 53> 2 @0A=CN :=83C !>548=5==KE (B0B>2, 0 C6 M448, C65 8725AB=>3> =0< <>@A:>3> 7<5O, GB> >1;N1>20; A515 <>@A:85 3;C18=K C ?>15@56LO @8B0=A:>9 >;C<188, 2AB@5G0;8 G0I5, G5< ;N1>5 87 ?@>G8E GC4>28I. 4=0:> =8 >4=0 87 MB8E @5?B8;89 =5 ?@>A;02;5=0 B0:, :0: B0, GB> >18B05B 2 >75@5 :0=030= 2 @8B0=A:>9 >;C<188, :>B>@>5 70=8<05B ?;>I04L 2 F5;KE 127 :204@0B=KE <8;L. I5 4> ?@8E>40 15;KE ?>A5;5=F52, 1>;55 AB0 ;5B =0704, 8=459A:85 ?;5<5=0 HCH20?K, 682H85 =0 15@530E >75@0, ?>:;>=O;8AL 09B0:5, 4CEC, :>B>@K9, ?> 8E 25@>20=8O<, >18B0; 2 <@0G=KE >75@=KE 3;C18=0E. !>3;0A=> >4=>9 8AB>@88, ?5@540205<>9 87 ?>:>;5=8O 2 ?>:>;5=85, =5:89 3>AB82H89 C 8=459F52 MB>3> ?;5<5=8 2>64L ?@5=51@53 ?@54C?@5645=8O<8 > GC4>28I5 8 1K; A>6@0= 2<5AB5 A A5<L59, :>340 ?KB0;AO ?5@5A5GL >75@> =0 :0=>M. @C385 8AB>@88 > 09B0:5 70?5G0B;5=K 2 3@C1KE @8AC=:0E =0 :0<=5. =8 87>1@060NB 682>B=>5 A 4;8==>9 H559, C7:8< B5;>< 8 G5BK@L<O ?;02=8:0<8 G5@BK, 25AL<0 =0?><8=0NI85 E0@0:B5@8AB8:C ;>E-=5AA:>3> <>=AB@0 8 <=>38E 4@C38E >75@=KE 7<552 ?> 2A5<C <8@C. !C525@=>5 >B=>H5=85 8=459F52 : >18B0B5;N :0=030=0 4>2>;L=> 1KAB@> ?5@540;>AL 8 @0==8< 15;K< ?>A5;5=F0<, E>BO 87=0G0;L=>5 8<O <>=AB@0 1K;> 70<5=5=> =0 3>?>3>  708<AB2>20=85 87 ?>?C;O@=>3> ;>=4>=A:>3> <N78:-E>;;L=>3> H;O35@0.  :>=F5 XIX 25:0 =54>AB0B:0 2> 2AB@5G0E A =8< O2=> =5 8A?KBK20;>AL, 0 2 1914 3>4C 873=82HCN BCHC AB@0==>3> 725@O 2K=5A;> =0 15@53 >75@0. 4=0:> 2?;>BL 4> A0<>9 2>;=K 2AB@5G A GC4>28I5< 2 1950 3>4C 1>;LH8=AB2> :0=04F52 =5 ?@8=8<0;8 ;535=4C 2A5@L57. 2 8N;O MB>3> 3>40 ?;02CG53> 48=>702@0 2845;0 =5:0O <8AA8A @M9 2<5AB5 A A5<59AB2>< #>BA>=>2 87 >=@50;O  >=8 ?@54?@8=8<0;8 ?@>3C;:C ?> >75@C 1;87 5;>C=0. 8AA8A @M9 ?>765 >?8AK20;0 ACI5AB2> :0: 682>B=>5 A 4;8==K<, 87>3=CBK< B5;>< DCB>2 30 2 4;8=C, A>AB>OI8< 87 ?OB8 ?5B5;L, O2AB25==> @0745;5==KE ?@>AB@0=AB2>< 2 420 DCB0, 2 B> 2@5<O :0: =86=OO G0ABL MB8E 87282>2 2A5340 A:@K20;0AL ?>4 2>4>9. >?;0202 : A525@C >B ?CB5H5AB25==8:>2 =5A:>;L:> <8=CB, 4CE 24@C3 @57:> 428=C;AO G5@57 >75@> : N3C, ?@5A;54CO AB0N @K1K 8 >AB02;OO 70 A>1>9 H8@>:CN :8;L20B5@=CN 2>;=C. 0: 2A5340 1K205B 2 A;CG0OE A GC48I0<8 87 >75@, ;N48, A:;>==K5 : AB0@>402=59 <C4@>AB8, 1KAB@> @07>1@0;8AL 2> 2A5< 8 AB0;8 ?@54;030BL 157>?0A=K5, 5AB5AB25==K5 >1JOA=5=8O. $545@0F8O =0BC@0;8AB>2 @8B0=A:>9 >;C<188 2>725AB8;0, GB>, ?> <=5=8N 55 G;5=>2, >?B8G5A:85 8;;N788, ?>@>645==K5 2=570?=K< 2>;=>>1@07=K< 42865=85< =0 A?>:>9=>9 3;048 ?@8 >A>1>< >A25I5=88, 8 ?@825;8 >G5284F52 : B><C, GB> >=8 A?CB0;8 1>;LH85 B5=8 2 2>45 A ?;K2CI8< ?>4 =8<8 ACI5AB2><. -B> 70<KA;>20B>5 >1JOA=5=85 C4>2;5B2>@8;> =5:>B>@KE :0=04F52, B>340 :0: 4@C385, @5H82 =5 25;8:>4CH=8G0BL, A:;>=8;8AL : 1>;55 @07>1;0G8B5;L=><C AF5=0@8N: A2845B5;8 ?@54=0<5@5==> AD01@8:>20;8 A2>8 ?>:070=8O. 4=0:> 2KOA=8;>AL, GB> MB8 2AB@5G8 1K;8 ;8HL =0G0;>< 70304:8 =0 4>;385 3>4K.  B>< 65 3>4C <8AA8A . . M<15;;,=01;N40;0 ?>E>655 ACI5AB2> A ;C609:8 A2>53> 4><0 2 5;>C=5. > 55 A;>20<, B20@L 2KA>2K20;0AL 87 2>4K, =K@O;0 8 8AG570;0 B@8 @070. '5@57 =5A:>;L:> =545;L, 12 023CAB0, ?@5?>4>1=K9 #. !. 8=, ?0AB>@ 0=3;8:0=A:>9 F5@:28 2 5=B8:B>=5, A>75@F0;, :0: 3>?>3> O28;AO 87 <>I=>3> 1C@C=0 8 ?>?;K; ?> ?>25@E=>AB8, >AB02;OO :8;L20B5@=CN 2>;=C. -B0 2AB@5G0 ?@>87>H;0 1;87 0@0<0BK, 0 G5@57 <5AOF, >?OBL 2 B5E 65 :@0OE, <8AB5@ @NA 8;;5@ A 65=>9 C2845;8 <>=AB@0, :>340 ?@>5760;8 ?> 4>@>35, 254CI59 >B >75@0. K15602 87 <0H8=K, >=8, :0: >?8AK20;8 2?>A;54AB288, @073;O45;8 ACI5AB2> A 381:>9, <CA:C;8AB>9 H559, 25@B;O2>9 3>;>2>9 8 ?>AB>O==> 873810NI8<AO BC;>28I5<. %>BO MB> 8 1K;> ?>A;54=55 A>>1I5=85 > <>=AB@5 2 1950 3>4C, 2;045;5F :5<?8=30 =0 !0==8-8G ?>4;8; <0A;0 2 >3>=L, 70O282, GB> =0H5; A;54K 3>?>3> =0 ?5A:5. ?@>G5<, =8GB> =5 C:07K20;> =0 A2O7L >B?5G0B:>2 A 272>;=>202H59 2A5E B20@LN, =>, >4=0:>, 1K;> >G5284=>, GB> >=8 =5 ?@8=04;560B =8 >4=><C 87 8725AB=KE 682>B=KE. ! MB>3> =0?>;=5==>3> A>1KB8O<8 ;5B0 1950 3>40 >3>?>3><0=8O =5 CB8E05B. AA;54>20B5;L=8F0 @;5= 00;, :>B>@0O 70=8<0;0AL GC48I5< =0G8=0O A 1960 3>40, =0AG8B0;0 B0:8E 2AB@5G >:>;> 200. 'B> 1>;55 206=>  >=0 ?><>3;0 4>=5AB8 4> H8@>:>9 ?C1;8:8 :04@K :8=>?;5=>: 8 D>B>3@0D89, 70A=OBK5 A 15@530, :>B>@K5, :0: :065BAO, 2?>;=5 OA=> ?>:07K20NB =5:89 1>;LH>9 >4CH52;5==K9 >1J5:B, ?5@542830NI89AO 2 2>45 ?>4>1=> 7<55.  023CAB5 1968 3>40, =0?@8<5@, BC@8AB @B $>;45= ?>9<0; >3@><=>5 ?@5A<K:0NI55AO 2 >1J5:B82 A2>59 B5;5D>B>:0<5@K, =0E>4OAL =0 >1>G8=5 97-3> H>AA5  =0 2KA>B5, A :>B>@>9 >B:@K20;AO @>A:>H=K9 284 =0 2>4=CN H8@L. $>;45=>2A:89 4><0H=89 D8;L< =0 2>AL<8<8;;8<5B@>2>9 ?;5=:5 ?>:07K205B, :0: =5:89 :@C?=K9 ?@54<5B 2A?;K205B 87 2>4K O@40E 2 300 >B 15@530. O4 A>A5= =0 ?5@2>< ?;0=5 ?@5:@0A=> A;C68B <0AHB01=K< MB0;>=>< 8 ?>72>;O5B >F5=8BL 4;8=C 725@O >B :>=G8:0 =>A0 4> E2>AB0 (?@8<5@=> 60 DCB>2), 53> D>@<C (AC60NI55AO =0 :>=F0E B5;>) 8 1>;LHCN A:>@>ABL. >340 @45= 00; A0<0 C2845;0 D8;L< 2?5@2K5, B> ?>A;0;0 ?;5=:C =0 M:A?5@B87C 8 A>?>AB028;0 A 35>4578G5A:8< ?;0=>< <5AB=>AB8. -:A?5@BK ?@87=0;8 D8;L< ?>4;8==K<, 0 00; A 2?>;=5 ?>=OB=K< M=BC7807<>< 2>725AB8;0, GB> >= @07 8 =02A5340 4>:07K205B ACI5AB2>20=85 2 >75@5 :0=030= =5:>53> =5>1KG=>3> 682>B=>3>. 0;L=59H85 4>:070B5;LAB20 B>3>, GB> :0=04A:85 >75@=K5 GC48I0  =5 3075B=K5 CB:8 8 =5 30;;NF8=0F88, ?>O28;8AL 2 1977 3>4C, :>340 B@8 ?>42>4=8:0, >A=0I5==K5 A>2@5<5==K< ;>:0B>@=K< >1>@C4>20=85<, 70A5:;8 25-DCB>2K9 ?@54<5B 2 >75@5 >=8=30<C: 8 >BA;56820;8 53> 45AOBL 4=59. 2B><0B8G5A:85 :0<5@K 70D8:A8@>20;8 87>1@065=85 =5:>9 B5<=>9 <0AAK, ?@>?;K2H59 ?>4 8E ;>4:>9, =>, : A>60;5=8N, =8 >4=0 87 D>B>3@0D89 =5 O2;O5BAO 4>AB0B>G=> G5B:>9, GB>1K A C25@5==>ABLN >?@545;8BL, GB> 65 MB> 1K;>. A;8 1@0BL 8E ?> >B45;L=>AB8, B> =8 >4=> =01;N45=85 =5 A<>65B ?>A;C68BL 25@=K< 4>:070B5;LAB2>< ACI5AB2>20=8O ?>4>1=KE ACI5AB2. 4=0:>, :>340 O2;5=85 ?>2B>@O5BAO AB>;L G0AB>, >4=> :>;8G5AB2> C?><8=0=89 > =5< >G5284F52 C65 2?5G0B;O5B.  :>;8 <K 4>25@O5< B>G=>AB8 G5;>25G5A:>3> 3;070 8 ?@02482>AB8 A>B5= ^:0=04A:8E 3@0640=, B> =0< ?@845BAO ?@87=0BL, GB> 2 >75@5 :0=030= 8 <=>38E 4@C38E 1>;LH8E 2>4>5<0E 0=04K >18B0NB AB@0==K5 ACI5AB20. 0:>=5F AB>8B C?><O=CBL > AB@0==>9 35>3@0D8G5A:>9 ?@82O7:5. 1> 2@O4 ;8 <>65B 1KBL A>2?045=85<, GB> =081>;LH0O G0ABL =01;N45=89 4;8==>H58E <>=AB@>2 2 0=045 ?@>8AE>48;0 >:>;> 87>B5@<8G5A:>9 ?>;>AK 2 45AOBL 3@04CA>2 ?> &5;LA8N, GB> A>>B25BAB2C5B 8 >1;0AB8 2AB@5G A ?>4>1=K<8 ACI5AB20<8 2 4@C38E AB@0=0E !525@=>3> ?>;CH0@8O. 57 A><=5=8O, @0A?@545;5=85 MB8E ACI5AB2 ?> :0@B5 <8@0 A;54C5B :0:>9-B> >1I59 AE5<5, 8 <>6=> ?@>25AB8 A>548=8B5;L=CN ;8=8N <564C 0=04>9, @;0=4859, (>B;0=4859, >@253859, (25F859, $8=;O=4859 8 G0ABLN 1K2H53> !!! , 345 <>6=> B>65, AC4O ?> 2A5<C, 2AB@5B8BL GC4>28I0. 0: 2K@078;AO :@8?B>7>>;>3 4>:B>@ 5@=0@4 -925;L<0=A: 420 ;8 <>6=> @0AAG8BK20BL =0 1>;55 O2AB25==>5 ?>4B25@645=85 8E ACI5AB2>20=8O. "! !" !!  ?>A;54=55 2@5<O CG0AB8;8AL A;CG08 2AB@5G =5254><>3> ACI5AB20 2 >75@5 "O=LG8, GB> @0A?>;>65=> 2 3>@=>< @09>=5 0=LG6C@88 =0 3@0=8F5 A !525@=>9 >@559 =0 2KA>B5 2200 :8;><5B@>2. ;C18=0 >75@0 37 <5B@>2, ?;>I04L 75@:0;0 9,8 :204@0B=KE :8;><5B@>2. & 0==8< CB@>< BC@8AB>2 4>AB028;8 =0 15@53. 84K ?@54;>68;8 70=OBL <5AB0 C 2>4=>9 3;048 8 ?>;N1>20BLAO 2>AE>4>< A>;=F0. @>F5AA A>75@F0=8O 1K; ?@5@20= ?>O2;5=85< =0 ?>25@E=>AB8 >75@0 G5BK@5E =5>?>7=0==KE >1J5:B>2 682>B=>3> ?@>8AE>645=8O. =8 =0 1>;LH>9 A:>@>AB8 ?@>?;K;8 ?5@54 87C<;5==K<8 27>@0<8 ;N18B5;59 ?@8@>4K 8 A:@K;8AL 2 2>4=>9 B>;I5. 5@5?C30==K5 BC@8ABK, 5420 ?@84O 2 A51O, 70A2845B5;LAB2>20;8: ?>4>1=KE 725@59 >=8 =8:>340 2 687=8 =5 2845;8. G5284FK 2 >48= 3>;>A 3>2>@OB, GB> GC48I0 3=0;8 ?5@54 A>1>9 2>;=C 2KA>B>9 ?>GB8 2 420 <5B@0. 7 G53> 1K; A45;0= 2K2>4 > =525@>OB=>9 <0AA5 =57=0:><F52.  @0AA:070E >BACBAB2C5B C?><8=0=85 > :0:8E;81> 72C:0E, =0?><8=0NI8E DK@:0=L5. 5B B0:65 ?>:070=89 > =0;8G88 C <>=AB@>2 :>6=>-2>;>AO=>3> ;81> G5HC9G0B>3> ?>:@>20. > A2845B5;LAB20< 4@C38E =01;N40B5;59, C :064>3> 87 GC4>28I 3>;>20, :0: C :>@>2K, ?0ABL 2 2845 ?;>A:>3> :;N20, A?8=0 1;5ABOI0O 8 G5@=0O, ?>:@KB0O B5<=K< <5E><, 682>B 15;K9. > AG0AB;82>9 A;CG09=>AB8 O2;5=85 1K;> 70A=OB> =0 2845>:0<5@C >4=8< 87 BC@8AB>2. 0AA5B0 1K;0 ?5@540=0 2 8AA;54>20B5;LA:89 F5=B@, 70=8<0NI89AO @07304:>9 B09=K >75@0 "O=LG8 2 3>@0E '0=109H0=L. !B@0==K5 A>740=8O 1K;8 70<5G5=K 2 =5< 5I5 420 3>40 =0704. 5 @07 2>72@0I0;8AL 87 MB>3> 48:>3> <5AB0 >H5;><;5==K5 BC@8ABK, 8=B@83CO @0AA:070<8 > 2AB@5G0E A D0=B0AB8G5A:8< ACI5AB2><. 0:>=5F 53> C40;>AL 70A=OBL =0 ?;5=:C, 8 M:A?5@BK ?>A;5 0=0;870 >15I0NB ?>45;8BLAO A2>8<8 A>>1@065=8O<8. ' "  /#"!%   ?5@2K5 <8@>20O >1I5AB25==>ABL C7=0;0 > B08=AB25==KE 682>B=KE 2 O:CBA:8E >75@0E 87 4=52=8:0 35>;>30 8:B>@0 "25@4>E;51>20, >?C1;8:>20==>3> 2 6C@=0;5 >:@C3 A25B0 2 1961 3>4C.  >48= 87 25G5@>2 =0 >75@5 >@>B0 >= =01;N40; =5254><>5 ACI5AB2>. & -B> 1K;> GB>-B> 682>5, :0:>5-B> 682>B=>5. => 42830;>AL ?> 4C35: A=0G0;0 24>;L >75@0, ?>B>< ?@O<> : =0<. > <5@5 B>3> :0: 682>B=>5 ?@81;860;>AL : =0<, AB@0==>5 >F5?5=5=85, >B :>B>@>3> E>;>455B 2=CB@8, >E20BK20;> <5=O. 04 2>4>9 GCBL-GCBL 2>72KH0;0AL B5<=>-A5@0O >20;L=0O BCH0. 0 55 D>=5 >BG5B;82> 2K45;O;8AL 420 A8<<5B@8G=KE 15;KE ?OB=0, ?>E>68E =0 3;070 682>B=>3>, 0 87 B5;0 53> B>@G0;> GB>-B> 2@>45 ?0;:8& >65B 1KBL, ?;02=8:? K 2845;8 ;8HL =51>;LHCN G0ABL 682>B=>3>, => ?>4 2>4>9 C304K20;>AL >3@><=>5, <0AA82=>5 B5;>. 1 MB>< <>6=> 1K;> 4>3040BLAO, 284O, :0: GC4>28I5 428305BAO: BO65;K<8 1@>A:0<8, =5A:>;L:> ?@8?>4=8<0OAL 87 2>4K, >=> 1@>A0;>AL 2?5@54, 0 70B5< ?>;=>ABLN ?>3@C60;>AL 2 2>4C. @8 MB>< >B 53> 3>;>2K H;8 2>;=K, @>6402H85AO 345B> ?>4 2>4>9.  %;>?05B ?0ABLN, ;>28B @K1C , <5;L:=C;0 4>304:0& 5@54 =0<8 1K; E8I=8:, 157 A><=5=8O, >48= 87 A8;L=59H8E E8I=8:>2 <8@0: B0:0O =5C:@>B8<0O, 15A?>I04=0O, :0:0O-B> >A<KA;5==0O A28@5?>ABL GC2AB2>20;0AL 2 :064>< 53> 42865=88, 2> 2A5< >1;8:5.  AB0 <5B@0E >B 15@530 682>B=>5 >AB0=>28;>AL. => 24@C3 A8;L=> 7018;>AL =0 2>45, ?>4=O;8AL 2>;=K, 8 =8:0: =5;L7O 1K;> ?>=OBL, GB> ?@>8AE>48B. @>H;0 <8=CB0  8 682>B=>5 8AG57;>, =K@=C;>. ">;L:> B>340 O 2A?><=8; > D>B>0??0@0B5& @02 1K; O:CB-@K10:, C 682>B=>3> @0AAB>O=85 <564C 3;07 459AB28B5;L=> 1K;> =5 <5=LH5 ?;>B0 87 10 1@525=& "5?5@L > A>1KB8OE =0 >75@5 %09K@. 8:>;09 ;04:8E, G;5= 18>;>38G5A:>3> >B@O40 /:CBA:>3> D8;80;0 :045<88 =0C:, >B?@028;AO @0=> CB@>< : >75@C 70 2>4>9. 845=85 2>7=8:;> 2=570?=>: =0 15@53 2K?>;7;> AB@0==>5 GC4>28I5. 0;5=L:0O 3>;>20 =0 4;8==>9 ;>A=OI59AO H55, >3@><=>5 BC;>28I5 A 8AA8=O-G5@=>9 :>659, 25@B8:0;L=> B>@G0I89 A?8==>9 ?;02=8:  B0: @0AA:07K20; >H5;><;5==K9 =5>6840==>9 2AB@5G59 >G52845F B>20@8I0<, :>B>@K5 ?@81560;8 =0 53> :@8:8.  GC4>28I5 B5< 2@5<5=5< A:@K;>AL 2 3;C18=0E >75@0, 8 ;8HL 2>;=0, ?@>15602H0O ?> ?>25@E=>AB8 2>4K, 40 ?@8<OB0O B@020 A2845B5;LAB2>20;8 > B><, GB> 745AL ?@>87>H;>. A:>@5 E09K@A:>5 GC4>28I5 2=>2L =0?><=8;> > A515, 2A?;K2 2 =5A:>;L:8E A>B=OE <5B@>2 >B 3@C??K =01;N40B5;59. 5>6840==> =0 A5@548=5 >75@0 ?>O28;0AL 3>;>20, 70B5< ?;02=8: =0 A?8=5, 2A?><8=0; 70<5AB8B5;L =0G0;L=8:0 !525@>->AB>G=>9 M:A?548F88 # @83>@89 C:>AC52. ;8==K< E2>AB>< ACI5AB2> 18;> ?> 2>45, >BG53> ?> >75@C @0AE>48;8AL 2>;=K. # 68B5;59 =51>;LH>3> O:CBA:>3> A5;0, @0A?>;>65==>3> =5?>40;5:C >B >75@0, C:>AC52C C40;>AL 2KOA=8BL, GB> AB@0==K5 2A?;5A:8 8 3;CE85 72C:8  =5 @54:>ABL =0 %09K@5. /:CBK 402=> ?@8<5B8;8 B08=AB25==>3> >18B0B5;O 2>4>5<0 8 >:@5AB8;8 53> G5@B><. =>3> 45AOB8;5B89 =0704 =0 15@53C >75@0 1K;8 =0945=K >3@><=K5 G5;NAB8 IC:8, 2 :>B>@K5, =5 A3810OAL, <>3 2>9B8 ?OB8;5B=89 <0;KH. 5 3830=BA:0O ;8 IC:0 H0;8B 2 >75@5? 5AL<0 :AB0B8 >:070;8AL 2>A?><8=0=8O 8725AB=>3> ?>;O@=>3> HBC@<0=0 0;5=B8=0 ::C@0B>20.  1939-1940 3>40E 5<C ?@8E>48;>AL ;5B0BL =04 MB8<8 <5AB0<8. 4=064K A 2KA>BK 700-800 <5B@>2 >= 8 8725AB=K9 ?>;O@=K9 ;5BG8: 20= '5@528G=K9 70<5B8;8 2 >75@5 420 4;8==KE B5<=KE ?OB=0, :>B>@K5 8< ?>:070;8AL 682K<8 ACI5AB20<8. !=8782H8AL 4> 50 <5B@>2, ?8;>BK >BG5B;82> @073;O45;8 :@C?=K5 B5;0 =58725AB=KE 682>B=KE, :>B>@K5, 8A?C302H8AL HC<0 A0<>;5B0, A:@K;8AL 2 3;C18=5. 0:8< 65 ?CB5< 2 <0;5=L:>< 70<:=CB>< 2>4>5<5, 4;8=0 :>B>@>3> 2A53> 600 <5B@>2, H8@8=0  500, 0 3;C18=0 =5 ?@52KH05B 10 <5B@>2, <>3;8 >:070BLAO ?;578>702@K, 2K<5@H85 1>;55 60 <8;;8>=>2 ;5B =0704? -=BC780ABK ACI5AB2>20=8O AG8B0NI8EAO 2K<5@H8<8 682>B=KE 2K42830NB A;54CNICN 25@A8N. >340-B> =0 <5AB5 BC=4@K ?;5A:0;>AL <>@5. >340 >=> >BABC?8;> 8 =0G0;>AL >;545=5=85, 8A:>?05<K5 682>B=K5, >18B02H85 2 53> ?@81@56=KE 2>40E, 2?0;8 2 A?OG:C, ?@>4>;602HCNAO F5;CN 25G=>ABL. '5@57 <8;;8>=K ;5B @0AB0O2H85 ;L4K >A2>1>48;8 8E 87 ?;5=0, 8 >=8 >68;8 2 ?@>3@52H8EAO 2>40E >75@0 %09K@, :0: B5 65 70?>;O@=K5 B@8B>=K, :>B>@KE =5<0;> =0E>4OB 2 /:CB88 8 03040=A:>9 >1;0AB8 =0 3;C18=5 20 <5B@>2 2 B>;I5 BKAOG5;5B=8E ;L4>2. @>B82=8:8 MB>9 38?>B57K AG8B0NB, GB> =58725AB=K5 A>2@5<5==>9 =0C:5 :@C?=K5 682>B=K5 <>3CB 68BL ;8HL 2 3;C1>:8E 2>4>5<0E, 701K20O ?@8 MB><, GB> 2 4@52=>AB8 3830=BA:85 @5?B8;88 >18B0;8 2 >A=>2=>< =0 <5;:>2>4L5. >;55 A5@L57=K<8 ?@54AB02;ONBAO 70<5G0=8O A:5?B8:>2 > =54>AB0B>G=>9 :>@<>2>9 1075: :064>5 682>B=>5 25A>< =5 <5=55 B>==K 4>;6=> ?>3;>I0BL 45AOB:8 :8;>3@0<<>2 @K1K 5654=52=>. !<>65B ;8 =51>;LH>5 >75@> 2>A?@>8725AB8 AB>;L:> :>@<0? >7@060O 8<, <>6=> 70<5B8BL, GB> 2>4=>5 682>B=>5 2 A>AB>O=88 ?>:>O @0AE>4C5B <0;> M=5@388 8 ?>MB><C =C6405BAO 2 >B=>A8B5;L=> =51>;LH>< :>;8G5AB25 ?8I8.  B><C 65 2?>;=5 @50;L=> ?@54?>;>68BL, GB> ?@8 B5<?5@0BC@5 2>4K 2 420-B@8 3@04CA0 (B0:>9 >=0 >AB05BAO 2 %09K@5 1>;LHCN G0ABL 3>40) 687=5==K5 ?@>F5AAK C 682>B=KE 70<54;ONBAO, 8 >=8 2?040NB 2 A?OG:C.  A:>;L:> >=0 <>65B ?@>4>;60BLAO  =8:><C =5 8725AB=>. "& #% ? > G8A;C =5@073040==KE B09= 04030A:0@ 70=8<05B, ?>60;C9, ?5@2>5 <5AB> A@548 ?@>G8E 48:>28==KE >AB@>2>2. =>3> ;5B MB=>3@0DK 8 8AB>@8:8 1LNBAO =04 70304:>9 ?@>8AE>645=8O <0;L30H59, :>@5==KE 68B5;59 >AB@>20: =5A<>B@O =0 ?@8=F8?80;L=CN OA=>ABL, GB> >=8 ?@8H;8 AN40 87 .3>->AB>G=>9 788, <=>3>5 >AB05BAO BC<0==K<. 5 CB8E0NB A?>@K >1 0D@8:0=A:>< 2;8O=88 =0 >AB@>2 2 4@52=>AB8. > A0<>9 4@52=59 70304:>9 A;54C5B AG8B0BL B09=C M?8>@=8A0  3830=BA:>9 =5;5B0NI59 ?B8FK& &  O @5H8;AO =0 MB> 45;>, 2K;>68; <=>3> 45=53, :C?8; =0 =8E B>20@K, A2O70; 8E 8 C2845; ?@5:@0A=K9 :>@01;L A ?0@CA0<8 87 :@0A82>9 B:0=8& <5AB5 A> <=>65AB2>< :C?F>2 O A;>68; =0 =53> BN:8, 8 <K >B?@028;8AL 2 B>B 65 45=L. CB5H5AB285 =0H5 H;> E>@>H>, <K ?5@5?;K20;8 87 <>@O 2 <>@5, >B >AB@>20 : >AB@>2C& "0: =0G8=05BAO @0AA:07 >1 >4=>< 87 C4828B5;L=KE ?@8:;NG5=89 !8=41040-<>@5E>40, 35@>O A:07>: "KAOG8 8 >4=>9 =>G8. >A;5 4>;38E AB@0=AB289 !8=4104 >:07K205BAO =0 =5>18B05<>< >AB@>25 8 2848B& 4=0:> 2=0G0;5 ?>7=0:><8<AO A 8AB>@859 2>?@>A0, :>B>@K9 2>;=C5B A53>4=O :@8?B>7>>;>3>2.  1658 3>4C 2KH;0 :=830 D@0=FC7A:>3> ?CB5H5AB25==8:0 -BL5=0 45 $;0:C@0 AB>@8O 1>;LH>3> >AB@>20 04030A:0@0. 2B>@0 :=838 ?>4=O;8 =0 A<5E: =8:B> =5 ?>25@8; @0AA:070<, 70?8A0==K< $;0:C@>< A> A;>2 <5AB=KE 68B5;59. 0725 <>6=> 1K;> ?>25@8BL, : ?@8<5@C, GB> =0 >AB@>25 6825B ?B8F0 @07<5@>< GCBL ;8 =5 A> A;>=0? @>H;8 3>4K, ?>O28;8AL =>2K5 A>>1I5=8O. >1K202H85 =0 >AB@>25 A>>1I0;8, GB> B0< 8 2?@024C >18B05B =5254><0O ?B8F0 >3@><=KE @07<5@>2 8 =5A5B >=0 B0:85 :@C?=K5 O9F0, GB> 68B5;8 8A?>;L7CNB 8E A:>@;C?C :0: A>AC4K 4;O 2>4K& @8<5@=> 2 MB> 2@5<O 2@>?0 ?>7=0:><8;0AL A 0@01A:8<8 A:07:0<8  A C4828B5;L=K< <8@>< <>3CG8E 2>;H51=8:>2, =5A@02=5==KE 2>AB>G=KE :@0A028F 8 <C4@KE 468==>2.  2 MB8E A:07:0E B0:65 C?><8=05BAO B08=AB25==0O ?B8F0!.. 'B> 65 MB> 70 682>B=>5? !CI5AB2>20;> ;8 >=> 2>>1I5 2 ?@8@>45? & >340 !8=4104 ?@81K; =0 >AB@>2, ?5@54 =8<1 1;5A=C; >3@><=K9 15;K9 :C?>;. >@5E>4 >1>H5; 53>, => =5 >1=0@C68; 425@59; ?>?KB0;AO 27>1@0BLAO =025@E, => =5 A<>3, B0: :0: ?>25@E=>ABL :C?>;0 1K;0 A>25@H5==> 3;04:>9.  :>=F5 :>=F>2 2KOA=8;>AL, GB> :C?>;  2>2A5 =5 :C?>;, 0 =525@>OB=KE @07<5@>2 O9F>. 57CA;>2=>, !8=4104 ?@5C25;8G820;, A@02=820O O9F> A 3@><04=K< :C?>;><, =>, 7=0G8B, 1K; ?>2>4 : ?@5C25;8G5=8N, 8 8AB8==K5 @07<5@K O9F0 459AB28B5;L=> 1K;8 7=0G8B5;L=K<8&  2>B 4>AB>25@=K5 D0:BK.  1834 3>4C D@0=FC7A:89 ?CB5H5AB25==8: C4> =0H5; =0 04030A:0@5 ?>;>28=C O8G=>9 A:>@;C?K B0:>3> @07<5@0, GB> 55 8 2 A0<>< 45;5 <>6=> 1K;> 8A?>;L7>20BL :0: ?>AC4C 4;O 2>4K. CB5H5AB25==8: >B?@028; 70@8A>2:C A:>@;C?K ?0@86A:><C >@=8B>;>3C 5@@>. 0 >A=>20=88 @8AC=:0 CG5=K9 >:@5AB8; ?B8FC, A=5AHCN O9F>, 25;8:>@>A;>9  M?8>@=8A><. @>H;> =5A:>;L:> ;5B, 8 2 0@86 4>AB028;8 F5;KE 420 O9F0.  70B5< 2 1>;>B0E >AB@>20 1K;> =0945=> =5A:>;L:> 3830=BA:8E :>AB59, :>B>@K5 ?>=0G0;C ?@8=O;8 70 >AB0=:8 A;>=0 8;8 =>A>@>30. > :>AB8 ?@8=04;560;8 ?B8F5!  ?B8F0 B0 4>;6=0 1K;0 25A8BL ?> <5=LH59 <5@5 ?>;B>==K& 5=5F80=A:><C ?CB5H5AB25==8:C 0@:> >;> =5 4>25;>AL A0<><C ?>1K20BL =0 04030A:0@5, => 8 >= A;KH0; C4828B5;L=K5 8AB>@88: 0AA:07K20NB, GB> 5ABL B0< ?B8F0 3@8D, ?>O2;O5BAO 2 8725AB=>5 2@5<O 3>40, 8 2> 2A5< 3@8D =5 B0:>2, :0: C =0A 4C<0NB 8 :0: 53> 87>1@060NB. # =0A 3>2>@OB, GB> 3@8D =0?>;>28=C ?B8F0, =0?>;>28=C ;52, 8 MB> =5?@0240. "5, GB> 53> 2845;, C25@ONB, GB> >= ?>E>6 =0 >@;0, => B>;L:> >G5=L 1>;LH>9& >2CB 53> =0 >AB@>25 C:><. !8=4104 =07K20; ?B8FC CE.  ?5@A84A:>9 <8D>;>388 55 =0@5:;8 !8<C@3. ABL 0=0;>388 8 2 @CAA:8E A:07:0E, B>;L:> B0< ?B8F0 2KABC?05B 157K<O==>9& 'B> MB>, A>2?045=85? !2845B5;LAB2> B>3>, GB> C :064>3> =0@>40 1K;0 A2>O >A=>20 4;O ;535=4K? 848<>, =5B. AA;54>20B5;8, 70=8<0NI85AO 2>?@>A0<8 ?@>8AE>645=8O 8 A>AB020 "KAOG8 8 >4=>9 =>G8, ?@8H;8 : 2K2>4C, GB> >A=>20 MB>3> A2>40  A>740==K5 2 =488 D0=B0AB8G5A:85 A:07:8 8 4840:B8G5A:85 ?>25AB2>20=8O, >B=>AOI85AO : B0: =07K205<><C 682>B=><C M?>AC. > 8E <=5=8N, >1@075F 4;O :><?>78F88 40; 0@010< 8=489A:89 A1>@=8: ?@8BG > 682>B=KE 0=G0B0=B@0. 0 AN65BK, 708<AB2>20==K5 87 MB>3> 8AB>G=8:0, =0A;>8;8AL 2?5G0B;5=8O, 2K=5A5==K5 87 40;L=8E <>@A:8E ?CB5H5AB289 ?> =489A:><C >:50=C 2 ?5@2K5 25:0 =0H59 M@K. ?@>G5<, B>;L:> ;8 2 ?5@2K5 25:0? 5 B0: 402=> D@0=FC7A:85 7>>;>38 A=>20 >1=0@C68;8 =0 04030A:0@5 >AB0=:8 M?8>@=8A0. "5?5@L >=8, :>=5G=>, =8:>3> =5 C4828;8. !5=A0F859 AB0;> 4@C3>5: : =>35 ?B8FK 1K;> ?@8:@5?;5=> 1@>=7>2>5 :>;LF> (!), 40 5I5 A :0:8<8-B> 70304>G=K<8 7=0:0<8. -:A?5@BK ?@8H;8 : 2K2>4C, GB> 7=0:8 =0 :>;LF5 =5 GB> 8=>5, :0: >BB8A: ?5G0B8 M?>E8 4@52=59H59 3>@>4A:>9 F828;870F88 =488  >E5=46>-0@>. =0G8B, ?5G0BL 873>B>2;5=0 >:>;> 5 BKAOG ;5B =0704. 048>C3;5@>4=K9 0=0;87 :>AB59 ?B8FK ?><>3 CAB0=>28BL 55 2>7@0AB: >= @025= ?OB8 BKAOG5;5B8O<! ;O A?5F80;8AB>2, 2=8<0B5;L=> A>?>AB0282H8E <=>385 D0:BK, :>5-GB> ?@>OA=8;>AL.  3-< BKAOG5;5B88 4> =. M. 68B5;8 =4>AB0=0 A>25@H0;8 A<5;K5 <>@A:85 M:A?548F88.  MB><C 2@5<5=8 C =8E 1K; =0:>?;5= <=>3>25:>2>9 >?KB 2>645=8O :>@01;59  A59G0A CG5=K< 8725AB=K <>@A:85 ?>@BK, ?>AB@>5==K5 2 5-< BKAOG5;5B88 4> =. M. >1K20;8 8=489FK 8 =0 04030A:0@5. AB@>2 ?>@078; ?CB5H5AB25==8:>2 @07=>>1@0785< @0AB8B5;L=>3> 8 682>B=>3> <8@0. ">340 745AL 2 87>18;88 2>48;8AL M?8>@=8AK. !@548 <>@O:>2 =025@=O:0 1K;8 ;N18B5;8 D0=B0AB8G5A:8E 8AB>@89, >1;0402H85 : B><C 65 ?K;:8< 2>>1@065=85<, B0: @0AA:07K 25@=C2H8EAO 4><>9 <>@5?;020B5;59 >1@>A;8 4>?>;=8B5;L=K<8 45B0;O<8, 15A:@K;0O ?B8F0 AB0;0 ;5B0BL, >=0 70<5B=> C25;8G8;0AL 2 @07<5@0E, ?@8>1@5;0 E8I=K9 =@02& "0:>9 >1@07 ?B8FK CE 8 2>H5; 2 4@52=59H89 M?>A. BBC40 >=0 ?5@5:>G520;0 : ?5@A0<, 0@010< 8 4@C38< =0@>40<. >=5G=>, MB> ;8HL ?@54?>;>65=85, 8 =>2K5 =0E>4:8, <>3CB ;81> ?>4B25@48BL, ;81> >?@>25@3=CBL 53>. 4=0:> 7>>;>3>2 2>;=C5B =5 B>;L:> 8AB>@8O >1@070 B08=AB25==>9 ?B8FK. /9F0, :>B>@K5 =0E>48;8 =0 ?5AG0=KE 4N=0E 8 2 1>;>B0E 2 N6=>9 G0AB8 >AB@>20, 2K3;O45;8 ?>4>7@8B5;L=> A2568<8. 070;>AL, >=8 A=5A5=K A>2A5< =5402=>& 5AB=K5 68B5;8 C25@5=K, GB> 2 A0<KE 4@5<CG8E ;5A0E >AB@>20 4> A8E ?>@ 682CB 3830=BA:85 ?B8FK, >4=0:> C2845BL 8E =5;53:>&  A0<>< 45;5, A@02=8B5;L=> =5402=> 52@>?59A:85 <8AA8>=5@K A;KH0;8 3;CE85, CB@>1=K5 :@8:8 =5254><>9 ?B8FK, 4>=>A82H85AO 87 3;C18=K ;5A=KE 1>;>B.  B> 65 2@5<O 2 <5AB=KE ?@540=8OE =8 A;>20 =5 3>2>@8BAO >1 >E>B5 =0 M?8>@=8A0  7=0G8B, 68B5;8 @048 <OA0 8E =5 8AB@51;O;8. >=5G=>, A>:@0I5=85 :>;8G5AB20 8;8 4065 8AG57=>25=85 48:>28==KE ?B8F <>3;> ?@>87>9B8 2 ?@>F5AA5 >A2>5=8O >AB@>20  2K@C1:8 ;5A0, >ACH5=8O 1>;>B. > 254L =0 04030A:0@5 >AB0;8AL 5I5 >3@><=K5 CG0AB:8 70?>254=KE 46C=3;59 8 =5E>65=KE 1>;>B. !;>2><, <5AB0 4;O 682>B=>3> M?8>@=8A0 4>AB0B>G=>&    830=BK-<>0 8725AB=K G5;>25:C 402=>, => A :0:>3> B>G=> 2@5<5=8  A:070BL C65 =52>7<>6=>. >;LH8=AB2> 02B>@>2 ;8HL ?5@5A:07K20;8 87 :=86:8 2 :=86:C @07=K5 10A=8 8 ;535=4K > =59. > 5ABL 8 >4=0 B>G=0O 40B0  1839 3>4, :>340 ?5@20O :>ABL <>0 ?>?0;0 2 @C:8 CG5=KE. "0:8< 8AA;54>20B5;5<. >:070;AO 8G0@4 CM=, 0, ?> ?@540=8N, ?@8=5A 55 : =5<C 8 >AB028; =58725AB=K9 <>@O:, :>340 ?@>D5AA>@ 1K; 2 >B?CA:5. >340 CM= 25@=C;AO 8 >A<>B@5; :>ABL, B> ?>=O;, GB> >= AB>8B ?5@54 >B:@KB85< <8@>2>3> 7=0G5=8O. = =0G0; 8A:0BL <>@O:0, => B>B :0: A:2>7L 75<;N ?@>20;8;AO. !;>2><, 8AB>@8O 2 4CE5 M?>E8 28:B>@80=A:>9 =3;88. > :>ABL A >1>8<8 >1;><0==K<8 :>=F0<8 459AB28B5;L=> ACI5AB2>20;0, 8 55 4>AB028; 2 =3;8N E8@C@3 6>= C;, 8 >= 2845;AO A CM=><. !=0G0;0 B>B =5 ?@840; 59 7=0G5=8O, ?@8=O2 55 70 AC?>2CN :>ABL 1K:0. > ?> =0AB>O=8N C;0 701@0; 55 A A>1>9 2 <C759, GB>1K 2KOA=8BL, :><C 65 >=0 <>65B ?@8=04;560BL. >340 65 >= C2845;, GB> >=0 >G5=L ?>E>60 =0 AB@0CA8=CN, B>;L:> =525@>OB=KE @07<5@>2, >=, <O3:> 3>2>@O, ?@8704C<0;AO. >;;538, A :>B>@K<8 CM= >1AC640; >B:@KB85, ?>A>25B>20;8 =5 A?5H8BL A 2K2>40<8: ?CABL ?>O2OBAO =>2K5 40==K5. > >= 25@8; 2 A2>8 A8;K 8 =5 =C640;AO 2 A>25BG8:0E. 5@54 =8< 1K;0 :>ABL ?B8FK B0:>3> AB@>5=8O, :0: C AB@0CA0, => BO65;55 8 :@C?=55, 8 :>ABL 1K;0 =5 8A:>?05<0O! =0G8B, 4>;6=K 1KBL 4@C385 >AB0=:8, 5A;8 =5 A0<8 682K5 ?B8FK, @5H8; CG5=K9, 8 >1I5AB25==>ABL >2>9 5;0=488 4>;6=0 ?><>GL 5<C! = 70:070; 500 >BB8A:>2 >1@0I5=8O 8 @07>A;0; 8E <8AA8>=5@0<, B>@3>2K< 035=B0<, <>@O:0< 2 =045645 =0 ?>445@6:C. "0: A;CG8;>AL, GB>, ?>:0 53> <0B5@80;K ?;K;8 =0 40;5:85 >AB@>20, ?>O28;8AL =>2K5 4>:070B5;LAB20  F5;>5 A:>?8I5 :>AB59 <>0. 5@2K<8 A>>1I5=8O<8 > >2>9 5;0=488 1K;8 =5A><=5==> 4>=5A5=8O C:0. 5:>B>@K5 02B>@K CB25@640;8, GB>, :>340 :>@01;L C:0 1@>A8; O:>@L, 3830=BA:0O ?B8F0 AB>O;0 =0 15@53C 8 8AG57;0 2 G0I5, :0: B>;L:> ;>4:0 =0?@028;0AL : 15@53C. !0< C: >1 MB>< =5 ?8A0;: 2 53> 4>=5A5=88 =5B =8G53>, GB> 1K C:07K20;> =0 ACI5AB2>20=85 <>0. "0: GB> <>;G0=85 C:0 @0AF5=820;>AL :0: 4>:070B5;LAB2> B>3>, GB> <>0 2> 2@5<O C:0 C65 =5 ACI5AB2>20;> =0 >AB@>20E. 7 :=838 8;;8 5O 48=>@>3 8 4@C385: ! =0G0;0 ?@>H;>3> 25:0 <=>3> ;N459  3;02=K< >1@07><, 0=3;8G0=  AB0;8 5748BL 2 >2CN 5;0=48N 8 ?8A0BL :=838 > ?CB5H5AB28OE. !B@0==>, => H5ABL ?5@2KE :=83 2>>1I5 <>0 =5 C?><8=0;8. 5@2>9 ;0AB>G:>9 AB0;0 :=830 6>M;0 >;0:0, B>@3>2F0, 2KH54H0O 2 >=4>=5 2 1838 3>4C. = ?>B5@?5; :@CH5=85 =0 !525@=>< >AB@>25 2 1831 3>4C 8 ?@>25; B0< H5ABL ;5B. >;0: ?8A0;, GB> >1I0;AO A <0>@8 8 B5 ?>:07K20;8 5<C 1>;LH85 :>AB8. = 4>102;O5B, GB> 682>B=K5, :>B>@K< >=8 ?@8=04;560;8, >18B0NB =0 .6=>< >AB@>25, 345 >=8 5I5 682K.  A>60;5=8N, >;0: =5 3>2>@8B, :B> 5<C MB> A:070;. 0>@8? ;8 >= A0< A45;0; B0:>9 2K2>4? =830 B>@3>2F0 >;0:0  >1KG=>5 =5<C4@5=>5 ?>25AB2>20=85 > 687=8 2 >2>9 5;0=488, => C?><8=0=85 > 682KE <>0 2K45;O5B 55 87 G8A;0 4@C38E 8AB>G=8:>2. 8AA8>=5@ #8;LO< >;5=A> C?>@=> CB25@6405B, GB> MB0 :=830  <8AB8D8:0F8O. ">@3>25F >;0: 2>>1I5 =5 C<5; ?8A0BL!  =5 <>3 >= 2845BL :>AB8 <>0, >= 1K =5?@5<5==> ?@8E20B8; 8E A A>1>9! A5 MB> >;5=A> 70O2;O5B : B><C, GB> =5 >;0:, 0 >=, ?@5?>4>1=K9 >B5F, 8 1K; :@5AB=K< >BF>< <>0. 5 7=0N, GB> 2K720;> B0:CN =5;N1>2L >;5=A> : >;0:C. 025@=>5, A0<0 :=830 > >2>9 5;0=488 A 8<5=5< >;0:0 =0 >1;>6:5. / ?@>G5; 55 2 =LN-9>@:A:>9 ?C1;8G=>9 181;8>B5:5.  O =5 <>3C 4>?CAB8BL, GB>1K >;0:, 1C4CG8 B>@3>2F5<, >:070;AO =53@0<>B=K< G5;>25:><! 0G5< 5<C :>AB8? = B>@3>20; A ;N4L<8, :>B>@K5 =5 >F5=8;8 1K 8E. = ?5@5?@02;O; B>20@ 2 8B09, 0 B0< >=8 O2=> =8 : G5<C. C<0N, >;0: 7=0;, G5< =C6=> B>@3>20BL. 8AB5@ >;5=A> 65 A;KH0; > <>0 >B <0>@8, :>B>@K5 @0AA:070;8 5<C, 1C4B> 1>;LH>9 AB0@K9 <>0 CAB@>8; =0AB>OI89 B5@@>@ A@548 <5AB=KE 68B5;59, 682H8E 2>:@C3 3>@K 0:0?C=0=5. = A0< ?>;030;, GB> MB> 2A53> ;8HL ;535=40. > :>340 C7=0; > <>0 >B 4@C38E ;N459, B> @5H8; ;5B>< 1841 8 1842 3>4>2 ?@>25AB8 A>1AB25==>5 @0AA;54>20=85. !0< >= B0: 8 =5 A>25@H8; ?CB5H5AB28O, B0: :0: =5 AC<5; =09B8 =8 >4=>3> <5AB=>3> 68B5;O, :>B>@K9 1K A>3;0A8;AO A>?@>2>640BL 53>. '5@57 =5A:>;L:> ;5B >:@5AB=K5 3>@K >1A;54>20;8, => 3830=B0 =5 >1=0@C68;8. A:0; 53> :@5I5=K9 <0>@8. '5;>25:0, >1@0B82H53> 53> 2 E@8AB80=A:CN 25@C, 720;8 ?@5?>4>1=K9 >B5F #8;LO< #8;LO<5, !>18@0B5;L :>AB59 <>0, <8AB5@ #8;LO<5 >:070;AO 1>;55 C40G;82, G5< >AB0;L=K5.  :>@78=0 A 53> =0E>4:0<8 >B?@028;0AL B8E8< E>4>< 2 >=4>=. > BCB 2ABC?8;8 2 A8;C AB@0==K5 1@8B0=A:85 B0<>65==K5 70:>=K, :>B>@K5 70?@5I0;8 ?5@52>7:C :>AB59.  1>@L1C 70 :>AB8 2:;NG8;AO A0< CM= 2<5AB5 A >@>;52A:8< 7>>;>38G5A:8< >1I5AB2><, 8 @57C;LB0B>< AB0; 1;5ABOI89 4>:;04 ?0;5>=B>;>30 > 2K<5@H8E ?B8F0E >2>9 5;0=488 =0 70A540=88 >1I5AB20. @C38< 2>?@>A>< 1K;>  :>340 65 2K<5@;8 <>0 8 ?> :0:>9 ?@8G8=5? 'B> <>3;8 @0AA:070BL ?> MB><C ?>2>4C A0<8 <0>@8? 4=0 87 ;535=4 A>E@0=8;0AL 1;03>40@O 3C15@=0B>@C >2>9 5;0=488 $8F >N.  1844 3>4C >= 2AB@5B8; AB0@8:0-<0>@8 ?> 8<5=8 %0C<0B0=38. !B0@8: A 3>@4>ABLN @0AA:070; 3C15@=0B>@C, GB> 2 45BAB25 >= 2845; :0?8B0=0 C:0. -B> O2=> >B=>A8BAO : ?CB5H5AB28N 1773 3>40, 8 B0: :0: %0C<0B0=38 1K;> >:>;> 85, 7=0G8B, : ?@8574C C:0 >= 1K; 13-14-;5B=8< ?>4@>AB:><. "0:>5 2?>;=5 <>6=> 4>?CAB8BL. %0C<0B0=38 @0AA:070;, GB> ?>A;54=53> <>0 2 53> ?@>28=F88 2845;8 70 420 3>40 4> MB>3>. C<0N, GB> B0:>5 70O2;5=85 8<55B >?@545;5==CN F5==>ABL. @C30O 8AB>@8O 8<5;0 <5AB> ?>765, >=0 > B><, :0: 2>64L <0>@8 025=0 08-08 <0;LG8H:>9 ?@8=8<0; CG0AB85 2 >E>B5 =0 <>0. !>1KB85 >B=>A8BAO : 1798-1799 3>40<. 20 8;8 B@8 4@C38E <0>@8, >?@>H5==K5 2 A5@548=5 XIX AB>;5B8O, 2A?><8=0;8, :0: 8E 454K @0AA:07K20;8 8<, 1C4B> >=8 5I5 >E>B8;8AL =0 <>0. =8 2A?><8=0;8 45B0;8, :0: 0B0:>20==K5 <>0 AB0=>28;8AL =0 >4=C =>3C 8 >B1820;8AL 4@C3>9. E>B=8G89 ?@85< 70:;NG0;AO 2 B><, GB> =5A:>;L:> G5;>25: 45@60;> ?B8FC 2 =0?@O65=88, 0 4@C385 ?>418@0;8AL A7048 A 4;8==K< BO65;K< H5AB>< 8 18;8 ?> =>35, =0 :>B>@>9 AB>O; <>0.  1858 3>4C 2 >2CN 5;0=48N ?>5E0; $5@48=024 %>EHB5B35@. = 2KA;CH0; 2A5 8AB>@88, :>B>@K5 ?5@5A:070; 5<C .;8CA D>= %00AB. >=5G=>, %>EHB5BB5@ 7=0; 2A5 @0==85 A>>1I5=8O 87 >2>9 5;0=488 8 8<5; ?@54AB02;5=85 > B><, GB> A@548 <0>@8 1K; =5 @54>: :0==810;87<.  >= 2K428=C; B5>@8N, :>B>@0O 2>H;0 2 :=86:8  =0 ?>A;54CNI85 70 ;5B! 0>@8 ?@81K;8 =0 >AB@>20 2 @57C;LB0B5 <0AA>2>9 <83@0F88, >1 MB>< A>1KB88 A53>4=OH=85 8E ?>B><:8 ?5@540NB :0: > ?@81KB88 D;>B0.  B5 2@5<5=0 =0 >AB@>20E 68;> <=>65AB2> <>0. 0>@8 >E>B8;8AL =0 =8E @048 <OA0, 8 ?B8FK MB8 1K;8 A0<K<8 :@C?=K<8 ACI5AB20<8 =0 >AB@>20E. E 2>A?@>872>4AB2> 1K;> <54;5==K<, CB25@6405B %>EHB5B35@, 8 >E>B0 =0@CH8;0 @02=>25A85. =8 8AG57;8, 8 548=AB25==K< >18B0B5;5< >AB@>2>2 AB0; G5;>25:. 0==810;87< AB0; ;>38G5A:8< A;54AB285<. B>-B> <5=55 8725AB=K9, G5< %>EHB5B35@, 2K428=C; 4@C3CN B5>@8N, ?> :>B>@>9 ?@81K2H85 <0>@8 70AB0;8 C65 2K<8@0NI8E <>0.  :>=FC ?@>H;>3> 25:0 2A5, GB> 1K;> =0?8A0=> > <>0, 1>;LH5 :0A0;>AL @07=KE B5>@89 B>9 8;8 8=>9 H:>;K, =565;8 :>=:@5B=KE D0:B>2. "5, :B> CB25@640;, GB> <>0 2K<5@;8 @0=>, 8<5;8 7=0G8B5;L=>5 G8A;> 25A:8E 0@3C<5=B>2. =>38< <0>@8 2 ?@><56CB:5 <564C 1840 8 1860 3>40<8 ?>:07K20;8 :>AB8, 8 B5 ?@87=0;8, GB> >=8 ?@8=04;560B 8<5==> MB8< ?B8F0<. <5;>AL =5A:>;L:> ?>3>2>@>:, 2 :>B>@KE D83C@8@>20;> A;>2> <>0, B8?0: 8AG57=CBL, :0: <>0. !G8B05BAO, GB> MB> >G5=L AB0@K5 ?>3>2>@:8. > BCB =C6=> CG5ABL >4=> >1AB>OB5;LAB2>. >340 <0>@8 3>2>@OB: >9 454 @0AA:07K20; <=5&  =5 2A5340 A;54C5B 2>A?@8=8<0BL MB>; 1C:20;L=>, 81> <0>@8 =5 45;0NB @07;8G8O <564C 5;>20<8 454CH:0 8 ?@54>:. 'B> :0A05BAO AB0@>3> %0C<0B0=38, B> >= O2=> ?@8C:@0H0; A2>8 <5<C0@K.  @0AA:07K 08-08 <>6=> 2>A?@8=8<0BL 42>O:>. 5@2>5: >= 459AB28B5;L=> >?8A0; 8<52H85 <5AB> A>1KB8O. B>@>5: >= =8G53> =5 7=0; >1 >E>B5. -B> >A=>2K205BAO =0 D0:B5, GB> 8<55BAO B@8 A2845B5;LAB20 15;KE 8 B>;L:> >4=> 87 =8E ?>4B25@48;>AL 2?>A;54AB288. 564C B5< 1K;8 >1=0@C65=K <5AB0, 345 C1820;8 <>0 8 20@8;8 8E <OA>  B0< =0H;8 :>AB8, B> 5ABL ;N48 8 682>B=K5 =5A><=5==> 68;8 >4=>2@5<5==>. AB0;>AL 4>:070BL  :>340? 5:>B>@K5 CG5=K5 AG8B0NB, GB> =0 >AB@>20E, :@><5 ?5@2KE <83@0=B>2 A D;>B0 8 <0>@8 :0: B0:>2KE, 1K;8 5I5 B0: =07K205<K5 >E>B=8:8 =0 <>0. @C385 8E >A?0@820NB, 3>2>@O, GB> 8<5==> <0>@8 >E>B8;8AL =0 3830=B>2. -BC 25@A8N >?@>25@30NB A0<8 <0>@8. =8 =5 E>BOB 25@8BL, GB> C =8E 1K;8 4@C385 ?@54:8, 8 =07K20NB ;N459 A D;>B0 548=AB25==K<8 ?@0@>48B5;O<8, E>BO <0>@8 7=0G8B5;L=> 87<5=8;8AL 70 ?@>H54H85 AB>;5B8O. !53>4=O, :065BAO, 2A5 ?@02K, E>BO, :0: 3>2>@8BAO, >B:C40 A<>B@5BL. =0G8B5;L=>5 G8A;> AB>O=>: >E>B=8:>2 =5A><=5==> ?@8=04;568B <0>@8. 5:>B>@K5 4@C385 O2=> =5 8E, 0 8=KE, @0==8E <83@0=B>2, =5 >@30=87>20==KE 2> D;>B, :0: <0>@8. 0;L, GB> >E>B=8:8 =5 C<5;8 @8A>20BL 8 =5 70?5G0B;520;8 A2>8 65@B2K =0 A:0;0E, :0: 1CH<5=K. "0: GB> =0H8 7=0=8O > <>0 ?>:>OBAO 2 ?@O<>< A<KA;5 A;>20 =0 :>ABOE, =0945==KE =0 2A5E B@5E >AB@>20E.  >B=>H5=88 B>3>, ?>G5<C A:5;5B =5 3;02=>5 4>:070B5;LAB2> >1;8:0 <>0: ?@54AB02LB5, :0:>9 0@E5>?B5@8:A ?>;CG8;AO 1K C @5:>=AB@C:B>@>2 8<59 >=8 >48= A:5;5B 157 ?5@L52! 5A:>;L:> ?5@L52 <>0 CF5;5;8, => : :0:8< 8<5==> 2840< >=8 >B=>A8;8AL  =5OA=>. !:>@;C?0 O8F B0:65 =5 ?@>OA=O5B ?@>1;5<C, @07<5@ O8F =5 405B ?@54AB02;5=8O > ?0@0<5B@0E A0<8E ?B8F, 8E A=5AH8E. 0: 8725AB=>, O9F0 =51>;LH8E :828 >G5=L :@C?=K5. ! 4@C3>9 AB>@>=K, O9F0 :@C?=KE :07C0@>2 >B=>A8B5;L=> =525;8:8. 725AB=K A;54K  8 <0;KE, 8 1>;LH8E 284>2. # <0;5=L:8E 4;8=0 H030 20 4N9<>2, C :@C?=KE  30. !0<K5 :@C?=K5 ?>E>68 =0 >B?5G0B:8 ;0? 48=>702@>2. > 5ABL >?@545;5==0O 7028A8<>ABL <564C @07<5@>< A;540 8 4;8=>9 H030  A >4=>9 AB>@>=K, 8 @07<5@0<8 ?B8FK  A 4@C3>9.  ?>MB><C, ?> :@09=59 <5@5, =5:>B>@K5 A;54K <>6=> A C25@5==>ABLN ?@8?8A0BL B><C 8;8 8=><C 284C. >0 @0==8E M?>E A53>4=O 45;OBAO =0 ?OBL >A=>2=KE @>4>2, 2 :064><  =5A:>;L:> 284>2, :>B>@K5 4>AB0B>G=> A><=8B5;L=K, B0: :0: >B =8E A>E@0=8;8AL ;8HL =57=0G8B5;L=K5 D@03<5=BK. >65B 1KBL, 2 =0H8E =0CG=KE :=830E 8<55BAO :C40 1>;LH5 284>2, G5< 8E ACI5AB2>20;> =0 A0<>< 45;5, A;CG0;>AL 254L, GB> 8=>340 A0<F0 8 A0<:C :0:>3>-B> 2K<5@H53> 682>B=>3> ?@8=8<0;8 70 420 @07=KE 2840, B0: :0: >=8 7=0G8B5;L=> @07=8;8AL @07<5@0<8. >B :0: <>6=> ?@54AB028BL A515 25@>OB=CN :0@B8=C. 8=>@=8A. B8FK, ?@8=04;5602H85 : MB><C @>4C, 1K;8 A0<K<8 @>A;K<8 2 >2>9 5;0=488, 8E 3>;>2K 2>72KH0;8AL 1>;55 G5< =0 B@8 <5B@0 =04 75<;59. !0<K< 2KA>:8< A@548 =8E 1K; 48=>@=8A <0:A8<CA. # 2A5E 48=>@=8A>2 1K;8 A25B;K5 :>AB8. -C@80?B5@8:A. >0 MB>3> @>40 1K;8 ?@875<8ABK<8, =52KA>:8<8, 8E 2KA>B0 =5 ?@52KH0;0 42CE <5B@>2.  >B40;5==K5 M?>E8 >=8 1K;8 =081>;55 <=>3>G8A;5==K. 725AB=> ?OBL G5B:> >?@545;5==KE 284>2, H5AB>9 ?>4 A><=5=85<. 530;0?B5@8:A. 725AB=> ;8HL 420 2840 A .6=>3> >AB@>20. =8 :@C?=55 >1KG=KE ?B8F, => <5;LG5 <>0, =5 ?@52KH0;8 ?>;CB>@0 <5B@>2. E <>6=> 1K;> ?@8=OBL 70 3830=BA:8E :828. -B5CA. "@8 2840, >:>;> ?>;CB>@0 <5B@>2 2KA>B>9. =><0;0?B5@8:A. OBL 284>2, G5BK@5 >G5=L 4@52=85, 2KA>B>9 A <530;>?B5@8:A>2, >48= 284 4>AB830; 42CE A ;8H=8< <5B@>2 2KA>BK  A0<K9 <>;>4>9 87 MB>3> @>40. -B>B A?8A>: =5;L7O ?>=8<0BL 1C:20;L=>.  >4=> 8 B> 65 2@5<O 8E =5;L7O 1K;> >1=0@C68BL 682K<8 =0 >AB@>20E, 81> >=8 68;8 2 @07=K5 M?>E8. 0:A8<0;L=>9 G8A;5==>AB8 <>0 4>AB830;8 2> 2@5<5=0, :>340 2 !@54875<=><>@L5 68;8 35@>8 ><5@0  >:>;> 1000 3>40 4> =. M.& 0:0B M?>E8 <>0 B@C4=>>1JOA=8<. /A=> B>;L:>, GB> 4065 5A;8 1K =8:B> =5 70A5;8; >AB@>20 4> :0?8B0=0E C:0, >=8 1K;8 1K :@09=5 @54:8 A53>4=O. =8 <54;5==> @07<=>60;8AL, =5 C<5;8 ;5B0BL 8 1K;8 <0;>A>>1@078B5;L=K<8. >73 42CE<5B@>2>3> <>0 1K; @025= <>73C 3>;C1O. 0E>4:8 >AB0=:>2 ?>:07K20NB, GB> <>0 1K;8 ?@82O70=K : 2>45, 8E >18B0;> >A>15==> <=>3> 2>7;5 1>;>B. 0 !525@=>< >AB@>25 MB8 ?B8FK 8AG570;8, B0: :0: ?;>I04L ;5A>2 C<5=LH0;0AL 2 @57C;LB0B5 2C;:0=8G5A:>9 0:B82=>AB8. !?5F80;8ABK ?> 4@52=59 8AB>@88 >AB@>2>2 AG8B0NB, GB> >A=>2=>9 ?@8G8=>9 2K<8@0=8O <>0 1K;8 87<5=5=8O :;8<0B0, C<5=LH5=85 ?;>I048 >B:@KBKE ?@>AB@0=AB2. #G5=K5 ?>?@>1>20;8 >?@545;8BL 2>7@0AB :>AB59 <5B>4>< !-14. 0<5@8;8 >4=C :>ABL  1300 ;5B! > CG5=K5 =5 C4>2;5B2>@8;8AL MB8< @57C;LB0B><. 5;> 2 B><, GB> 70<5@5==0O :>ABL ?@8=04;560;0 48=>@=8AC, 0 7>>;>3 . 0DD, 48@5:B>@ 5=B5@15@89A:>3> <C75O, 8 53> A>B@C4=8:8 2A5340 AG8B0;8, GB> MB8 ?B8FK 2K<5@;8 >G5=L @0=> 8 GB> <0>@8 A D;>B0 2AB@5B8;8 1>;55 ?>74=8E 8 ?@875<8ABKE MC@80?B5@8:A>2. 5B>4 !-14 ?>:070;, GB> 48=>@=8A B0:65 68; 8 2> 2@5<5=0 ?@8E>40 <0>@8. > >A>1K9 8=B5@5A ?@54AB02;O;8 8745;8O 87 :>68 8 ?5@L52 <>0. # <0>@8 A .6=>3> >AB@>20 4> A8E ?>@ <=>3> ?>4>1=KE 25I59, 8 0DD 40B8@C5B 8E XVII 8 XVIII 25:0<8. > MB> ?@54AB02;O5BAO A;8H:>< <0;>25@>OB=K<: 254L 2 >2>9 5;0=488 :;8<0B 2;06=K9 8 >@30=8G5A:85 25I5AB20 =5 <>3CB E@0=8BLAO AB>;L 4>;3>. -B8 25I8 ?@>8AE>4OB A .6=>3> >AB@>20, 53> A0<>9 N6=>9 :@><:8, B>3> A0<>3> <5AB0, >B:C40 4>H;8 4> =0A @0AA:07K > 1>;LH>9 >E>B5 =0 ?>A;54=8E <>0. 4=0 B0:0O 8AB>@8O 8725AB=0 ?> :=835 AM@0 #>;B5@0 >@5=A0 0;;5@0 AB>@8O ?B8F >2>9 5;0=488, 2KH54H59 2 1888 3>4C: !M@ 6>@46 @M9 @0AA:070; <=5, ?8A0; 0;;5@, GB> 2 1868 3>4C >= 1K; =0 >AB@>2:5 @575@259H= 8 2AB@5B8; B0< =5A:>;L:8E 68B5;59, :>B>@K5 ?>2540;8 5<C > =5402=5< C189AB25 <0;5=L:>3> <>0, >?8A0;8 A GC2AB2>< ?>8<:C 6 8;8 7 HBC:. AB@>2:8 @575@259H= AG8B0NBAO AB@0=>9 ?B8F B0:0E5, AB@>3> >E@0=O5<>9 A53>4=O. >65B 1KBL, B0< ?@OGCBAO 8 ?>A;54=85 <530;0?B5@8:AK? " %+ A5 =0G0;>AL A ?>O2;5=8O =0 A525@>0<5@8:0=A:>< 15@53C B;0=B8:8, 21;878 ;8@C>B5@0 (HB0B $;>@840), :0:8E-B> 70304>G=KE A;54>2. =8 2KE>48;8 87 <>@O, 25;8 : :@CB><C CABC?C, :>B>@K9 B>B, :B> 8E >AB028;, >G5284=>, =5 A<>3 ?@5>4>;5BL, BO=C;8AL 24>;L 15@530 8 CE>48;8 A=>20 2 2>4C& 7 :=838 0<5@8:0=A:>3> 7>>;>30 925=0 !0=45@A>=0 "0< GC45A0& : >;>4K5 ;N48, ?@>57602H85 @0==8< CB@>< ?> ?@81@56=>9 4>@>35, @0AA:07K20;8, GB> 2845;8, :0: >3@><=>5 GC48I5 2K;57;> 87 2>4K. =5< ?@8;82 A<K; A 15@530 A;54K, => 70 =>GL >=8 ?>O28;8AL A=>20. &5;K9 <5AOF A;54K ?>?040;8AL B> BCB, B> B0<. 04> A:070BL, GB> ?>15@56L5 5:A8:0=A:>3> 70;820 2> $;>@845 A8;L=> ?>AB@040;> >B :@0A=>3> ?@8;820, 8;8, :0: 53> =07K20NB, F25B5=8O. @5<5=0<8 :0:>5B> <8:@>A:>?8G5A:>5 682>B=>5 B0: A8;L=> @07<=>605BAO, GB> <>@A:0O 2>40 =0 <=>385 <8;8 2>:@C3 AB0=>28BAO :@0A=>9. "0:>5 F25B5=85 >G5=L O4>28B> 4;O 2A5E <>@A:8E 68B5;59. 8;;8>==K5 :>AO:8 <5@B2KE @K1 CA5820NB 15@530, ?@52@0I0O 8E 2 3=8NICN A20;:C. &25B5=85 <>65B 2K7K20BL 3815;L 4065 3;C18==KE @K1 8 <>@A:8E 682>B=KE. 5C4828B5;L=> ?>MB><C, GB> B08=AB25==>5 ACI5AB2> ?>O28;>AL 2 :>=F5 ?5@8>40 F25B5=8O 2=CB@8 70<:=CB>3> A B@5E AB>@>= ACH59 5:A8:0=A:>3> 70;820. N1>9 >18B0B5;L >B:@KBKE >:50=A:8E ?@>AB>@>2, A;CG09=> 70?;K2 2 MB> 2@5<O 2 5:A8:0=A:89 70;82, 1K; 1K >B@570= >B B;0=B8:8 10@L5@>< :@0A=>3> F25B5=8O, GB>, ?>-2848<><C, 8 A;CG8;>AL. @>A:8B02H8AL 2 MB>< >3>@>65==>< @09>=5 <0@B 8 =0G0;> 0?@5;O, E>7O8= A;54>2 >B?@028;AO =0 A525@ 24>;L 70?04=>3> ?>15@56LO $;>@84K, ?>:0 =5 >:070;AO 2 CABL5 @5:8 !C2>==8. ">, GB> 682>B=>5 701;C48;>AL 8 <5B0;>AL 2 ?>8A:0E 2KE>40, ?>4B25@640NB 53> ?>ABC?:8. A;8 1K >=> ?>AB>O==> >18B0;> 745AL, > 53> ACI5AB2>20=88 1K;> 1K C65 8725AB=>. 82>B=>5 ?@5=51@5305B 2AO:>9 >AB>@>6=>ABLN: =540@>< 53> C40;>AL 2845BL :0: =0 ACH5, B0: 8 2 2>45 <=>65AB2C A0<KE @07;8G=KE ;N459. I5 70 ACB:8 4> B>3>, :0: A;54K ?>O28;8AL 2 ;8@C>B5@5, : A525@C >B MB>3> 3>@>4:0, 2 83-0AA5, 420 @K10:0 2845;8, :0: 2 <>@5 =0 @0AA25B5 1>;LH>5 682>B=>5 2K?@K3820;> 8 =K@O;>, @57:> @071820O A?>:>9=CN 2>4=CN 3;04L.  ;5BG8:8 6>@46 @D8=845A 8 6>= 8;=5@ 70<5B8;8 :0:>5-B> ACI5AB2>, :>B>@>5 ?;K;> ?@8<5@=> 2 200 DCB0E >B 15@530 C >AB@>20 %>3. => >BG5B;82> 284=5;>AL A:2>7L 2>4C =0 3;C18=5 ?@8<5@=> 8 DCB>2. 3> B5;> 4;8=>9 DCB>2 15 1K;> ?>:@KB> 3CABK<8 2>;>A0<8. >;>20 2K3;O45;0 BC?> >1@C1;5==>9 8 BO65;>9, 0 704=85 =>38 1K;8 :0: C 0;;830B>@0, => <=>3> <>I=55. %2>AB 1K; 4;8==K< 8 B>;ABK<. 5BG8:8 =5<54;5==> 25@=C;8AL 2 0M@>?>@B 8 27O;8 =0 1>@B 48@5:B>@0 <5AB=>9 ;5B=>9 H:>;K 0@8> -@=0=45A0. @8;5B52 =0704, >=8 >?OBL =0 3;C18=5 C2845;8 682>B=>5, :>B>@>5 42830;>AL 2<5AB5 A ?@8;82><. !:>@>ABL 53> 1K;0 ?@8<5@=> 8 C7;>2. @>;5B52 =04 =8< =5A:>;L:> @07, ;5BG8:8 A<>3;8 @073;O45BL, GB> C 682>B=>3> 1K;> G5BK@5 :>=5G=>AB8, => ?5@54=85 >=> ?>GB8 2A5 2@5<O 45@60;> ?@860BK<8 : =86=59 AB>@>=5 BC;>28I0. !;54CNI55 ?>O2;5=85 70304>G=>3> ACI5AB20 1K;> =081>;55 ?>@078B5;L=K<. 2>5, <C6 8 65=0, ?@85E0;8 2> $;>@84C, GB>1K ?>C48BL @K1C A@548 15AG8A;5==KE =5>18B05<KE >AB@>2:>2, ?5AG0=KE >B<5;59 8 @8D>2, @071@>A0==KE 24>;L ?>15@56LO. =8 ?@8AB0;8 : >4=><C >AB@>2:C 8 701@>A8;8 C4>G:8. AB@>2 1K; ?>:@KB 3CABK<8 70@>A;O<8 :CAB0@=8:>2.  24@C3 >=8 A C60A>< C2845;8 >3@><=>5 682>B=>5, :>B>@>5 2?5@520;:C 42830;>AL ?> 15@53C. >B>< >=8 @0AA:07K20;8, GB> 3>;>20 C =53> 1K;0 :0: C =>A>@>30, => A>2A5< 157 H58. =0 :0:B> 2KB5:0;0 ?@O<> 87 C7:8E ?;5G. 82>B=>5 1K;> A5@>3> F25B0, 2A5 ?>:@KB> :>@>B:>9 3CAB>9 H5@ABLN. >38 1K;8 :>@>B:8<8 8 >G5=L B>;ABK<8, A >3@><=K<8 ABC?=O<8, 0 A ?;5G A28A0;0 ?0@0 ;0AB>2. 82>B=>5 =5 ?>1560;> : 2>45 8 =5 =K@=C;>, 0 :0: 1K A>A:>;L7=C;> 2 2>4C 1>:><. >A;5 MB>3> >=> 8AG57;>, ?>:0 53> A;54K =5 1K;8 >1=0@C65=K =0 @5:5 !C2>==8. 5:89 <8AB5@ %59A A> A2>8<8 4@C7LO<8 70<5B8; 2 2>45 :C?>;>>1@07=> 2>72KH0NI89AO =5C:;N689 ?@54<5B, ?>:@KBK9 :0:8<8B> 2KABC?0<8 8 H8H:0<8. !?5@20 C =8E <5;L:=C;0 <KA;L, GB> MB> 1@52=>, => >=> 42830;>AL ?@>B82 B5G5=8O. >74=55 ?@>D5AA8>=0;L=K9 >E>B=8:, :>B>@K9 ?>AB>O==> 68; C 8AB>:>2 @5:8 21;878 1>;>B :5D5=>:8 8 ;CGH5 4@C38E 7=0:>< A <5AB=K< 682>B=K< <8@><, A>>1I8;, GB> >= A;KH0;, :0: =5GB> ?;NE0;>AL 2 70@>AH5< 2>4>@>A;O<8 8 ;8;8O<8 ?@C4C. = @0AA<>B@5; B0< =5>1KG=K5 A;54K 8 A;KH0; 3@><:>5 1C;L:0=L5 8 @KG0=85.  A;54CNI89 @07 682>B=>5 C2845; O A0<. K ;5B5;8 =0 ;53:>< A0<>;5B5 =0 2KA>B5 >:>;> 500 DCB>2 ?@O<> =04 @5:>9, AB0@0OAL A;54>20BL 2A5< 55 ?>2>@>B0< 8 87;CG8=0<. @8<5@=> =0 ?>;?CB8 <564C !C2>==8-591;A 8 <>@5< 2 =5=0A5;5==>9 <5AB=>AB8, 345 : 15@53C ?>4ABC?05B 2KA>:89 ;5A, <K >4=>2@5<5==> A ;5BG8:>< 70<5B8;8 2 @5:5 :0:>5-B> >3@><=>5 ACI5AB2> 3@O7=>-65;B>3> F25B0, :>B>@>5 27<CB8;> 2>4C. 865 ?> B5G5=8N =0 D>=5 B5<=>9 2>4K >B =53> BO=C;AO 8728;8ABK9 A;54 ?5=K. 0304>G=>5 682>B=>5 1K;> 4;8=>9 DCB>2 12 8 H8@8=>9 DCB0 ?@8<5@=> G5BK@5. 0 >1>8E >:>=5G=>ABOE 53> 1K;> =5GB>, G5< >=> 2A?5=820;> 2>4C. 4=0:>, ?>60;C9, A0<K<8 ACI5AB25==K<8 <>6=> AG8B0BL A>1KB8O, ?@>8AH54H85 2 A525@=>9 G0AB8 $;>@84K ?@8<5@=> <8;OE 2 40 >B <>@O. ?5@2K5 A;54K MB>3> 682>B=>3> 1K;8 70<5G5=K B0< @0=> CB@>< 21 >:BO1@O 1948 3>40. =8 BO=C;8AL 225@E ?> B5G5=8N @5:8, :>B>@0O 745AL >?8AK205B H8@>:CN 4C3C, 2 70?04=>< =0?@02;5=88, 0 : @5:5 ?>4ABC?05B 701>;>G5==K9 452AB25==K9 ;5A. 0 ;5A>< ?@>;53;0 ?>;>A0, ?>:@KB0O A>A=>2K< ACE>AB>5<, A@548 :>B>@>3> @071@>A0=> =5<0;> B@OA8=. 0B5< =0G8=0NBAO @0AG8I5==K5 CG0AB:8 8 ?>;O. KH5 MB8E <5AB @5:0 !C2>==8 4> A0<KE 8AB>:>2 B5G5B A?;>H=K<8 ;5A0<8 8 1>;>B0<8. >G2K 2> 2A5< MB>< @09>=5 ?5AG0=K5. 5 @54>: 3>;K9 ?5A>: 4065 A@548 ;5A0.  =5:>B>@KE <5AB0E >= >G5=L <5;:89, 15;K9, 65AB:89 8, 5A;8 ACE>9, AK?CG89.  :>340 2;06=K9, B> AB0=>28BAO 3;04:8<, B25@4K< 8 ?@>G=K<, ?>GB8 :0: 15B>=. >A;5 ?5@2>3> ;53:>3> 4>648G:0 BO65;K9 3@C7>28: =5 >AB028B =0 53> ?>25@E=>AB8 =8 <0;59H53> A;540. !>2A5< =5402=> 745AL ?@>H;8 4>648, ?@>4>;602H85AO 425 =545;8. >40 2 @5:5 A8;L=> ?>4=O;0AL. 09>=, 345 =0H;8 A;54K, <5AB=K5 68B5;8 8<5=CNB =8;>9 C3>;. !;54K 2KE>48;8 >B @5:8 B0<, 345 15@53 ?5@5A5:0;0 @0AI5;8=0, 8 4>2>;L=> ?@O<> 25;8 : 1>;>BC. @>94O H03>2 60 =0 N3 ?> MB>9 3@O7=>9 B@OA8=5, 682>B=>5 2KH;> =0 53> ?@02CN AB>@>=C, 27>1@0;>AL ?> >B;>3><C A:;>=C, >1>H;> B5A=CN 70@>A;L 87 :CAB>2 8 ?@5>4>;5;> =51>;LH>5 ?>20;5==>5 45@52>, :>@0 :>B>@>3> >:070;0AL >1>4@0==>9, 1C4B> ?> =5<C ?@>2>;>:;8 GB>B> >G5=L 1>;LH>5 8 BO65;>5. 0B5< 2 >2@06:5, 70@>AH5< 3CAB>9 B@02>9, A;54K B5@O;8AL, => ?>B>< ?>O28;8AL A=>20. !B2>; 1>;LH>3> 3=8;>3> 45@520, :>B>@>5 >:070;>AL =0 53> ?CB8, 2 A0<>9 A5@548=5 1K; A>25@H5==> @07402;5==K<. >4 0@:>9 87 :CAB>2 682>B=>5 ?@>H;> : 70@>AH5<C ?@C4C. >A;5 53> 2878B0 2 A5@548=5 ?@C40 >1@07>20;AO 1>;LH>9 :@C3, 2 :>B>@>< 2A5 ;8;88 8 2>4>@>A;8 1K;8 A :>@=5< 2K@20=K 87 3@C=B0. >B>< 682>B=>5 ?>:8=C;> ?@C4, 2>A?>;L7>202H8AL, ?>-2848<><C, @CGL5< 8 ?@>94O ?> =5<C 87 B@OA8=K 4> @CA;0 @5:8. 57 ?>4@>1=>3> >A<>B@0 >B45;L=KE >B?5G0B:>2 A;54>2 =52>7<>6=> CB25@6F0BL, G5B25@>=>3>5 8;8 42C=>3>5 ACI5AB2> 8E >AB028;>. > ?5@2><C 2?5G0B;5=8N :070;>AL, GB> <K 8<5;8 45;> A 42C=>38<. > A0<>5 ?@8<5G0B5;L=>5 <>3 70<5B8BL ;8HL >?KB=K9 >E>B=8:-A;54>?KB: G0AB>B0 @0A?>;>65=8O A;54>2 <5=O;0AL ?@8 <0;59H5< 87<5=5=88 C:;>=0 <5AB=>AB8. @><5 B>3>, ACI5AB2> BI0B5;L=> >1E>48;> ;N1>9 ?5=5: 8;8 8=>5 ?@5?OBAB285, 2?;>BL 4> <5;:8E :CAB8:>2 8 2KABC?0NI8E 87 75<;8 :>@=59. A5 MB> A2>9AB25==> 725@O<, 254CI8< =>G=>9 >1@07 687=8. ;C18=0 >B?5G0B:>2 A;54>2 A8;L=> @07=8;0AL 2 7028A8<>AB8 >B B25@4>AB8 ?>G2K. 0 2;06=>< ?5A:5 =5:>B>@K5 87 =8E 1K;8 4> 42CE 4N9<>2 2 3;C18=C, 4@C385  =0 1>;55 ?;>B=>< 3@C=B5  ?@8<5@=> ?>;B>@0 4N9<0 2 A0<>< F5=B@5 ABC?=8. 0 15@53C, 345 A;54>2 ?OB>: 2>>1I5 =5 1K;> 70<5B=>, :>3B8 >AB028;8 2<OB8=K 4N9<0 2 B@8 3;C18=>9. 5AB=K5 68B5;8, 2 B>< G8A;5 A;C68B5;8 ?>;8F88, 28452H85 A;54K 5I5 A>2A5< A2568<8, A>>1I8;8, GB> A=0G0;0 >B?5G0B:8 1K;8 OA=K<8 =0 A0<>< B25@4>< ?5A:5. K 65, ?>?@>1>202 8A:CAAB25==> 8<8B8@>20BL 8E, A1@0AK20O 35-DC=B>2CN A28=F>2CN <>45;L A 2KA>BK 3 DC30, =8:0:8E >B?5G0B:>2 =0 B0:>< 3@C=B5 =5 ?>;CG8;8. >=5G=>, A0<0 <KA;L > B><, GB> :0:>5-B> 682>B=>5, ?> @07<5@0< A>>B25BAB2CNI55 MB8< A;540<, <>65B 2 =0H8 4=8 1@>48BL 4065 2 B0:8E >B=>A8B5;L=> 3;CE8E <5AB0E, :0: !525@=0O $;>@840, >G5=L =5;5?0. 5B ;8 745AL G5;>25G5A:>3> 8AB>G=8:0 MB8E A;54>2, ?>@>645==KE 8;8 G8AB>9 <8AB8D8:0F859, 8;8 65 AB@5<;5=85< ?>4=OBL HC< 8 70B5< 2>A?>;L7>20BLAO 8< 2 F5;OE @5:;0<K? 54L ?>GB8 2A5, GB> <>65B A45;0BL 682>B=>5, <>65B A45;0BL 8 G5;>25:. > :>5-GB>, AG8B02H55AO =0<8 =52>7<>6=K< 4;O 682>B=>3>, >:070;>AL& 5I5 1>;55 =52K?>;=8<K< 4;O G5;>25:0. >-?5@2KE, <K 4C<0;8, GB> 2A5 A;54K 1K;8 A;8H:>< C6 157C:>@87=5==K<8, 0 MB> >:070;>AL =5 B0:. =8 @07;8G0;8AL 8 ?> AB5?5=8 =068<0, 8 ?> A:>;L65=8N ;0?K, ?> H8@8=5 H030 8 :>;58 <564C ?@02>9 8 ;52>9 ;0?0<8 =0 ?>2>@>B0E. >-2B>@KE, 1K;> 70<5G5=>, GB> 4;O AB>;L :@C?=>3> 682>B=>3>, :0: MB> <>6=> ?@54?>;>68BL ?> 3;C18=5 >B?5G0B:>2, H8@8=0 H030 1K;0 4> :@09=>AB8 <0;0. >, =0?@8<5@, ?8=328=C MB> A2>9AB25==>. BACBAB285 A;54>2 2>;>G0I53>AO E2>AB0 8 A2845B5;LAB2> ACI5A30>20=8O ?5@54=8E ;0? 70AB028;8 =0A 704C<0BLAO =04 B5<, :0: B0:>5 682>B=>5 <>65B A>E@0=OBL @02=>25A85 >48=0:>2> E>@>H> =0 @>2=>9 <5AB=>AB8 8 =0 C:;>=0E. > 254L ?><8<> G5;>25:0 5ABL =5<0;> ACI5AB2, :>B>@K< MB> C40ABAO. >MB><C, 2KABC?0O ?@>B82 682>B=>3> :0: 02B>@0 A;54>2, <K 2KABC?05< 8 ?@>B82 G5;>25:0, >A>15==> 5A;8 CG5ABL, GB> >= =045; =0 =>38 =5:85 BO65;K5 ?@8A?>A>1;5=8O 4;O >4C@0G820=8O. > 2A59 2848<>AB8, 725@L A;CG09=> 701@5; 2> $;>@84C, ?>:8=C2 A2>N ?@8@>4=CN A@54C, 8, 2>7<>6=>, 701;C48;AO. 3> AB@0==> 2K3;O452H0O B@5E?0;0O, :06CI0OAO ;8H5==>9 ACAB02>2 ABC?=O 2>2A5 =5 15A?>;57=0 4;O ACI5AB20, 254CI53> 2>4=K9 >1@07 687=8, 5A;8 <564C ?0;LF52 C =53> 5ABL ?5@5?>=:0. 59AB28B5;L=>, >B?5G0B:8 >G5=L =0?><8=0NB A;54K >3@><=>3> ?8=328=0, GL8 ?0;LFK A>548=5=K B0:>9 ?5@5?>=:>9. "5, :B> 25@8B, GB> A;54K >AB02;5=K 682>B=K<, AB02OB >G5=L ACI5AB25==K5 2>?@>AK. >B >=8: :0: 157 682>B=>3> >1JOA=8BL >3@><=CN ?@>BO65==>ABL F5?8 A;54>2; ?>;=>5 >BACBAB285 :0:8E-;81> A>?@>2>640NI8E A;54>2  :0: G5;>25G5A:8E, B0: 8 <0H8=K; 3;C18=C, =0 :>B>@CN A;54K 2?5G0B0;8AL 2 ?5A>:, 254L =0 <>:@>< ?5A:5 =5 B> GB> G5;>25:, 0 8 <>I=K9 3@C7>28: =5 >AB02;O5B A;540; A;CG09=>5 8 15AA8AB5<=>5 ?5B;O=85 A;54>2; B>, GB> >=8 ?>AB>O==> ?>O2;O;8AL 87 <>@O 8;8 87 @5:8 8 2=>2L 8AG570;8 2 <>@5 8;8 1>;>B5; 8 B>B D0:B, GB> <=>385 2845;8 =58725AB=KE :@C?=KE 682>B=KE :0: @07 2 B5E @09>=0E, 345 70<5G5=K A;54K, 8 =8345 1>;55. K ?@>25;8 5I5 >48= M:A?5@8<5=B: ?>?@>1>20;8 2>A?@>8725AB8 A;54K ?@8 ?><>I8 15-:8;>3@0<<>2KE A28=F>2KE <>45;59, ?@82O70==KE : =>30<, => =8:0:8E >B?5G0B:>2 =0 2;06=>< ?5A:5 =5 >AB0;>AL. @><5 B>3>, <K C1548;8AL, GB> :0@01:0BLAO ?> 15@530<, A;54CO >B?5G0B:0< A;54>2 =58725AB=>3> ACI5AB20, A ?@82O70==K<8 : ABC?=O< A28=F>2K<8 ?@8A?>A>1;5=8O<8 =52>7<>6=>, B5< 1>;55 GB> =5>1E>48<> 1K;> >AB02;OBL B>;L:> 3;C1>:85 >B?5G0B:8 ?0;LF52. "0:8< >1@07><, 548=AB25==>5, GB> <>6=> ?@54?>;>68BL, MB> 1K;8 A;54K 682>B=>3>. > :0:>3>? A5 A2545=8O, :>B>@K<8 <K @0A?>;030;8, 40;8 =0< >A=>20=85 4C<0BL B>;L:> >1 >4=>< :;0AA5 682>B=KE, C :>B>@KE ABC?=8 ;0? <>3;8 >AB02;OBL :0: @07 B0:85 >B?5G0B:8. ;0AA5 ?B8F, 0 5A;8 3>2>@8BL B>G=55  > ?8=328=0E. -B> :0: @07 B5 ACI5AB20, :>B>@K5 254CB 2>4=K9 >1@07 687=8. @><5 B>3>, ?8=328=K >1;040NB =5?><5@=> 1>;LH8<8, E>BO 8 :>@>B5=L:8<8, B>;ABK<8 =>30<8, =0 :>B>@KE >=8 <5;:> A5<5=OB. ABL C =8E 8 =5GB> 2@>45 ?0@K ;0AB>2, A28A0NI8E A ?;5G. >;55 B>3>, 3>;>20 C =5:>B>@KE @07=>284=>AB59 ?8=328=>2 A 8E :>@>B:8< :;N2><, 5A;8 A<>B@5BL A1>:C, C4828B5;L=> ?>E>60 =0 3>;>2C <8=80BN@=>3> =>A>@>30.  MB> 5I5 =5 2A5. 8=328=K A?>A>1=K ?;020BL @07;8G=K<8 AB8;O<8. A;8 A<>B@5BL A25@EC, ;0?K 8=>340 2K3;O4OB, :0: 4>2>;L=> 4;8==K9, => ?;>B=K9 E2>AB, :0: @07 B0:>9, :0: >?8AK20;8 D;>@84A:85 ;5BG8:8. #G5=KE AB028;8 2 BC?8: A>>1I5=8O, GB> =0 682>B=>< 1K;0 3CAB0O H5@ABL. 54L ?8=328=K 1572>;>AK, 8E B5;> ?>:@KB> ?5@LO<8. 4=0:> 1>;LH8=AB2> ;N459, =5 =0BC@0;8AB>2, 2?5@2K5 C28452 53>, =587<5==> ?@8=8<0NB :>@>B:85 8 ?;>B=K5 ?5@LO ?B8FK 70 2>;>AK. 8=328=K 2KE>4OB =0 15@53, 1@>4OB ?> ;L4C. 0;5:> CE>4OB->B 2>4K, 0 2>B :0@01:0NBAO, 4065 8 =5 ?> :@CBK< A:;>=0<, A 1>;LH8< B@C4><. 20 ?>A;54CNI8E A>1KB8O ?>4:@5?8;8 =0H8 2K2>4K. 7O2 38?A>2K5 A;5?:8 A;54>2, A28=F>2K5 <>45;8, :>B>@K5 CG0AB2>20;8 2 =0H8E M:A?5@8<5=B0E, D>B>3@0D88, :0@BK, AE5<K, O =0?@028;AO 2 LN->@:. / B0:65 ?@8E20B8; A A>1>9 =5A:>;L:> =081>;55 >BG5B;82KE A;54>2, BI0B5;L=> 2K@5702 8E 2<5AB5 A :CA:>< ?>G2K. !> A2>8< 15AF5==K< 3@C7>< 8 O28;AO 2 ?0;5>=B>;>38G5A:89 >B45; <5@8:0=A:>3> <C75O 5AB5AB25==>9 8AB>@88.  MB> 2@5<O 2 <C759 ?@81K;0 3@C??0 =>2>75;0=4A:8E CG5=KE. @>A82 273;O4 =0 ?@82575==K5 <=>N A;54K, >=8 2 >48= 3>;>A 2>A:;8:=C;8: -B8 1C4CB :C40 1>;LH5, G5< =0H8! :070;>AL, GB> ?5@54 A0<K< A2>8< >BJ574>< 2 !>548=5==K5 (B0BK 8 :>;;538 87 >2>9 5;0=488 70:>=G8;8 >B45;OBL 3830=BA:>3> ?8=328=0 (@07C<55BAO, 2 2845 >:0<5=5;>3> A:5;5B0) >B A2>4>2 >4=>9 87 ?5I5@. B0:, A53>4=O 2> <=>65AB25 74@02AB2CNB :>@>;52A:85 8 8<?5@0B>@A:85 ?8=328=K, 4>AB830NI85 ?>GB8 <5B@0 2 2KA>BC. 0B5< =0< A>>1I0NB, GB> =5:>340 2 >2>9 5;0=488 >18B0;8 8E 1>;55 G5< 42CE<5B@>2K5 A>1@0BLO. >G5<C 1K =5 ?@54?>;>68BL ACI5AB2>20=85 8 242>5 1>;55 :@C?=KE! 82CB 65 <>@68 8 <>@A:85 A;>=K.  5I5. 48= 87 <>8E 4@C759 ?>:070; <=5 402=85 >?8A0=8O >AB@>20 5@35;5=, ;560I53> 2 AC10=B0@:B8G5A:>9 7>=5 :@09=53> N30 =489A:>3> >:50=0. !:;>=K MB>3> >AB@>20 <5AB0<8 ?>:@KBK G@572KG09=> 3CABK<8 70@>A;O<8 :CAB0@=8:0 8 =0A5;5=K <8@8040<8 <>@A:8E ?B8F, :>B>@K5 3=574OBAO ?>4 A?;>H=K< ?5@5?;5B5=85< 25B259 8 ;8ABL52.  MB8< 3;C1>:> C?@OB0==K< 3=574>2LO< A:2>7L 70@>A;8 254CB 15AG8A;5==K5 BC==5;8. "0: 2>B, 1>;LH8=AB2> MB8E BC==5;59 8<55B @07<5@K, A>>B25BAB2CNI85 @>ABC >1KG=KE <5AB=KE ?B8F, => =5:>B>@K5 4>AB830NB 1 <5B@0 80 A0=B8<5B@>2 2 480<5B@5! 0:>9 ?B8F5 8;8 4@C3><C 682>B=><C =C65= ?@>E>4 B0:8E @07<5@>2? 0< MB> =58725AB=>. 0:>=5F A;54C5B >B<5B8BL, GB> 1>;LH8=AB2> A>>1I5=89 > ?>O2;5=88 B@5E?0;KE 3830=B>2 ?>ABC?05B 87 N6=>3> ?>;CH0@8O, 0 ?8=328=K :0: @07 53> >18B0B5;8. "0: GB> 2 0=B0@:B8G5A:8E 8 AC10=B0@:B8G5A:8E 2>40E <>3;8 1K ACI5AB2>20BL 3830=BA:85 ?8=328=K.  / " "  =0G0;5 XVIII AB>;5B8O 4> 0@860 4>H;8 BC<0==K5 A;CE8 > :0:8E-B> 3830=BA:8E :>ABOE, O:>1K =0945==KE 2 0@35=B8=A:>9 ?0<?5. >2>@8;8, GB> ?> @07<5@0< >=8 =0?><8=0NB :>AB8 A;>=>2. 0@86A:0O :045<8O =0C: @5H8;0 >1>9B8 MB>B D0:B <>;G0=85<, B5< 1>;55 GB> C65 B>340 1K;> 8725AB=>, GB> A;>=K 2 <5@8:5 =5 2>4OBAO. >=5G=>, .6=0O <5@8:0 ?>:0 5I5 =5 A;8H:>< E>@>H> 87CG5=0, B0: GB>& ?CABL 8A?0=FK A=0G0;0 ?@54AB02OB 4>:070B5;LAB20.  4>:070B5;LAB20 ?>O28;8AL! !=0G0;0 8AA;54>20B5;8 >1=0@C68;8 ;8HL =5A:>;L:> :>AB59; >1KG=> 8E =0E>48;8 2 B5E @09>=0E ?0<?K, 345 ?>G2C @0AA5:0;8 @CA;0 @5:.  1789 3>4C 1K; >1=0@C65= A:5;5B, ?> AG0ABLN, =5 A;8H:>< 40;5:> of CM=>A 9@5A0, 2 <5AB5G:5 CE0=. 0<5AB=8: :>@>;O ?@8:070; 2K:>?0BL :>AB8 8 >B257B8 2 04@84. #G5=K9 ?> 8<5=8. 0@@830 A>1@0; 8E 8 2 1796 3>4C >?C1;8:>20; ?5@2>5 8E. >?8A0=85. 82>B=>5 @07<5@0<8 ?>E>48;> =0 A;>=0 8;8 <>3;> 1KBL 8< =0 A0<>< 45;5, 5A;8 1K =5 >4=> >1AB>OB5;LAB2>  53> :>=5G=>AB8 1K;8 =5<=>3> 4;8==55. O=o 1K;> 2KA>B>9 B@8 <5B@0 4> ?;5G, 8 ?>;=0O 4;8=0 53> BC;>28I0 A>AB02;O;0 ?OBL A ;8H=8< <5B@>2. >=5G=>AB8 682>B=>3> 1K;8 =525@>OB=> BO65;K<8, 3>@074> <0AA82=55, G5< A>>B25BAB2CNI85 :>AB8 A;>=0. %2>AB 1K; B0:65 >G5=L <0AA82=K< 8, ?>-2848<><C, :0A0;AO 75<;8.  B><C 65 A@02=5=85 A> A;>=>< B>BG0A 65 @07 @CH8;>AL ?@8 8AA;54>20=88 ABC?=59, A:5;5B0 8 G5@5?0 682>B=>3>. =8 =5 1K;8 ?>E>68 =8 =0 GB> :>340-;81> 2845==>5 @0=55, 2> 2AO:>< A;CG05 ?>4>1=KE @07<5@>2. C 0 G5@5? O2=> C:07K20; =0 B>, GB> 3830=B >B=>A8BAO : ;5=82F0<! <O, 40==>5 MB><C 682>B=><C, 1K;> A>AB02;5=> 87 42CE 3@5G5A:8E A;>2 <530A (1>;LH>9) 8 B5@8>= (<;5:>?8B0NI55)  <530B5@8C< 0<5@8:0=C<. A:>@5 CG5=K5 2KOA=8;8, GB> ACI5AB2>20;> =5A:>;L:> 284>2 3830=BA:8E ;5=82F52. 48= 87 =8E, =0720==K9 <8;>4>=><, >B;8G0;AO >B ?@54K4CI53> B5<, GB> 53> ?5@54=85 :>=5G=>AB8 1K;8 B0:>9 65 4;8=K, :0: 8 704=85. 5@<0=C C@<59AB5@C, =5<5F:><C CG5=><C, 1K;> ?OBL45AOB ;5B, :>340 >= ?@85E0; 2 .6=CN <5@8:C 2 1861 3>4C, @5H82 70=OBLAO 3830=B0<8. ;8609H8< 53> =0CG=K< :><?0=L>=><, 0 2?>A;54AB288 8 ?@55<=8:><, 1K; ?@>D5AA>@ $;>@5=B8=> <538=>. <5AB5 >=8 >B:>?0;8 <=>65AB2> :>AB59 3830=BA:8E B@02>O4=KE 682>B=KE. > =8:0: =5 <>3;8 >B25B8BL =0 2>?@>A: A:>;L:> ;5B :>ABO<?  B5 3>4K A;>6=> 1K;> 40BL B>G=K9 >B25B. C@<59AB5@ 1K; C25@5= 2 B><, GB> G5;>25: 8 <530B5@89 =8:>340 =5 2AB@5G0;8AL, B0: :0: C :>@5==KE 68B5;59 =5 A>E@0=8;>AL =8:0:8E 2>A?><8=0=89 > ?>4>1=KE 682>B=KE, E>48;8 ;8HL ;535=4K > :>ABOE. =8 AG8B0;8, GB> MB> :@C?=>5 682>B=>5, G5<-B> =0?><8=02H55 3830=BA:>3> :@>B0, 1K;> 24@C3 C18B> A>;=5G=K< A25B><, :>340 >=> A;CG09=> 27;><0;> ?>25@E=>ABL 75<;8. 0AAC645=8O C@<59AB5@0 1K;8 2?>;=5 ;>38G=K, => D0:BK >15@=C;8AL ?@>B82 =53>. 530B5@8O, 3830=BA:>3> ;5=82F0, G0AB> A2O7K20NB A 3830=BA:8< 1@>=5=>AF5<  3;8?B>4>=><, 8 >10 MB8 682>B=K5 68;8, >G5284=>, 2 >4=> 8 B> 65 2@5<O. K;8 =0945=K >AB0=:8 3;8?B>4>=0 8 AB>O=:8 4@52=53> G5;>25:0, 8 A0<K< F5==K< >B:@KB85< 1K; G5;>25G5A:89 A:5;5B, =0E>482H89AO 2 A84OG5< ?>;>65=88 2=CB@8 3830=BA:>3> ?0=F8@O 3;8?B>4>=0. -B0 4@52=OO D>@<0 70E>@>=5=8O 1K;0, >G5284=>, ?@8=OB0 4;O >A>1> 7=0B=KE ?5@A>=.  2K:>?0==K9 2 1789 3>4C A:5;5B <530B5@8O 1K; =5?>;=K<. %>BO 2A5 G5BK@5 :>=5G=>AB8 1K;8 F5;K<8 8 =52@548<K<8, => 1>;LH8=AB2> 4@C38E :>AB59 >BACBAB2>20;>. >A5@548=5 <564C :>=5G=>ABO<8 A>E@0=8;8AL A;54K >3=O. G5284=>, 3830=BA:89 ;5=825F 1K; 703=0= 2 O<C, ?>9<0= 8 ?>460@5= ?@O<> 2 70?04=5. =0G8B, 8=459FK 53> 7=0;8, => >B25B =0 2>?@>A :>340? B0: 8 =5 1K; ?>;CG5=. 5?>40;5:C >B N6=>9 3@0=8FK 0B03>=88 5ABL DL>@4, 8<5=C5<K9 <5AB=K<8 68B5;O<8 :0=0;, A C=K;K< =0720=85< Ultima Esperanza (>A;54=OO 045640). "0< 2 A2>5 2@5<O >1>A=>20;AO 8 C548=5==> 68; 2 A>1AB25==>@CG=> ?>AB@>5==>< 4><5 =5:B> -15@E0@4, :0?8B0= 40;L=53> ?;020=8O, =5<5F ?> ?@>8AE>645=8N. N48, ?>A5I02H85 @0=G> -15@E0@40, CB25@640;8, GB> 2845;8 B0< =0BO=CBCN =04 :CAB0<8 H:C@C :@C?=>3> 682>B=>3>. 5:>B>@K5, :0: 3>2>@8;8 ?>B><, 4065 ?KB0;8AL >B@570BL :CA>G:8 >B H:C@K, >4=0:> MB> >:070;>AL 45;>< =5>1KG09=> B@C4=K<. @8G8=0 2 B><, GB> 2 H:C@C 1K;> 2:@0?;5=> 1>;LH>5 :>;8G5AB2> :>AB59 @07<5@>< A D0A>;L. 4=064K  B>G=0O 40B0 =58725AB=0, => MB> 1K;> C65 ?>A;5 A<5@B8 C@<59AB5@0  :CA>G5: B0:>9 :>68 ?>?0; : <538=>. K; ;8 MB>B :CA>: 87 @0=G> -15@E0@40, A C25@5==>ABLN A:070BL =5;L7O, 40 8 A0< <538=> =5 25@8; MB><C. 06=> 4@C3>5  :CA>: :>68 1K; A2568< 8;8, ?> :@09=59 <5@5, 2K3;O45; B0:>2K<. >=5G=>, MB> =5 1K;0 A2565ABL :>68, :0:CN <>6=> 2AB@5B8BL 2 ;02:5 <OA=8:0, 55 <>6=> A@02=8BL A =54C1;5=>9 H:C@>9, 2LI5;0==>9 H>@=8:><. > 2AO:>< A;CG05, @5H8; <538=>, :CA>: H:C@K =5 1K; 8A:>?05<K<, 8 2 MB> B@C4=> 1K;> ?>25@8BL. <538=> A>720; ?@5AA-:>=D5@5=F8N. 075BK 2A53> <8@0 =0?5G0B0;8 AB0BL8 A 703>;>2:0<8 B8?0: 830=BA:89 ;5=825F 5I5 =5 2K<5@. @>D5AA>@ <538=> CB25@640;, GB> =8:0:8E 4@C38E A2845B5;LAB2 C =53> =5B. ><8<> :>68 87 =58725AB=>3> 8AB>G=8:0 1K;0 5I5 8AB>@8O, @0AA:070==0O =5:8< Pa<>=>< 8AB0, G8=>2=8:>< 87 ?@>28=F88 !0=B0-@CA. 4=064K >= >E>B8;AO 2<5AB5 A >B@O4>< 2 F5=B@5 0B03>=88. >340 =0ABC?8;0 =>GL, >E>B=8:8 C2845;8 =57=0:><>5 682>B=>5, ?>E>655 =0 OI5@0, @0725 GB> B5;> 53> 1K;> ?>:@KB> 4;8==>9 H5@ABLN. 82>B=>5 A:@K;>AL, 5A<>B@O =0 B> GB> <5AB=K5 725@>;>2K AB@5;O;8 2 =53> 87 ;C:>2. !=0G0;0 <538=> =5 ?>25@8; @0AA:07C 8AB0, => ?>B>< ?>G5<C-B> 87<5=8; A2>5 <=5=85 8 2?>A;54AB288 4065 40; ACI5AB2C =0CG=>5 =0720=85 =5><8;>4>= 8AB0.  =5C40GC >E>B=8:>2 >1JOA=8; B5<, GB> 8E AB@5;K 2@O4 ;8 <>3;8 =0=5AB8 2@54 682>B=><C, 2 H:C@5 :>B>@>3> 1K;8 :>ABO=K5 =0@>ABK. 535=4K <5AB=KE 68B5;59 @0AA:07K20;8 > =5:>5< 1>;LH>< 157>184=>< =>G=>< 725@5 85<8H, :>B>@K9 F5;K<8 4=O<8 >BAK?0;AO 2 A2>59 =>@5, 2K@KB>9 ;0?0<8, ?>E>68<8 =0 1>;LH85 :;5H=8. <538=> ?>AB028; ?5@54 A>1>9 7040GC  >BKA:0BL 2 @0==8E >?8A0=8OE C?><8=0=8O >1 MB>< 682>B=>< 8 =0720=8O =0 <5AB=KE O7K:0E.  A2>8E ?>8A:0E >= =5>6840==> =0B>;:=C;AO =0 :=83C ?>4 =0720=85< AB>@8O 702>520=8O 0@0320O, 8> 45 ;0 ;0B0 8 "C:0<0=0 >BF0 54@> >70=>, >?C1;8:>20==CN 2 1740-1746 3>40E, 345 C?><8=0;>AL ACI5AB2> ?>4 =0720=85< AC 8;8 AC::0@0B.  :=835 3>2>@8;>AL, GB> MB> 2=CH8B5;L=KE @07<5@>2 682>B=>5 8<55B >1K:=>25=85 =>A8BL A2>8E 45B5=KH59 =0 A?8=5. 5A<>B@O =0 B> GB> MB> 1K;> >?0A=>, <5AB=K5 68B5;8 >E>B8;8AL =0 =53>, GB>1K 4>1KBL 53> H:C@C, 87-70 ?@>G=>AB8. > B>9 ?>@K 5420 ;8 :B> 2 2@>?5 A;KH0; >1 >BF5 >70=>, => ?>A;5 A>>1I5=8O <538=> > AC 2 =0CG=>< 6C@=0;5 2A5 52@>?59A:85 7>>;>38 <><5=B0;L=> 2A?><=8;8 0=0;>38G=>5 682>B=>5. 3> 87>1@065=8O, 4>2>;L=> D0=B0AB8G5A:85, :@0A>20;8AL =0 AB@0=8F0E >3@><=>9 :=838 ?> 7>>;>388 H259F0@A:>3> CG5=>3> >=@040 5A=5@0, 682H53> 2 XVI 25:5, :>B>@CN G8B0;0 2AO 2@>?0.  :=835 5A=5@0 AB>@8O 682>B=>3> <8@0 5ABL ?0@03@0D, >703;02;5==K9 De Subo, 2 :>B>@>< ?>25AB2C5BAO: !0<>5 >B2@0B8B5;L=>5 682>B=>5, :>B>@>5 <>6=> 1K;> 2845BL =0 75<;5, =07K205BAO 2 >2>< !25B5 !C. "0< =0 =5402=> >B:@KBKE 75<;OE 682CB ;N48, =07K20NI85 A51O ?0B03>=F0<8, 8 B0: :0: AB@0=0 MB0 =5 >G5=L B5?;0O, >=8 C:@K20NB A51O H:C@0<8 682>B=>3>, =07K205<>3> 8<8 !C, GB> >7=0G05B  2>40 , B0: :0: MB> 682>B=>5 6825B 2 >A=>2=>< 2>7;5 2>4K. -B> A0<>5 AB@0H=>5 8 >B2@0B8B5;L=>5 682>B=>5, :>B>@>5 B>;L:> <>6=> C2845BL. >340 =0 =53> >E>BOBAO, >=> A>18@05B A2>8E 45B5=KH59 =0 A?8=C 8, ?@8:@K20O 8E E2>AB><, C15305B. 3> 703>=ONB 2 O<C 8 C1820NB AB@5;0<8. A5<C MB><C =5 ?@84020;8 >A>1>3> 7=0G5=8O 4> B>3> 2@5<5=8, ?>:0 2>:@C3 3830=BA:>3> ;5=82F0 =5 @073>@5;8AL AB@0AB8. <538=> ?@>4>;60; ?>8A:. KOA=8;>AL, GB> ?@82545==K5 AB@>:8 5A=5@ 27O; 87 :=838 =4@M "525. > C "525 40;LH5 1K;> B0:: >340 >=8 2845;8, GB> 725@L ?>9<0=, >=8 =0=>A8;8 5<C C25GLO 8 C1820;8 53> 45B5=KH59 (A;>2=> E>B5;8 A25AB8 53> A C<0) 8 ?@8 MB>< 874020;8 B0:85 :@8:8, >B :>B>@KE 48:85 725@8 AB0=>28;8AL @>1:8<8 8 =0?C30==K<8.  :>=F5 :>=F>2 53> C1820;8 AB@5;0<8. AB05BAO 2>?@>A: >B:C40 27O;0AL H:C@0 =0 @0=G> -15@E0@40? 0AA:07K20NB, GB> :0?8B0= >4=064K A0< ?@8=O;AO :>?0BL 75<;N >:>;> A2>53> 4><0 2 =045645 >1=0@C68BL :0:85-;81> A2845B5;LAB20 > 682>B=><.  =0B:=C;AO =0 70AK?0==CN O<C. =0 1K;0 4>AB0B>G=> B5A=>9, A 3@C4>9 =020;5==KE ?> AB>@>=0< :0<=59. =CB@8 O<K 8AA;54>20B5;8-;N18B5;8 2?>A;54AB288 =0H;8 A:5;5B G5;>25:0 8 425 H:C@K, 0 A0<C O<C ?@8=O;8 70 >AB0B:8 ?5@2>1KB=>9 AB>O=:8 G5;>25:0. >74=55 ?@>D5AA8>=0;L=K5 CG5=K5-7>>;>38 >1=0@C68;8 2 O<5 A;>9 ?><5B0 <8;>4>=0 3;C18=>9 >:>;> 40 A0=B8<5B@>2, 0 70B5< ?@8 1>;55 BI0B5;L=KE @0A:>?:0E =0H;8 G0AB8 AB51;59 @0AB5=89, :>B>@K5 1K;8 1C:20;L=> >B@570=K. ">;L:> 7C1K 682>B=>3> <>3;8 >AB028BL B0:85 @>2=K5 A@57K. 48= 87 8AA;54>20B5;59, ?@>D5AA>@ !0=BLO3> >B, ?@54;>68; 40BL 682>B=><C =>2>5 8<O  3@8?>B5@89 4><5AB8:C<, ?>;030O, GB> 682>B=>5 1K;> ?@8@CG5=> 8=459F0<8, GB> A0<> ?> A515 =5 1K;> B0:8< C6 =525@>OB=K<. 4=0:> ?@>B82 MB>3> C A:5?B8:>2 8<5;>AL >4=> 2>7@065=85: 4><0H=55 682>B=>5 2@O4 ;8 1K 2K<5@;>. >;55 25@>OB=>, GB> 682>B=KE >:@C60;8 8 703>=O;8 2 O<K, 345 8E <>3;8 >AB02;OBL 682K<8 8 4065 ?>4:0@<;820BL 4> B5E ?>@, ?>:0 =5 ?@845B 2@5<O 8E C18BL 8 C?>B@518BL <OA> 2 ?8IC.  =0G0;5 =K=5H=53> AB>;5B8O 48@5:B>@ <C75O 5AB5AB25==>9 8AB>@88 2 >=4>=5 M9 0=:0AB5@ ?@54?>;>68;, GB> 2 :0:8E-;81> <0;>87CG5==KE C3>;:0E 0B03>=88 5I5 >18B05B 3830=BA:89 ;5=825F. =5=8O CG5=>3> >:070;>AL 2?>;=5 4>AB0B>G=> 4;O 2;045;LF0 3075BK 59;8 M:A?@5AA, GB>1K D8=0=A8@>20BL M:A?548F8N 2 0B03>=8N A F5;LN ?>8A:0 <8;>4>=0. -:A?548F8N 2>73;02;O; =5:B> %5A:5B X. @8BG0@4, :>B>@K9, >4=0:>, =5 4>25; 55 4> :>=F0 8 25@=C;AO 2 >=4>= =8 A G5<. > MB> 2A5 1K;> C65 402=>. 0: 65 >1AB>OB 45;0 A59G0A? 48= 87 A0<KE B>G=KE 8=AB@C<5=B>2 A>2@5<5==>9 =0C:8  @048>C3;5@>4=K9 0=0;87 @0AA:070; ?>:0 GB> >G5=L <0;>: ?><5B 8 >1>665==K5 :>AB8 8<5NB 2>7@0AB 10 800 8 8600 ;5B. -B> A2845B5;LAB2C5B > B><, GB> 3830=BK 1K;8 A>2@5<5==8:0<8 G5;>25:0, => =5 4>:07K205B, GB> >=8 4>68;8 4> =0H8E 4=59. -:A?548F8O @8BG0@40 =5 1LH0 ?>A;54=59. K;8 >@30=87>20=K 5I5 425, 8 >15 25@=C;8AL A ?CABK<8 @C:0<8. >=5G=>, MB> 5I5 =8G53> =5 4>:07K205B. =0G8B5;L=0O G0ABL .6=>9 <5@8:8 ?>:0 GB> >G5=L A;01> 87CG5=0.  +'+% "+%, +%  +'+% !"% !+-$ 5B =8G53> C4828B5;L=>3> 2 B><, GB> B0: <0=OB : A515 2 @07=KE 7>>?0@:0E 8 F8@:0E A;>=K: >=8 254L A0<K5 1>;LH85 ACE>?CB=K5 725@8. > @07<5@0<8 >1JOA=O5BAO B>;L:> <0;0O G0ABL 8E ?@82;5:0B5;L=>AB8. !;>= @54:> ?@>O2;O5B 03@5AA82=>ABL, 5A;8 B>;L:> =5 >:07K205BAO 2 >?0A=>AB8, 8 <=>3>5 2 53> =0BC@5 4>AB>9=> 2>AE8I5=8O: 8 27@>A;KE 8 45B59 >G0@>2K205B B0 A?>:>9=0O 3@0F8O, A :>B>@>9 4065 A0<K5 <0AA82=K5 682>B=K5 25;8G02> =5ACB A2>5 B5;>, GB>1K ?@8=OBL <O3:CN 1C;>G:C 8;8 O1;>:> 87 G5;>25G5A:8E @C:. %>BO C65 402=> 8725AB=>, GB> A;>=K  >4=8 87 A0<KE C<=KE <;5:>?8B0NI8E, ;8HL 1C:20;L=> 2 A0<>5 ?>A;54=55 2@5<O 1K;> >B:@KB>, GB> C =8E @0728B0 >4=0 A?>A>1=>ABL, A>25@H5==> C=8:0;L=0O 4;O ACE>?CB=KE 682>B=KE: >=8 <>3CB 874020BL >A>1K5 4>72C:>2K5 A83=0;K, =865 ?>@>30 GC2AB28B5;L=>AB8 G5;>25G5A:>3> CE0, 2K7K20O 281@0F8N ;>1=KE :>AB59. -B8 A83=0;K 2 >B;8G85 >B ?>40205<KE :8B0<8 ?@5>4>;520NB >3@><=K5 @0AAB>O=8O 8 <>3CB A>45@60BL 2 A515 @07;8G=CN 8=D>@<0F8N. "0:8< A?>A>1>< <0<0H0-A;>=8E0 <>65B ?>720BL 45B5=KH0 8;8 ?@54C?@548BL AB04> > 2=570?=> 2>7=8:H59 >?0A=>AB8, 2=5H=5 =8G5< =5 ?>:07K20O ?@87=0:>2 15A?>:>9AB20. !E>4AB2> <564C 4>72C:>2K<8 A83=0;0<8 A;>=>2 8 A;>6=K<8 @0A?520<8 :8B>2 ?>GB8 =025@=O:0 A;CG09=>5, 81> ?5@2K5  MB> A?5F8D8G5A:8 ACE>?CB=K5 682>B=K5, 8 =8 >48= 7>>;>3 2A5@L57 =5 AB0=5B @0AA<0B@820BL 25@A8N >1 8E <>@A:>< ?@>8AE>645=88.  B5< 1>;55 AB@0==>, GB> 2A5 65 5ABL A2845B5;LAB20, 8 4>2>;L=> C1548B5;L=K5, GB> A;>=K 8=>340 70E>4OB 2 2>4C =5 B>;L:> 4;O B>3>, GB>1K 2 60@:89 45=L ?>?;5A:0BLAO 2 :0:>9-=81C4L ;C65 8;8 ?5@5A5GL @5:C, 2AB@5B82HCNAO =0 ?CB8, => 8 @50;L=> 2KE>4OB 2 >B:@KB>5 <>@5, ?>4G0A ?>:@K20O 2?;02L >3@><=K5 @0AAB>O=8O. >=0G0;C MB> 72CG0;> AB>;L =525@>OB=>, GB> A?5F80;8ABK ;8HL B@048F8>==> >BHCG820;8AL ?@8 >4=>< C?><8=0=88 > ?;>2F0E, >A=0I5==KE 182=O<8, => 4;O :@8?B>7>>;>3>2, ?>AB>O==> 3>B>2KE ?@8=OBL D0:B B0:8<, :0:>2 >= 5ABL, 4>2>4>2 2 ?>;L7C 25@K 2 A;>=>2  ?>:>@8B5;59 >:50=A:8E ?@>AB>@>2  =K=5 1>;55 G5< 4>AB0B>G=>. 5@2>5 ?>4;8==>5 A2845B5;LAB2> > A;>=5  ?>@>645=88 <>@O <K ?>;CG8;8 >B N6=>0D@8:0=A:>3> D5@<5@0, ?@>68202H53> 2 ?@>28=F88 0B0; 1;87 0@30B0. ! CB@0 1 =>O1@O 1920 3>40 %03 0;0=A 3;075; =0 <>@5 8 24@C3 70<5B8; =0 @0AAB>O=88 2 B@5BL <8;8 >B 15@530 1C@=>5 2>;=5=85 =0 2>45. !15302 70 18=>:;5< 8 =0?@0282 53> =0 >:50=A:89 ?@>AB>@, 0;0=A @0AA<>B@5; 42CE A@060NI8EAO :>A0B>: 8 =5:>5 B@5BL5 ACI5AB2>, 2@5<O >B 2@5<5=8 >:07K20NI55AO =0 ?>25@E=>AB8. >:0 4;8;0AL 18B20, A>1@0;0AL B>;?0 =0@>4C, 0 D5@<5@ =0:>=5F, : A2>5<C >3@><=><C 87C<;5=8N, AC<5; >?>7=0BL B@5BL5 682>B=>5. AB0;L=K5 A>1@02H85AO =54>C<5==> 70C;K10;8AL, :>340 0;0=A 70O28;, GB> 2848B A;>=0. > AB>8;> :><C-B> 87 B>;?K A0<><C ?>A<>B@5BL 2 18=>:;L, :0: A:5?A8A A<5=8;AO C482;5=85<. !>3;0A=> ?>;=><C >BG5BC > ?@>8AH5AB288, >?C1;8:>20==><C 2 <5AB=>9 3075B5, =5>1KG=0O 18B20 ?@>4>;60;0AL 4>2>;L=> 4>;3>5 2@5<O, ?>A;5 G53> :>A0B:8 ?>:8=C;8 <5AB> AE20B:8, >AB0282 B@5BL53> 725@O 157687=5==> ?>:0G820BLAO =0 2>;=0E.  =>GLN : 15@53C C "@M46548-%8;; ?@818;> A8;L=> 87C@>4>20==K5 >AB0=:8, :>B>@K5 2=8<0B5;L=> >A<>B@5;8 8 ?@87=0;8 8E O2=> ?@8=04;560I8<8 A;>=C  ?> >B;8G8B5;L=>9 D>@<5 BC;>28I0 8 182=59. "@C? ?@>;560;, @07;030OAL, =0 ?;O65 =5A:>;L:> 4=59; 70B5<, ?@83=02 =0 15@53 1K:>2, 68B5;8 A2>;>:;8 53> 2 2>4C, 8 >= 1K; C=5A5= >:50=A:8< >B;82><. >340 A>>1I5=85 > =0B0;A:>< A;CG05 ?>O28;>AL 2 ;>=4>=A:>9 59;8 <59;, A?5F80;8AB 87 5465=BA:>3> 7>>?0@:0 ?>A?5H8; 70O28BL > <8AB8D8:0F88. 4=0:> =5:>B>@K5 G8B0B5;8 3075BK, ?>1K202H85 2 0=3;89A:8E :>;>=8OE, =0G0;8 ?@8AK;0BL 2 3075BC ?8AL<0 A >?8A0=8O<8, :0: >=8 A0<8 =01;N40;8 A;>=>2, ?;020NI8E 2 CABLOE 1>;LH8E @5:, 0 >48= 68B5;L >2>9 5;0=488 A>>1I8; 4065, GB> 2> 2B>@>9 ?>;>28=5 ?@>H;>3> 25:0 A;>=>289 :>ABO: 2K1@>A8;> =0 15@53 2 28=A;5=45, 02AB@0;89A:>9 ?@>28=F88. 4=0:> ?>?@56=5<C ;8HL =5<=>385, E>@>H> 7=0:><K5 A ?>204:0<8 A;>=>2 ;N48 1K;8 3>B>2K ?@8=OBL =0 25@C, GB> MB8 >3@><=K5 8 BO65;K5 G5B25@>=>385 A?>A>1=K ?;020BL 4>;3> 8 =0 3;C18=5, 1>;LH59, G5< 8E A>1AB25==K9 @>AB. > ?@8<5@K, ?>4B25@640NI85 MBC 2>7<>6=>ABL, ?@>4>;60;8 <=>68BLAO 2A5 =K=5H=55 AB>;5B85.  1930 3>4C : 54=8:>2><C >AB@>2C =0 ;OA:5 ?@8?;K;0 5I5 >4=0 BCH0 A 4;8==K< BC;>28I5<, ?@8=04;560I8<, ?>E>65, <>;>4><C A;>=C, 0 2 1944-< : 15@53C C 0E@8E0=8H-5O 2 70?04=>9 G0AB8 (>B;0=488 ?@818;> 1573>;>2>5 B5;>, ?> 284C  27@>A;>3> A0<F0.  254L 8 B> 8 4@C3>5 <5AB0 @0A?>;>65=K =5 1;87:> : >1;0ABO< >18B0=8O A;>=>2, 1C4L B> 248O 8;8 D@8:0, B0: GB> =5A;>6=> A515 ?@54AB028BL, :0: C482;5=K 1K;" >1=0@C682H85 >AB0=:8 68B5;8.  1955-< 5I5 42CE A;>=>2, AC4O ?> 2A5<C, 8=489A:>3> 2840, 2K=5A;> =0 ?5A>: =5?>40;5:C >B 5;;8=3B>=0 2 >2>9 5;0=488, 8 2 B>B 65 3>4 B@5B89 A;>= 1K; ?@8=5A5= 2>;=>9 : !5=-7C-C@K, =0 ?>15@56L5 /?>=88. '5@57 16 ;5B <>@5 ?@818;> 5I5 >4=> B5;> A;>=0 : 15@530< =3;88. => >GCB8;>AL 2 <0@B5 1971 3>40 2 #094<CA-55, =540;5:> >B 3>@>4:0 LN40 2 70?04=>9 G0AB8 >@=C>;;0.  G5@57 =5A:>;L:> <5AOF52 <>@O:8 @K1>;>2=>3> B@0C;5@0 <?C;0, 5420 2K94O 87 ?>@B0 @8<718 2 !525@=>5 <>@5, : A2>5<C C482;5=8N, >1=0@C68;8 2 A2>8E A5BOE A@548 >1KG=>3> C;>20 B@5A:8 8 A5;L48 BCHC <>;>4>3> 0D@8:0=A:>3> A;>=0 2 4>1@CN B>==C 25A><. 5 ?@>AB>, :>=5G=>, ?>=OBL, :0:8< >1@07>< MB8 3830=BA:85 <;5:>?8B0NI85 >:070;8AL ?> 2>;5 2>;= B0: 40;5:> >B @>4=KE <5AB, >4=0:> A0< D0:B 8E ?>O2;5=8O =5 2K7K205B =8:0:8E A><=5=89. >65B 1KBL, >=8 ?>381;8 =0 15@53C 8 8E C=5A;> ?@8;82=>9 2>;=>9? ;8 A20;8;8AL 2 @5:C 8 CB>=C;8, 0 ?>B>< 8E 2K=5A;> A8;L=K< B5G5=85< 2 <>@5? >65B, >=8 1560;8 87 ?;5=0 8 2K1@>A8;8AL 70 1>@B :>@01;O, 257CI53> 8E 2 7>>?0@:8? ?@>G5<, 4>:070B5;LAB2 ?>A;54=59 38?>B57K =5B =8:0:8E, 40 8 4;O ?@54K4CI8E 8E <0;>20B>.  B><C 65 4>2>;L=> <=>3> ?@87=0:>2, 3>2>@OI8E > B><, GB> A;>=K ?@>25;8 2 <>@5 =5<0;>5 2@5<O 682K<8. %>BO H:C@0 A;>=0 8 B>;AB0, => <>@A:0O A>;L, ?> 2A5< @0AG5B0<, 4>;6=0 1K;0 ?@825AB8 <5@B2CN BCHC 2 A>AB>O=85 ?>;=>9 =5C7=0205<>AB8 704>;3> 4> B>3>, :0: >B @>4=KE 15@53>2 682>B=KE ?@818;> 1K 2 B5 40;5:85 A525@=K5 8;8 N6=K5 :@0O, 345 1K;8 =0945=K ?5@5G8A;5==K5 >AB0=:8. 4=0:> 2A5 B5;0, 70 8A:;NG5=85< >4=>3>, C4828B5;L=> E>@>H> A>E@0=8;8AL. @>1;5<0 2 B><, GB> 0;LB5@=0B82=>5 >1JOA=5=85 (> A?>A>1=>AB8 A;>=>2 ?;020BL ?> >:50=C) :070;>AL <=>38< A?5F80;8AB0< 5I5 1>;55 =5?@85<;5<K<. >>;>38, =04> A:070BL, 8 A;KH0BL >1 MB>9 8455 =5 E>B5;8. > 2>B 2 1976 3>4C, :0: 1K 65;0O ?>4;8BL <0A;0 2 >3>=L, =5:0O 0=3;8G0=:0, ?>4?8A02H0OAO ?@>AB> 5@8 $., ?@8AK;05B 2 <5AB=CN :>@=C>;;LA:CN 3075BC 425 70=OB=K5 D>B>3@0D88 2<5AB5 A A>?@>2>48B5;L=K< ?8AL<><.  =5< >=0 70O2;O5B, GB> =0 D>B> ?@54AB02;5= <>@A:>9 7<59, A=OBK9 5N 2 "@5DC78A->9=B5 =540;5:> >B CABLO @5:8 $M;, => =0 A0<>< 45;5, 2?>;=5 >G5284=>, GB> =0 A=8<:5  A;>=, A;53:0 2KAC=C2H89 3>;>2C 8 G0ABL BC;>28I0 87 2>4K. !0<0 5@8 $. B>65 ?@87=0;0 2 ?8AL<5, GB> ACI5AB2> 1>;55 ?>E>48;> ?> D>@<5 =0 A;>=0, 40 8 @07<5@K 1K;8 A;>=>2L8, >4=0:> ?> :0:8<-B> AB@0==K< 70:>=0< ?@8@>4K >G5284FK @54:> ?@8E>4OB : >G5284=K< 65 70:;NG5=8O<. 0: =8 1K;0 55 8AB>@8O =525@>OB=0, => <=>385 <5AB=K5 68B5;8, CA;KH02 55, 24@C3 ?@8?><=8;8, GB> ;5B 70 ?OBL 4> MB>3> <5@B2>3> A;>=0 2K=5A;> =0 15@53 C LN40, 8 >BB>3> ?>25@8;8 0=3;8G0=:5 3>@074> >E>B=59, G5< 2A5 ?@>G85 ;N48, 28452H85 :C@L57=>5 D>B>. "0: GB> 65, ?;K; A515 25A5;> A;>= 2>:@C3 A25B0 ?> <>@O< 8 >:50=0< 8 ?5G0;L=> >:>=G8; A2>5 ?CB5H5AB285 =5704>;3> 4> 2KA04:8 =0 0=3;89A:89 15@53? "@C4=> A MB8< A>3;0A8BLAO, => A:@KB=0O 5@8 1K;0 A>25@H5==> C25@5=0, GB> AD>B>3@0D8@>20==>5 5N 682>B=>5 ?@51K20;> 2 2>45 682K<. "0: 2KH;>, GB> 2A53> G5@57 B@8 3>40 ?>O28;>AL >:>=G0B5;L=>5 4>:070B5;LAB2> B><C, GB> A;>=K CA?5H=> ?@5>4>;520NB 1>;LH85 @0AAB>O=8O 2?;02L.  023CAB>2A:>< =><5@5 6C@=0;0 LN A095=B8AB 70 1979 3>4 1K;0 ?><5I5=0 D>B>3@0D8O, A45;0==0O <5AOF5< @0=LH5 04<8@0;>< . 048@30<>< 2 20 <8;OE >B 15@53>2 (@8-0=:8, =0 :>B>@>9 2845= ?;K2CI89 ?> >:50=C A;>= <5AB=>9 ?>@>4K. ?>7=0BL 53> 1K;> =5A;>6=> 4065 ?> D>B>: E>BO =>38 =865 2>4=>9 ?>25@E=>AB8, => BC;>28I5 OA=> 284=>.  B>340 =0:>=5F, =0B>;:=C2H8AL =0 =5>?@>25@68<>5 4>:070B5;LAB2>, 7>>;>38A:5?B8:8 2A53> <8@0 1K;8 2K=C645=K ?@87=0BL, GB> 40, >=8 1K;8 =5 ?@02K, 0 A;>=K 459AB28B5;L=> <>3CB ?;020BL ?> <>@O<. "0: GB> :>340 2 1982 3>4C 015@48=A:85 @K10:8 2KB0I8;8 A5BLN 2 32 <8;OE >B ?>@B0 2 !525@=>< <>@5 BCHC A;>=0, =8:B> 87 1@0BAB20 7>>;>3>2 =5 1K; >A>15==> C482;5=. 4=0:> ?@54AB028< A515 @50:F8N ?>;C4N68=K <>@O:>2 A H>B;0=4A:>3> B@0C;5@0: ?@8<5=8B5;L=> : =8< A;>2> C482;5=85 72CG0;> 1K A;8H:>< <O3:>!  %+# ,  +  >48= 87 OA=KE B5?;KE 4=59 <0O 1956 3>40 =0 D5@<C 2 '0;0BG8, 1;87 .=8>=B0C=0 2 HB0B5 ;010<0, A =510 ?>AK?0;8AL 682K5 @K1K. G5284FK MB>3> =525@>OB=>3> ?@>8AH5AB28O CB25@640;8, GB> >=8 2K20;8;8AL 87 548=AB25==>3> B5<=>3> >1;0:0, :>B>@>5 ?>O28;>AL 87 <0;5=L:>3> 28E@O =0 =51>A2>45, :0: 1C4B> 87 =8>B:C40. !=0G0;0 4>648: 70:0?0; =04 <0;5=L:8< :;>G:>< 75<;8 2A53>-B> 2 200 :204@0B=KE DCB>2 ?;>I04LN, 8 BCB 65 =5>1KG=0O BCG0 87 B5<=>9 AB0;0 ?>GB8 15;>9 8 87 =55 ?>AK?0;8AL B@8 2840 @K1  A><K, >:C=8 8 ;5I8. 7 B>3>, GB> @K1K 1K;8 682K5 8 B@5?KE0;8AL, 1K;> OA=>, GB> 2 =515 >=8 ?@>1K;8 =5 >G5=L 4>;3>, G53> =5;L7O A:070BL > A0<>< @K1>?045, :>B>@K9, ?> A;>20< >G5284F52, 4;8;AO 4>1@KE 15 <8=CB. %>BO 2A5 @K1K >B=>A8;8AL : <5AB=K< 2840< 8 :8H52H89 8<8 @CG59 =0E>48;AO 2A53> 2 42CE <8;OE >B D5@<K, >4=0:> =8:0:8E B>@=04> 8;8 C@030=>2 =5 =01;N40;>AL C65 <=>3> =545;L, B0: GB> >AB020;>AL =5?>=OB=K<, :0: 8<5==> >=8 ?>4=O;8AL 2 =51> 8 1K;8 ?5@5=5A5=K =0 MB> @0AAB>O=85. 48= 87 A2845B5;59 70<5B8;: > <=5, B0: MB> A0<0O AB@0==0O 25IL =0 A25B5. >=5G=>, 25IL AB@0==0O, >4=0:> C6 =5 A0<0O =0 15;>< A25B5. K1>?04K 1K;8 >B<5G5=K ?@0:B8G5A:8 ?>2AN4C =0 75<=>< H0@5. !2545=8O 87 ?5@2KE CAB >1 MB8E D@>BA:8A (?045=8O A =510) ?5@5?>;=ONB AB@0=8FK 3075B, ?8HCI8E >1 0=><0;L=KE A>1KB8OE, 8 4065 B@572K5 8 @07C<=K5 <5B5>@>;>38G5A:85 6C@=0;K @53C;O@=> ?5G0B0NB A>>1I5=8O > ;82=OE A5;L48, H:20;0E :0;L<0@>2 8 B>@=04> D>@5;8.  =K=5H=5< AB>;5B88 =01;N40;>AL <=>3> 4@C38E ?>4>1=KE A;CG052 8 2 !>548=5==KE (B0B0E, 2:;NG0O ?>B>?K 2 >AB>=5 (0AA0GCA5BA), "><0A28;;5 (;010<0), #8BG8B5 (0=70A). #B@>< 19 45:01@O 1984 3>40 @K1K ?>AK?0;8AL 2 =5>1KG09=> 1>;LH>< :>;8G5AB25 =0 !0=B0->=8:C (D@8259 1;87 @M=H>C-1C;L20@ 2 >A-=465;5A5), A>7402 020@89=CN A8BC0F8N =0 4>@>35. 0 A;54CNI89 3>4, 2 <05 1985-3>, B>65 =5<0;0O ?>@F8O @K1K 2K20;8;0AL A =510 =0 704=5< 42>@5 4><0 C8A0 0AB>@8=> 2 $>@B->@B5 ("5E0A). 0AB>@8=> ?>B>< ?@87=020;AO, GB> 1K; 25AL<0 =0?C30= @K1>?04><, 81> B25@4> C25@>20; 2 53> A25@EJ5AB5AB25==>5 ?@>8AE>645=85. K1>?04K =0AB>;L:> ?@82KG=K 2 =5:>B>@KE AB@0=0E, B0:8E, :0: =48O 8 2AB@0;8O, GB> B0<>H=85 3075BK ?>GB8 ?@5:@0B8;8 4020BL > =8E A>>1I5=8O =0 A2>8E AB@0=8F0E. 2AB@0;89A:89 =0BC@0;8AB 8;L15@B #8B;59 4065 >?C1;8:>20; A?8A>: 87 50 @K1=KE 4>6459 =0 H5AB>< :>=B8=5=B5 2 >4=>< B>;L:> 1972 3>4C.  =53> 2>H;8 ?045=8O @CG59=KE 3>;LO=>2 2 @5AA8 (HB0B 8:B>@8O), :@525B>: 1;87 !8=3;B>=0 (>2K9 .6=K9 #M;LA), :0@;8:>2KE >:C=L:>2 2 %M9D8;45.(8:B>@8O) 8 =5845=B8D8F8@>20==KE ?@5A=>2>4=KE 284>2, >1@CH82H8EAO =0 ?@83>@>4K @8A1M=0 (28=A;5=4).  @8B0=88 E>BO B0:85 ;82=8 =5 AB>;L >1KG=K, => =5A:>;L:> A>>1I5=89 > =8E >BKA:0BL 2A5 65 <>6=>.  023CAB5 1914 3>40 2845;8, :0: 2 >1;0AB8 %5=4>= 2 !0=45@;5=45 ?@875<;O;8AL 2K1@>H5==K5 87 2>4K C3@8; 2 023CAB5 1948 3>40 =5:89 <8AB5@ 0= 5B8 87 %59;8=39;5=40 (3@0DAB2> %M<?H8@), ?>?0; ?>4 4>64L 87 B@5A:8 2 B> 2@5<O, :>340 >= >B?@028;AO ?>83@0BL 2 3>;LD. !@548 @0:>>1@07=KE, 2@5<O >B 2@5<5=8 2K?040NI8E =0 1@8B0=A:85 75<;8, G0I5 2A53> 2AB@5G0NBAO :@01K. >6=> ;8 >1JOA=8BL ?>4>1=K5 A;CG08 G5<-B> 8=K<, =565;8 A25@EJ5AB5AB25==K<8 ?@8G8=0<8? 5:>B>@K5 ?>;030NB, GB> <>6=>. !@548 <5B5>@>;>3>2 @0A?@>AB@0=5=> <=5=85, GB> C6 :>;L @K1>?04K 1>;LH5 =5;L7O AG8B0BL D0=B078O<8, B>, ?> :@09=59 <5@5, >1JOA=5=8O 4;O =8E =8:0: C6 =5 4>;6=K ;560BL 2 >1;0AB8 ?0@0=>@<0;L=>3>. -:A?5@BK-AB>@>==8:8 B0:>9 B>G:8 7@5=8O AG8B0NB, GB> =5:85 28E@8 8;8 2>74CH=K5 2>@>=:8 2K48@0NB, :0: ?K;5A>A><, @K1 87 @5: 8 <>@59 2 =515A0, ?5@5=>AOB =0 :>@>B:85 @0AAB>O=8O 8 70B5< A1@0AK20NB =0 75<;N. "0:0O 25@A8O 2?>;=5 <>65B >1JOA=8BL =5:>B>@K5 A;CG08, => 2A5-B0:8 AB>8B C:070BL, GB> =8:B> =5 2845;, :0: ?>4>1=K5 28E@8 2KBO3820;8 ACI5AB2 87 2>4K, B>340 :0: A;CG052 2K?045=8O 8E, :0: <K C65 ?>:070;8, 70A2845B5;LAB2>20=> 25;8:>5 <=>65AB2>.  B><C 65 A;>6=> ?@54AB028BL A515, :0: 28E@8 8;8 25B@K A>@B8@CNB @K1C ?> 2840<, ?@54?>G8B0O ?5@5=>A8BL >48= 8 >B1@0:>2K20BL 4@C3>9.  ?>G5<C 2<5AB5 A @K10<8 =8:>340 =5 2K?0405B =8G53> 4@C3>3>  ?5A:0, =0?@8<5@, 8;8 2>4>@>A;59? >340 A25@EC AK?;NBAO >18B0B5;8 <>@O, =8:B> =5 >B<5G05B 2K?045=85 A>;5=KE 4>6459 4> 8;8 ?>A;5 MB>3>, 8 5A;8 B5>@8O 2>4O=KE 28E@59 5I5 :0:-B> <>65B >1JOA=8BL ;82=8 <>@A:8E 682>B=KE, >18B0NI8E 21;87 15@53>2, B> 59 =8:0: =5 A>2;040BL A> A;CG0O<8, :>340 4>648B 3;C1>:>2>4=K<8 2840<8 8;8 B5<8, :>B>@K5 ?@54?>G8B0NB 68BL ?>40;LH5 >B ?>15@56LO. 025@=>5, A0<K< ?@8GC4;82K< 87 2A5E @K1>?04>2 1K; 40@ =515A, A20;82H89AO 4 0?@5;O 1986 3>40 =0 1>@B H5AB=04F0B8DCB>2>9 ;>4:8, ?@8=04;5602H59 B@5< @K10:0< A :@>H5G=>3> >AB@>2:0 3@C??K 8@810B8 2 70?04=>9 G0AB8 "8E>3> >:50=0. >B5@?52 :>@01;5:@CH5=85 2> 2@5<O HB>@<0, @K10:8 F5;KE 119 4=59 ?@>25;8 =0 ?;02C, ?@5645 G5< 8E ?>4>1@0;8 2 1>;55 G5< 500 <8;OE >B <5AB0, 345 70B>=C;0 8E HEC=0. A5 MB> 2@5<O >=8 ?8B0;8AL, ;>2O <5;:8E 0:C; 3>;K<8 @C:0<8, :>B>@KE 70B5< ?>540;8 AK@K<8. 4=064K =>GLN, =5704>;3> 4> :>=F0 ?@8:;NG5=89, 2 A>25@H5==>< >BG0O=88 8 AB@040O >B ?>A;54AB289 0:C;L59 485BK, B@>5 <C6G8= 27<>;8;8AL >A?>4C =8A?>A;0BL 8< :0:CN-=81C4L 4@C3CN 54C  8 BCB, : 8E 25;8:><C 87C<;5=8N, =5GB> C?0;> A25@EC ?@O<> 2 8E ;>4:C. -B> =5GB> >:070;>AL @54:>9, => 25AL<0 2:CA=>9 @K1>9 B>3> 2840, :>B>@K9 =8:>340 =5 ?>4E>48B 1;87:> : ?>25@E=>AB8, 0, =0>1>@>B, AB0@05BAO 2A5340 45@60BLAO :0: <>6=> 3;C165. >765, :>340 @K10:>2 A?0A;8, >=8 @0AA:070;8 > GC45, G5< A8;L=> >7040G8;8 384@>18>;>3>2, :>B>@K5 CAB0=>28;8, GB> MB>B 284 >1KG=> >18B05B =0 3;C18=5 600 DCB>2, GB> A@07C 65 >B1@0AK20;> A0<>5 ?@>AB>5 >1JOA=5=85  > ?B8F5, 2K;>282H59, => =5 C45@602H59 A2>N 4>1KGC. "0: GB> 65  >B25B =0 <>;8B2K? >;LH8=AB2> ;CGH5 ?>4C<0NB 42064K, G5< 2A?><=OB > @CF5 >A?>4=59, => @0725 5ABL :0:>5-=81C4L >1JOA=5=85, 72CG0I55 =5@07C<=59? !!/    ? A;8 >B:@KBL 30-9 B>< >;=>3> A>1@0=8O @CAA:8E ;5B>?8A59, B0< ?>4 1582 3>4>< <>6=> =09B8 C4828B5;L=CN 70?8AL:  ;5B> 87K4>H0 :>@:>48;K ;NB88 725@8 87 @5:8 8 ?CBL 70B2>@830, ;N459 <=>3> ?>O40H0, 8 C60A>H0AO ;N485 8 <>;8H0 >30 ?> 2A59 75<;5; 8 ?0:8 A?@OB0H0AO, 0 8=KE 8718H0. ">3> 65 3>4C ?@54AB028AO F0@528G 20= 20=>28G, 2 !;>1>45, 45:01@O 2 14 45=L. 'B> MB> 70 :>@:>48;K (:@>:>48;K?) 2KH;8 87 @5:8 8 =0?0;8 =0 ;N459? 54L 45;> ?@>8AE>48;> ?>4 >23>@>4><. >65B, ;5B>?8A5F ?@5C25;8G8; 4;O :@0A=>3> A;>2F0? > 2>B 5I5 >4=0 70?8AL B>3> 2@5<5=8. =0 A45;0=0 035=B>< =3;89A:>9 B>@3>2>9 :><?0=88 65@><>< 0@A55<.  1589 3>4C >= 2 >G5@54=>9 @07 5E0; 2 >AA8N 8 2 >;LH5 AB0; A2845B5;5< =525@>OB=>3>. = ?8H5B: / 2K5E0; 87 0@H02K 25G5@><, ?5@55E0; G5@57 @5:C, 345 =0 15@53C ;560; 04>28BK9 <5@B2K9 :@>:>48;, :>B>@><C <>8 ;N48 @07>@20;8 1@NE> :>?LO<8. @8 MB>< @0A?@>AB@0=8;>AL B0:>5 7;>2>=85, GB> O 1K; 8< >B@02;5= 8 ?@>;560; 1>;L=>9 2 1;8609H59 45@52=5, 345 2AB@5B8; B0:>5 A>GC2AB285 8 E@8AB80=A:CN ?><>IL, GB> GC45A=> ?>?@028;AO& 5GB> =0?><8=0NI55 :@>:>48;>2 2AB@5G05BAO 8 2 2>A?><8=0=8OE 20B8:0=A:>3> ?>A;0 2 >AA88 02AB@89F0 !8387<C=40 5@15@HB59=0, ?@857602H53> 2 =0HC AB@0=C 2 15178 1526 3>40E. >B 53> A;>20: -B0 >1;0ABL 87>18;C5B @>I0<8 8 ;5A0<8, 2 :>B>@KE <>6=> =01;N40BL AB@0H=K5 O2;5=8O. <5==> B0< 8 ?>=K=5 >G5=L <=>3> 84>;>?>:;>==8:>2, :>B>@K5 :>@<OB C A51O 4><0 :0:8E-B> 7<59 A G5BK@L<O :>@>B:8<8 =>30<8 =0?>4>185 OI5@8F, A G5@=K< 8 68@=K< B5;><& A :0:8<-B> AB@0E>< 1;03>3>259=> ?>:;>=ONBAO 8<, 2K?>;70NI8< : ?>AB02;5==>9 ?8I5. "@8 8AB>@8G5A:8E 8AB>G=8:0, ?>25AB2CNI8E >1 >G5=L ?>E>68E D5=><5=0E. 0725 MB> =5 70A;C68205B 2=8<0=8O? >=5G=>, <>6=> 8 >B<0E=CBLAO >B MB8E A2845B5;LA:8E ?>:070=89, B0: :0: >=8 O2=> =5 2?8AK20NBAO 2 ?@82KG=CN =0< :0@B8=C <8@0. <5==> B0: >B=5A;8AL >4=064K CG5=K5 : @0AA:070< 3>;;0=4A:>3> ;5BG8:0, ?>B5@?52H53> 020@8N =0 >4=>< 87 >AB@>2>2 2 /20=A:>< <>@5. -B> 1K;> 2 1912 3>4C. 5@=C2H8AL =0 @>48=C, >= AB0; @0AA:07K20BL =525@>OB=K5 8AB>@88 > :0:8E-B> :@>2>604=KE 4@0:>=0E, >18B0NI8E 2 B5E <5AB0E. 8HL 2 1926 3>4C =0 >AB@>2 ><>4> ?@81K;0 2A5 65 M:A?548F8O 7>>;>3>2, :>B>@K5 459AB28B5;L=> >1=0@C68;8 @5;8:B>2KE OI5@>2, =0720==KE 4@0:>=0<8 >AB@>20 ><>4>. -B8 4>8AB>@8G5A:85 682>B=K5 G8A;5==>ABLN =5 1>;55 BKAOG8 >A>159 4>AB830NB 4;8=K 4> 3,5 <5B@>2 8 25AOB 130150 :8;>3@0<<>2. 830=BA:85 20@0=K 4>AB0B>G=> 03@5AA82=K, 8=>340 CB0A:820NB >25F C <5AB=KE :@5ABLO=& >65B, =5GB> ?>4>1=>5 2>48;>AL :>340-B> 8 =0 CAA:>9 75<;5? %>G5BAO 25@8BL, GB> >4=064K :@8?B>7>>;>38 708=B5@5ACNBAO ;535=40<8 > @CAA:8E :@>:>48;0E. 54L C65 =5 @07, ?@>25@OO ?>4>1=K5 A;CE8, >=8 C15640;8AL, GB> =0@>4=K5 ?@540=8O =5 2>7=8:0NB =0 ?CAB>< <5AB5& 5254><K9 :@>:>48;, ?>;CG82H89 =0 MB>B @07 8<O @70<0AA:89 <>=AB@C7, 2=>2L >1JO28;AO 2 >AA88 2 =0G0;5 XVIII 25:0. !2845B5;LAB2> >1 MB>< AB@0==>< A>1KB88 1K;> >1=0@C65=> 2 0@E825 3>@>40 @70<0A0. >B :@0B:0O 2K45@6:0 87 =0945==>3> 4>:C<5=B0: 5B0 1719 8N=O 4 4=O. K;0 2 C5745 1C@O 25;8:0O, 8 A<5@G 8 3@04, 8 <=>385 A:>BK 8 2AO:0O 682=>ABL ?>381;8&  C?0; A =510 7<89, >6L8< 3=52>< >?0;5==K9, 8 A<5@45; >B2@0B=>. , ?><=O #:07 >6L59 <8;>ABLN >AC40@O =0H53> A5@>AA89A:>3> 5B@0 ;5:A5528G0 >B ;5B0 1718 > C=HB:0<>@5 8 A1>@C 4=O 5O 48:>28= @07=KE, <>=AB@C7>2 8 C@>4>2 2AO:8E, :0<5=L52 =515A=KE 8 @07=KE GC45A, 7<8O A53> 1@>A8;8 2 1>G:C A :@5?:8< 42>9=K< 28=><& >4?8A0=0 1C<030 75<A:8< :><8AA0@>< 0A8;85< (BK:>2K<.  A>60;5=8N, ?>AK;:0, >G5284=>, =5 4>H;0 4> 5B5@1C@3A:>3> <C75O. @8@>40 @70<0AA:>3> <>=AB@C70 >AB0;0AL =5@073040==>9. >65B, A<5@G 70=5A 87 40;5:8E AB@0= =0AB>OI53> :@>:>48;0? 54L, A>3;0A=> >?8A0=8N, <>=AB@, C?02H89 A =510, 8<5; G5BK@5 :>@>B:85 ;0?K 8 >3@><=CN ?0ABL, ?>;=CN >AB@KE 7C1>2. ;8 345-B> 2 3CABKE B>340 5I5 @>AA89A:8E ;5A0E >AB020;8AL B08=AB25==K5 :@>:>48;K, C?><8=02H85AO 2 =>23>@>4A:>9 E@>=8:5 XVI 25:0?  <>65B, 682K >=8 345-=81C4L 5I5 8 A59G0A? 54L 4> A8E ?>@ 87 CAB 2 CAB0 ?5@540NBAO @0AA:07K > 70304>G=KE ACI5AB20E, >18B0NI8E 2 =5:>B>@KE @>AA89A:8E >75@0E. ,   $ ! #!  5=88 <5AB=K5 >E>B=8:8, 4065 A0<K5 >?KB=K5 8 A<5;K5, =0G8=0;8 B@OAB8AL >B AB@0E0, CA;KH02 8<O G5<>78B (G5<>A8B).  :>340 >=8 A;CG09=> =01@540;8 =0 53> A25685 >3@><=K5 A;54K, A@07C 65 @5B8@>20;8AL. >2>@8;8, GB> ;N1>9, :B> CA;KH8B @KG0=85 MB>3> 725@O, =5 701C45B 53> =8:>340& 5 ?KB09B5AL ?@>A8BL :>3>-;81>  >E>B=8:>2 8;8 ?@>D5AA8>=0;L=KE 7>>;>3>2  40BL B>G=K5 A2545=8O >1 MB>< 682>< :>H<0@5, >=8 B>;L:> ?5@5A:06CB 20< 2A5< 8725AB=K5 4><KA;K, A:5?B8G5A:8 ?>68<0O ?;5G0<8.  B5< =5 <5=55 ?>=04>18;0AL 1K F5;0O :=830, GB>1K A>1@0BL 2>548=> 2A5 @0AA:07K > =5<, F8@:C;8@CNI85 =0 >1H8@=KE B5@@8B>@8OE >AB>G=>9 D@8:8, > A28@5?>< 8 65AB>:>< <542545 1>;LH>3> @>AB0. 82CI85 2 0D@8:0=A:8E AB@0=0E 52@>?59FK 402=> C65 >:@5AB8;8 53> =0948  ?> =0720=8N ?;5<5=8, :>B>@>5 6825B 2 <5AB5 53> >18B0=8O. 7 :=838 . -925;L<0=A0 !;54K =52840==KE 725@59: 'B> 65 MB> 70 725@L? >;LH>9 0D@8:0=A:89 <54254L? > =0 D@8:0=A:>< :>=B8=5=B5 =5 8725AB=> =8 >4=>3> ?@54AB028B5;O A5<59AB20 <54256L8E! (48=AB25==>5 8A:;NG5=85 <>65B A>AB028BL B5@@8B>@8O 0@>::>, 345 2 3>@0E 1;87 "5BC0=0 2 4@52=85 2@5<5=0 2>48;8AL 1C@K5 <542548 Ulsus actors crowtheri, ?@8H54H85 A 15@89A:>3> ?>;C>AB@>20, :>340 81@0;B0@ O2;O;AO 5H5 ACE>?CB=K< <>AB>< <564C 2@>?>9 8 D@8:>9.)  =5B =8 >4=>3> 4>AB>25@=>3> A2845B5;LAB20, GB> =0=48  459AB28B5;L=> <54254L, E>BO AE>4AB2> O2=> 8<55BAO.8 53> G5@BK, >?8A0==K5 <=>38<8 =01;N40B5;O<8, =0AB>;L:> E0@0:B5@=K, GB> 70A;C6820NB A5@L57=>3> 2=8<0=8O. ! 4@C3>9 AB>@>=K, 2 4@52=8E A2845B5;LAB20E B>65 5ABL C?><8=0=8O > <54254OE 2 A5@4F5 D@8:8. 5@>4>B 3>2>@8; > <54254OE 2 8288 =0@O4C A ?8B>=0<8, ;L20<8, A;>=0<8, >A;0<8 A @>3><  =>A>@>30<8 8;8, <>65B 1KBL, ;818B5@8O<8, 2K<5@H8<8 @>4AB25==8:0<8 68@0D0 >:0?8. ;8=89 65 >A?0@820; =0;8G85 <5425459 2 D@8:5. . 0??5@ 2 1668 3>4C C?><8=0; > <54254OE 2 10AA59=5 >=3> A@548 ?@>G8E @50;L=KE 682>B=KE. 0 ?@>BO65=88 25:>2 =0BC@0;8ABK 1K;8 548=K 2> <=5=88, GB> =0 D@8:0=A:>< :>=B8=5=B5 =8:0:8E <5425459 =5B. > 2 1905 3>4C 2?5@2K5 1K;> ?>;CG5=> 8725AB85 > B><, GB> =0 ?;0B> #078= 8HC 2845;8 =5GB>, =07K20NI55AO A53>4=O <542545< =0=48. >;55 ?>;=>5 A2845B5;LAB2> > =5< ?>O28;>AL B>;L:> 2 1912 3>4C, ?>A;5 B>3> :0: =0 7=0G8B5;L=>9 G0AB8 >AB>G=>9 D@8:8 =0G0;8 F8@:C;8@>20BL C?>@=K5 A;CE8 >1 MB>< 682>B=><. 6>DD@8 #8;LO<A, CG0AB2>202H89 2 =0G0;5 25:0 2 7=0<5=8B>9 -:A?548F88 =0=48, 87;>68; A2>8 2?5G0B;5=8O 2 C@=0;5 >1I5AB20 5AB5AB25==>9 8AB>@88 >AB>G=>9 D@8:8 8 #30=4K. 3> AB0BLO 70A;C68205B B>3>, GB>1K ?@825AB8 55 745AL ?>GB8 ?>;=>ABLN: "5=O ?@>AOB >?8A0BL AB@0==>5 682>B=>5, :>B>@>5 O C2845; =0 ?;0B> #078= 8HC. -B> 45;> 4>2>;L=> @8A:>20==>5, => O ?>AB0@0NAL. K @0A?>;>68;8AL ;035@5< 2 0B095 8 ?>H;8 : A:0;0< !8@3>8B, B0<-B> 8 C2845;8 725@O. = 2>72KH0;AO =04 :CAB0@=8:0<8. >9 :C75= 8 1>9 H;8 2?5@548 2A53> A0D0@8, :>340 B@020 24@C3 @0AABC?8;0AL. C75= 70:@8G0;: 'B> MB> B0:>5? >25@=C2 3>;>2C 2 BC AB>@>=C, :C40 >= C:07K20;, O C2845; 682>B=>5 2 45AOB8 <5B@0E >B =0A. => 1K;> ?>E>65 =0 >1KG=>3> 7>>?0@:>2A:>3> <8H:C, 0 @>AB>< 4>AB830;> 1 <5B@0 50 A0=B8<5B@>2, ?@0240, 2 B0:8E CA;>28OE @>AB >?@545;8BL 4>2>;L=> B@C4=>. @81;878B5;L=> >=> 1K;> @02=> =0H5<C <54254N. >B>< >=> A:@K;>AL 2 :CAB0E 2 =0?@02;5=88 !8@3>8B0 MB0:8< E0@0:B5@=K< 30;>?><. 0@O B>340 B>;L:> 70=8<0;0AL, => 725@O <K E>@>H5=L:> @0AA<>B@5;8. / 2A:8=C; :0@018= 8 2KAB@5;8; ?>25@EC, ?@5645 G5< 725@L A:@K;AO 2 A:0;0E. / ?>4>640;, >= >AB0=>28;AO 8 ?>25@=C; 3>;>2C, GB>1K =0A @0AA<>B@5BL.  MB>< ?>;>65=88 >= 1K; 2845= ;CGH5 2A53>. >AB>< >= O2=> ?@52KH0; <5425459 87 7>>?0@:0, 1K; 1>;55 <>I=K<. AO ?5@54=OO G0ABL >:070;0AL ?>:@KB>9 3CAB>9 H5@ABLN, 8 G5BK@5 ;0?K B>65, 0 A?8=0 1K;0 A@02=8B5;L=> 3>;>9. "0:>5 =5A>>B25BAB285 ?>@078;> =0A. >;>20, A;8H:>< 2KBO=CB0O 4;O <5425459, 1K;0 =5?@>?>@F8>=0;L=0 B5;C. ">G=> =5 <>3C A:070BL >1 CH0E, => 70?><=8;>AL, GB> >=8 1K;8 <0;5=L:8<8, 0 E2>AB ?>GB8 =5@07;8G8<K<. (5@ABL ?>:070;0AL =0< B5<=>9, :0: C 3=C, => MB> <>3;0 1KBL 83@0 1;8:>2. >G20 1K;0 ACE>9 8 A:0;8AB>9  A;54>2 =5 >AB0;>AL". 6. #8;LO< ?@>4>;605B: "!?CABO =5A:>;L:> =545;L <K ?>:070;8 1>N, :>B>@K9 =0A A>?@>2>640;, :=86:C A :0@B8=:0<8 682>B=KE @07=KE AB@0= 8 ?>?@>A8;8 =09B8 2 =59 2845==>3> =5402=>. = C:070; =0 @8AC=>: 1C@>3> <54254O 8 70O28;, GB> MB> B>B A0<K9 725@L. "0: O C7=0;, GB> A@548 =0948 >= 8725AB5= ?>4 8<5=5< G5<>78B 8 53> >?8A0=8O A>2?040NB A <>8<8. !?CABO =5A:>;L:> 4=59 2 09@>18 >48= 4@C3 ?@825; :> <=5 N=>HC =0=48, 8 O ?>:070; 5<C 8;;NAB@8@>20==CN =83C 46C=3;59 8?;8=30  =5 >:065BAO ;8 :B>-=81C4L 5<C 745AL 7=0:><K<? = A@07C 65 C:070; =0 10;C  <0;09A:>3> <54254O!  @09>=5 0:C<530, =540;5:> >B 01@0A0, :0: <=5 @0AA:07K20;8, ;N48 B>65 7=0NB =5GB> ?>4>1=>5 8 4065 A?OB 2 ?0;0B:0E A ?>4=8<0NI8<AO ?>;>3>< 87 AB@0E0 ?5@54 H82C25@@5. =8 >?8AK20NB 53> :0: =>G=>5 682>B=>5, =5<=>3> ?>E>655 =0 385=C, => :@C?=55 8 1>;55 48:>5. >2>@OB, GB> C 68B5;59 5ABL 4065 H:C@K MB8E 682>B=KE. 0948 CB25@640NB, GB> C18;8 >4=>3> <=>3> ;5B =0704, :>340 >=> 701@0;>AL =0 :@KHC E868=K. => ?@>20;8;>AL 2>2=CB@L 8 C18;> B5E, :B> 1K; 2 E868=5, => 4@C385 ?>4>63;8 4><, 8 >=> A3>@5;>. #18BL 53> B@C4=>, 81> MB> =>G=>5 682>B=>5 8 @54:>5, =0?0405B B>;L:> =0 >48=>G5:. ">, GB> MB> =5 B@C1:>7C1, =5 101C8=, O 25@N =0 AB> ?@>F5=B>2!" @8B>: A2568E A2845B5;LAB2 04> 4C<0BL, GB> B0:>5 >1AB>OB5;L=>5 A2845B5;LAB2> 1K;> 2>A?@8=OB> A> 2A59 A5@L57=>ABLN, >A>15==> 2> 2@5<5=0, :>340 2>AB>: D@8:8 ?>;=8;AO A;CE0<8 > B08=AB25==>< 682>B=><. @8A;CH05<AO : B><C, > G5< 3>2>@8;8 B>340. @5645 2A53>, =04> >B<5B8BL, GB> 8<O <54254L =0=48  87>1@5B5=85 52@>?59F52-:>;>=8AB>2, >A=>20==>5 =0 ?5@2KE =01;N45=8OE, 8 MB8 :>;>=8ABK G5< 40;LH5, B5< 1>;LH5 25@8;8 2 B>, GB> =0=48 <8D8G5A:>5 682>B=>5. 01;C645=8O ?5@5<5H0;8AL A @50;L=>ABLN. >;LH>5 G8A;> A2845B5;LAB2 > 70304>G=>< 725@5 A>1@0; 1@8B0=A:89 0=B@>?>;>3 !. #. %>1;8. !@548 =8E E0@0:B5@5= @0AA:07 <09>@0 "C;A>=0, 8725AB=>3> =0 ?;0B> #078= 8HC >E>B=8:0, ?>25402H53> A;54CNI55: "5G5@ C65 >?CA:0;AO =0 ;5A, :>340 >48= 87 <>8E 1>52 2>H5; 2 :><=0BC 8 2 2>71C645=88 A:070;, GB> 2>7;5 :CE=8 1@>48B ;5>?0@4. / BCB 65 ?>A?5H8; =0@C6C 8 C2845; AB@0==>5 682>B=>5: C =53> 1K;8 4;8==K5 2>;>AK A7048, 0 A?5@548 H5@ABL GCBL C4;8=O;0AL. =5 ?>:070;>AL, GB> >=> 18-20 ;>:B59 2KA>B>9, G5@=>3> F25B0, 0 <0=5@0 E>48BL =0?><8=0;0 <54256LN  =5GB> 2@>45 ?@82>;0:820NI53> =>3C.  A>60;5=8N, 1K;> C65 4>2>;L=> B5<=>, 8 O =5 CA?5; @0AA<>B@5BL ?>4@>1=>AB8  >A>15==> 3>;>2C. =>385 3>;;0=4FK =5704>;3> 4> MB>3> A?@0H820;8 C <5=O, GB> MB> 70 AB@0==>5 682>B=>5 2>48BAO =0 ?;0B>, >=8 3>2>@8;8 ;8HL, GB> >=> ?>E>65 =0 <54254O 8 87405B 60;>1=K5 72C:8. @C385 A2845B5;LAB20 :0A0;8AL 8=65=5@=>3> ?5@A>=0;0 8 AB@>8B5;59 65;57=>9 4>@>38 2 03048. =8 CB25@640NB, GB> 2845;8 AB@0==K5 A;54K ?@8 ?@>:;04:5 H?0;. 48= 87 8=65=5@>2, (8=4;5@, A45;0; 8E A;5?:8".  <0@B5 1913 3>40 <5AB=K9 G8=>2=8: 04<8=8AB@0F88 5=88 . >@15BB >?8AK20; 2 A2>5< @0?>@B5: / ?>702B@0:0; 2>7;5 @CGLO >:>;> !8@3>8, C D5@<K "C;A>=0, ?>B>< A?CAB8;AO : 2>45, GB>1K =5<=>3> ?>@K10G8BL, 8 BCB-B> =>A : =>AC AB>;:=C;AO A> 725@5<. = =0E>48;AO 2 <5B@5 =865 <5=O, =0:;>=8;AO : 2>45, GB>1K ?>?8BL. / A45;0; 42865=85, GB>1K C1560BL, 0 725@L @20=C; 2;52> 8 8AG57 2 :CAB0@=8:5. !> <=>9 =5 1K;> >G:>2, 8 <5AB=>ABL 1K;0 =5<=>3> 70@>AH0O, 8 548=AB25==>5, GB> O ?>=O;, GB> B0:>5 682>B=>5 O =8:>340 =5 2845;. # =53> 1K;8 4;8==K5 :@0A=>-:>@8G=52K5 2>;>AK A> A;01>9 15;>9 ?>;>A>9 24>;L ?>72>=>G=8:0. ;8==CN ;0?C O 2845; >B :>;5==>3> ACAB020 4> ABC?=8, 8 >= 1K; 1>;LH5 385=K @>AB><, A 1>;LH8<8 CH0<8. =5 =5 C40;>AL @073;O45BL ?>4@>1=55 3>;>2C, => ?> 2=5H=5<C 284C 682>B=>5 =5 B0:>5 C6 <>I=>5& @>8AE>48;> MB> 4=5<, >:>;> 12.30. '5@57 =5A:>;L:> 4=59 ?>A;5 MB>3> A;CG0O %8:5=A, 8=65=5@-4>@>6=8:, B>65 2AB@5B8; 682>B=>5: 8 <0@B0 1913 3>40 O 5E0; >48= =0 4@578=5 ?> 4>@>35 87 03048.  9 G0A>2 =0 16-9 <8;5 2 50 <5B@0E >B 4>@>38 O C2845; 682>B=>5, :>B>@>5 2=0G0;5 ?@8=O; 70 385=C. !=0G0;0 >=> =0E>48;>AL ?@O<> =0 ?CBOE, => ?>B>< A428=C;>AL 2?@02>. K;> 4>2>;L=> =5>1KG=> 2845BL 385=C 2 AB>;L @0==89 G0A, => A:>@>ABL 4@578=K 1K;0 4>2>;L=> ?@8;8G=0O, :8;><5B@>2 40 2 G0A, 8 <5=O 1KAB@> ?@>=5A;> <8<>. K;> 4>2>;L=> A25B;>, :CAB0@=8: =5 ?@52KH0; 45 A0=B8<5B@>2, 75<;O G5@=0O A ?@>30;8=0<8 1C@>3> ;0B5@8B0.  2A5 65, ?@>5760O, O 70<5B8;, GB> MB> =5 385=0, 254L @07<5@0<8 >=0 1K;0 A> ;L20! > 284C >=> =0?><8=0;> 15652>3> ;L20-G5@=>3@82:C, => A 4;8==K<8 =8A?040NI8<8 2>;>A0<8. "5;> :>@5=0AB>5, H5O :>@>B:0O, =>A ?@8?;NA=CBK9. "20@L 4065 =5 C4>AC68;09 =0 <5=O ?>A<>B@5BL, 0 ?CAB8;0AL 1560BL, 2K1@0AK20O A@07C 8 ?5@54=85, 8 704=85 =>38. >38 ?>:@KBK 2>;>A0<8  O 70<5B8; MB>, :>340 >=> 8E 2A:84K20;>. AB0=>28BLAO O =5 <>3 2 A8;C >1AB>OB5;LAB2, E>BO ?@8 <=5 1K;0 28=B>2:0 Rigby-350. !:>@55 2A53>, MB> B> A0<>5 682>B=>5, > :>B>@>< <=>3> 3>2>@8;8 =0 4>@>35. 3> =01;N40;8 <=>385 @01>G85 ?@8 ?>AB@>9:5 B@C1>?@>2>40, 2845;8 8 A;54K 2 ;C60E. !;54K 1K;8 >G5=L ?>E>68 =0 <54256L8. ?8A0=8O >G5284F52 1K;8 ?>E>68 =0 <>8. =5 4>25;>AL 87J5748BL 2AN D@8:C, 8 O 2845; A>B=8 725@59 8 ?B8F. > B0:>5  =8:>340!" # AB@0E0 3;070 25;8:8? >A;54=55 87 A2845B5;LAB2, A>1@0==KE %>1;8, =0 ?5@2K9 273;O4 =5 >B=>A8BAO : =0H5<C ?>4>?5G=><C. !C48B5 A0<8. "<5NBAO 8AB>@88, A>>1I05B 8725AB=K9 0=B@>?>;>3, 8 > 4@C3>< 725@5, 682CI5< 2 @5G=KE 4>;8=0E 2 =86=5< 8 A@54=5< B5G5=88 "0=K. 8AB5@ 015@10BG, ?>;8F59A:89 >D8F5@ MB>3> >:@C30, @0AA:070; <=5, GB> =5<5F:85 <8AA8>=5@K, 682H85 4>;3>5 2@5<O 2 @09>=5 30>, CB25@640NB, GB> <5AB=K5 68B5;8 87 ?;5<5=8 ?>:><> 7=0NB ;5A=>3> 725@O :>44>5;>. 4=>3> 4065 70AB@5;8;8 2>7;5 30> =5A:>;L:> ;5B =0704. 4=064K <8AA8>=5@K 70<5B8;8, GB> 2A5 68B5;8 2 45@52=5 2 @09>=5 >:><> ?>:8=C;8 45@52=N 8 ?5@51@0;8AL =0 4@C3>9 15@53, 81> 1;87 ?>A5;:0 ?>O28;AO :>44>5;>. 5AB=K9 68B5;L >?8A0; 53> :0: ACI5AB2> @>AB>< A G5;>25:0, => E>4OI55 =0 G5BK@5E ;0?0E. =>340 >=> ?>4=8<05BAO B>;L:> =0 704=85, 2=5H=5 A;53:0 ?>E>48B =0 101C8=0-3830=B0, 65AB>:>3> 8 A8;L=>3>. !:>@55 2A53>, 70:;NG05B %>1;8, @5GL 845B > :0:><-B> =5 >B:@KB>< ?>:0 0=B@>?>845 2 4>;8=5 @5:8 "0=0". 58725AB=K9 0=B@>?>84? >B C6 459AB28B5;L=>, A:065B G8B0B5;L, 40;5:> >B =0H53> <54254O! 5 B0: C6 40;5:>, :0: :065BAO ?>=0G0;C. K C2848< 40;LH5, GB> A0<8 =0=48 =07K20;8 G5<>78B>< 8 1>;LHCN >157LO=C. ! 4@C3>9 AB>@>=K, :>340 <8AB5@ %>1;8 ?>;CG8; =5<=>3> 2@5<5=8 A?CABO 4>?>;=8BAOL=K5 A2545=8O > :>4F>5;>, 4>1KBK5 0=:5B8@>20=85< <5AB=KE 68B5;59, B> 2KOA=8;>AL, GB> @5GL 845B > B5E 65 G5@B0E, GB> 8 2 @0AA:070E 4>@>6=8:>2 2 03048! &25B >B :@0A=>20B>3> 4> 65;B>3>, 4;8=0 >:>;> 1,8 <5B@0, 2KA>B0 2 E>;:5  1,05 <5B@0; H5@ABL 4;8==0O, 2A5 8=D>@<0=BK AE>4OBAO =0 =0;8G88 3@82K, H5O :>@>B:0O, :@5?:0O; :>3B8 4;8==K5, <>@40 2KBO=CB0O, 7C1K 1>;LH85, => =5 B0:85, :0: C ;L20, ?5@54=85 ;0?K B>;ABK5. >:><> CB25@640NB, GB> <=>38E B0:8E 725@59 C1820;8 3;02=K< >1@07>< 70 B>, GB> >=8 B0A:0NB 87 45@525=L >25F. >340 725@O 70<5G0NB 2>7;5 45@52=8, <5AB=K5 68B5;8 ?5@518@0NBAO =0 4@C3>9 15@53 @5:8 8 1LNB 2 10@010=K, GB>1K 8A?C30BL 53>. E>B=8:8 ?;5<5=8 201>=5 E>@>H> 7=0NB 53>, => ?@54?>G8B0NB =5 B@>30BL. "0: =5 >48= ;8 8 B>B 65 MB> 725@L  :>44>5;> 8 G5<>78B? 4=> >G5284=>  A;CE8, 8AE>4OI85 87 5=88, ?;>4OBAO 2>:@C3 ACI5AB2, >48=0:>2> =58725AB=KE =0C:5. @81@56=K5 68B5;8, 3>2>@OI85 =0 AC0E8;8, 8A?KB02H85 =0 A515 0@01A:>5 2;8O=85 8, A;54>20B5;L=>, 7=0NI85 > <54254OE, =07K20NB MB> 682>B=>5 0@01A:8< A;>2>< 4C10  <54254L.  1>;55 3;C18==KE @09>=0E 682>B=>5 8<5=CNB =0 O7K:5 ;C<120  "35B59B5 (35@59B, :5B59B, :5@8B).  C0=45 A;>2> 72CG8B :0: 8:8<878, 2 4@C38E <5AB0E  :8:0<10=325. 8B5;8 2 @09>=5 3>@K -;3>= ?@54?>G8B0NB C?>B@51;OBL A;>2> A0;L@C:C. > :0:>2> 1K =8 1K;> ?@>728I5, =04> ?@87=0BL, GB> >1@07 725@O A8;L=> >?>MB878@>20=. ;8, ?@>2>4=8: 7=0<5=8B>3> >E>B=8:0 >465@0 C@B=8, 3>2>@8; > 682>B=>< :0: > 15;>< ?CH8AB>< 725@5, :>B>@K9 E>48B B>;L:> =0 704=8E ;0?0E 8 ?8B05BAO <>73>< A2>8E 65@B2. #8;LO< %8G5=A 87 04<8=8AB@0B82=>9 A;C61K 5=88 AG8B05B, GB> MB> ?>;C725@L?>;C3>@8;;0, A 3;07><, 3>@OI8< ?>A@548 ;10, 8AB>@30NI89 =5G5;>25G5A:>5 @KG0=85. >4>1=K5 >?8A0=8O, :>=5G=>, =5 A;54C5B ?@8=8<0BL 2A5@L57. 0: AB0=>2OBAO ;N4>540<8 "5< 2@5<5=5< =01;N45=8O, A45;0==K5 52@>?59F0<8  :>;>=8AB0<8, 8=65=5@0<8 8 4065 =0BC@0;8AB0<8, 2KA25B8;8 ?@>1;5<C ?>4 =>2K< C3;>< 7@5=8O. A;8 >?8A0=8O <5AB=KE 68B5;59 1K;8 >:@0H5=K 2 <8AB8G5A:85 B>=0 8 A45;0=K ?>4 2>7459AB285< @5;838>7=>3> AB@0E0, MB> 2>2A5 =5 7=0G8B, GB> >=8 ;8H5=K @50;L=KE >A=>20=89. ">, GB> 2 3;070E 15;KE ;N459 ?@54AB02;O;>AL ;8HL <8D8G5A:8< <>=AB@><, ?>AB5?5==> >1@0AB0;> @50;L=>9 ?;>BLN 8 H5@ABLN. "0: @>48;0AL ;535=40 > <542545-=0=48. > 55 ?>O2;5=85 ?>@>48;> =>2CN A;>6=>ABL. "5?5@L 2A5 =5?>=OB=>5 AB0;8 >B=>A8BL =0 AG5B =0=48-1M@0. 0 =8< ?@>G=> C:>@5=8;0AL 7;>25I0O A;020 :@>202>3> E>7O8=0 ;5A0. 0: AB0;8 4C<0BL <5AB=K5 68B5;8, >= =5 B>;L:> ?>E8I0; 4><0H=8E 682>B=KE, => 8 1K; ?@8G8=>9 A<5@B8 ;N459, :>B>@KE =0E>48;8 A> A25@=CB>9 H559 8 @0718BK< G5@5?><, AG8B0;>AL, GB> =0=48-1M@ >E>B8BAO @048 4>1KG8 3>;>2=>3> <>730. 04> A:070BL, GB> B0:8< A?>A>1>< =5 C18205B A2>8 65@B2K =8 >4=0 48:0O :>H:0. -B> <>3;> 1KBL :0:>5-B> 8=>5 AB>?>E>4OI55 682>B=>5 1>;LH>3> @>AB0. 542548, =0?040O, <>3CB 2AB0BL =0 704=85 ;0?K 8 :>3BO<8 A>4@0BL A:0;L? A 3>;>2K G5;>25:0. > <0;>25@>OB=K< 1K; =5 A?>A>1 =0?045=8O, ?@8?8AK205<K9 <54254N-=0=48, 0 A0< D0:B 03@5AA88 A 53> AB>@>=K. 5;> 2 B><, GB> 1>;LH8=AB2> 48:8E 682>B=KE =8:>340 =5 =0?0405B ?5@2K< =0 G5;>25:0 8 2A5340 AB0@05BAO A:@KBLAO ?>4>1@C-?>74>@>2C. >MB><C, O AG8B0N, 745AL 459AB2C5B B0:>5 ?@028;>: 682>B=>5 AB0=>28BAO >?0A=K< A @>AB>< AB@0E0. '0I5 2A53>, ?8H5B %090BB 5@@8;;, ;N4>540<8 AB0=>2OBAO AB0@K5 ;L2K 8;8 B83@K, =5 A?>A>1=K5 1>;LH5 >E>B8BLAO =0 A8;L=KE :>?KB=KE, 8 >=8 =0E>4OB A515 1>;55 ;53:CN 4>1KGC  G5;>25:0. !;CG0;8AL F5;K5 M?845<88 0=B@>?>D0388, :0:, =0?@8<5@, ?>@0782H85 ;L2>2 2 1860 3>4C 8 A 1904 ?> 1909 3>4, GB> ?@825;> : =0AB>OI5<C B5@@>@C 48:8E 725@59 2 5=88.  A57>= 4>6459 ;L2K B>65 <>3CB 3>;>40BL 8 ?>MB><C =0?040BL =0 G5;>25:0, => B0: 1K205B ;8HL 2 B5G5=85 MB>3> ?5@8>40.  2 ACE>9 ?5@8>4 >=8 45@60BAO 1;87 8AB>G=8:>2 2>4K 8 4>;6=K ?8B0BLAO B5<, GB> 8<55BAO C =8E ?>4 ;0?>9. !8;>2><, ?@8G8= 4;O ;N4>54AB20 <=>3>& 0=8:0 =0 2>AB>:5 $0:BK ;N4>54AB20 4>2>;L=> @54:8. 5?CB0F8O ;N4>540 B>3> 8;8 8=>3> 725@O 2K7K205B C =0BC@0;8AB>2 =54>25@85. > 2 A;CG05 A =0=48-1M@>< B0:85 D0:BK >A=>2K20NBAO =0 =0456=>9 8 ?@>25@5==>9 8=D>@<0F88. > A;>20< ;59=8 5@A820;O, 7=0<5=8B>3> >E>B=8:0 8 B0:A845@<8AB0, 548=AB25==K9 8725AB=K9 5<C A;CG09 8<5; <5AB> 2 :5=89A:>9 ?@>28=F88 0@0:5B 2 1914 3>4C:  >48= ?@5:@0A=K9 <><5=B 682>B=>5 AB0;> =0AB>;L:> 7;>1=K<, GB> ?>B@51>20;>AL 53> C18BL. >;55 8=B5@5A=> 4;O =0A 4@C3>5 A>>1I5=85, 8AE>4OI55 >B G8=>2=8:>2 0=3;89A:>9 :>;>=80;L=>9 04<8=8AB@0F88 5=88.  1925 3>4C >4=0 87 45@525=L ?>425@30;0AL =0AB>OI5<C B5@@>@C B0:>3> <54254O, 8 68B5;8 2K=C645=K 1K;8 >1@0B8BLAO : 2;0ABO< 70 ?><>ILN. 25@L, ?@>45;02 4K@C 2 :@KH5 E868=K, C=5A =>GLN 452>G:C.  >= 65 ?@>1@0;AO 2 703>= 4;O A:>B0 8 704CH8; =5A:>;L:8E :>@>2! =0G8B, >= <>65B =5 B>;L:> A:0;L?8@>20BL ;N459, => 8 ?@5>4>;520BL 2KA>:85 873>@>48, G53>, :AB0B8, =5 A:065HL > ;L20E. 5@5?C30==K5 68B5;8 @5H8;8, GB> 725@L >1>A=>20;AO 2 A>A54=5< ;5AC. '8=>2=8:, ?@81K2H89 87 04<8=8AB@0B82=>3> F5=B@0 ?@>28=F88, ?>A>25B>20; CAB0=>28BL =01;N45=85 70 ?5AG0=>9 ?>;>A>9, >B45;ONI59 ;5A >B ?>A5;:0, C6 B0<-B> A;54K 4>;6=K ?>O28BLAO! E>B=8:, ?@85E02H89 2<5AB5 A G8=>2=8:><, >B:07K20;AO 25@8BL @0AA:070< 68B5;59: >=8 >?8AK20;8 682>B=>5 :0: ?>;C725@O-?>;C?B8FC A <>@4>9 >157LO=K! 0 A;54CNI55 CB@> >E>B=8: 1K; @071C65= ?@54A<5@B=K< E@8?>< A>10:8: =0=48-<54254L  8@>=8O AC4L1K  =5 ?>1>O;AO 704CH8BL A>10:C >E>B=8:0! 82>B=>5 C40;O;>AL, 8 B>;L:> A;KH0;>AL 53> AB@0H=>5 @KG0=85, >B :>B>@>3> C ;N459 2>;>AK 2AB020;8 4K1>< =0 3>;>25. 5<;O 4@>60;0 >B 53> B>?>B0, 1C4B> 1560; A;>= 8;8 =>A>@>3& >340 =0H;8 A;54K 725@O =0 ?5AG0=>9 ?>G25, @07<5@K 8E >:070;8AL ?>@078B5;L=K<8. 0?K 1K;8 @070 2 G5BK@5 1>;LH5 A0<>9 1>;LH>9 ;04>=8 G5;>25:0, >BG5B;82> 1K;8 284=K B@8 703=CBKE :>3BO. 8 C >4=>3> ;L20 B0:8E ;0? =5 1K205B! !@02=8< MB> >?8A0=85 A B5<, :0:>5 40; 2 A2>59 :=835 >2 D@8:8 . C@B=8: "4=064K, :>340 O >E>B8;AO 2 ;5AC, >48= A;54>?KB 4@>60I8< ?0;LF5< C:070; <=5 =0 3@><04=K5 A;54K, 1C4B> 1;N4F0, 2402;5==K5 2 3;8=8ABCN ?>G2C. !;54K 1K;8 =0?@02;5=K 2>2=CB@L. >3B8 1K;8 =52BO6=K<8, 81> O >BG5B;82> 2845; 707C1@8=K, >AB02H85AO 2 75<;5. -B>B D0:B A2845B5;LAB2C5B > B><, GB> A;54K =5A><=5==> ?@8=04;560;8 <54254N. @><5 B>3>, C <5=O A;>68;>AL 2?5G0B;5=85, GB> 8E <>3;0 >AB028BL 8 ?@0101CH:0 385=. 830=BA:0O 385=0  =5 >=0 ;8 E>7O9:0 MB8E A;54>2? A5, :><C 4>25;>AL >A<0B@820BL A;54K G5<>78B0, 548=K 2 >4=><: @5GL 845B =5 > :>H:5! 0: ?>4G5@:8205B :0?8B0= %8G5=A, A@548 MB8E ;N459 5ABL <=>3> AB0@KE >E>B=8:>2, :>B>@K5 <>3CB >B;8G0BL ?> A;54C ;L20 8 ;5>?0@40, =5 3>2>@O C65 > 70?0E0E& 'B> :0A05BAO A;540 87 03048, B> BCB <=5=85 2A5E 548=>4CH=> @5GL 845B > ?@O<>E>4OI5< 682>B=><! ">;L:> <54254L <>65B B0: E>48BL& " "5@@>@ =0 N35 !;CE8 > <542545 =0=48-1M@5, G5<>78B5, 2 30-5 3>4K ?@8E>48;8 87 @07=KE :>=F>2 D@8:8, A> 2A53> >3@><=>3> ?@>AB@0=AB20 : A525@C >B "@0=A200;O. 8:B> B>;:>< =5 2845; MB> 682>B=>5, ?8H5B :0?8B0= %8G5=A, 87CG82H89 2A5 A2845B5;LAB20, A2O70==K5 A MB8< 70304>G=K< 0D@8:0=A:8< 725@5<, => <=>385 2845;8 A;54K 8 A;KH0;8 53> :@8:8. 5AB=K5 68B5;8 =07K20NB 53> :>4C<>4C<>, B> 5ABL ;5A=>5 GC4>28I5 A >3@><=>9 3;>B:>9. >4 ?>:@>2>< =>G8 725@L ?@>18@05BAO 2 :@00;8, ?@5>4>;520O ?0;8A04K 4> 42CE <5B@>2 2KA>B>9, E20B05B O3=OB, B5;OB 8 4065 27@>A;KE 682>B=KE, A=>20 ?5@518@05BAO G5@57 873>@>4L 8 8AG5705B, C=>AO 65@B2C. 3> A;54K, >:@C3;K5, 2 D>@<5 ?>4:>2K, A 4;8==K<8, 2 ?OBL A0=B8<5B@>2, :>3BO<8, 4> A8E ?>@ =8:B> =5 <>65B 845=B8D8F8@>20BL. =8 =5 ?>E>68 =0 A;54K =8 >4=>3> 87 8725AB=KE 682>B=KE. 01538 :>4C<>4C<> =0 45@52=8 G0I5 2A53> >B<5G0;8AL 2 @09>=5 @00D- 59=5B0, 345 4065 1K; A>740= >B@O4 87 AB0 >E>B=8:>2, 0 3>;>2C 725@O >F5=8;8 2 :@C3;CN AC<<C! A5 MB8 @0AA:07K ?>72>;ONB 70:;NG8BL, GB> 0@50; ACI5AB20 >G5=L H8@>:, >4=0:> 53> 284>20O ?@8=04;56=>ABL ?>-?@56=5<C >AB05BAO 70304:>9. #<5AB=> 2A?><=8BL 5I5 >?8A0=8O 42CE 0=3;8G0=  <09>@0 @59BA259=0 8 5==5B0 @G5@0, :>B>@K5 8<5;8 2>7<>6=>ABL @0AA<>B@5BL =0=48-1M@0 2 A020==5. !=0G0;0 >=8 ?@8=O;8 53> 70 ;L28FC, =>, :>340 C2845;8 682>B=>5 2 ?@>D8;L, CA><=8;8AL  C6 A;8H:>< =5E0@0:B5@=K< 4;O :>H5: 1K; =>A. 0 8 3>;>20 1K;0 >G5=L :@C?=>9.  E>;:5 >=> 4>AB830;> 345-B> >:>;> 130-140 A0=B8<5B@>2. >E>4:0 =0?><8=0;0 <54256LN. (5@ABL  :>@8G=520O, 4;8==0O.  :>=F5 :>=F>2 >=> A:@K;>AL 2 :CAB0E C @5:8& C6=> ?@5645 2A53> ?>9<0BL 0 ?>A;54=55 45AOB8;5B85 =0:>?8;>AL B0:>5 :>;8G5AB2> A>>1I5=89 > B08=AB25==>< 682>B=><, GB> 8725AB=K9 0=3;89A:89 =0BC@0;8AB $. 59= =5 ?@5<8=C; 70<5B8BL:  MB>B ?5@8>4, ?>60;C9, =5 =0H;>AL =8 >4=>3> 15;>3> G5;>25:0 2 B5E @09>=0E, :>B>@K9 :0:8<-B> >1@07>< =5 >:070;AO ?@8G0AB=K< : :0:><C-B> ?@8:;NG5=8N, A =8< A2O70==><C& 1I55 <=5=85 >1 MB>< 725@5, ?>60;C9, 4>2>;L=> B>G=> 2K@078; >48= >E>B=8: 87 #30=4K: / 4C<0N, GB> <54254L-=0=48 <>65B 1KBL 3830=BA:>9 385=>9, =5:8< =5254><K< =0< ACI5AB2><. > :5< 1K =8 1K;, 53> =C6=> ?@5645 2A53> ?>9<0BL 8 845=B8D8F8@>20BL. > :0: @07 ?> ?>2>4C B0:>9 845=B8D8:0F88 548=>3> 273;O40 8 =5 ACI5AB2C5B. @82545< 5I5 420 >?8A0=8O. 5@2>5 ?@8=04;568B :0?8B0=C %8A;>?C, @538>=0;L=><C :><8AA0@C 87 0?A015B0: "/, :>=5G=>, =5 =0 AB> ?@>F5=B>2 C25@5=. -B> ?@>87>H;> =0 @0AA25B5, 2 800 <5B@0E >B ?5@5:@5AB:0 4>@>3 87 >=480=8 8 -440<K. K 24@C3 70<5B8;8 2 AB>@>=5 >B 4>@>38, =0 :@0N ;5A0, B5<=CN B5=L, >1;040B5;L :>B>@>9 1K; >:>;> <5B@0 2KA>B>9, A <0;5=L:>9 BC?>9 3>;>2:>9. =0 ?5@542830;0AL =0 G5BK@5E ;0?0E, => 704=85 :070;8AL 1>;55 <>I=K<8. "0: >=0 ?@>1560;0 <5B@>2 ?OBL45AOB, 0 ?>B><, =094O >B25@AB85 2 A?;>H=>9 AB5=5 ;5A0, 8AG57;0. "@C4=> =0720BL :0:>5-;81> 5I5 682>B=>5, :@><5 <54254O. > GB> MB> =5 385=0 8 =5 101C8=  B>G=>.  2>>1I5 O =5 2845; ?>E>653> =0 =53> 682>B=>3>. ">;L:> <5425459 2 7>>?0@:0E". B>@>9 @0AA:07 ?@8=04;568B C==0@C =45@A5=C, 8 >?8AK205<K9 8< A;CG09 >B=>A8BAO : >1;0AB8 09<>78, =0 B5@@8B>@88 8=30: "4=064K 2 4>64;82K9 45=L O CA;KH0; :@8:8 <>8E 1>52. 73;O=C2, 70<5B8; 8E 2 =5A:>;L:8E A>B=OE <5B@>2 >B 4><0: >=8 =>A8;8AL 2>:@C3 B@C?0 ;5A=>3> :010=0, ;560I53> 2 >3@><=>9 ;C65 :@>28. 848<>, 53> C18;> :0:>5-B> >G5=L A8;L=>5 682>B=>5& / ?>?@>A8; 1>52 ?>9B8 70 =8< ?> A;54C, => B5 :0B53>@8G5A:8 >B:070;8AL, B0: :0: =5 E>B5;8 8<5BL 45;0 A H09B0=8, :0: >=8 =07K20;8 53> =0 480;5:B5 =0948.  >4=><C 2 ;5A 84B8 =5 E>B5;>AL& >765, :>340 <0;LG8:8 CA?>:>8;8AL, O @0AA?@>A8; 8E > ?@>8AH54H5<. = 1K; >G5=L 1>;LH>9, A G5@=>9 H5@ABLN 8 4;8==K< E2>AB><. (5@ABL G5@=0O, 4;8==0O, E2>AB 45@60; :0: A>10:0, 3>;>20 =5 1>;LH0O, => baya sana. K 70<5B8;8 G5@=K5 2>;>AK, >=8 :;>GLO<8 ;560;8 =0 <5AB5 ?>1>8I0.  A28=L5 =8:0: =5 <>3;8 ?@8=04;560BL. Baya sana  >G5=L ?;>E0O. 0;LG8:8 =5 <>3;8 >1JOA=8BL, ?>G5<C >=8 B0: >E0@0:B5@87>20;8 53> 3>;>2C&  B@025 >B?5G0B:8 1K;8 =5G5B:85 8 ?>E>48;8 =0 A;54K AB0@>3> ;5>?0@40, C :>B>@>3> C65 =5 2BO3820;8AL :>3B8. !28=LO 1K;0 C18B0 AB@0==K< >1@07><, :0: 1C4B> ?@>:>;>B0 =5:8< :;N2><, ?@>=782H8< ?>72>=>G=K9 AB>;1.  ?>B>< ?5@525@=CB0 B0:, GB>1K :>3B8 ?@>=8:;8 2 682>B, :>B>@K9 1K; @072>@>G5=. / A?@>A8;, =5 385=0 ;8 MB>, C :>B>@>9 704=85 ;0?K :>@>G5 ?5@54=8E. =8 A;KH0;8 > 3830=BA:>9 ;5A=>9 385=5, => C B>9 4@C3>3> F25B0 H5@ABL. 5B, B> 1K; =0AB>OI89 4LO2>;! >H5; 4>64L, 8 >B?5G0B:8 =0 B@025 ?>B5@O;8 D>@<C". !;>2> 70 M:A?5@B0<8 "0:>2> 4>AL5 =0 =0=48-1M@0. KA;CH02 A2845B5;59, ?5@5945< : <=5=8N M:A?5@B>2. > <=5=8N C65 C?><O=CB>3> 5@A820;O, 5A;8 2 A>>1I5=8OE 8 20@L8@CNBAO >?8A0=8O 682>B=>3>, B> 2 G5<-B> >=8 2A5-B0:8 A>2?040NB: 725@L 1>;LH>3> @>AB0, 8=>340 2AB05B =0 704=85 ;0?K, 2545B =>G=>9 >1@07 687=8, E8I=>5, C18205B 682>B=KE 8 ;N459. KB0OAL >1@8A>20BL >1;8: 682>B=>3>, :0?8B0= 8B<M= >1>1I05B: =5< E>@>H> 70<5B=0 :@0A=>-:>@8G=520O H5@ABL, ?>E>65 =0 3830=BA:>3> 0=B@>?>840, G0I5 2A53> 53> 284OB 8740;5:0, 2 2KA>:>9 B@025. >GLN >=> ?@54AB02;O5BAO ?>:@KBK< H5@ABLN 8 1>;LH5 ?>E>65 =0 <54254O 8;8 3830=BA:8E @07<5@>2 385=C 8;8 65 N6=>0<5@8:0=A:>3> <C@02L540. 0, >1;8: 4>2>;L=> @07<KB, 254L =5;L7O ?>E>48BL >4=>2@5<5==> =0 2A5E 682>B=KE A@07C. > =015@5<AO B5@?5=8O 8 @0715@5<AO.  =0G=5< A A0<>3> =525@>OB=>3>. -B> =5 B@C1:>7C1 0G=5< A 38?>B57K <C@02L54 :0: A A0<>9 =525@>OB=>9. 5GL 845B > ?@54AB028B5;5 >B@O40 =5?>;=>7C1KE >2>3> !25B0. C<0N, BCB 2A5<C 28=>N =54>@07C<5=85. K 8<55< 2 284C 0D@8:0=A:>3> <C@02L540 (2 :02KG:0E!). -B> @54:>5 682>B=>5 8 ?@>2>48B 2A5 4=8 2 ?>475<5;L5, =07K205BAO >=> B@C1:>7C1, 8;8 00@420@:, 75<;O=0O A28=LO =0 O7K:5 1C@>2. !=87C >= A;53:0 ?>:@KB H5@ABLN, 8 2 MB>< >B;8G85 N6=>3> ?>42840 >B 1>;55 A525@=>3>, MD8>?A:>3>.  =8:>8< >1@07>< MB0 H5@ABL =5 =0?><8=05B <54256LN! 0@420@: 8=>340 <>65B 2AB020BL =0 704=85 ;0?K, >?8@0OAL =0 E2>AB =0 <0=5@ :5=3C@C, 8 MB> 5I5 >48= ?C=:B AE>4AB20 A <54254O<8. B0:, <>65B ;8 <54254L-=0=48 1KBL B@C1:>7C1><? >A;54=89 >G5=L <0;> 8725AB5=, 8 ?>MB><C 2>:@C3 =53> <=>3> ?@54@0AAC4:>2. A>15==> C ?@54AB028B5;59 ?;5<5=8 20BCAA8 2 C0=45. "5 A>25@H5==> 8A:@5==5 AG8B0NB, GB> MB> 04A:>5 682>B=>5. 025@=O:0 ?>B><C, GB> 6825B >= 1>;LH59 G0ABLN @>4 75<;59; => ?8B05BAO 2>2A5 =5 3@5H=8:0<8, 0 <C@02LO<8 8 B5@<8B0<8. > A2>8< D878G5A:8< 40==K< B@C1:>7C1 =5 >B25G05B B@51>20=8O< A5<59AB20 <54256L8E. A5 >?8A0=8O >G5284F52 ?@>B82>@5G0B E0@0:B5@8AB8:0< B@C1:>7C10!  : B><C 65 00@420@: 2545B A51O A;8H:>< E0@0:B5@=> ?@8 >?0A=>AB8: =0G8=05B 1KAB@> 70@K20BLAO 2 75<;N, ?>4=8<0O BCG8 ?K;8, B>340 :0: 4@C385 682>B=K5 153CB ?@>GL A> 2A5E =>3!.. -B> =5 <54254L 065BAO ;>38G=K< 8 A0<> A>1>9 @07C<5NI8<AO, GB> =0=48  <54254L. 0725 1>;LH8=AB2>, A2845B5;59 =5 A2O7K20NB 53> A B0:>2K< 8 AC0E8;8 =5 40;8 5<C 0@01A:>5 8<O 4C10? >=5G=>, <>6=> =5 25@8BL 7>>35>3@0D0<, CB25@640NI8<, GB> 2 D@8:5 =5B <5425459. 8;8 65 >=8 2 0@>::>! ">340 459AB28B5;L=>, 5A;8 >=8 <>3;8 ?5@59B8 87 2@>?K 2 !525@=CN D@8:C, ?>G5<C 1K 8< =5 >:070BLAO =0 2>AB>:5 8 2 F5=B@5 D@8:0=A:>3> :>=B8=5=B0? @3C<5=B 2@>45 1K C1548B5;L=K9, => 8<5NI85AO A2845B5;LAB20 3>2>@OB > 4@C3><. 01;N40B5;8 C:07K20NB =0 2848<K9 E2>AB. @C385, ?@0240, 53> =5 70<5G0NB&  GB> 45;0BL A 3@82>9 8 H5@ABLN =0 703@82:5? 530NB <542548 >G5=L E0@0:B5@=>, 8 <=>385 A2845B5;8 3>2>@OB 8<5==> > <54256L5< 30;>?5. 8 >4=0 >157LO=0 B0: =5 15305B. 48=AB25==>5 1>;55 8;8 <5=55 C4>2;5B2>@8B5;L=>5 >?8A0=85 <>=AB@0 1K;? >AB02;5=> 8=65=5@>< %8:5=A><, 28452H8< 53> 2> 2@5<O ?>574:8 =0 4@578=5. A?><=8<: 682>B=>5 2K1@0AK20;> ?5@54=85 8 704=85 =>38 >4=>2@5<5==>. !=>20 =5OA=>ABL.  <K ?>4E>48< : A;54CNI59 38?>B575: =0=48-1M@  =5 >157LO=0 ;8? 830=BA:89 101C8=? 0?><=8< A=0G0;0, GB> 0D@8:0=FK ?;5<5=8 <0C 8 =0=48 =07K20NB 8<5=0<8 G5<>78B 8 :5@8B 284 3830=BA:>9 >157LO=K, 0 :>44>5;> C ?;5<5=8 ?0:><> >3@><=K9 101C8=.  =5 8<55B ;8 7=0G5=8O M?87>4, >?8A0==K9 =0=48, > ACI5AB25, 701@02H5<AO =0 :@KHC E868=K? -B> A:>@55 <>3;0 A45;0BL >157LO=0, =565;8 ;52 8;8 385=0. > <=>38E A2845B5;LAB20E, ?8H5B ;59=8 5@A820;L, AE>4AB2> MB>9 B20@8 A >157LO=>9 70<5B=>5. > =>G=>9 E0@0:B5@ >E>BK 2@>45 1K =0 ?5@2K9 273;O4 A2>48B MB> ?@54?>;>65=85 =0 =5B. / E>GC 2>7@078BL 5@A820;N. <55BAO 4>AB0B>G=> 40==KE > =>G=>9 687=8 ?@8<0B>2, ?@5645 2A53> MB> :0A05BAO 4>;3>?OB>2 8 ;5<C@>2.  >2>< !25B5 >A>15==> <=>3> =>G=KE >157LO=. C@C:C;8 (Nyctipithecus), :0: O2AB2C5B 87 53> =0720=8O =0 ;0BK=8, =>G=K5 682>B=K5. B<5G5= =>G=>9 >1@07 687=8 8 C 4@C38E >157LO=, 2 G0AB=>AB8 C ?;>A:>=>AKE.  GB>, 5A;8 ACI5AB2C5B :0:0O-B> =>G=0O 0D@8:0=A:0O >157LO=0, =5 8725AB=0O =0C:5? 0?8B0= %8G5=A >B=5AAO : MB>9 38?>B575 A 8=B5@5A><: =>385 87 =0A, >E>B=8:>2, @0745;ONB <KA;L > =5:>5< =58725AB=>< 0=B@>?>845. 3> A;54K =5>4=>:@0B=> =0E>48;8 2 B@>?8G5A:8E ;5A0E MB>3> @09>=0 (>AB>G=>9 D@8:8).  B5<, :B> AG8B05B, GB> 0=B@>?>84K =5 ?8B0NBAO 682>B=>9 ?8I59, <>6=> 2>7@078BL A;54CNI55: A>10:>3>;>20O >157LO=0 G0:<0  ?;>B>O4=0O 8 ?@54AB02;O5B >?0A=>ABL 4;O >25GL8E AB04 .6=>9 D@8:8. ;8 65 =0 =8E =0?040NB AB040 101C8=>2, 2KE20BK20NB O3=OB 8 @0748@0NB 8E A2>8<8 >AB@K<8 8 4;8==K<8, :0: :8=60;K, :>3BO<8 2 :;>GLO  :>3B8 C =8E =5 EC65 G5< C ;L2>2& !>25@H5==> >G5284=>, GB> C 1>;LH8=AB20 ;N459, 4065 C <=>38E =0BC@0;8AB>2, 8A:065==>5 ?@54AB02;5=85 > ?8B0=88 >157LO=. !@548 =8E =5B 8A:;NG8B5;L=> @0AB8B5;L=>O4=KE, 1>;LH8=AB2>  2A5O4=K5, ?>540NB OI5@8F, =0A5:><KE, <5;:8E ?B8F. >:070=>, GB> 4065 3>@8;;K >BG0AB8 ?;>B>O4=K5.  8=0G5 :0: >1JOA=8BL =0E>4:8 2 8E 65;C4:0E ?0@078B>2, 2AB@5G0NI8EAO 8A:;NG8B5;L=> C ?;>B>O4=KE 682>B=KE?  2A5 65 ?@54AB02;5=85 > :@>2>604=>< 0=B@>?>845 2K7K205B A:5?B8G5A:CN C;K1:C. >@8;;K, ?>2A5<5AB=> AG8B0NI85AO ?>G5<C-B> 65AB>:8<8 15A?>I04=K<8 725@O<8, =0 A0<>< 45;5 ?C3;82K, E>BO 8 A8;L=K D878G5A:8. > GB> 8E A8;0 ?5@54 28=B>2:>9? 708<>>B=>H5=8O 8E A G5;>25:>< ;CGH5 <=>38E AD>@<C;8@>20; D@0=FC7A:89 8AA;54>20B5;L ;L15@B 0E5945@: >=B0:B <564C =0<8 25AL<0 70B@C4=5=, 81> G5;>25: >G5=L 1>8BAO 3>@8;;K, 0 B0 1>8BAO G5;>25:0. 725AB=K A;CG08 03@5AA88 A> AB>@>=K 3>@8;;. 0?@8<5@, 2 09>=5 2 1920 3>4C >48= A0<5F 157 2848<KE ?@8G8= C18; <5AB=>3> 68B5;O. 57 2848<KE?  <>65B 1KBL, ?@8G8=K 2A5 65 1K;8? 0725 01>@835= =5 ?>4>H5; : 45@52C, ?>4 :>B>@K< @0A?>;030;0AL A5<LO A 45B5=KH0<8? -B> =0 A0<>< 45;5 ?C3;82>5 682>B=>5, => C<>< ?@52>AE>48B A>1@0BL52.  @0725 C4828B5;L=>, GB> 3>@8;;0, C :>B>@>9 C18;8 A5<LN, =0?0405B =0 G5;>25:0, <ABO 70 A<5@BL 1;87:8E? 5 A;54C5B ?@52@0I0BL 682>B=KE 2 @>1>B>2, 459AB2CNI8E O:>1K ;8HL ?> 2=CB@5==5<C D878>;>38G5A:><C ?@8:07C& > =5 2 ?@028;0E 3>@8;;  =0?040BL =0 45@52=8. -B> ?@>AB> 8A:;NG5=>. '53>, >4=0:>, =5 A:065HL > A>10:>3>;>2KE >157LO=0E  N6=>0D@8:0=A:>9 G0:<5, 018AA8=A:>9 35;045 8 <0=4@8;0E F5=B@0;L=>0D@8:0=A:8E M:20B>@80;L=KE ;5A>2. =8 =0?040NB =0 O3=OB, ?>B@>H0B 8 ?>68@0NB 8E. 0<04@8;K  >1 MB>< ?8A0; 5I5 @5<  >B;8G0;8AL 65AB>:>ABLN 4065 ?@8 =0?045=88 =0 ;N459. @>?040;8 452CH:8 2 ;5AC  2 MB>< >128=O;8 AB0@KE A0<F>2. N??5;L ?@O<> =07K205B MB8E >157LO= A0<K<8 >?0A=K<8 2@030<8 G5;>25:0.  @09>=5 C@L>@> ?OB5@> ;N459 ?>425@3;8AL =0?045=8N 30<04@8;>2.  1K;8 1C:20;L=> 2K?>B@>H5=K 682L5<. / AG8B0N, GB> ?@8G8=>9 B0:>3> ?>2545=8O >157LO= O2;O5BAO 8E 8A:;NG8B5;L=0O ?>E>B;82>ABL. ">, GB>; >157LO=K 2>71C640NBAO >B 2840 65=I8=K, =5 ?@54-. AB02;O5B A><=5=8O& "0: :0: 70G0ABCN A>10:>3>;>2K5 >157LO=K @>AB>< A G5;>25:0, 2A5 ?@52@0I05BAO 2 :@>202CN 4@0<C. C1K 27@>A;KE >A>159 MB8E >157LO= =8G5< =5 >B;8G0NBAO ?> @07<5@0< 8 >AB@>B5 >B ;5>?0@4>2KE 8 385=L8E.  AB>8B ;8 ?>A;5 MB>3> C482;OBLAO, GB> MB8 E8I=8:8 1>OBAO >157LO=! 5 ?>4E>48B ;8 >?8A0=85 <54254O-=0=48 ?>4 >1;8: :0:>3>-=81C4L 101C8=0?  A;CG05 A :>44>5;> C ?;5<5=8 ?>:><> B0:>9 2>?@>A ?@>AB> =5 AB>8B  8E 40==K5 ?@O<> C:07K20NB =0 MB> 682>B=>5. ;8==K5 2>;>AK =0 H55 8 A?8=5, >1@07CNI85 3@82C, 1>;55 :>@>B:85 704=85 ;0?K, 2KBO=CB0O <>@40, :;K:8, :>@>B:0O H5O.  A?>A>1 ?5@542865=8O  2A5 MB> ?>4E>48B 101C8=C, >= <>65B 2AB020BL =0 704=85 ;0?K, =5 2545B 4@525A=K9 >1@07 687=8. "0: GB> 70 725@L ?>O28;AO =0 ?;0B> #078= 8HC 2 03048 ?>4 =0720=85< G5<>78B 8;8 :5@8B? A;8 <K A@02=8< B@8 =081>;55 25A:85 A2845B5;LAB20 52@>?59F52, >=8 A>2?04CB 2 A;54CNI8E G5@B0E: 1. >460@>5 B5;>. 2. K3=CB0O A?8=0. 3. @C4L ?>:@KB0 H5@ABLN, A7048 1>;55 ;KA0O. 4. >@40 2KBO=CB0O, AC65==0O. 5. #H8 <0;5=L:85. 6. %2>AB =5 2845= (>B<5G5=>, GB> C <0=4@8;>2 8 4@8;>2 >= =5 1>;55 4;8==K9, G5< C <5425459). 7. :@0A >B 15652>3>, :0: C ;L20 8 385=K, 4> B5<=>-:>@8G=52>3> F25B0. -B8 G5@BK 4>?>;=ONBAO =5:>B>@K<8 45B0;O<8, A>>1I5==K<8 %8:5=A>< (8=65=5@-4>@>6=8:, @0AA:07 :>B>@>3> ?@82>48;8 2KH5), =0?@8<5@, ;0?0<8, ?>@>AH8<8 H5@ABLN, H8@>:8< :@C?>< 8 1>;55 ?@8?;NA=CBK< =>A><. ?5G0B;ONB 2=CH8B5;L=K5 @07<5@K 682>B=>3>. #8;LO<5 =07K205B F8D@C  ?>;B>@0 <5B@0 @>AB><  8 3>2>@8B, GB> 53> @07<5@K 1;87:8 : G5;>25G5A:8<. %8:5=A A@02=8205B 53> 40==K5 8 A> ;L2><  2 E>;:5 4>AB8305B <5B@0. @5ACM9B 8 @G5@ =07K20NB F8D@C 1,3 <5B@0 8 1,37 <5B@0  MB> @>AB 1K:0!  A0<8 ?>:><> ?@8?8AK20NB :>44>5;> B0:85 ?0@0<5B@K: 4;8=0 B5;0 1,8 <5B@0 8 2KA>B0 2 E>;:5 1,05 <5B@0. 564C B5< @07<5@K A0<KE :@C?=KE A>10:>3>;>2KE, =0?@8<5@ 35;04K (Theropithecus gelada), =5 <>3CB ?@5B5=4>20BL 4065 =0 A0<K5 A:@><=K5 A@02=5=8O A G5<>78B><. 081>;55 :@C?=K5 101C8=K =5 ?@52KH0NB 2 2KA>BC 90 A0=B8<5B@>2, 40 8, AB>O =0 704=8E ;0?0E, >=8 =5=0<=>3> 2KH5. > =5:>B>@K5 =0BC@0;8ABK 2A5 65 CB25@640NB, GB> >B45;L=K5 A0<FK 4>AB830NB @>AB0 G5;>25:0. "0:8< >1@07><, ?>;CG05BAO, GB> B08=AB25==>5 682>B=>5, > :>B>@>< <K 2545< @5GL, >:07K205BAO 242>5 1>;LH5 2A5E 2>7<>6=KE ?@5B5=45=B>2 =0 MBC @>;L. >6=> ?>=OBL, ?>G5<C A2845B5;8 A?CB0;8 A>10:>3>;>2KE A <54254O<8. -B> ?@>8AE>48;> 5I5 2 4@52=>AB8. 5<5F:89 7>>;>3-A8AB5<0B8: ">?D5;L >1>720; <0=4@8;0 Arctocyon  <54254L-A>10:0 8 AG8B0; 53> ?;>4>< A:@5I820=8O >1>8E. ! :0:>9 AB0B8? A:065B G8B0B5;L. 5 1K205B 101C8=>2 B0:8E 1>;LH8E @07<5@>2! 4=0:> ?>3>48< A 2K2>40<8.  A>2@5<5==>9 D0C=5, ?> 8<5NI8<AO 40==K<, =5 ACI5AB2CNB A>10:>3>;>2KE >157LO= C:070==>3> @>AB0. > @0A:>?:8 ?>:07K20NB, GB> 2 4@52=>AB8 2 =488 >18B0; 3830=BA:89 101C8= Symopithecus @>AB>< 2 420 @070 2KH5, G5< A53>4=OH=85 53> @>48G8. 5 <>3;8 ;8 B0:85 <>=AB@K A>E@0=8BLAO 2 0D@8:0=A:8E M:20B>@80;L=KE ;5A0E? 54L @5< 2 A2>5 2@5<O =0E>48; 2 .6=>9 D@8:5 >AB0=:8 3830=BA:8E 101C8=>2. 5 >B =8E ;8 ?>H;8 2A5 MB8 2K<KA;K >B=>A8B5;L=> =0H53> 70304>G=>3> 682>B=>3>? ">340, >G5284=>, MB> 1K;8 1K ACI5AB20, >1;0402H85 A8;>9 3>@8;;K 8 E8B@>ABLN 8 ;>2:>ABLN 101C8=0& 54254L =0=48  1C@0O 385=0 !:5?B8G5A:8 =0AB@>5==K5 7>>;>38 ?@8?0A;8 4;O ?C1;8:8 1>;55 ?@>708G5A:CN 25@A8N  > 3830=BA:>9 385=5, ?@82KG=>< 0D@8:0=A:>< 682>B=><. <5==> : MB>9 25@A88 BO3>B55B 8725AB=K9 1@8B0=A:89 CG5=K9 87 >@>;52A:>3> 7>>;>38G5A:>3> >1I5AB20 2 >=4>=5 . . >:>:. #G5=K9 C25@5=, GB> MB> 4065 =5 3830=BA:0O, 0 >1KG=0O ?OB=8AB0O 385=0. 59AB28B5;L=>, D>@<>9 3>;>2K 8 A8;CMB>< MB> =0H5 682>B=>5 =0?><8=05B <54254O, >=> ?5@5428305BAO 8=>E>4LN, GB> CAC3C1;O5B AE>4AB2>. 'B> :0A05BAO 65AB>:>AB8, B> 2 MB>< ?;0=5 845=B8D8:0F8O =5 A>2A5< 25@=0. "@CA;820O 385=0 1>8BAO =0?040BL =0 AB040, 345 70?@>AB> <>65B ?>381=CBL ?>4 :>?KB0<8 8 C40@0<8 @>3>2. =0 ?@54?>G8B05B ?>418@0BLAO =>G0<8 : E868=0< 0D@8:0=F52 8 CB0A:820BL A;01KE 682>B=KE. =>340 55 65@B20<8 AB0=>2OBAO 45B8. 5<0;> 0D@8:0=F52, C :>B>@KE ;8F0 87C@>4>20=K A 45BAB20, MB> ?>A;54AB28O B8?8G=KE =>G=KE =0153>2 385=K. !;CG05BAO, 385=K =0?040NB =0 >48=>:8E ?CB=8:>2 2 A020==5. (5@ABL <54254O-=0=48, C @07=KE A2845B5;59, E0@0:B5@87C5BAO B> :0: :@0A=>20B0O, B> :0: G5@=0O, GB>, ?> <=5=8N >:>:0, =02>48B =0 <KA;L > ?OB=8AB>9 385=5.  =5:>B>@KE >1;0ABOE 385= A @54:8<8 F25B>2K<8 20@80F8O<8 <5AB=K5 68B5;8 <>3CB ?@8=8<0BL 70 =5254><KE 725@59.  :0G5AB25 4>:070B5;LAB20 @50;L=>AB8 725@O 0=3;89A:85 =0BC@0;8ABK G0AB> 45<>=AB@8@CNB H:C@C, ?@82575==CN 87 LOA0;5=40, (A>2@5<5==0O 5A?C1;8:0 0;028), O:>1K =0=48-1M@0. 0 A0<>< 45;5 >=0 O2;O5BAO, =5A><=5==>, H:C@>9 ?OB=8AB>9 385=K >1KG=>3> 1C@>3> F25B0.  G5@5?, :>B>@K9 4>AB028;8 2<5AB5 A =59, ?@8=04;568B ;5>?0@4C =5>1KG09=> :@C?=KE @07<5@>2! > =5 2A5 :018=5B=K5 7>>;>38 @0745;ONB A:5?B8F87< >:>:0. 8A0B5;L $. 59= A>1@0; BKAOGC (!) A2845B5;LAB2 > =5254><KE O2;5=8OE ?@8@>4K, 1>;LH8=AB2> 87 :>B>@KE =5 ?>4405BAO =8:0:><C @07C<=><C >1JOA=5=8N. >:>:C 2>7@060NB: 385=K AB>;L 65 <=>3>G8A;5==K C 3@0=8F ;5A>2 8 A020==, :0: 709FK 2 =3;88. E ?@82KG:8 ?@5:@0A=> 8725AB=K <5AB=K< 68B5;O<, @02=> :0: 8 A;54K 8 2=5H=>ABL.  A?CB0BL 385=C A =0=48-1M@>< 0D@8:0=FK B0: 65 =5 <>3CB, :0: 1@8B0=FK  ?5@5?CB0BL ;8AC A 709F5<! # 385=K =5 <>65B 1KBL 3@82K, 8 >=0 =5 2AB05B =0 704=85 ;0?K, =5 3>2>@O C65 > <=>3>< 4@C3><. =0 =5 <>65B ?5@5;57BL G5@57 >3@04C 2KA>B>9 ?>GB8 2 420 <5B@0.  B><C 65 >=0 HC<=0O  :@8G8B =0?040O. >@B@5B ?>-?@56=5<C @0A?;K2G0BK9 A;8 =0=48-1M@  =5 385=0, =5 B@C1:>7C1, =5 >157LO=0, B> :B> 65 >=? 5A><=5==>, =081>;55 B@572> A2>N ?>78F8N =0AG5B G5<>78B0, B> 5ABL =0=48-1M@0, 2KA:070; ;59=8 5@A820;L: #65 <=>3> ;5B O ?KB0NAL 4>7=0BLAO, GB> 65 A:@K205BAO 70 ;535=40<8 > 682>B=><, 8725AB=>< ?>4 8<5=5<  G5<>78B . '5< 1>;LH5 > =5< @0AA:07K20;8, B5< B@C4=55 AB0=>28;>AL <=5 >B=5AB8 53> : :0:>9-=81C4L :>=:@5B=>9 3@C??5. / A:;>=ONAL 2A5 65 : <=5=8N, GB> @5GL 845B > 4@525A=>< (?) ACI5AB25 A =>G=K<8 ?>204:0<8 2 ;5A0E ?;5<5=8 =0948. 3> =0CG=>5 >B:@KB85, >?8A0=85 8 ;0B8=A:>5 =08<5=>20=85  2A5 MB> 5I5 2?5@548. =B5@5A=>, GB> 2 1914 3>4C, :>340 @0A?@>AB@0=8;8AL A;CE8 > G5<>78B5, 5@A820;L 1K; 5I5 >G5=L 40;5: >B ?>4>1=KE AC645=89: 8G=> O 2 ?>;=>< =52545=88 >B=>A8B5;L=> MB>3> 725@O, E>BO 2KA;CH0; > =5< =5<0;>. >5 <=5=85 MB> >?8A0=85 A>2>:C?=>AB8 <=>38E 682>B=KE, ?@8G5< H8<?0=75 ;568B 2 >A=>25, 8 ?;NA : =5<C ;5>?0@4, ;52, 101C8=, 385=0& > 3;02=K9 4>2>4 2 ?>;L7C 53> ACI5AB2>20=8O B0:>9  C =53> 5ABL <5AB=>5 =0720=85 8 >= >G5=L E>@>H> 8725AB5= =0=48& > A2545=8O, 84CI85 >B =0=48 8 <03048, >B=>AOBAO, ?>-2848<><C, : @07=K< 682>B=K< 8 =8:0: =5 <>3CB @0AA<0B@820BLAO 2<5AB5. 0: 2848<, A 3>40<8 <=5=85 1@8B0=A:>3> =0BC@0;8AB0 A8;L=> M2>;NF8>=8@>20;>. = C65 =5 AB028B ?>4 A><=5=85 =0;8G85 <8D8G5A:>3> ACI5AB20. 54254L-=0=48  G5@=K9 <54254L? >1028< =5A:>;L:> HB@8E>2 : A>45@60=8N =0H53> 4>AL5. 5GL 845B > A2845B5;LAB25 MB=>3@0D0 87 1K2H53> 5;L389A:>3> >=3>, :>B>@>3> B@C4=> 70?>4>7@8BL 2 ?@5427OB>AB8. -B> 6>@46 !M=4@0DB, 4>;3>5 2@5<O 682H89 2 C0245-#@C=48.  1936 3>4C O >:070;AO =0 2>4>@0745;5 >=3>-8; =0 2KA>B0E <564C 2400 8 3599 <5B@0<8 =04 C@>2=5< <>@O, 345 A>E@0=8;8AL ?>A;54=85 >078AK ?5@28G=>3> 452AB25==>3> ;5A0. 4=064K, 1;865 : ?>;C4=N, 2>72@0I0OAL A <0@H@CB0, O C2845; ?@8 O@:>< A>;=F5 <0;5=L:>3> <54254O. >AB>< >= 1K; <5=LH5, G5< :0@?0BA:89 <54254L. &25B 1K; ?>GB8 G5@=K9 A :>@8G=52K< >B;82><, A B@5C3>;L=8:>< A5@51@8ABKE 2>;>A =0 ;1C, >BG5B;82> =01;N40;>AL ?>;=>5 >BACBAB285 E2>AB0; D>@<0 3>;>2K, <0;5=L:85 :@C3;K5 CH:8, 87381 A?8=K, >B=>A8B5;L=> 4;8==K5 =>38  2A5 =0?><8=0;> <54254O. >-2 D@8:5?  254L !M=4@0DBC MB> =5 ?@8A=8;>AL. !>?@>2>6402H89 53> <5AB=K9 G8=>2=8: ?>4B25@48; A:070==>5 CG5=K<. 'CBL ?>765 >:070;>AL, GB> B0:>3> 65 725@O 2845;8 42>5 ?83<552 =0@>4=>AB8 10BC0. # 0D@8:0=F52 >= 8725AB5= ?>4 =0720=85< 8A0B0 ?>540B5;L <540. =8 4065 4>1K;8 H:C@C MB>3> ACI5AB20. :070;>AL, GB> MB> @54:89 725@L, => B5< =5 <5=55 ?@5:@0A=> 8725AB=K9 >E>B=8:0< 8 7>>;>30<  <54>54 (Mellifora ratel). 825B >= ?> 2A59 D@8:5, 2 @0288 8 =488. =, :AB0B8, B>65 <>65B ?>4=8<0BLAO =0 704=85 ;0?K 8 >1;0405B <>I=K<8 :>3BO<8, 3CAB>9 H5@ABLN, D>@<0 3>;>2K C =53> >4=>2@5<5==> :0: C ?@54AB028B5;59 :C=L8E, B0: 8 <54256L8E. / 2A5340 1K; C15645=, GB> <54>54  =5:@C?=>5 682>B=>5, <5=LH5 @07<5@><, G5< 52@>?59A:89 10@AC:, =>, 708=B5@5A>202H8AL @0AA:07>< AM@0 !M=4@0DB0, 2KOA=8;, GB> H:C@K =5:>B>@KE <54>54>2 2 D@8:5 8<5;8 2 4;8=C >48= <5B@ 45AOBL A0=B8<5B@>2! >GB8 :0: C =5:>B>@KE <5425459. 5=O ?>@078;> 4@C3>5. !5@>-A5@51@8AB0O ?>;>A0, :>B>@0O ?5@5A5:05B 3>;>2C 8 A?8=C <54>540, :0:, A:065<, C 7>@8;;K 87 A5<59AB20 2825@@>2KE, :0: 65 ?>;CG8;>AL, GB> MB> A>G5B0=85 :>=B@0AB=KE F25B>2. '5@=>3> 8 15;>3>, >AB0;>AL =5 70<5G5==K< AB>;L:8<8 A2845B5;O<8?  1906 3>4C 845::5@ >?8A0; 2 0?04=>9 D@8:5 G5@=>3> <54>540 8 ?>AG8B0; 53> <0ABL ?@>O2;5=85< <5;0=87<0, B> 5ABL ?@5>1;040=85< B5<=>>:@0H5==KE >A>159. "0:>5 A;CG05BAO C ;5>?0@4>2. =5 :065BAO, GB> <>6=> A:070BL > =5:>5< =>2>< 2845, B5< 1>;55 GB> 8<5NBAO A2545=8O > F5;KE A5<LOE G5@=KE <54>54>2, C :>B>@KE A5@51@8AB0O ?>;>A0 >BACBAB2C5B. > > :>< 1K <K =8 3>2>@8;8, C =0A 5ABL 4>:070B5;LAB2> B>3>, GB> 2 D@8:5 2>48BAO :0:>9-B> =5:@C?=K9 725@L, ?>E>689 ?> 2A5<C =0 <0;5=L:>3> G5@=>3> <54254O. !2845B5;LAB20 =0BC@0;8AB>2 "C;A>=0, %8A;>?0 8 =45@A5=0 4>:07K20NB, GB> @5GL 845B > <54>545. > 254L 5ABL 8 4@C385 =01;N45=8O& AB0;>AL C?><O=CBL B08=AB25==>3> B>>, > :>B>@>< . (><1C@3: A>1@0; A2545=8O 2 >AB>G=>9 D@8:5. 07<5@>< A >2FC, A 7C10<8, :0: C A>10:8, G5@=>9 H5@ABLN 8 <5@7:8< =@02><. 5 > =0H5< ;8 MB> 7=0:><><  G5@=>< <54>545? C6=> ;8 >B25@30BL 25@A8N !M=4@0DB0 > 3830=BA:>< @0B5;5? 5>1O70B5;L=>. >:B>@ #M;H >B<5G05B, GB> 2 @07=KE <5AB=>ABOE <54>54K A8;L=> @07;8G0NBAO @>AB><. A=>2K20OAL =0 87<5@5=8OE ?OB8 682KE >A>159 8 26 H:C@ 8 G5@5?>2, ?@82575==KE 87 @07=KE <5AB, >= 70<5G05B: " 07;8G85 2 @07<5@0E =0AB>;L:> 25;8:>, GB> O A:;>=ONAL : <KA;8 > 42CE @07=KE 2840E.  C6 > ?>42845 Mellifora ratel maxima <>6=> CB25@640BL B>G=>! 54254L-=0=48  420 @07=KE 682>B=KE? >9 4@C3, ?8A0B5;L 528A<, B>65 70=8<0NI89AO 70304>G=K<8 682>B=K<8, ?@54;>68; B0:CN 38?>B57C: ;535=40 > =0=48-1M@5 >A=>2K205BAO =0 >1J548=5=88 2 >4=>< ACI5AB25 42CE 725@59  ?OB=8AB>9 385=K 8 <54>540. @>202K5 ?>42838 ?5@2>9 ?@8?8AK20NBAO =5:@C?=><C, => 03@5AA82=><C 725@N, :>B>@>3> <>6=> C2845BL :@09=5 @54:>. 5 >128=ONB ;8 157>A=>20B5;L=> 682>B=>5 2> 2A5E A<5@B=KE 3@5E0E?  2B>@>5 682>B=>5  <54>54.  D@8:5 4>AB8305B 1>;LH8E @07<5@>2, G5<, A:065<, 2 =488. 3> <0=5@0 C1820BL B0:65 ?>E>60 =0 <0=5@C =0=48-1M@0.  =0:>=5F, C =53>, 2 A2>N >G5@54L, <=>3> >1I53> A <542545<, :0: 2 >48=>G=>9 >E>B5, B0: 8 2>>1I5 ?> :@>2=><C @>4AB2C& 54254L-=0=48 =0H8E 4=59  =5 <54254L. -B> <5AB=K9 0?>:0;8?A8A, O282H89AO 87 BL<K 25:>2 A>18@0B5;L=K9 >1@07 G5BK@5E 682KE ACI5AB2  >3@><=>3> 101C8=0, G5@=>3> <54>540, 1C@>9 385=K 8 :>;4C=0. 5 5ABL ;8 MB>B 725@L, E>4OI89 =0 704=8E =>30E, 4LO2>;, >E>BOI89AO =>GLN, ?5@A>=06 D>;L:;>@0 ?;5<5= =0=48? $@5=: 59= @0AA:07K20;, GB> >48= M=BC780AB ?>AB@>8; =5A:>;L:> E868= =0 @07=KE 2KA>B0E >B 3000 4> 3800 <5B@>2 =04 C@>2=5< <>@O, GB>1K ?>9<0BL =52848<:C. >  C2K. 48=AB25==>5, GB> >AB05BAO A53>4=O, :CA>: H:C@K A 4;8==K<8 :>@8G=52K<8 2>;>A0<8 2 @8B0=A:>< <C755. 3> 4> A8E ?>@ =8:B> =5 <>65B 845=B8D8F8@>20BL& '0ABL B@5BLO "+ !"'! ' + !+ 4=8< 87 A0<KE <@0G=KE ?5@A>=0659 87 <8@0 ?A8E8G5A:8E D5=><5=>2 O2;O5BAO G5@=K9 ?5A  ACI5AB2>, B@048F8>==> =0A5;ONI55 A5;LA:CN =3;8N 8 #M;LA. 535=4K > 15A0E 2 A>10GL5< >1;8GL5 8AE>4OB 87 A0<KE 3;C18= 1@8B0=A:>3> D>;L:;>@0, 8 2 @07;8G=KE G0ABOE AB@0=K >=8 8725AB=K ?>4 <5AB=K<8 8<5=0<8: 345 '5@=K9 1>@>B5=L, 0 345 ?@>AB>  @O=L 8;8 O3:>;0?K9. 1KG=0O D01C;0 8AB>@89 > G5@=KE ?A0E 25AL<0 ?@>AB0: =5:B>, 157701>B=> 8 >48=>:> H030NI89 ?> A2>8< 45;0< =>GLN, 24@C3 >1=0@C68205B, GB> 1>;LH>9 G5@=K9 ?5A A ?>;KE0NI8<8 >3=5< 3;070<8 ?@53@06405B 5<C ?CBL 8;8 =5B>@>?;82> 42865BAO ?> 4>@>35 ?@O<> =0 =53>. =>340 =5AG0AB=K9 B0: 8 >AB05BAO 2 =52545=88 ?> ?>2>4C =5<0B5@80;L=>9 ?@8@>4K A2>53> 6CB:>3> 2845=8O, ?>:0 >=> 24@C3 =5 8AG5705B =0 53> 3;070E, >1@0B82H8AL 2 BC<0=, ;81> A?>A>1><, A8;L=55 2A53> ;N18<K< ?@87@0:0<8, AB0=>28BAO 2A?KH:>9 A25B0, 1KAB@> AE>4O =0 =5B. %>BO G0I5 2 MB8E ACI5AB20E A@07C @0A?>7=05BAO 8E =575<=0O ?@8@>40: B> ?> @07<5@C (:><C-B> 2AB@5B8;AO 45<>= 25;8G8=>9 A B5;5=:0), B> ?> 3;070<  3@><04=K< 8 D>AD>@5AF8@CNI8<, 0 B> ?@>AB> ?> 6CB:><C 2?5G0B;5=8N  B>340 1C4CI5<C A2845B5;N A@07C ?@8E>48B 2 3>;>2C, GB> >= AB>;:=C;AO A> A25@EJ5AB5AB25==K< 7;><.  ?@54K4CI8E 25:0E G5@=KE A>10: ?>;030;8 7;K<8 4CE0<8 2 682>B=>< >1@075, GB> >=8 1C4B> 1K ?@O<8:>< O28;8AL 87 040 @048 ?>3815;8 B>3> 8;8 8=>3> G5;>25:0, 8 B><C ?>4B25@645=85  2=CH8B5;L=>5 G8A;> ;535=4 > A>10:0E  25AB=8:0E A<5@B8, 1KBCNI8E 2> 2A59 =3;88 8 >A>15==> ?>?C;O@=KE 2 0=:0H8@5, >@:H8@5, 5@18H8@5, !0DD>;:5 8 >@D>;:5. 5 AB>8;> 1K 8 703>20@820BL >1 MB8E 35@>OE AB0@8==KE D0=B0789, 5A;8 1K 8 2 =0H5 2@5<O >=8 =5 ?>?040;8 1K 2 >BG5BK > B08=AB25==KE ?@>8AH5AB28OE. 4=0 87 =081>;55 O@:8E 2AB@5G A G5@=K< ?A>< ?@>87>H;0 C 10B@0:0 -@=5AB0 #09B;5=40 =0 ?CB8 4><>9 ?>74=8< 023CAB>2A:8< 25G5@>< 1939 3>40. = 2>72@0I0;AO 87 3>AB59 >B 4@C30, 682H53> 2 A0DD>;:A:>9 45@52CH:5 C=3M9, 8 ?>GB8 =0 ?>;>28=5 ?CABK==>9 4>@>38 <564C >;B8=3A>< 8 8BG8=3M<-!B59H=-#09B;5=4>< 70<5B8;, :0: =5GB> 42865BAO : =5<C =0 G5BK@5E =>30E. >=0G0;C, 3;O4O A:2>7L A3CI02HCNAO <3;C, >= @5H8;, GB> ?5@54 =8< H5B;5=4A:89 ?>=8, =>, A1;8782H8AL A ACI5AB2><, >1=0@C68;, GB> >=> ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>9 1>;LHCN A>10:C A 4;8==>9 G5@=>9 :>A<0B>9 H5@ABLN. 51>;LH>9 ;N18B5;L A>10:, #09B;5=4 ?>H5; ?> A5@548=5 4>@>38, =045OAL, GB> 725@L <8@=> <8=C5B 53>, => B>B, ?>@02=O2H8AL A G5;>25:><, ?@>AB> 8AG57. 07<KH;OO: 0 =5 ?><5@5I8;>AL ;8 5<C, #09B;5=4 ?@8=O;AO >3;O4K20BLAO, 8I0 AB@0==>3> 725@O, => 2A:>@5 53> >E20B8; =5>1JOA=8<K9 AB@0E, 8 >= ?>A?5H8; 2>A2>OA8, ?@5>4>;52 >AB0B>: ?CB8 4> 4><C 1KAB@K< 8 =0?@O65==K< H03><.  =0CB@> 2KOA=8;, GB> B>B A0<K9 >B@57>: 4>@>38 2 ?@56=85 2@5<5=0 AG8B0;AO 87;N1;5==K< <5AB>< 45<>=0-?A0, 8725AB=>3> A@548 >1K20B5;59 :0: '5@=K9 1>@>B5=L. ?@>G5<, 548=AB25==>5, GB> ?@8<5G0B5;L=> 2 MB>9 2AB@5G5, 55 <5AB>, =5?>40;5:C >B C=3MO. 54L :0: @07 B0< 2 AB0@8=C A;CG8;>AL >4=> 87 A0<KE 4@0<0B8G5A:8E AB>;:=>25=89 A G5@=K< ?A><. 5;> 1K;> 4 023CAB0 1577 3>40, GB> ?@8H;>AL =0 AC11>BC, :0: 4>=5A 4> =0A 2 A2>59 70?8A8 1@0E0< $;5<8=3, 8 4LO2>;LA:>5 >B@>4L5 O28;>AL 2 <5AB=CN F5@:>2L, 2 A0<K9 @0730@ A;C61K. /A=> 284=>5 2A5<C >F5?5=52H5<C >B AB@0E0 A>1@0=8N, GC48I5 548=>64K 6CB:> ?@>;0O;>, 0 70B5< 1@>A8;>AL G5@57 B>;?C 8 A>63;> =0A<5@BL 42CE 1>3><>;LF52, ?@5:;>=82H8E :>;5=0.  70B5< A>10:0 C 2A5E =0 3;070E 8AG57;0 2 O@>AB=>9 2A?KH:5, 8 4> A8E ?>@ =0 :0<5==>< ?>;C 2 MB>< <5AB5 <>6=> C2845BL 3;C1>:85 1>@>74K, >AB02H85AO >B :>3B59 725@O. C :>=5G=>, 4;O 1>;LH59 G0AB8 A>2@5<5==KE ;N459 MB0 8AB>@8O :065BAO =5 G5< 8=K<, :0: ?@8GC4;82>9 A:07:>9. 5 AB0=5< A?>@8BL. 4=0:> ?@5645 G5< =0H8 A:5?B8G5A:85 ?@54C15645=8O 70AB02OB =0A A>25@H5==> 701KBL MB> 4@52=55 A>>1I5=85, AB>8B 2A?><=8BL, A :0:>9 ?@8<5G0B5;L=>9 =0AB>9G82>ABLN B0:85 65 ACI5AB20, AC4O ?> 2A5<C, ?>A5I0NB 8 =K=5H=NN @8B0=8N.  G8B0O A>2@5<5==K5 A>>1I5=8O, <K, 25@>OB=>, 4>;6=K 1C45< ?@87=0BL, GB> >=8 A:>@55 ?>445@6820NB, G5< >?@>25@30NB AB0@K5 ?@540=8O > G5@=KE ?A0E  ?@54A:070B5;OE A<5@B8.  8N;5 1950 3>40 ;8B5@0B>@ !B825= 65=:8=A 2845;, :0: ;05B 8 2>5B 3830=BA:89 ?5A =0 4>@>35 1;87 53> 452>=A:>3> ?><5ABLO  70 45=L 4> B>3>, :0: A:>=G0;AO 53> 1@0B. >E>655 ACI5AB2> 2AB@5B8;>AL 2 1928 3>4C ABC45=BC :>;;5460 "@>8FK 87 C1;8=0, :>B>@K9 2 B> 2@5<O ?@85E0; 2 =3;8N. 0 MB>B @07 ?>O2;5=85 A>10: O28;>AL ?@5425AB=8:>< 1;87:>9 A<5@B8 53> >BF0-8@;0=4F0, :>B>@K9 C65 1K; A5@L57=> 1>;5=. @C385 ?@8<5@K, :>340 G5@=KE ?A>2 2845;8 =5?>A@54AB25==> ?5@54 A<5@BLN ;N459, 2AB@5G8 2 >@D>;:5 8 =0 >AB@>25 M=.  A>2A5< C6 =5 AB>;L 402=89 ?@8<5@ D0B0;L=>3> ?>O2;5=8O G5@=>3> ?A0 >B=>A8BAO : 1978 3>4C, :>340 AC?@C65A:0O ?0@0 C2845;0 ?@87@0: =0 4>@>35 1;87 45@52=8 -:AD>@4 2 !><5@A5B5, 8 A MB>3> 4=O 8E A5<LN >E20B8;0 2>;=0 A<5@B59 8 154. =8<0B5;L=K9 0=0;87 45B0;59 =5:>B>@KE 2845=89 G5@=KE ?A>2 C:@5?;O5B 2 <KA;8 > A25@EJ5AB5AB25==>9 ?@8@>45 MB>3> D5=><5=0.  @54>=5 (CAB5@H8@) >4=0 452CH:0 2> 2@5<O 2B>@>9 <8@>2>9 2>9=K 2845;0 A>10:C, 2 3;070E :>B>@>9, :070;>AL, A25@:0;8 C3;8; 0 2 1970 3>4C 65=I8=0 87 !><5@A5B0 1K;0 C60A=> =0?C30=0 ?A><, 2AB@5G5==K< 5N C 04A;8-%8;;0, B20@LN =5<0;KE @07<5@>2 A 3;070<8 :0: 1;N4F0. !C4O ?> 2A5<C, =8:B> 87 28452H8E G5@=KE A>10: =5 <>65B 2AN A2>N 687=L 871028BLAO >B 2>A?><8=0=89. ;>9 25AB=8:, C2845==K9 >4=8< <C6G8=>9 1;87 84A0 2 1925 3>4C, ?> 53> A;>20<, 8725@30; D>AD>@5AF8@CNI89 ?0@ ?@8 ;05, 0 15A, =01@>A82H89AO 2 B>< 65 3>4C =0 68B5;L=8FC >@D>;:0, 4>E=C; =0 =55 O4>28BK< 4CE><.  2 1972 3>4C G5@=K9 ?5A @07<5@0<8 A ?>=8 ?>A5B8; >48= 40@B<C@A:89 A5;LA:89 4><, ?>@CH82 AB5=K, :@KHC 8 ;8=8N M;5:B@>?5@540G8 8 =03=02 A<5@B5;L=K9 C60A =0 E>7O52. A5 A;CG08, ?5@5G8A;5==K5 2KH5, 2A53> ;8HL :@C?8F0 87 A>B5= 2AB@5G A 1@8B0=A:8<8 G5@=K<8 ?A0<8, ?@>8AH54H8E 2 ?>A;54=85 90 ;5B. "0:8< >1@07><, =8:0:>3> A=865=8O 2>;=K 2845=89 =5 =01;N405BAO, =5A<>B@O =0 O2=>5 C<5=LH5=85 =0H59 25@K 2 ACI5AB2>20=85 ?>4>1=KE A25@EJ5AB5AB25==KE ACI5AB2. N1>9, 4065 A0<K9 =54>25@G82K9, G8B0B5;L, 87CG82 2=8<0B5;L=> >BG5BK A2845B5;59, ?>9<5B, GB> @5GL 2 =8E 845B =5 >1 >A>1>9, A<CI0NI59 273;O4 A2>8< >1;8:><, @07=>284=>AB8 >1KG=KE A>10:-?5@5@>AB:>2, 8 B5< 1>;55 A>2A5< =525@=> 4C<0BL, 1C4B> >=8 ?>?040NBAO 8A:;NG8B5;L=> 45@525=A:8< ?@>AB0G:0< 8;8 ;N4O<, ?@54@0A?>;>65==K< : M:AB0B8G5A:>9 25@5 2 ;535=4K. @0240, A>10: G0I5 284OB 2 A5;LA:>9 3;CH8, >=8 O2=> BO3>B5NB : 70@>AH8< B@>?0< 8 4@52=8< ?>A5;:0<, ?CABK==K< 4>@>30< 8 ?@>G8< <5AB0<, AB>;L ;N18<K< 8 4@C3>9 =5G8ABLN; >=8 459AB28B5;L=> 2 ?>;=>< A>>B25BAB288 A <8D0<8 ;N1OB 3;CE85 =>G=K5 G0AK 8 B5<=K5 <5AB0, ?@54?>G8B0O O2;OBLAO AB@0=AB2CNI8< >48=>G:0<, 3@C??0< BC@8AB>2, GB> :>=5G=> 65 ?>2KH05B 2>7<>6=>ABL 8E 30;;NF8=0B>@=>3> ?@>8AE>645=8O. > :>;8 >=8  ;8HL 8;;N788, ?>G5<C 65 8<5==> MB8 2845=8O AB>;L G0AB> ?>A5I0NB ;N459?  ?>G5<C =5:>B>@K5 2?>;=5 >?@545;5==K5 CG0AB:8 4>@>3 8 701@>H5==K5 ?>AB@>9:8 AB0=>2OBAO G0I5 2A53> <5AB0<8 :>H<0@=KE 3@57?  B><C 65 =5@54:> G5@=K5 ?AK B@52>60B :0: @07 B5E, :B> ?>=OB8O =5 8<5; > 4C@=>9 A;025 B>3> 8;8 8=>3> <5AB0. 848<>, G5AB=55 2A53> ?@87=0BL, GB>, E>BO MB8 D0=B><K 8 =5 =0E>4OB A515 <5AB0 2 =0H59 @07C<=>9 687=8, >B MB>3> >=8 =5 AB0=>2OBAO <5=55 @50;L=K<8. (',   "   . #-,! %>BO 1>;LH8=AB2> ACE>?CB=KE ACI5AB2, =0A5;ONI8E =0HC ?;0=5BC, ?>1K20;> >1J5:B0<8 >E>BK, ;>2;8, 87CG5=8O 8 :;0AA8D8:0F88 704>;3> 4> =0G0;0 =0H53> 25:0, @07=K5 =5>6840==>AB8 ?@>4>;60NB ?@>8AE>48BL 8 ?>A;5 1900 3>40. @C?=59H0O 2 <8@5 G5;>25:>>1@07=0O >157LO=0, 3>@=0O 3>@8;;0, >AB020;0AL 2 15725AB=>AB8 4> 1901 3>40, 8 ;8HL 2 1912 3>4C 1K; >B:@KB 4@0:>= A >AB@>20 ><>4>, A0<0O :@C?=0O 87 8725AB=KE OI5@8F. 525@>OB=>, => >48= 284 3075;8, 18;B8A, >1JO28;AO B>;L:> 2 1986 3>4C.  <>65B 1KBL, 5ABL 8 4@C385 284K? 1H8@=K5 ;5A=K5 8 3>@=K5, ?CABK==K5 8 ?>;O@=K5 >1;0AB8 2A5 5I5 64CB, :>340 =0 =8E ABC?8B =>30 G5;>25:0, 0 ?>:0 >=8 8725AB=K 8A:;NG8B5;L=> ?> 0M@>D>B>AJ5<:0<.  B0:8E <5AB=>ABOE 2>7<>6=>ABL 4;O @07;8G=>3> @>40 >B:@KB89 2A5 5I5 25;8:0. 4=0:>, ?@8=8<0O ;>38G=>ABL MB>3> CB25@645=8O, 1>;LH8=AB2> =0BC@0;8AB>2 =5>E>B=> 2AB@5G05B @50;L=>ABL, 8 :>340 :0:85-=81C4L =5>1KG=K5 ACI5AB20 24@C3 ?>O2;ONBAO B0<, 345 8E =5 640;8, B> >B ?>4>1=KE A>>1I5=89 AB0@0B5;L=> >B<0E8205BAO.  !(, =0?@8<5@, ?@845BAO =0?@OGLAO, GB>1K =09B8 A?5F80;8AB0, A>3;0A=>3> A B5<, GB> :@>:>48;K 8 0;;830B>@K 2?>;=5 <>3CB ACI5AB2>20BL 2 E>;>4=KE H8@>B0E !525@=>9 <5@8:8, =5A<>B@O =0 B> GB> C65 =5>4=>:@0B=> 27@>A;K5 >A>18 MB8E OI5@>2, 8 <5@B2K5 8 682K5, ?>?040;8AL =0 3;070. "5 A0<K5 725@8, :>B>@KE >1KG=> >6840NB C2845BL B>;L:> 2 B5?;KE @5:0E 8 N6=KE 1>;>B0E, =0 ?@>BO65=88 2A53> ?@>H;>3> AB>;5B8O 2AB@5G0;8AL, ?>?040;8 2 ;>2CH:8 8 1K;8 70AB@5;5=K 2 B0:8E 40;5:8E 4@C3 >B 4@C30 <5AB0E, :0: 0;8D>@=8O, >;>@04>, >==5:B8:CB, 5;02M@, ;;8=>9A, =480=0, 0=70A, 0AA0GCA5BA, LN->@:, 309>, :;0E><0 8 >:@C3 >;C<18O. 0: MB8 B20@8 B0< >:070;8AL 8 C<C4@8;8AL 2K68BL ?@8 B5<?5@0BC@0E 3>@074> =87H8E, G5< B5, :>B>@K5 >1KG=K 4;O ?@8@>4=KE 7>= 8E >18B0=8O? -B>B 2>?@>A >AB05BAO =5@07@5H5==K<. (;0AA8G5A:89 ?@8<5@  :@>:>48; 2& =LN-9>@:A:>9 :0=0;870F88!) >=5G=>, 2 A8;C B>3>, GB> C?><O=CBK5 HB0BK =5?;>E> A>548=5=K 15AG8A;5==K<8 2>4=K<8 B@0AA0<8, MB> =02>48B =0 <KA;L, GB> 682>B=K5 >GCB8;8AL B0<, ?@>AB> ?;K2O =0 A525@. > :>340 =5C<5AB=KE ACI5AB2 >1=0@C6820NB =0 >AB@>20E 8;8 AC1:>=B8=5=B0E, >B45;5==KE >B B5@@8B>@89, 345 8E 2AB@5G0;8 @0=LH5, B> B0:85 >1JOA=5=8O C65 =5 A@010BK20NB. >H0GL8 ?@87@0:8 2AB@0;88  :0: @07 >48= 87 ?@8<5@>2 ?>4>1=>3>. 5 8<5O 2>>1I5 A>1AB25==KE :>H0GL8E 8 1C4CG8 >B45;5==>9 >B 4@C38E :>=B8=5=B>2, ?> :@09=59 <5@5, 50 <8;;8>=>2 ;5B =0704, 2AB@0;8O, :070;>AL 1K, <5=LH5 2A53> =0 5<;5 ?>4E>48B 4;O B>3>, GB>1K AB0BL :>;K15;LN :@C?=KE :>I0G5>1@07=KE ACI5AB2. !:@K20NI8EAO >B G5;>25:0. 4=0:> 2 ?>A;54=NN G5B25@BL =0H53> 25:0 G8A;> A2845B5;LAB2 2K@>A;> =0AB>;L:>, GB> ?>=52>;5 ?@8E>48BAO ?@87=0BL, GB> 1>;LH85 :>H:8 =58725AB=>3> 2840 2?>;=5 <>3CB 4> A8E ?>@ =0A5;OBL MB>B :>=B8=5=B. AB05BAO =5OA=K<, >B:C40 >=8 745AL 27O;8AL 8 ?>G5<C <=>3>G8A;5==K5 ?@>2545==K5 ?@>B82 =8E >E>B=8GL8E <5@>?@8OB8O >:070;8AL 157CA?5H=K<8. "5< =5 <5=55 A>>1I5=8O AB0;8 ?@8E>48BL AB>;L G0AB>, GB> ?@>AB> =5;>38G=> A><=520BLAO 2 B><, GB> =5:89 B8? 1>;LH>9 :>H:8 A2>1>4=> @073C;8205B ?> H5AB><C <0B5@8:C. &  1958 3>4C 3>@>4 -<<028;; 2 >2>< .6=>< #M;LA5 AB0; F5=B@>< F5;>9 G5@54K A>1KB89 8 2AB@5G, 2 :>B>@KE 1K;8 70<5H0=K >3@><=K5, G5@=K5 :0: A<>;L ?@87@0G=K5 :>H:8. 725AB=K5 A B5E ?>@ ?>4 8<5=5< M<<028;;LA:8E ?0=B5@, 725@8 ?>?0;8 =0 ?5@2K5 AB@0=8FK 3075B ?>A;5 B>3>, :0: 187=5A<5= 87 !84=5O #>;;5A -. LN8A 2 >:BO1@5 MB>3> 3>40 C2845; >4=C 87 ?0=B5@ ?>GB8 2?;>B=CN 8 >?8A0; :0: ACI5AB2>, 1>;55 03@5AA82=>5 8 2> <=>3> @07 ?@52KH0NI55 ?> @07<5@0< A0<CN :@C?=CN 87 >18B0NI8E 2 2AB@0;88 >1KG=KE :>H5:. !;020 ?0=B5@ @>A;0, 8 40;L=59H85 AB>;:=>25=8O A =8<8 A>2?0;8 A <0AA>2>9 @57=59 8<8 >25F 8 4@C3>3> A:>B0, 2:;NG0O :>@>2. ">;L:> 2 >4=>< A;CG05 340 >25F D5@<5@0 ;0920 5@@8 1K;8 1C:20;L=> @07>@20=K =0 G0AB8 AB@0==K< E8I=8:>< 2 ?><5ABL5 ?;>I04LN 2 4600 0:@>2 C @8B38-0;;8, : 70?04C >B #@0;;K. A:;NG82 A@07C ?@54?>;>65=85, GB> 7;>459AB2> 45;> 7C1>2 48=3> 8;8 4><0H=59 A>10:8, 5@@8 C:070;, GB> A?>A>1 C189AB20 =5A5B =0 A515 7=0:8 ?@8=04;56=>AB8 : =5>1KG09=> 1>;LH8< :>H:0<. >340 65 6>= >4;8, A>A54-D5@<5@, B>65 ?>AB@0402H89 >B E8I=8:0, A45;0; A> A;54>2 38?A>2K5 A;5?:8 8 >B>A;0; 8E 2 7>>;>38G5A:89 B@5AB ?0@:0 "0@>=30 4;O >D8F80;L=>9 845=B8D8:0F88, B> ?>;CG8; >B25B, 2 :>B>@>< 7=0G8;>AL, GB> A;54K A>>B25BAB2CNB B83@>2K<. 5AB=0O >1I8=0 =07=0G8;0 :@C?=CN =03@04C 70 ?>8<:C E8I=8:0, => >=0 B0: 8 =5 1K;0 2>AB@51>20=0. 564C B5< AB@0==K5 2AB@5G8 8 =0?045=8O =0 A:>B ?@>4>;60;8AL 2 >2>< .6=>< #M;LA5 =0 ?@>BO65=88 2A5E 60-E 3>4>2. =>65AB2> A>>1I5=89 >AB02;ONB <0;> A><=5=89 2 B><, GB> @5GL 845B > 459AB28B5;L=> =5>1KG=>9 B20@8.  1966 3>4C =0 D5@<5, ?@8=04;560I59 !0<CM;C 09BC, 2 B@5E <8;OE : A525@C >B >2@0, 1>;LH>3> G5@=>3>, ?>E>653> =0 ?0=B5@C 725@O 703=0;8 420 AB>@>652KE ?A0. 0I8I0O A51O, 5<C C40;>AL =5 B>;L:> A?0AB8AL 2 1CH5, => 8 1C:20;L=> @07>4@0BL =0 G0AB8 =0AB83=C2H8E 53> A>10:.  1969 3>4C ?>A;5 =5A:>;L:8E =0?045=89 =0 BC@8AB>2 2 >:@5AB=>ABOE -<<028;;0 1K;8 >@30=87>20=K A8AB5<0B8G5A:85 @>7KA:8 7;>C<KH;5==8:>2 A CG0AB85< =5 <5=55 50 A=09?5@>2, >4=0:> =0945=> B0: =8G53> 8 =5 1K;>.  =0G0;5 70-E 3>4>2 A>>1I5=8O > ?0=B5@>?>4>1=KE A>740=8OE AB0;8 ?>ABC?0BL 87 4@C38E G0AB59 :>=B8=5=B0.  A5=BO1@5 1972 3>40 D5@<5@ 6>@46 >9@ 87 C;460 (HB0B 0?04=0O 2AB@0;8O) >1=0@C68; =5A:>;L:> A2>8E A28=59 A ?5@53@K75==K<8 3;>B:0<8 8 2K@20==K<8 A5@4F0<8; =0 A;54CNI89 45=L >= A C482;5=85< =01;N40;, :0: F5;>5 AB04> ?5@5?C30==KE >25F :C40-B> 3=0;8 =0 G010=A:89 <0=5@ 425 1>;LH85 G5@=K5 :>H:8, 15602H85 @KALN. >340 >9@ 8 <5AB=K9 8=A?5:B>@ ?> >E@0=5 ?@8@>4K >= >C1; ?>3=0;8AL 70 =8<8 =0 468?0E, :>H:8 A ;53:>ABLN >1>3=0;8 <0H8=K 8 ?@5A?>:>9=> A:@K;8AL. 6>@46 >9@ 2A:>@5 C7=0;, GB> =0 42CE A>A54=8E D5@<0E 70 ?>A;54=NN =545;N =54>AG8B0;8AL C65 14 A28=59, 8 2A5 >=8 1K;8 =0945=K C18BK<8 B5< 65 >B;8G8B5;L=K<, 6CB:8< A?>A>1><. 5AL MB>B 3>4 68B5;8 :@0O A>>1I0;8 > ;545=OI8E :@>2L 2>?;OE ?> =>G0<, :>340 :>H:8 O2;O;8AL =0 D5@<K 70 =>2K<8 65@B20<8. !>>1I5=8O > :>H<0@=KE 725@OE >2>3> .6=>3> #M;LA0, :>B>@KE 2845;8 <=>385 D5@<5@K, ?@>=8:;8 =0 ?5@2K5 ?>;>AK 02AB@0;89A:8E 3075B. !>25B 48@5:B>@>2 A5;LA:>E>7O9AB25==>9 >E@0=K HB0B0 =0AB0820; =0 B><, GB> B0: =07K205<K5 ?0=B5@K 87 C;460 A>2A5< =5 >B=>AOBAO : A5<59AB2C :>H0GL8E, 0 2A53>-=02A53> G5@=K5 :5=3C@>2K5 ?AK (?!). %>BO >4=0 B0:0O A>10:0 8 1K;0 70AB@5;5=0, =>G=K5 =0?045=8O ?@>4>;60;8AL, 8 >G5=L =5<=>385 <5AB=K5 68B5;8 1K;8 3>B>2K ?>25@8BL >D8F80;L=K< @07JOA=5=8O<.  A5@548=5 70-E 3>4>2 A>>1I5=8O >1 02AB@0;89A:8E ?0=B5@0E 5I5 1>;LH5 CG0AB8;8AL, 2 3075B0E 1K;0 >?C1;8:>20=0 F5;0O A5@8O AB0B59 > =8E, A>45@60I8E D>B>3@0D88, A45;0==K5 >G5284F0<8, GB>, :070;>AL 1K, 157CA;>2=> ?>4B25@640;>, 1C4B> 2 2AB@0;88 459AB28B5;L=> >18B0NB =0 2>;5 =5:85 :@C?=K5 :>H0GL8 A G5@=K< :0: A<>;L <5E><. "5 D5@<5@K, :>B>@K5 ?@>4>;60;8 B5@?5BL C@>= >B 8E 2878B>2, =0G0;8 25@8BL, GB> MB8 B20@8 >1;040NB A?>A>1=>ABLN ?>O2;OBLAO 8 8AG570BL ?> A2>59 2>;5, 1C4CG8 =570<5G5==K<8. >O28;>AL 4065 =5A:>;L:> CB25@645=89 > B><, :0: >=8 ?@>E>48;8 A:2>7L AB5=K, @0AB2>@O;8AL 2 2>74CE5 2 2845 >A;5?8B5;L=>9 2A?KH:8 8 1K;8 =52>A?@88<G82K<8 : ?C;O< >E>B=8:>2. 0: 8 2 ?@54K4CI85 3>4K, <0AA>2K5 >E>B=8GL8 M:A?548F88 =5 ?@8=5A;8 =8G53>, 8 <8AB5@ 659<A 0::8==>=, <8=8AB@ >E@0=K ?@8@>4K 2 02AB@0;89A:>< ?0@;0<5=B5, 1K; 2K=C645= ?@87=0BL, GB> ;8HL ?@87@0G=>5 ACI5AB2> <>65B 1KBL 2 >B25B5 70 B5 6CB:85 1>9=8, :>B>@K5 ?>@078;8 @O4 @09>=>2 2 >2>< .6=>< #M;LA5 8 0?04=>9 2AB@0;88. >5-:B> CA><=8;AO 2 ?@028;L=>AB8 A;>2 <8=8AB@0, => =8:B> 1>;LH5 =5 <>3 A><=520BLAO 2 B><, GB> C3@>70 >AB05BAO, 8 =0 MB>B AG5B 8<5NBAO =5>?@>25@68<K5 8 2A5< 4>ABC?=K5 4>:070B5;LAB20 2 2845 ?>3C1;5==>3> A:>B0.  1981 3>4C 6C@=0;8AB 5284 ' 59;8 2>A?@>8725; ?@0:B8G5A:8 =5>A?>@8<CN <>45;L, 4>:07K20NICN ACI5AB2>20=85 MB8E ACI5AB2, =0 ?@8<5@5 =51>;LH>9 >1;0AB8 2>7;5 5@B0 2 0?04=>9 2AB@0;88. =830 ' 59;8 "5=L 48:0@O A>45@60;0 =5 B>;L:> <=>3>G8A;5==K5 ?>:070=8O >G5284F52, BI0B5;L=> 4>:C<5=B8@>20==K5, => 8 4>?>;=8B5;L=K5 40==K5 2@>45 A;54>2 8 >1@07F>2 <5E0, 845=B8D8F8@>20==KE :0: :>H0G89, >A>15==>3> ?><5B0 :@C?=KE :>H0GL8E E8I=8:>2, 0 B0:65 >?8A0=89 8 D>B>3@0D89 682>B=KE-65@B2. =830 A45;0;0 2A5 =0AB>;L:> >G5284=K<, GB> 4065 @0=55 A><=5202H85AO 7>>;>38 B5?5@L C65 1K;8 =5 2 A>AB>O=88 70I8I0BL A2>N B5>@8N > ACI5AB20E, 2845==KE 2 @07;8G=KE <5AB0E =0 ?@>BO65=88 ?>A;54=8E 42CE 45AOB8;5B89, :0: > ?@>ABKE ?@>4C:B0E C@10=8AB8G5A:>3> D>;L:;>@0. 4=0:> A?5F80;8ABK 2A5 5I5 =5 <>3;8 ?@54;>68BL C4>2;5B2>@8B5;L=>9 25@A88 @07304:8 B09=K. 5@>OB=>ABL B>3>, GB> @5GL 845B > =5>1KG09=> @07@>AH5<AO ?;5<5=8 >48G02H8E 4><0H=8E :>H5:, 5420 ;8 70A;C6820;0 2=8<0=8O, 81> >=8 =8:>340 =5 4>AB830;8 25;8G8=K, 4>AB0B>G=>9 4;O =0?045=89 =0 >25F 8 :5=3C@C. @C30O 25@A8O, A>3;0A=> :>B>@>9 70304>G=K5 ACI5AB20 O2;ONBAO ?@54AB028B5;O<8 =5:>53> 4>A5;5 =58725AB=>3> A5<59AB20 <5AB=KE E8I=8:>2, 1K;0 B5< 1>;55 =5?@85<;5<>9, 81> 725@8 ?>O28;8AL ;8HL 2> 2B>@>9 ?>;>28=5 XX 25:0. A;8 1K >=8 ACI5AB2>20;8 2 2AB@0;88 8 4> B>3> 2@5<5=8, B> =5<8=C5<> ?>?0;8AL 1K =0 3;070 <=>3> @0=LH5. "@5BL5 ?@54?>;>65=85 > B><, GB> ACI5AB20 1K;8 =0 A0<>< 45;5 ?C<0<8, :>B>@K5 2K@20;8AL =0 A2>1>4C 2 ?@>H;><, ?@54AB02;O;0AL 1>;55 25@>OB=>9. 4=0:> =5 1K;> =8:0:8E A2545=89 > A>45@60=88 MB8E 682>B=KE 2 =52>;5, @02=> :0: 8 > B><, GB> >=8 >B:C40-B> A1560;8.  5A;8 5I5 CG5ABL, GB> 2AO:0O 682=>ABL, ?5@5<5I0NI0OAO 87 >4=>3> 02AB@0;89A:>3> HB0B0 2 4@C3>9, ?>4;568B @538AB@0F88 =0 2J5745 8 2K5745, 2>7<>6=>ABL ?>1530 ?C<, =5 70D8:A8@>20==>3> >D8F80;L=>, ?@54AB02;O5BAO 4>AB0B>G=> H0B:>9.  >1I5<, CG8BK20O <=>3>G8A;5==K5 ?@>B82>@5G8O, :>B>@K5 ?>@>48;0 02AB@0;89A:0O 70304:0, =8G53> =5B C4828B5;L=>3> 2 B><, GB> 1>;LH8=AB2> =0A5;5=8O ?@54?>G8B05B =5 4>25@OBL A;CE0< > :>H:0E-?5@5@>AB:0E, A2>1>4=> 1@>4OI8E ?> 8E AB@0=5. !59G0A ?@>2>48BAO <=>65AB2> A0<KE @07=KE <5@>?@8OB89, GB>1K 2KA;548BL B08=AB25==KE 725@59, A 8A?>;L7>20=85< A0<>3> 2KA>:>B5E=8G=>3> 72C:>2>3> >1>@C4>20=8O, <>I=KE B5;5 8 D>B>:0<5@, 8=D@0:@0A=KE ;CG59, @07;8G=KE 87>I@5==KE ;>2CH5:, ?>-?@56=5<C =5 >B:07K20NBAO 8 >B CA;C3 >E>B=8:>2, 2>>@C65==KE 28=B>2:0<8. 4=0:> 02AB@0;89A:85 1>;LH85 :>H:8 >AB0NBAO =5C;>28<K<8. , =5278@0O =0 2A5 =5;5?>AB8 2> 2A59 MB>9 8AB>@88 A 1>;LH8<8 G5@=K<8 :>H:0<8, D0:B >AB05BAO D0:B><: ?>E>65, =5:85 70304>G=K5 682>B=K5 >18B0NB 2 2AB@0;88. =8 ?@>AB> ?@54?>G8B0NB, GB>1K 8E =5 =0H;8. ! ! ? 4=>3> 273;O40 =0 >2FC 1K;> 4>AB0B>G=> 0=3;89A:><C D5@<5@C 09:C #8;LO<AC, GB>1K ?>=OBL: 682>B=>5 87 53> AB040 C18B> =5>1KG=K< ACI5AB2><. (5O 1K;0 @07>4@0=0, ;52>5 CE> >B:CH5=>, 8 2>>1I5 B>, GB> >AB0;>AL >B >2FK, 2K3;O45;> B0:, 1C4B> :B>-B> 2 O@>AB8 @0AB5@70; B@O?8G=CN :C:;C. %8I=8: 2KA>A0; 87 65@B2K :@>2L. / ?>720; >BF0 8 4@C38E D5@<5@>2. 8:B> 87 =8E =8:>340 @0=LH5 =5 2845;, GB>1K >25F 701820;8 B0:8< A?>A>1><, A:070; . #8;LO<5 2 8=B5@2LN 035=BAB2C 59B5@. !C4O ?> 2A5<C, E8I=8: 704@0; >2FC ?@0:B8G5A:8 <3=>25==>, B0:, GB> >=0 4065 =5 A>?@>B82;O;0AL. -B0 65@B20 =5 1K;0 ?5@2>9. ! 1983 3>40 ?>4>1=KE =0?045=89 =0 >25F 2 -:A<C@5, ?CABK==>9 8 3;CE>9 <5AB=>AB8 2 320 :8;><5B@0E : 70?04C >B >=4>=0, ?@>87>H;> 1>;LH5 A>B=8. 45AL @0A?>;>65=K 2 >A=>2=>< D5@<5@A:85 E>7O9AB20, ?@8G5< 2A5 >=8  =0 7=0G8B5;L=>< >B40;5=88 4@C3 >B 4@C30&  AB@0=5 B0:8E A@02=8B5;L=> =51>;LH8E @07<5@>2, :0: 5;8:>1@8B0=8O, >4=>9 87 A0<KE 3CAB>=0A5;5==KE 2 <8@5, =5 B>;L:> A;>6=>, => ?@0:B8G5A:8 =52>7<>6=> ?@54AB028BL A515, GB>1K :0:>5-=81C4L :@C?=>5 48:>5 682>B=>5 <>3;> >AB020BLAO =570@538AB@8@>20==K<. > 5A;8 <K =5 =0<5@5=K 83=>@8@>20BL ;N4A:85 A2845B5;LAB20, B> ?@845BAO ?@87=0BL, GB> MB> =5;5?>5 ?@54?>;>65=85 8<55B :0A0B5;LAB2> : 8AB8=5.  ?>A;54=55 2@5<O, 0 >A>15==> =0G8=0O A 60-E 3>4>2, ?@8E>4OB, 8 2 4>2>;L=> =5<0;>< :>;8G5AB25, A>>1I5=8O 87 @07=KE G0AB59 !>548=5==>3> >@>;52AB20 > =01;N45=8OE, :>B>@K5 =02>4OB =0 <KA;L > ACI5AB2>20=88 2 48:>< A>AB>O=88 =5A:>;L:8E 284>2 1>;LH8E :>I5:, =5 ?>E>68E =0 ?>@>4=KE 1@8B0=A:8E.  MB8E ?>4G0A =5AC@07=KE 4>=5A5=8OE 70304>G=K5 682>B=K5 >?8AK20NBAO :0: ?C<K, 35?0@4K, ?0=B5@K, ;L28FK, @KA8 8 B0: 40;55, 8 =0 :064K9 4>AB>9=K9 2=8<0=8O >BG5B ?@8E>48BAO 4N68=0 B0:8E, GB> ?@52KH0NB 2>7<>6=>ABL 25@K 4065 A0<>3> @52=>AB=>3> <8AB5@8>;>30. "5< =5 <5=55, 5A;8 ?>?KB0BLAO >B45;8BL 75@=0 >B ?;525;, B> AB0=5B OA=K<, GB> =0 4=5 MB>9 B09=K =0E>48BAO >H5;><;ONI0O ?@0240. 5@2K9 ?>B>: A>>1I5=89 > 1>;LH8E :>H:0E @8B0=88, 272>;=>202H8E A@54AB20 <0AA>2>9 8=D>@<0F88, >B=>A8;AO : 4;8==>=>3>9 35?0@4>?>4>1=>9 B20@8 A 703=CBK< :25@EC E2>AB><, :>B>@CN 2845;8 A8452H59 =0 4>@>35 1;87 (CB5@A-%8;;0, 2 C;28G5, ?@54<5ABL5 >=4>=0, =>GLN 18 8N;O 1962 3>40. >340 =01;N40B5;L =0?@028;AO : 682>B=><C, >=> A:@K;>AL 2 1;8609H5< ;5AC 8, =5A<>B@O =0 =5A:>;L:> 2AB@5G 2 BC 65 =>GL 8 CA8;8O B@5=8@>20==KE ?>;8F59A:8E =0 A;54CNI89 45=L, ?>9<0=> =5 1K;>, >48= @07 725@L ?@>AB> ?5@5?@K3=C; G5@57 :0?>B ?@5A;54CNI59 ?>;8F59A:>9 <0H8=K. '5@57 G5BK@5 4=O, 23 8N;O, ?@54AB028B5;8 A;C61K 2>4>A=0165=8O 5AA5:A0, GB> 2 !C@@55, 8=D>@<8@>20;8 > B><, GB> =5:0O >3@><=0O :>H:0 ?>68@0;0 :@>;8:0 C 2>4>E@0=8;8I0 2 %8B8-?0@:5. "> 1K;> ?5@ " 2>5 ?>O2;5=85 725@O, 2?>A;54AB288 ?>;CG82H53> 8725AB=>ABL ?>4 8<5=5< AC@@59A:>9 ?C<K. 0B5<, 2 ?@>4>;65=85 78<K 1962/63 3>40, =5A:>;L:> @07=>284=>AB59 :>H5: A>25@H8;8 =>G=K5 =01538 =0 D5@<K <564C @>=4M;;>< 8 -CH>B3>< =0 3@0=8F0E 3@0DAB20 %M<?H8@, C1820O FK?;OB 8 =02>4O C60A =0 AB>@>652KE A>10:. '5@57 18 <5AOF52, 30 023CAB0 1964 3>40, :@C?=K9 D@87A:89 1C;L4>3 1K; 65AB>:> ?>:0;5G5= 1;87 @0=;5E0, 0 =545;N A?CABO =0H;8 B@C? B5;5=:0, :>B>@K9 O2=> 2>;>:;8 G5@57 =5A:>;L:> ?>;59. B?5G0B:8 ;0? >:>;> B@C?0 =02>48;8 =0 <KA;L > 725@5 A5<59AB20 :>H0GL8E 2@>45 ?C<K, E>BO 53> A;54K 1K;8 2B@>5 1>;LH8<8, G5< C ;N1>9 27@>A;>9 >A>18 40==>3> 2840. "20@L >:@5AB8;8 C=AB54A:8< >=AB@>< ?> =0720=8N 1;8609H59 45@52=8, 345 ?> 2A5< ?@87=0:0< 2 ?@>4>;65=85 >A5=8 1964 3>40 ?>O2;O;>AL :>H0GL5 ACI5AB2> =5>1KG09=KE @07<5@>2. :B82=>ABL ?C<K 4>AB83;0 A2>53> ?8:0, :>340 1K;0 >1=0@C65=0 <5@B20O :>AC;O A ?5@5;><0==>9 H559 8 @0=0<8, =0?><8=0NI8<8 > @0==8E C189AB20E 2 @0=;5E5. >;8F8O >AB020;0AL 157CG0AB=>9 4> B5E ?>@, ?>:0 12 =>O1@O 420 >D8F5@0 A2>8<8 3;070<8 =5 C2845;8 725@O C <5<>@80;0 "><0A0 @5O 2 !B>C:->465A5.  A;54CNI59 =>GLN >18B0B5;8 3@0DAB20 2=>2L C60A=C;8AL 6CB:8E 2>?;59 8 AB>=>2, A>?@>2>6402H8E =>G=CN 45OB5;L=>ABL =5?@>H5=>3> 3>ABO. >O2;5=8O ?C<K 1K;8 @54:8<8 2 1965 3>4C, => @57:> CG0AB8;8AL ;5B>< 1966-3>.  >4=C 87 A0<KE 2?5G0B;ONI8E 2AB@5G ?>;8F59A:89 8 =5A:>;L:> ?>A5;O= F5;KE 20 <8=CB =01;N40;8, :0: >3@><=0O :>H:0 @0A?@02;O5BAO A :@>;8:>< 2 ?>;5 C >@?;5A4>=0. 0B5< 2 023CAB5 1K2H89 ?>;8F59A:89 D>B>3@0D ?> D0<8;88 0= C<C4@8;AO 70A=OBL, :0: B20@L :@045BAO ?> ?>;N 2 B>9 65 <5AB=>AB8. ;O <=>38E O2AB25==K< 4>:070B5;LAB2>< ACI5AB2>20=8O <>=AB@0 AB0; 4>:;04 8:B>@0 0=B>=0, :C@0B>@0 #8?A=M94A:>3> 7>>?0@:0, :>B>@K9 ?@>0=0;878@>20; =01@0==K5 A :>;NG59 ?@>2>;>:8 =0 >3@045 2>;>A:8 8 >?@545;8;, GB> >=8 AE>4=K A E2>AB>2K<8 2>;>A:0<8 ?C<K. 4=0:>, =5A<>B@O =0 =5A:>;L:> >1;02, ?@>2545==KE ?>;8F859, 725@L =5 1K; ?>9<0=, 0 :>340 ?>;8F59A:>5 C?@02;5=85 !C@@5O 2 A5@548=5 023CAB0 1967 3>40 =0:>=5F 7025@H8;> A2>5 @0AA;54>20=85, C =53> =0 @C:0E =5 >:070;>AL =8G53>, :@><5 >?0A5=89  =8 <=>3> =8 <0;> 362 2AB@5G. =>385 68B5;8 4@C38E 3@0DAB2 2A5 5I5 >B:07K20;8AL 25@8BL, GB> B0:>9 AB@0==K9 725@L, :0: AC@@59A:0O ?C<0, ACI5AB2C5B =0 A0<>< 45;5.  1970 3>4C =5 >ICI0;>AL =5E20B:8 2 4>=5A5=8OE > 70304>G=>9 :>H:5 87 4@C38E G0AB59 !>548=5==>3> >@>;52AB20, E>BO 35>3@0D8G5A:8 >=8 1K;8 @071@>A0==K<8 8 =5 :070;8AL C1548B5;L=K<8. > 70B5< 2 80-E 3>40E 2>7=8:;> =>2>5 7=0G8B5;L=>5 45;>, =0 MB>B @07 A2O70==>5 A >1H8@=K<8 B5@@8B>@8O<8 <564C 0@B<C@>< 8 -:A<C@>< =0 70?045 =3;88. -:A<C@A:0O 15AB8O, :0: ?@>720;8 745AL 725@O, 2?5@2K5 ?@82;5:;0 2=8<0=85 ?C1;8:8 ?>A;5 =5>1JOA=8<KE 8AG57=>25=89 O3=OB 25A=>9 1982 3>40 =0 D5@<5 @NAB>C=, 2 .6=>< >;B>=5, A>2?02H8E ?> 2@5<5=8 A> A;CE0<8 > ?>O2;5=88 ACI5AB20, ?>E>653> =0 ?0=B5@C. >8A:8 =8 : G5<C =5 ?@825;8, 8 A5=A0F8O ?>=5<=>3C 70BCE;0. > =0 A;54CNI89 3>4 2=>2L =0ABC?8;0 ?>@0 701>O O3=OB, 8 D5@<5@K =01;N40;8 8AG57=>25=85 A:>B0 2 B@52>60I8E <0AHB010E, 2:;NG0O, =0?@8<5@, A@07C 30 3>;>2 A B>9 65 4@NAB>C=A:>9 D5@<K.  C189AB20E O3=OB ?>4>7@520;8 >48G02H8E A>10:, 8 =5A:>;L:8E 87 =8E ?@8AB@5;8;8, >4=0:> =0?045=8O =5 ?@5:@0B8;8AL. 5@5?C30=K D5@<5@K 1K;8 5I5 8 B5<, GB> 15AB8O C1820;0 A2>8 65@B2K =5>1KG=K< >1@07><, @071820O O3=OB0< G5@5?0 8 A@K20O :CA:8 <OA0 A 703@82:>2, ?@8G5< >AB02;OO 4@C385 G0AB8 ?>GB8 =5B@>=CBK<8. 8:0:85 A>10:8, :0: 8725AB=>, B0: A51O =5 254CB. >;8F8O B>65 1K;0 >7040G5=0, 0 : <0N ?>B5@8 A:>B0 AB0;8 =0AB>;L:> A5@L57=K<8, GB> : @5940< 1K;8 ?@82;5G5=K :>@>;52A:85 <>@A:85 ?5E>B8=FK, 1078@>202H85AO 2 8<?AB>C=5, 2<5AB5 A 8E 8=D@0:@0A=>9 0??0@0BC@>9 A;565=8O.  5.30 CB@0 4 <0O 1983 3>40 A=09?5@ 6>= %>;45= 70<5B8;, :0: >G5=L :@C?=>5 8 <>I=>5 G5B25@>=>3>5 ?5@5A5:;> 65;57=>4>@>6=K5 ?CB8, => =0 B0:>< @0AAB>O=88 >B =53>, GB> ?C;8 =5 ?@8=5A;8 725@N 2@540. 82>B=>5 1>;LH5 =5 ?>?040;>AL =0 3;070, 8 2 =0G0;5 8N;O <>@A:85 ?5E>B8=FK 1K;8 >B>720=K, 8 8E :><0=4>20=85 ?@87=0;> A2>5 ?>@065=85, 2KA:0702 ?@8 MB>< =54>C<5=85 ?> ?>2>4C ?>GB8 A25@EJ5AB5AB25==>3> ?>2545=8O E8I=8:0.  ?>A;54CNI85 3>4K 4>=5A5=89 > ?@87@0G=>9 :>H:5 A 3>@=KE ?0AB18I 0@B<C@0 8 -:A<C@0 70<5B=> ?>C1028;>AL.  B> 65 A0<>5 2@5<O ?@>87>H;> =5A:>;L:> C189AB2 A:>B0 8 :>AC;L, ?@8G5< O2=> B0:8< A?>A>1><, :>B>@K9 ?@8ACI A>10:0<. "0:85 A;CG08 2=>2L ?@825;8 A:5?B8:>2 : <KA;8, GB> 8<5==> AB08 48:8E ?A>2 8 1K;8 ?>28==K 70 ?@54K4CI85 1>9=8. 4=0:>, :0: >:070;>AL, 15AB8O CH;0 87 >?8AK205<KE <5AB =5 =02A5340.  O=20@5 1987 3>40 8AA;54>20B5;L "@52>@ 8@ >1=0@C68; 1;87 094D>4F0 452OBL >3@><=KE >B?5G0B:>2 ;0?. 2C<O <5AOF0<8 ?>765 MB>B :@09 AB0; F5=B@><, 345 <>=AB@ =0G0; >A>15==> G0AB> ?>O2;OBLAO.  2 023CAB5 8@C C40;>AL AD>B>3@0D8@>20BL >3@><=CN B5<=CN :>H:C O2=> =51@8B0=A:>3> 2840, ?@8G5< AJ5<:C C4>AB>25@8;8 B@8 >G5284F0. 48= 87 A=8<:>2 1K; ?>:070= 2 ?@>3@0<<5 =>2>AB59 8-18-A8 > 48:>9 ?@8@>45, 8 4;O <=>38E, =0:>=5F, MB>B @5?>@B06 AB0; 4>:070B5;LAB2><, GB> =5:>5 B08=AB25==>5 682>B=>5 459AB28B5;L=> >18B05B C =8E ?>4 1>:><. > 5A;8 B0:, B> >B:C40 >=> 27O;>AL? !@548 B5E, :B> ?@8=O; 2A5@L57 8AB>@8N > 1@8B0=A:8E 70304>G=KE :>H:0E, 1KB>20;> <=>65AB2> @07;8G=KE 25@A89. 5:>B>@K5 7>>;>38 1K;8 C4>2;5B2>@5=K CB25@645=85<, GB> 15AB8O, 25@>OB=>, =5>1KG09=> :@C?=K9 381@84 >48G02H59 4><0H=59 :>H:8 8 >4=>3> 87 284>2 48:8E :>H5: @8B0=88. @C385 ?@54?>G;8 25@8BL, GB> 2AB@5G5==K5 <>=AB@K ?@8=04;560B : M:7>B8G5A:8< :>H0GL8< E8I=8:0<, A15602H8< 87 7>>?0@:>2, F8@:>2, G0AB=KE 725@8=F52 8 B. ?. %>BO MB0 ?>A;54=OO 25@A8O 8 :070;0AL A0<>9 ;>38G=>9, 2A?KH:8 0:B82=>AB8 15AB89 A>2A5< =5 A>2?040;8 A A>>1I5=8O<8 > ?>1530E.  B> 65 2@5<O <=>385 A?5F80;8ABK ?@>4>;60;8 =0AB0820BL =0 B><, GB> <0AA>2K5 8 =5>1JOA=8<K5 C189AB20 O3=OB A>25@H0NB AB08 >48G02H8E A>10:, 0 2>2A5 =5 :0:85-B> ?@87@0G=K5 :>BK. 4=0:> MB0 25@A8O C6 A;8H:>< =5 A>>B25BAB2>20;0 45B0;L=K< >?8A0=8O< ?0=B5@>?>4>1=KE ACI5AB2 8 A?>A>1C C<5@I2;5=8O 8<8 A2>8E 65@B2. 0AA<0B@820O D5=><5= 2 F5;><, MB8< ?>A;54=8< ?@87=0:>< 5420 ;8 AB>8B ?@5=51@530BL. 09465; @8@;8, <5AB=K9 68B5;L, =0?8A02H89 =5402=> :=83C >G=>9 >E>B=8:, 2A?><8=05B: 8:B> 87 =0A =5 7=0;, :>3> 65 <K 8I5<. 48= 70E20B8; A0G>: 4;O ;>2;8 101>G5:, 4@C3>9, A?5F80;8AB ?> >B;02;820=8N >48G02H8E A>10:, B0A:0; ?>2AN4C A A>1>9 1>;LH>9 :CA>: <OA0. A5 68B5;8 -:A<C@0 2A?><8=0;8 B>340 !>10:C 0A:5@28;59 87 @0AA:070 >=0= >9;0 8 4C<0;8, GB> =5>1KG=>5 ACI5AB2>, ?>O282H55AO 2 8E <5AB=>AB8, MB> A>10:0 G@572KG09=> 1>;LH8E @07<5@>2. 4=0:> A;54K, >AB02;5==K5 E8I=8:><, 53> A?>A>1=>ABL =0?040BL =0 A2>8 65@B2K A 2KA>BK, 0 B0:65 6CB:89 @52, :>B>@K9 A;KH0;8 @8@;8 8 >AB0;L=K5 CG0AB=8:8 B>9 >E>BK, =025;8 8E =0 <KA;L, GB> >=8 8<5NB 45;> A ?C<>9. / A;KH0; 53> @52 420 @070, @0AA:07K205B . #8;LO<5, 682CI89 745AL A :>=F0 50-E 3>4>2. B =53> 2>;>AK 2AB0NB 4K1><. -B8 2>?;8 A;KH0;8 <=>385 745H=85 D5@<5@K, 0 =5:>B>@K5 87 =8E 4065 CB25@640NB, GB> 2845;8 ACI5AB2> 8 H;8 ?> 53> A;54C. 48= 87 =8E, >4 @0<<5@, @C:>2>48B5;L AB@5;:>2>9 H:>;K, >4=064K @0==8< CB@>< =540;5:> >B A2>53> 4><0 C2845;, :0: =5>1KG=>5 ACI5AB2> A?@K3=C;> A 45@520 =0 4>@>3C 8 A:@K;>AL 2 1;87;560I8E 70@>A;OE. !CI5AB2> MB> 1K;> 25;8G8=>9 ?@8<5@=> A 2>AB>G=>52@>?59A:CN >2G0@:C, 8, GB> <5=O >G5=L C4828;>, C =53> 1K;8 B>=:85 =>38. => <=5 ?>:070;>AL A8;L=K< 8 ;>2:8<.  >:@0A:0 1K;0 65;B>20B>-:>@8G=52>9, ?;>E> @07;8G8<>9 2 B5<=>B5, @0AA:07K20; >=. > 53> <=5=8N, 0 >= 459AB28B5;L=> @0718@05BAO 2 682>B=KE 8 8E ?>204:0E, MB> 1K;0 ?C<0.  !C@@55 <=>385 A>B=8 A>>1I5=89 > ?C<0E 2 A5@548=5 1960-E 3>4>2 2>A?@8=8<0;8AL ?>;8F859 :0: A;54AB285 30;;NF8=0F89, 8AB5@88 8;8 ;>6=KE 845=B8D8:0F89, =5278@0O =0 C25@5=8O A2845B5;59 8 B0:85 =5>?@>25@68<K5 D878G5A:85 4>:070B5;LAB20, :0: A;54K, ?><5B 8 @0AB5@70==K5 B@C?K >25F 8 :>AC;L. 065 A@548 B5E, :B> 25@8; A2845B5;LAB20<, <=>385 ?@54?>G8B0;8 B@048F8>==>5 >1JOA=5=85  > ?C<0E 8;8 ?0=B5@0E, A15602H8E 87 =52>;8, =57028A8<> >B =0;8G8O A>>1I5=89 > ?>4>1=KE ?>1530E. > ?@0240 1K;0 2 B><, GB> =8 >4=> 87 >1JOA=5=89 =8:0: =5 A>>B25BAB2>20;> 459AB28B5;L=>AB8, GB> 2 !C@@55, GB> 2 52>=5. 157C<52H85 A>10:8 =5 <>3;8 ?@8G8=8BL B0:85 C25GLO B@C?0<, =0945==K< 2 3@0DAB20E, ?> :@09=59 <5@5, 4>=K=5 8< MB> =5 1K;> A2>9AB25==>. 52>7<>6=> 8 B>, GB>1K >4=> 2K@202H55AO =0 A2>1>4C 682>B=>5 <>3;> ?>:@K20BL 7=0G8B5;L=K5 @0AAB>O=8O, :0: MB> 1K;> ?@8 =0?045=8OE, ?@>87>H54H8E 70 >4=C =>GL 2 52>=5, -:A<C@5 8 0@B<C@5. A53> ;8HL GCBL 1>;55 25@>OB=>, E>BO 8 =5 A;8H:><, GB> A@07C =5A:>;L:> 1>;LH8E :>H5: MB>3> B8?0, :>B>@KE 2845;8 ?> 2A59 @8B0=88, A1560;8 87 G0AB=KE 725@8=F52 8 85 ?>?0;8 2 ?>;8F59A:85 >BG5BK, 81> >=8 2@O4 ;8 A<>3;8 1K ?@>68BL 2 A5;LA:>9 <5AB=>AB8 =5 70<5G5==K<8 4>;3>5 2@5<O.  ;N1>< A;CG05 5I5 =8 @07C =5 C4020;>AL 70E20B8BL E>BO 1K >4=>3> E8I=8:0.  >1I5<, D0:BK B0:>2K: AB@0==>AB8 2 >BG5B0E > =0?045=8OE =0 A:>B 2 A>G5B0=88 A =5>1KG=>9 A?>A>1=>ABLN ?>O2;OBLAO 8 8AG570BL, :>340 8< 274C<05BAO, 3>2>@OB > B><, GB> MB8 :>H:8 ?@>8AE>4OB >B:C40-B> =5 87 =0H59 ?@82KG=>9 2A5;5==>9.  +"+    #- "-  3> 7>2CB 'C?0:01@0A, 0 ?@><KH;O5B GC48I5 >E>B>9 =0 4><0H=NN 682=>ABL& 0 >AB@>20E CM@B>- 8:> ?0=8:0.  45@52=OE D5@<5@K C65 2 G5BK@5 G0A0 4=O 70?8@0NB 425@8 8 AB@>OB 10@@8:04K =0 =>GL. 8=B>2:0, 70@O65==0O, 2A5340 @O4><. 5 409 >3, ?@8;5B8B 'C?0:01@0A. 57C<85 4;8BAO C65 >:>;> 3>40. = ?>4:@04K205BAO : >2F0<, A>10:0<, :C@0<, :>@>20<, =01@0AK205BAO =0 =8E 8 2K?8205B 2AN :@>2L, >AB02;OO B>;L:> A;54K >B :;K:>2, B0:8E A2845B5;LAB2 45AOB:8.  A>2A5< AB@0H=> AB0;>, :>340 53> =0:>=5F C2845;8. 5@2K< @0AA:070; > 2AB@5G5 A 'C?0:01@0A ?>;8F59A:89 87 45@52=8 0<?> 8:>: 'C?0:01@0A ?>E>6 =0 :5=3C@C 75;5=>3> F25B0 2KA>B>9 GCBL 1>;LH5 <5B@0. !?8=0 ?>:@KB0 B25@4K< ?0=F8@5<, C =53> 1>;LH85 :@0A=K5 3;070 2 D>@<5 <8=40;8=. / 4065 2KAB@5;8; 2 =53>, => >= A<>3 C;5B5BL. "0: >=> 5I5 8 ;5B05B! @C385 A2845B5;LAB20 =5 <5=55 6CB:85. # 'C?0:01@0A =0 :064>9 =>35 ?> B@8 ?0;LF0 A :>3BO<8, @>B 157 3C1 8 :>@>B:>5 ?@5@K28AB>5 4KE0=85. 4=0 40<0 4065 ?KB0;0AL ?@8 2AB@5G5 >?@545;8BL ?>; GC48I0, => =5 70<5B8;0 2>>1I5 =8:0:8E A;54>2 35=8B0;L=KE >@30=>2. !2OI5==8: 87 45@52=8 0<?> 8:>, 345 GC48I5 2845;8 G0I5 2A53>, >4=>7=0G=> 70O28;, GB> MB> 4LO2>;. 5@525=A:0O <>;>456L, =0E>4OI0OAO ?>4 2>7459AB285< 0<5@8:0=A:>9 <0AA>2>9 :C;LBC@K, AG8B05B, GB> @5GL 845B > ?5@A>=065 D8;L<0 @5459B>@, :>B>@K9 =0 A0<>< 45;5 ACI5AB2C5B.  2>>1I5 MB0 B20@L A1560;0 A @0A?>;>65==>9 =5?>40;5:C 0<5@8:0=A:>9 0M@>:>A<8G5A:>9 107K, :>B>@0O ;>28B ;5B0NI85 B0@5;:8.  >1I5<, =0A5;5=8N 5ABL GB> >1AC48BL. "CB =04> >B<5B8BL, GB> 2 =>O1@5 =0 >AB@>20E 3@O4CB <C=8F8?0;L=K5 2K1>@K, 8 A8=L>@ !>B>  :0=4840B =0 >G5@54=>9 <0=40B <M@0 >B =>2>9 ?@>3@5AA82=>9 ?0@B88. !>?5@=8:8, =0@>4=0O 45<>:@0B8G5A:0O ?0@B8O, =0E>4OI0OAO 2 ;52>9 >??>78F88, @0A:CA8;8 ?@542K1>@=K9 B@N: . 0@>4=K5 45<>:@0BK  70 :>=AB@C:B82=>5 @5H5=85 ?@>1;5< >AB@>2=>3> 3>AC40@AB20, 0 !>B> 8 53> ?@>3@5AA8ABK 2K4C<K20NB :0:8E-B> GC48I 8 70A>@ONB 8718@0B5;O< 3>;>2K. "CB =04> 70<5B8BL, GB> GC4>28I0 =025I0NB CM@B>- 8:> 2 A@54=5< @07 2 10 ;5B. >A;54=85 O2;5=8O 0<?8@> 45 >:0, ?>B><  0=04JO1>;> 8 2>B B5?5@L  'C?0:01@0A. @>D5AA>@ CM@B>@8:0=A:>3> C=825@A8B5B0 0D0M;L %>3;0@ >1JOA=8;, GB> 20 ;5B =0704 0<5@8:0=FK 459AB28B5;L=> >1CAB@>8;8 =0 >4=>< 87 N6=KE >AB@>2>2 A5:@5B=CN 2>5==CN 107C. 0 =59 ?@>2>48;8AL 18>;>38G5A:85 M:A?5@8<5=BK ?> 87<5=5=8N @57CA-D0:B>@0 C >157LO=.  725@L:8 ?>;CG8;8AL 4>2>;L=> C<=K5, A8;L=K5, 03@5AA82=K5, 7;K5 8 =5:><?0=59A:85. =8 ?@>@K;8 ?>4 :;5B:0<8 GB>-B> 2@>45 ;070, 2K1@0;8AL =0 2>;N 8 ?@8?;K;8 (!) 2 CM@B>- 8:>. "5?5@L 8E BCB A>B=8. K2H89 48@5:B>@ 7>>?0@:0 AG8B05B, GB> 2A5 MB> 45;> @C: (;0?!) 53> 1K2H8E ?8B><F52, :>B>@KE >= 2K=C645= 1K; @0A?@>40BL, :>340 :>=G8;8AL 45=L38 =0 8E A>45@60=85.  #% "/ -B0 8AB>@8O A;CG8;0AL 37 ;5B =0704, 2 1959 3>4C. ?8A0==K5 A>1KB8O ?@>87>H;8 2 B@C4=>4>ABC?=>< 8 >B40;5==>< @09>=5 >@=>3> ;B0O. K=5 68B5;L 0@=0C;0, 0 B>340  B056=K9 >E>B=8: !0@83;0@ 0B;8B>28G 0@:8B0=>2 2ABC?8; 2 ?>548=>: A =0AB>OI8<& ;N4>54><->1>@>B=5<.  B>B 45=L !0@83;0@ 8 53> 4@C3 40@, >125H0==K5 A =>3 4> 3>;>2K 4>1KB>9 2 B0935 ?CH=8=>9, @5H8;8 2>72@0I0BLAO 2 A2>N >E>B=8GLN 871CH:C, 0 ?>B>< 4>18@0BLAO 4> ?>A5;:0. "@>=C;8AL 2 ?CBL C65 =>GLN. >340 ?@>H;8 C65 <8=CB 45AOBL, 40@ @57:> >AB0=>28;AO 8, @C30O A51O, A:070;, GB> >=8 701K;8 =0 AB>O=:5 8E 548=AB25==K9 ?>E>4=K9 B>?>@, 8 @5H8; 70 =8< 25@=CBLAO. 8=CB G5@57 15, ?>A;5 B>3> :0: 40@ CH5;, >48= 87 >AB02H8EAO A !0@83;0@>< ?A>2 A0<K< =0AB>OI8< >1@07>< 702K;!  A5@4F0E E;5AB=C2 ?A0 ?> A?8=5, >=, 2K6402 5I5 <8=CB 10, @5H8; 84B8 =02AB@5GC 40@C. #65 ?>4>94O : AB>O=:5, !0@83;0@ @07;8G8; A8;CMB 40@0, :>B>@K9 A845; =0 :>@B>G:0E 8, =87:> =0:;>=OAL, 2>78;AO A G5<-B> ?@>4>;3>20BK<. 0:>2> 65 1K;> 53> C482;5=85, :>340 =0 53> :@8: 2 >B25B >= CA;KH0; :0:>9B> =5G5;>25G5A:89, => 8 =5 682>B=K9, 1C;L:0NI89 @K:, 8 ?5@54 =8< 2K@>A;> ACI5AB2>, O2=> 2KH5 42CE<5B@>2>3> @>AB0, 8, @KG0, >1=060O >:@>202;5==K5 :;K:8, CAB028;>AL =0 !0@83;0@0 <0;5=L:8<8 7;>1=K<8, 3>@OI8<8 :0:8<-B> 38?=>B8G5A:8< A25B>< 3;070<8! "5;> ACI5AB20 ?>:@K20;0 H5@ABL, ?> A2>5<C 284C =5 ?>E>60O =8 =0 :0:CN 4@C3CN H5@ABL 87 2845==>9 2 687=8 !0@83;0@><. CG D>=0@8:0 CA?5; 2KE20B8BL 8 <5@B2K5 2K?CG5==K5 3;070 40@0 (3>;>20 53>, >B>@20==0O >B B5;0, C?0;0 =0 A=53, :>340 ACI5AB2> 2A:>G8;> >B :@8:0 !0@83;0@0) 8 1>;LHCN (?@54<5B 3>@4>AB8 40@0) A5@51@O=CN ?5G0B:C, :>B>@0O 1;5A=C;0 BCA:;K< A25B><  GC4>28I5 45@60;> ?>;C>13;>40==CN ?@02CN @C:C B>20@8I0 !0@83;0@0 2 A2>8E >3@><=KE @CG8I0E  45@60;>, :0: :C@8=K9 >:>@>G>:!.. 5 ?><=O A51O >B C60A0 8 GB>-B> :@8G0, !0@83;0@ ?CAB8;AO 1560BL. =BC8B82=> 4>1@0;AO 4> >E>B=8GL59 871CH:8, :>5-:0: 4>640;AO @0AA25B0 8 CB@><, >78@0OAL ?> AB>@>=0<, A 70@O65==>9 42CAB2>;:>9 2 @C:0E, AB0; ?@>18@0BLAO 2 1;87;560I55 A5;5=85. 'C4>28I5 53> =5 ?@5A;54>20;>, A:>@55 2A53> >=> ?@>AB> =0AKB8;>AL, 40 8, 2848<>, >?0A0;>AL =0?040BL A@54L 15;0 4=O =0 G5;>25:0 A @C6L5< 8 A>10:0<8. >74=> 25G5@>< !0@83;0@ 4>1@0;AO 4> 3;CE>3> 0;B09A:>3> A5;5=8O 8 A@07C 65 ?>?@>A8; ?@>2>48BL 53> : H0<0=C, :>B>@><C ?>4@>1=> @0AA:070; >1> 2A5< A;CG82H5<AO. !:>;L:> B515 ;5B?  A?@>A8; H0<0= !0@83;0@0. 204F0BL B@8, >B25B8; >=. -B>B 4CE 040 C18; =5 B>;L:> B2>53> 4@C30, => 8 ?>GB8 701@0; B2>N 687=L, 8 ?>40; 75@:0;>. 0 !0@83;0@0 3;O45; >AC=C2H89AO, A>25@H5==> A54>9 <C6G8=0, 2 :>B>@>< >= A 1>;LH8< B@C4>< C7=0; A51O& (0<0= @0AA:070; !0@83;0@C, GB>, >:07K205BAO, MB>B ;>9 4CE @0AI5;8= C65 ;5B 15 :@045B ;N459 87 1;87;560I8E A5;5=89.  8E ?>A5;:5 ?@>?0;8 G5;>25: 8-10: 65=I8= CE @0AI5;8= 15@5B 2 >A=>2=>< 25A=>9, ?> 2A59 2848<>AB8, GC4>28I5, ?@5645 G5< C18BL, =0A8;C5B 8E. 5A:>;L:> @07 CAB@0820;8 =0 ;N4>540->1>@>B=O >1;02K 8 70A04K, => 2A5 157@57C;LB0B=>. N4>54 :0: A:2>7L 75<;N ?@>20;820;AO, ?@>AB> 8AG570; =0 2@5<O >?0A=>AB8. 4=0:> !0@83;0@, 27O2 2 ?><>IL 5I5 2>A5<L >E>B=8:>2, >B?@028;AO =0 ?>8A:8 ;N4>540. !:06C A@07C: 2 AE20B:5 A GC4>28I5< GC4>< A?0AAO >48= !0@83;0@. AB0;L=K5 ?>381;8, A1@>H5==K5 2 ?@>?0ABL.  =5 B>;L:> A?0AAO: 5<C C40;>AL C18BL ;N4>540. ?OBL ?><>3 A;CG09: 2 >E>B=8GL59 871CH:5, :C40 1560; ?@5A;54C5<K9 GC4>28I5<, ?>B5@O2H89 @C6L5 !0@83;0@, >:070;0AL A5@=0O :8A;>B0. E>B=8: ?;5A=C; ?>;=K9 :>2H 2 ;8F> 2>@202H5<CAO ;N4>54C, 8 B>B A 4K<OI8<AO, >1>665==K< ;8F>< A:@K;AO 2 B0935. !?CABO 3>4 !0@83;0@ A=>20 ?>1K20; 2 B5E :@0OE, 8 5<C @0AA:070;8, GB> 15AG8=AB20 ;N4>540 ?@5:@0B8;8AL.  5I5 G5@57 ?>;3>40 :B>-B> >1=0@C68; =0 4=5 =53;C1>:>9 ?@>?0AB8 B@C? AB@0==>3> ACI5AB20 >3@><=>3> @>AB0, >1@>AH53> A =>3 4> 3>;>2K 3CAB>9 H5@ABLN. >340 G5@57 =545;N ?@8H;8, GB>1K 53> 4>AB0BL, B> C2845;8, GB> B@C? =0:@K;0 <>I=0O A=56=>-:0<5==0O ;028=0. 0 MB>< M?>?5O >E>BK =0 ;N4>540 7025@H8;0AL. * * * @8<5G0=85 !R-<0AB5@0.  A1>@=8:5 =0 AB@. 318-376 1K;8 ?5@5?5G0B0=K 3;02K 87 :=838 :@8?B>7>>;>30 5@=0@0 -925;L<0=A0 5;8:89 <>@A:>9 7<59. -B8 AB@0=8FK ?@>?CI5=K, B0: :0: G8B0B5;L 8<55B 2>7<>6=>ABL >7=0:><8BLAO A ?>;=K< 20@80=B>< :=838 5@=0@0 -925;L<0=A0 (157 =5>?@0240==KE A>:@0I5=89) 2 181;8>B5:5 . @H>20 ?> 04@5AC http://publ.lib.ru/ARCHIVES/E/EYVEL'MANS_Bernar/_Eyvel'mans_B..html.     8:>;09 5?><=OI89: -:7>B8G5A:0O 7>>;>38O 7 : j= A H pJ xQ T X a d lk ^r (s 2x f|  F Ȟ ή   F  f 2 8 ^ f H  " V!*,044"78<z> AnBHM.QZSUXZdadleneeexlnuxz0~>"7*$`7"ČVfڲplnRL(>7*$`7 HNp*,pr!$&.N035f8JNW7*$`7W^Xz[^Pabg knr:u4x(|~҃,.<>ܑn0.7*$`7.jN֨dd0̴<pֽܸ:BB<PR|~R 7*$`7dj%.+244445=ACvEFGxJzJ|JJJNVY\acf7*$`7fjslwt|F>|ThĨDLp&pZ8Vn`lX~HH%'P(R(R(((-$1&1z147: ;?@ADB&DGpIzL PBPT(V$WW[\\_7*$`7_(bnefgl&nzrsZxyz6~ބ<Č0FxHJLªثvv| @nBN|||.<>@HvJvLL֏؏ڏZjl68 t222266sstt t ttttttvt|thqm5CJ\aJjhqmU hqm6] h,/?6]hqm56\]h,/?hqm h,/?5\h,/?56\]4n "T6FxBT"    *&F)d0d5@9B9:=?BGIXLDPSTU`WZZ>Z@Zt[4\J_bhmzn7*$`7znot vVw{r@h@8TP2ʤZ6>7*$`7>:.T,Xh 6$"p$((h,.68<??nB\FlHO0V<\`b2gJinp8twy\ă H(DfVfD@ n > $ )058R>@NEGKMMPUW[^janf!#J%7*$`7J%L%|%~%d'1649d<?tE L L,L.LO,RSZTV&ZZ@^ a cflp$x7*$`7$x8: ڏhX<ȲxZ7*$`7tHTVjlxT ^7*$`7x "&$*-05789B;?ABKPQQ*R,RUX]^z`Xfhlm7*$`7mquvtz~LdJ:(NzHV7*$`7Vr> l$l      !'7*$`7',,,Z,\,.2222(3*36:>?@FJZKKFMNOJTTT7`77*$`7TTUUVX]`Dgp@Bz|!"%'r*"./////v0H1v4h58997*$`77`799>:@:;&A,ELI$NORRSJSLS?CELM\QRRR7*$`7RRTY\h`fjjkmppppstttt ttttttt7`77*$`7tvtxtzt|t$ (&dP`a$50P. A!"#$% DpgDd  80  # ARFg{iF`MYԚ"gD!Fg{iF`MYԚJFIFddDucky2Adobed         #"""#''''''''''     !! !!''''''''''H"!1A"Qaq2B#Rbr3$Scs%C4 !1AQ"aq2BR#b%rc3s$ES ?ĈFըBkM -ØPQU}s4wd Wi+ZI(A2 ׮9< 2õVҘ⪭ ZP)MJW d> q(1* <ׅ>aEFu#(sS"q͹wWP2&$aAJRSND.@6]g@jB_KLrF JTUn&KEE[;@@ AМ mEHd ʑȠ33M5h˩ $$2 e$bWa~͌Rn@(7P l 2 ARC?\TR$c]]Ӌ&$1*;Պpv+2 $b\lMŠ! PI:W_ -A4#<ƀyMx I$k/eUከ1Ch#{prjIr=)ZF b hCV8Zֵ5G",BӸJGv%hقz`_$*w s ceG7Yf$Tw3mE#:sEx-H&(g>܋ }r<kg4CV[EU-y 4qqcIͱ~vPfe p {73v詾I#@х2=$nTOW剿_eFN` XսkSmlY}n'+w>B񒡈kŏh<3Ou{(YP!B*+FkvG}#0$Qhŝޚ?R0xy1iU 7M->46*PJ;1+2'*"u8\)qr26q. w>v2B$+8ڙUs`_K!!x;LONqȐ_E~~Ywx4lһw+R>x㉤v40Tl5Y|Ǥrq|4Vu$7Jhk<#P >5WAco2Q:_ҫgC_âȷ1s4Vf\3.Mu58||#2$),+TEUAnnkI] W6Ǯyqs>+S3n(č@*UZGybwуDb6zk&t^/9"+䒵%BiVzTS$Hl.!!5YR/I`v/h}jh\iN$*۝˴wabotWk4XTNZ%Rh YcY|ڷ338\ctu7Dtk"s2+LЕU`2协sG,K/ĵ*53D19Wn9 vYE+vU _ӥhJ1t%p)kvKva+rD-xrZ0,',=y%TTb^_Y^^BX)Him{lSxld7PF+f cZkMnN(RRWU+vw4h+*2aqWQڋrޖ./QAȄ(Ϋ@JG QҸ򜝧x;X]VSCҵR@:bmyA'GLFvf䳶Qy迨UXT`Ƅ2acG)mwmADU>k*#=f73k'fHRc/9]0_Q777NAtH]fyZLE!mvjo2@$e6V\k-?cZ]FnP%i A_cxHd2)n*q 5 j9vd̪gUv|EU/aˠns8ӏ3Cvj|a$>=էqq,kH5gjo%!yF3mzc= r10rBT6'7j!:OiɪzPu.ѷILRs<-s^*%%I|~D #fbww[DL:9̄#˼5 $v֐qY*HDĀ/Jis9JG6HϞW1O$>Ww4sml{1@^pKn"/m%DLZK+3+@:$c_1i'&9f61'W{ȷ([XB>s<ּsNqI/$ MFӘ΀-{ܶ|Aiqf_c+0 %[=eS1q]rn:[;`M]c`AҠqW-|<]f~\4qFb)Zs07K]QCU@І˖2J8ÙA110ZjT^ϹW%^d()/q$j}00Km pB]JrT |jN-rO[> 92!vfT2+o\k_LOpq蹞&ycgLa 5)JM d̃" ׌\H[(oU~҉I/$x}X#6 ms^0)5X6*GqckXYWEa$Ofu-b4jD\1bk[㯿p ZyGʯS2Z& r@>`CKg,LN6X=%'U7!,YV~4J^X]]?nB{;벲]A9H2aN6CKw#]1ohi*ya`ç,d8kN7e;Rnb6vPtb\Xs0eȞ1%CL%F1$Ğ2.7UWkmn+Hҷ]'H=>8}5wO`}299`tj#72]w=k5pzsTfc@ D3p+275 khg]][<7siso #hXJP ܌ 3WSp~dzfv"6nҀJC4VTI(~޸#fzNCڌZm4*TȈ+Jӑ45\8}ܧ"}r 1U$EMht8˫E.Z>ߤ^k,T!ܕ Z1ocOje`0AYZ4ȮI*8aYRK$;UY#2:Q\t9%(`f H Y5M*>ܜn翽\Dtf5Ti&1?cQesn!oAl_‰<{WrZK{ؒfUx#'LNYLf{~ B~r63$^:v&mUƊ(ki%֣cZx0 Ղ(G_qAoem{//m5dݯ#V vzsb1H }hWJ[|S`ic0QBߎ%5o$uhrrBA)yKXyV:* eWhxX琛k).VXBʍK0d8+)mNskO'䮊Rq\ݕ/X H1̲(PL,ntZqݲkDkqwq&ز$2+Ln}k$b)҇pZa D(46uqD@EKw1&۹ۢ{~ V!qfX8vF4]9 4")2 -n._t3PڀL!B. )ՃQALt7 XD7K"m1JFR@~aQqK4ſT&f>UbB3{ჲ{ݗcʪ,*jZiP^hF1\ i+b`t?Gj$=kY0כsrZFE[s r#М[dHZV+P"jΝsc"FZUUVQO JpE& > `lH̹cX\Hjjyq~fei˽YsWl*4e#܉u&`Hȴ4]kDq5JMH4|qNvz8 Q_ DpRc\配_ت؋fZT{#Ҡ-ze_L-arXC7Pc3 ϪroL攥q3nKyxUԖ+͈0@"O8朋Ƨk‘O:bkrDc*g=Lli$BQ`r-aYiC&nW=RVPˀkG#0+s@EԵ~G8"Rh;V_ ÕcDa63)2o XdV*4QBr9x[^IYn.YԉU8,i^p[kQs#XBYbTj2QB1&i,«JJ?[Fj_S.Tj;G?*cG%L3V`{xTOuG*6配x[.1hI7X(9ÿ*5u7r/e%e7粊ȺyaJlk=R uǤSِ\Dew2D\(2`9 Mrm3ɽXʑ]JV]vn?zb/"g1g*ffYIdS_90'xr$J.ZZnƠdk*c!?|t$`1-!iMÊ3PB1o+J"*КJ( Af+Va{?ُ$O_r#iji=T5b EYsr짹Tm$rsy+ q|!$y RzG1~F6 Rypئ PҴY*1XfmB0|0Mo8KȧpF &=sʑCjxq y {IP (;F q0!,'w- 8*6F}qafeTvҬ*XEٍF]nT|q1Ĉ@_F%EXxʤ`۷m`ZM1Ⱥ[y,jȴF i~*sd`9CGܭLYR0c;H&qr(蘭jYU;ݷ+rcH*2U(n)L=ހ5*vXՕڬG:Wqe\#1hm~4 Dŭ,qDR'yTrwn6I_љ++W2Rш") 8Zwκ3w]Kj1y-|z5?+UH\~JH/H5h<-(O+^^&-XQD}2ecOIǏJ 'ӎ(A&GZŘ3ALjK1~bg1Sw\wVV jBѨ~Wd;`b FG=VwNVfe`ClcL%*LWkLlǰ  Vb.4<ֆ[9( @?:ŴJoz:`WJcE)Sb V5e8K12[ ω˹PTV$I2WKFu7cU Z]k`*&Jk 75yҤz js:剣ᇍJZ(}1*I_+~'lR,9ҟ \qCjk=elNiARK)=\W܂8N7# V4T*-c~vfmDjvef#w44,3l2`oj$&ʅZJFim/jiL2W &)h7mΞ,H?{D \ Ki`XmHzp)$xU 2H } WTe*3ڠ,lo?wqJNc0gF.EzR6~ co{{!B[β=NuRB(MpR\ zy?YL`;";QT¦E(U0UybpЊ DžEoȜ@@%Ңb@|O;;\R8䵻'˵:W= %Y@cw{LeEN4@ƕq-x+BpVB&u#*b&Mk:UHI{թ])Xh'nP$:P^* {*Gu':Ǘ"Ć4Tՙr\qQJhh>nf* M (5;Y@5Hצ[-S$kZR>LTNdZ۪JrX{p*\w׮,BTrecrc\idj(!pU%̑ xMpqݤbf v5&(Ϧ37*FHVEX328#l4fJm@^m/R潔Hod`[Wm,b'i;X ZW?c{R V|kO\[hJP@5ݒ5ƍݖ3nR6r YZbgAz_0 m)Tߡiqu=bp]{ SS?ZcmBWv &4>&/6'%Քp#h>{Ҥ Pl]2!"e%U{EUR гyyͰEեPYAGhXnP4r燐$ʭ%!f{+j5> )a$O"XX]ڲS{{D .MR66Lz+n+,(j&@OR\_`& k_rmFDFkm:iK2<%KUvcڬ-fX@5Nl@36x `1!VfPv ər7x2@5j gLLpz0FhZfpLr,F*5&se!7? V.dP).54.eGF Ere: r|v ykFCЂv=2ʸx"ĭIjԵ;tWi6 ܬL][B<آH`xŽ8T̀PLnI*M u:r O27m2#XS]P mEzp^N;fw1TmW#x E2ME( hTptᶪ(s5g=nI5Mը*^]8 %{J1jl׉ReQUc;cż1&U"5=ZVd27 HFMږ^^r|tRHbݪ433TQ@L_8q `Q+#V2}I"H\I/o'`dMs>o Y08.D dk~TOmʫr`#9Ā- Lfٻo#ʲ|zwN=Z=K4\K;Pj٨/頞ZI@ ͬ=8pHNtwzlmopZ$B#RiKWEW>mfFuJ@w1Lv9Z;Kqt3`MA1 weFU#Ie%n::s͓Y"41G%{J}p)cmXwnSR\>e8.LwQib>v] 7M2^K.btI$*3!؅FfuN`b;ڒhycOms TTEJ2EIT#IÛeKgk=`l ;-XV o,TVh:J|J[1R//m{# %+,>\1̰PBЕV5>Fe=&6@eQn8(}#q%RbĒBUU7W:#!|$hِHv3JNq`mo9̓+x]ۢiҙ`9pIEEKĵK p"apWRCV {ڼWlZK+\ GRI!ݫ0|SyCk{~K{GW`2cPʞT} J7*4E1YOVbny qjeWVmNXPu8oF+{oR+pJJ*}2DJQcHEI13o@YYBO-BesYKXX[!)n20]rRx( RB6oy($ eY`iXG \Weq @I/ s>ߖ5dpJonÐ2rve!1- Dbg ;#6й>REtdEaqbBӖgMx"a$dq {h<99*CURC(lؑ5% &5()qPZ6ﷹ5TF 7rPu1k[+I-cUWT) [:"Cg ON˅\Vh8gi 9b+OXc[ OKCi,De+rs; pw.F^;Kvy6V-=WhǷ ]I73 ,(%!G~ͮ2_ `"ZqJQԷy7 #j:)#C?!a T$V ̬HJџih%JV ,( JMֱEpXHm*+w#͔,o)xdM5;gDZ"W@#rT4? y!cE0IѾe9㝳d"@GQDLhv6jGLvybn. wQo-4BĪF }1NBƀ$mRvY؅p=UJEWhv=M4c2.kI:PpavSyJE]̐RhhX-1 {9Ft!DJ\ ]c0GRuXX-BR(C+3%Սq&( וrKz3\H]s/R"Q]TQq{wfYmxȋ3B6FUZVe4@'%n3* VhH=q SI3+ID6R$1g IڒN8G !p%ٻ!Y]5fݱzbAF>x3\3PMjhs'cu-ʢuf$%YTxQөBՑk 1*F+K0r$Vu w55KZRL%:9ֿԒ2 U酶ct,o(As++K$LHu`Hsw$nI';dP3*7W/ hISEIBGrc=Z%ʹOQ$YL]@ces=K(+)ȒrvuŘC_:z*+ )㲻hYFV5sΘ2 ؍"[nLA!$й$eLY*}qRI沱 ک;-_~.a)*Ha;D%@0wQ ~Pě|ekiة.<ŷU97',ҨYF1j4`mҸ'xMĹ@WlcA{{,Y¬sue ̀n "K ]k n3 R6=Q)% \ pvjU@k/Wo O|6f A=}rƷ` _(CE?y,s]u pEPcο笠xA ȡs(5$+5WуQxsswpliXjFwm%cilKv䐮DfgװTcV|dbd*vgX=^]rr+x=߆ -WUu_xbH˖\mx 쓍S/qp#6U֧Z|0gp跭4S32KG:sl4zV5sU /VH|AG L "|s^# B05`"Mkm+Ʊ#09nF?W%&rIfwM]Vep޿3$3Ǝ-fPw?oTz(x_ܷP9@!"S Hc@:V:Tk I-|d3 M3>)N7!J]kQ\ n1!bٹڣJM8x jeܠ (M0GC7i4p4le*Ƌ%J7ݞ_`O-efyHjUeASAV4>dD6"y8>?Cd FUweٱOrvBBt ݳNv ]H2ɗhۗs8Nۡ($8179+2Rv@:Lw$*ہ<0M6˴h+7Qڹi2-@% ,Z}>Kh .?R]ƑΑ D/]ݦk +8tv00|pQo" v fw6h3'BE lZ0ځmIB\x|bUw,AI4΄t=~82HT+B )NH i!X'6%B+R/.LYZHԜT8r;)f2;\6ҧ,5cl/D+IR> (mxU5,wh!z&v 3|R矧\yijJ3++m/R5O1c`t<2ǚ'xkϸlIsch<"IJgs~-|fI-a#(kEc|d>xm$QSsfh`J$phݴmErWGM 1%YS1x։8̗~kDHKIIfP*0W!Ek\<<{YN RQAeV-QrN ks'bP  2CAG&$Qv.s9`qr j>&ibi-dd7B )i\G7'g%ȑrR ld\,\e m#BUY|5>qTPLJ<*U9Һdsܠ" R ױsmwN0w8i=+HX3$Þ/|#$IȄ-p4`;^|lR#K3b] =Wy3]toOοhr"9JP7<߀frNm<[Dbj9>o/6ܱBSj 2`/V&RGeQC#=ʢI]@'=wӗ噙Jl`[`š8 r\[KTdFfFLL{;taLmġ&E4PjҠjoAY\" qU%b?/κuʲHe2ȃX2Ktcy{+2"b;7;6ZFrp#0%fkY[j2Ú&&m Pc+¢AMP#+%zedNQ\6as-*deYyiE@3E^V[[ kh_G0gh.C*3.j(Ụ L:Ѯ з_kK7v 5O0]F*3 wnY G5u:gҸ}{(oqV3pY"Z j0~ ( :K!m TJ0!4?ݬBG)h.c6~G yͣV(@\ė?W:0aER%Uo庍떸dI#30'ܦRZ^y'yn4 Fsxû3`Lx phQֽC`̲f:XQsҵ"B_,n9v[iGz ye*RXK+` TiZ6^xeT J(3Dhj?O@L?gt%sU?4C >sv?_bpuKV ,y;A* L6^hK$#UB-Yր-AK0 aJ.}u#LjtvxQLsȓ_?Ͷ3+s;Ee8;8rZ0(ğXTT%&̷=xxZB T6)MqNcLwVѪ"4RYvUwT2)$AnxeefP "4Qs]rn'"c5#8~O$GC7TN6JJQX-6L-~YnP"3zF`=,Y\E1 (!dwMdFCH&m2ߍuYEy]%ET;tnӑA% I4Xb0iK.I3hÅijs谕^\9kĒt43 8x,Wj"t "]71YR*vi[Gv0qʰWqHj#ƋCZm4+s㱊GI{{-(˻猁I/rZ)|YkZ_\L+#[}YAՍuJ78= +SXӔyC4ۡKg!DmZ=z]泰nPUqՑ[3'2ƞc--5IJJ30QZ -Z\9$tH+1e]6*  T{N=OFZd})-k BX֙by/y 5'^Z@`q3ȱħr GՉuZY$7|s9Ȕ#dP\g8HGƕ ´usxxNQXm"0ʡ7wpd=ĜZX$2N7-"#wnеĠ[6і,3+#VSF?5o$2M%ĦIXdp4JE73ݙ;J8 "HqÄhi_,|4<fqgZU{vRv+4̻9%h3@)Q*FXOsu;$IK呙H٘FZb jHiÚ)?%qV%v,7"_)51f;eB) LIH(djT*tR0oGΖޛ]څI$ gpidmcY^J kjDm\EF`ǒɄJl) J 1΃NآFY sv#hS^rmT*DĪ0rTP)ʞhh'uj+Q)4w'NY?OlZ rΧ,5BjT$ZfOҘOF L$ m׭ri]ZN ۻv1LQ8Bk=(G:ҝ0/%*fPi1 SAZbHi9en*aj.Щ(ǻ\k @Ryen9ɝ,zSLwYS*# >㌎J.QvmqI54}+ A*I&Wɀ@,(Q\ōYDљ'StÈA#RW`;܍Aʆ$pP3ׯBukC_$ `}.M 6?H4H_!E`)<ڄsr>VOg(a"Ʋ wU]gr4w8RYV>/C'8J7DYH=Zao).1$n7}r֘/&,%8*ʫ$1,BΤk)Zh@*l (Fc(ƄZSSIX?9] P. e<\FdXnT|YcM!JB3#:8ITU0 (S5@dʔaM1$5@5;aTj)=1Nc2;xu~^4ҕ $ʸ]DO9w@Χ\di$SJ)Abt5Ã3Y+ģTMvԐ)z)Q֧!L_9BʹA熀*Wu'DԐRQW @l<2s֘~@ E9 1UDWmI*2T ]k/QL1Dw (`Zn+e@: x'ԟ4Ê@Mu  &i@#T9iXX4Qp J rS*F Z(T@@>9!>Eu&abI@!\ W)L,,_qt!ZRIJhr5&w u ѕRj) (PSyJd QZ5G J,}@:f*p)f" 888888666666666vvvvvvvvv666666>6666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666hH6666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666662 0@P`p2( 0@P`p 0@P`p 0@P`p 0@P`p 0@P`p 0@P`p8XV~OJQJ_HmHnHsHtHh`h 1KG=K9$A1$7$8$H$`Aa$$CJOJQJ^J_HaJmHsHtHT@T 0 03>;>2>: 1$*$@&`a$5CJ \aJ T@T 0 03>;>2>: 2$*$@&`a$5CJ\aJT@T 0 03>;>2>: 3$*$@&`a$5CJ\aJT@T 0 03>;>2>: 4$*$@&`a$5CJ\aJLL 0 03>;>2>: 5$*$@&`a$5\L@L 0 03>;>2>: 6$*$@&`a$5\BA B A=>2=>9 H@8DB 0170F0XiX 01KG=0O B01;8F04 l4a .k . 0 5B A?8A:0 Z/Z 03>;>2>: 1 =0:"5CJ KH OJPJQJ\^JaJ \/\ 03>;>2>: 2 =0:$56CJOJPJQJ\]^JaJV/V 03>;>2>: 3 =0:5CJOJPJQJ\^JaJF/!F 03>;>2>: 4 =0:5CJ\aJL/1L 03>;>2>: 5 =0:56CJ\]aJ>/A> 03>;>2>: 6 =0:5\toRt 0Epigraph$X*$1$7$8$H$^Xa$*6CJOJQJ]^J_HaJmHsHtH/ 0Epigraph Author$X*$1$7$8$H$^Xa$*5CJOJQJ\^J_HaJmHsHtHtot 0 Annotation$71$7$8$H$`7a$*6CJOJQJ]^J_HaJmHsHtHj/j 0Cite$$XX1$7$8$H$]X^Xa$$CJOJQJ^J_HaJmHsHtH/ 0 Cite Author$$X!1$7$8$H$]X^!a$056CJOJQJ\]^J_HaJmHsHtH~/~ 0 Poem Title%XX *$1$7$8$H$]X^X*5CJOJQJ\^J_HaJmHsHtHlol 0Stanza!XX*$1$7$8$H$]X^X$CJOJQJ^J_HaJmHsHtHb/b 0FootNote$1$7$8$H$`a$OJQJ^J_HmHsHtH/ 0FootNote Epigraph'$*$1$7$8$H$^`a$"6OJQJ]^J_HmHsHtHr/r 0FootNote StanzaX1$7$8$H$]X^OJQJ^J_HmHsHtHt/t 0 FootNote Cite$$X,1$7$8$H$]X^,a$OJQJ^J_HmHsHtH/ 0FootNote Cite Author$ $X^1$7$8$H$]X^^a$(56OJQJ\]^J_HmHsHtH/ 0FootNote Poem Title%!X *$1$7$8$H$]X^"5OJQJ\^J_HmHsHtHPK![Content_Types].xmlj0Eжr(΢Iw},-j4 wP-t#bΙ{UTU^hd}㨫)*1P' ^W0)T9<l#$yi};~@(Hu* Dנz/0ǰ $ X3aZ,D0j~3߶b~i>3\`?/[G\!-Rk.sԻ..a濭?PK!֧6 _rels/.relsj0 }Q%v/C/}(h"O = C?hv=Ʌ%[xp{۵_Pѣ<1H0ORBdJE4b$q_6LR7`0̞O,En7Lib/SeеPK!kytheme/theme/themeManager.xml M @}w7c(EbˮCAǠҟ7՛K Y, e.|,H,lxɴIsQ}#Ր ֵ+!,^$j=GW)E+& 8PK!Ƶtheme/theme/theme1.xmlYnE#;8U i-qN3'JH DA\8 R>CW]{'ސ{g?x݈]"$q+_,y>8{7 K }xLވHe 2{Rܜaˋ??<ߟdžSr$L].<İT̟72S"ѵ_JwL&BJ05kZVyVy|xC OO|x>+<>@(:??/>5{yxFDdm 3^q5'=q6nib-$RB}}YGq=xK@;)^qbha79g . pUʹ;bbmc[$c'a}5KKfH5HL!ݦ&|mK{N6M6hq v|y 58+zH  *~ HHy\K*t@G>{sA}"))y sGfۡqǾ'w E1 [8>ܤ4Aбt׎~ls14_>,Ȭ7TT GqME=w-i>mo[oiBszbP:j5if F 9Pɉ* k\ A ;!N`.{I SցD p3˅5veU}AbvyA/g 氚 Z N+lR~aeԩj9&&CLgMʼn7a A0ƀHEA3~{q q1vƨl効9)>൜fN1N FIrdq8Y^:_73.|3 f%Jش?MOY s 3;} Rc0`d[鯠$ÿ - έhǴ"P 6T{TUٴ+9E28Y*MOt0O9Bݍqg7Ŕ9O)z?7#]u rBIHAאTpl>՟,SpT4@~BA%}'0+{eRF&rĪ#uu\{BHuM6`pG}N+!'_oN콶3a3dXZzCyCUɪ嶂ZZZ۱f,fAg-@`g v6V?Dhf6t=M&ʺ6ײ'݉#֚>d8s9xN=ڮjAv11;u2%M2oN1uo%տPK! ѐ'theme/theme/_rels/themeManager.xml.relsM 0wooӺ&݈Э5 6?$Q ,.aic21h:qm@RN;d`o7gK(M&$R(.1r'JЊT8V"AȻHu}|$b{P8g/]QAsم(#L[PK-![Content_Types].xmlPK-!֧6 +_rels/.relsPK-!kytheme/theme/themeManager.xmlPK-!Ƶtheme/theme/theme1.xmlPK-! ѐ' theme/theme/_rels/themeManager.xml.relsPK]   :::::=Iв sV$ <|tHKMOQSUi ^aBȌz:"QR@nDO$ lBV 2  n d * `P d  D  7 4"W.BfR(_ zn>?MJ%$xmV'Tdjn9Lj6Rt|tIJLNPRTVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghjklmnopqrstu 8@0(  B S  ?Xbgkr|~7Dr 6cPS# Au%%&r 6d&r ,/?qm`s u @(`Tu:qC hhh`hXh"hhhhh h hD h h| h UnknownG*Ax Times New Roman5Symbol3. *Cx Arial7.@ CalibriO*Ax Times New Roman CYR7K@CambriaINMonotype CorsivaACambria Math"h f f!xx 2$P`2!xx-:7>B8G5A:0O 7>>;>38O8:>;09 8:>;0528G 5?><=OI89FaiberOh+'0\x   $ 0<DLT   Normal.dotmFaiber2Microsoft Office Word@@o@o ՜.+,0 hp|  f      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~                           ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _ ` a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~                            ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _ ` a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~                            ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _ ` a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~                            ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _ ` a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~                           ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , . / 0 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 : ; < Y Root Entry F[ Data  g1Table (WordDocument7SummaryInformation(- DocumentSummaryInformation85 CompObjy  F' Microsoft Office Word 97-2003 MSWordDocWord.Document.89q