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"0:, 2 1990 3>4C :B>-B> 87 6C@=0;8AB>2 C<C4@8;AO ?>15A54>20BL ?> B5;5D>=C A >4=8< 87 A2845B5;59, :>B>@K9, :0: 2KOA=8;>AL, ?>G8; 2 1>75 5I5 2 3>4C 1951-<. >?C;O@=>ABLN C AB>@>==8:>2 2=575<=>9 687=8 ?>;L7>20;0AL 8 =5:0O <54A5AB@0, ?>1K202H0O 2 >7CM;;5 A@07C ?>A;5 ?045=8O 8 4065 28452H0O GC60:>2. 070;>AL, GB> <>65B 1KBL =0456=55, G5< ?@87=0=85 ?>4>1=>3> >G5284F0? >B B>;L:> A0<C MBC A5AB@C =8:B> >B@>4OAL =5 284K20;. 8:B> 87 4>AB>25@=> ACI5AB2>202H8E A2845B5;59 B5E A>1KB89, GB> ?@>8AE>48;8 2 >7CM;;5, =8:>340 =5 2845; =8:0:8E 8=>?;0=5BO= 8;8 8E B@C?>2 8 4065 =5 C?><8=05B > =8E,  ?@87=05B #;8 "8<5, ?@54AB02;ONI89 CENAP (&5=B@0;L=CN 8AA;54>20B5;LA:CN A5BL =5>1KG=KE =515A=KE D5=><5=>2). = A0< 70=8<0;AO @0AA;54>20=85< B>3> ?@8A=>?0<OB=>3> D0:B0 8 CAB0=>28;, GB> 8=>?;0=5BO=5  MB> ;8HL 2K4C<:0, =5 8<5NI0O =8G53> >1I53> A @50;L=>ABLN 8 B5<8 A>1KB8O<8, GB> @07K3@0;8AL 2 8N;5 1947 3>40.  8N=5 1997 3>40 @C:>2>4AB2> 0<5@8:0=A:8E ! >?C1;8:>20;> >BG5B ?>4 =0720=85< >7CM;;A:89 4>:;04: 45;> 70:@KB>.  =5< A>>1I05BAO, GB>, :0: CAB0=>2;5=>, 2 ?5@8>4 A 1954 ?> 1959 3>4 2> 2@5<O 8A?KB0=89 1>52KE A0<>;5B>2 A =8E A1@0AK20;8 <0=5:5=K, =0?><8=02H85 G5;>25G5A:85 D83C@K. =8 ?040;8 2 @09>=5 >7CM;;0, 8, 2>7<>6=>, 8<5==> 8E 2845;8 B0: =07K205<K5 >G5284FK, :>B>@K5 ?> ?@>H5AB288 AB>;L 4>;3>3> 2@5<5=8 =5A><=5==> ?CB0;8AL, ?@8?><8=0O A@>:8 B>340H=8E A>1KB89, 8 >H81>G=> 40B8@>20;8 8E 1947 3>4><. ?C1;8:>202 >7CM;;A:89 4>:;04, 0<5@8:0=A:85 2>5==K5 >1@0B8;8AL : 8AB8==>9 ?>4>?;5:5 B>340H=8E A>1KB89, 2 B> 2@5<O :0: 2 1947 3>4C >B<0E=C;8AL >B ?C1;8:8, ?@84C<02 =0A:2>7L ;682CN 8AB>@8N A @07182H8<AO <5B5>0M@>AB0B><. ! ?><>ILN MB>9 =5C:;N659 2K4C<:8 >=8 ?KB0;8AL A:@KBL >B >1I5AB25==>AB8 ?@>5:B, =>A82H89 BC 65 AB5?5=L A5:@5B=>AB8, GB> 8 @07@01>B:0 0B><=>9 1><1K. 8HL 2 1970-5 3>4K 53> A5:@5B=>ABL 1K;0 =5A:>;L:> C<5=LH5=0. 5GL 845B > ?@>5:B5 Mogul  A>740=88 2>5==KE 0M@>AB0B>2, :>8< =04;560;> @538AB@8@>20BL 0B><=K5 27@K2K 2 25@E=8E A;>OE 0B<>AD5@K. 0?><=8<, GB> 2 B> 2@5<O 0<5@8:0=FK =0?@O65==> >6840;8 27@K20 ?5@2KE A>25BA:8E 0B><=KE 1><1. ;O MB>3> 8 70?CA:0;8 ?>4>1=K5 10;;>=K B8?0 Mogul. > 2A59 2848<>AB8, >48= 87 =8E @CE=C; 1;87 >7CM;;0. 1;><:8 , :>B>@K5 <K 2848< =0 D>B>3@0D8OE, B>GL-2-B>GL =0?><8=0NB 45B0;8 0M@>AB0B0 Mogul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A:@KB8N ?>425@30;0AL :C:;0, ?@8G5< ;>2:85 <0E8=0B>@K 2K?>;=8;8 MBC ?@>F54C@C ?> 2A5< 2@0G51=K< :0=>=0<. =0G8B, :B> 1K =8 ;560; ?>4 =>6>< <548:0, >= O2=> C?0; =5 A C=K, 0 1K; >1K:=>25==K< <0=5:5=><. > ?>:;>==8:8 =5=0CG=>9 D0=B0AB8:8 =5 C=8<0NBAO.  1989 3>4C =5:89 >15@B M70@, 2KABC?0O =0 >4=>< 87 G0AB=KE B5;5:0=0;>2, 24>E=>25==> 25I0; > B><, GB> 5<C O:>1K 4>25;>AL @01>B0BL 2 A5:B>@5 S-4 >=K-51, 345 >= 2845; .  5B0NI0O B0@5;:0 ,  @073;03>;LAB2>20; >=,  A45;0=0 A;>2=> 87 2>A:0. 5 @07>3@520NB, 0 ?>B>< >E;0640NB. >MB><C ;8=88 ?>;CG0NBAO <O3:8<8 8 >:@C3;K<8; =5B =8:0:8E >AB@KE 3@0=59 8;8 2=570?=KE ?5@5E>4>2. >7=8:05B >ICI5=85, GB> 2AO B0@5;:0 F5;8:>< >B;8B0 87 548=>3> F5;>3>.  4>AB>25@=>AB8 53> A;>2 1KAB@> CA><=8;8AL, >A>15==> :>340 2KOA=8;>AL, GB> MB>B M70@ ?>445;0; =5A:>;L:> A2>8E 8=AB8BCBA:8E 0BB5AB0B>2 8 :@><5 B>3> 2;8? 2 :0:CN-B> B5<=CN 8AB>@8N. # =0A =0 1070E =5B =8:0:8E ,  :;O=5BAO 5@8 $5;B>, ?@5AA-A5:@5B0@L 0<5@8:0=A:8E !.  A5 ?@>8AE>4OI55 B0< 70A5:@5G5=> A>2A5< ?> 4@C38< ?@8G8=0<!. 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"5?5@L @C:>2>4AB2> D8@<K 2 A>B@C4=8G5AB25 A & # @5H8;> >1>@C4>20BL A5:@5B=K9 ?>;83>= 4;O 8A?KB0=89 =>2>3> A0<>;5B0-H?8>=0 (E>;>4=0O 2>9=0 1K;0 B>340 2 A0<>< @0730@5!). / B>G=> 7=0;, GB> 1K;> =C6=>,  2A?><8=0; ?>74=55 5 8@.  0:>5-=81C4L =>@<0;L=>5 ?5@5A>EH55 >75@>! -B8< =>@<0;L=K< >75@>< 8 >:070;>AL <5AB5G:> @C<-59:. #65 2 023CAB5 1955 3>40 >BAN40 27<K;8 2 =51> ?5@2K5 A0<>;5BK-H?8>=K U-2. >74=55 70 =8<8 ?>A;54>20; 8E ?@55<=8:  A-12, 0 B0:65 A0<>;5BK-=52848<:8, =5C;>28<K5 4;O 2@065A:8E @040@>2: 1><10@48@>2I8: SR-71 (8725AB=K9 :0: Blackbird) 8 F-117A. !53>4=O, :0: ?>;030NB 2>5==K5 M:A?5@BK, 2 >=5-51 8A?KBK20NB A0<>;5B, A:>@>ABL :>B>@>3> 2 ?OBL @07 ?@52KH05B A:>@>ABL 72C:0. >7<>6=>, 745AL 8A?KBK20NB B0:65 15A?8;>B=K5 ;5B0B5;L=K5 0??0@0BK 8 25@B>;5BK-=52848<:8. 4=0:> =8:B> MB>3> 2 B>G=>AB8 =5 7=05B, 254L @5GL 845B > A5:@5B=KE 2>5==KE >1J5:B0E. 8:B> =5 7=05B B0:65, A:>;L:> A@54AB2 ?@8E>48BAO 2:;04K20BL 2 ?@5A;>2CBCN >=C-51. >MB><C >AB05BAO ;8HL 25@8BL A;CE0<: 2A53> ;8HL G0A ?>;5B0 =5:>B>@KE 1><10@48@>2I8:>2 >1E>48BAO 2 AB> BKAOG 4>;;0@>2. 653>4=> >=0-51  MB0 G5@=0O 4K@0, @0725@7H0OAO ?>A@548 0<5@8:0=A:>3> HB0B0 52040,  ?>3;>I05B 4> ?>;CB>@0 <8;;80@4>2 4>;;0@>2. ! 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"0:, 1@8B0=A:89 565=545;L=8: 1A5@25@ A>>1I8;, GB> 2 1990-5 3>4K H5ABL A>B@C4=8:>2 7>=K ?>381;8 87-70 =5>AB>@>6=>3> >1@0I5=8O A =>2K<8 8 2KA>:>B>:A8G=K<8 :@0A8B5;O<8 8 B>?;820<8 (A>3;0A=> 4@C38< 8AB>G=8:0<, ?>381 ;8HL >48= 87 A>B@C4=8:>2, >AB0;L=K5 ?OB5@> 701>;5;8 @0:>< ?5G5=8). >AB@0402H8< =5 A>>1I8;8, :0:85 8<5==> 25I5AB20 AB0;8 ?@8G8=>9 8E A<5@B5;L=KE =54C3>2. 725AB=K B0:65 D0:BK, 4>:07K20NI85, GB> 5I5 2 1980-5 3>4K 745AL =570:>==> A6830;8 B>:A8G=K5 25I5AB20. > 2 ;N1>< A;CG05 =8 B>340 =8 B5?5@L 2 >=5-51 =5 ABC?0;0 =>30 8=>?;0=5BO=. 45AL E20B05B A2>8E A5:@5B>2. >5==KE& "-"   !" %",& >A;5 45AOB8;5B89 70125=8O D5=><5= 254L<8=KE :@C3>2 2=>2L =0 :0:>5-B> 2@5<O ?@82;5: : A515 2=8<0=85 >1I5AB25==>AB8.  :>=F5 1990-E 3>4>2 ?>O28;>AL =5A:>;L:> 4>:C<5=B0;L=KE D8;L<>2, A=OBKE =0 ?>;OE =3;88.  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