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"  !" + + " ,   +//" !'!? 848<K5 B20@8 A>B2>@5=K =5 B0:8<8, :0:8<8 <K 8E 2848< A59G0A. @8 A>B2>@5=88 2AQ 1K;> 4>1@> 75;>, B.5. G8AB>, ?@5:@0A=> 8 1572@54=>. @5?. !8<5>= >2K9 >3>A;>2 ?8H5B: ">3 2 =0G0;5, ?@5645 G5< =0A048; @09 8 >B40; 53> ?5@2>740==K<, 2 ?OBL 4=59 CAB@>8; 75<;N 8 GB> =0 =59, 8 =51>, 8 GB> 2 =5<, 0 2 H5AB>9 A>740; 40<0 8 ?>AB028; 53> 3>A?>48=>< 8 F0@5< 2A53> 2848<>3> B2>@5=8O. 0O B>340 5I5 =5 1K;>. > MB>B <8@ 1K; >B >30, :0: 1K @09 =5:89, E>BO 25I5AB25==K9 8 GC2AB25==K9. 3> 8 >B40; >3 2> 2;0ABL 40<C 8 2A5< ?>B><:0< 53>" (!;>2> 45). !2OB. 0A8;89 5;8:89 ?8H5B B0:65: "515, 48:8< 682>B=K< 8 ?B8F0<, 3>2>@8B 8A0=85, (40=K) ?;>4K, @0AB8B5;L=>ABL 8 B@02K... K 2848<, >4=0:>, <=>65AB2> 48:8E 682>B=KE, :>B>@K5 =5 54OB ?;>4>2. 0:>9 ?;>4 ?@8=8<05B ?0=B5@0, GB>1K =0?8B0BL A51O? 0:8< ?;>4>< <>65B C4>2;5B2>@8BLAO ;52? "5< =5 <5=55, MB8 ACI5AB20, ?>4G8=OOAL 70:>=C 5AB5AB20, 1K;8 ?8B05<K ?;>40<8. > :>340 G5;>25: 87<5=8; A2>9 >1@07 687=8 8 =0@CH8; 3@0=8FC, 5<C ?@54?8A0==CN, >A?>4L, ?>A;5 >B>?0, 7=0O, GB> ;N48 87=C@5=K, ?>72>;8;8 8< C?>B@51;OBL ;N1CN ?8IC: ":0: 75;5=L B@02=CN 40; 20< 2A5" (KB. 9, 3). '@57 MB> ?>72>;5=85 4@C385 682>B=K5 B0:65 ?>;CG8;8 A2>1>4C 5ABL 2A5. ! B5E ?>@ ;52 ?;>B>O45=, A B5E 65 ?>@ 3@8D 2KA<0B@8205B ?040;L. 1> 3@8DK 5I5 =5 >78@0;8 75<;N 2 B> A0<>5 2@5<O, :>340 ?>O28;8AL 682>B=K5; 459AB28B5;L=>, =8GB> 87 B>3>, GB> ?>;CG8;> 8<5=>20=85 8;8 ACI5AB2>20=85, 5I5 =5 C<5@;>, GB>1K 3@8DK A<>3;8 1K 53> 5ABL. @8@>40 5I5 =5 @0745;8;0AL, 81> >=0 1K;0 2> 2A59 A2>59 A2565AB8; >E>B=8:8 =5 70=8<0;8AL ;>2><, 81> MB> =5 1K;> 5I5 2 >1KG05 C ;N459; 725@8, A> A2>59 AB>@>=K, 5I5 =5 B5@70;8 A2>N 4>1KGC, 81> >=8 =5 1K;8 ?;>B>O4=K<8... > 2A5 A;54>20;8 687=8 ;515459, 8 2A5 I8?0;8 B@02C =0 ;C30E... "0:>20 1K;0 ?5@20O B20@L, 8 B0:>2> 1C45B 2>AAB0=>2;5=85 ?>A;5. '5;>25: 25@=5BAO : 4@52=5<C A2>5<C CAB@>5=8N, >B25@3=C2 7;>1C, 687=L, >1@5<5=5==CN 701>B0<8, @01AB2> 4CH8 ?> >B=>H5=8N : 4@52=8< B@52>30<. >340 >= >B@5G5BAO >B 2A53> MB>3>, B>340 2>72@0B8BAO : B>9 @09A:>9 687=8, :>B>@0O =5 1K;0 ?>@01>I5=0 AB@0ABO< ?;>B8, :>B>@0O A2>1>4=0, 687=L 2 1;87>AB8 : >3C, ?@8G0AB=8: 68B5;LAB20 0=35;>2" (On the Origin of Man, II, 6-7, pp. 239-245) 113.  !!", !" / '? >3 2> !2OB>9 "@>8F5 A:070;: !>B2>@8< G5;>25:0 ?> >1@07C 0H5<C, 8 ?> ?>4>18N 0H5<C (KB 1:26).  A>B2>@8; >3 87 75<;8 B5;> ?5@2>3> G5;>25:0 40<0, 24C=C; 2 ;8F> 53> 4KE0=85 687=8, 22Q; 40<0 2 @09, 40; 5<C 2 ?8IC, ?><8<> ?@>G8E @09A:8E ?;>4>2, ?;>4K A 45@520 687=8; =0:>=5F, 27O2 C 40<0 2> 2@5<O A=0 @51@>, A>740; 87 =53> ?5@2CN 65=C  2C (A<. KB 2:21-22). @5?. >0== 0<0A:8= ?8H5B: >3 A>B2>@8; G5;>25:0 =5?>@>G=K<, ?@02K<, ;N1OI8< 4>1@>, A2>1>4=K< >B ?5G0;8 8 701>B, C:@0H5==K< 2AO:>N 4>1@>45B5;LN, 87>18;CNI8< 2A5<8 1;030<8, :0: 1K =5:>B>@K9 2B>@>9 <8@  <0;K9 2 25;8:><, - :0: =>2>3> 0=35;0, ?>:;>=ONI53>AO >3C, - A>B2>@8; 53> A<5H0==K< 87 42CE ?@8@>4, A>75@F0B5;5< 2848<>3> B2>@5=8O, ?@>=8:0NI8< 2 B09=K B2>@5=8O <KA;5==>3>, F0@AB2CNI8< =04 B5<, GB> =0 75<;5 8 ?>4G8=ONI8<AO KH=59 ;0AB8, 75<=K< 8 =515A=K<, 2@5<5==K< 8 15AA<5@B=K<, 2848<K< 8 C<>?>AB8305<K<, :0: A5@548=C <564C 25;8G85< 8 =8GB>65AB2><; A>B2>@8; 53> 2 >4=> 8 B> 65 2@5<O 4CE>< 8 ?;>BLN: 4CE>< ?> 1;03>40B8, ?;>BLN - 2 ?@54C?@5645=85 3>@4>AB8; 4CE><  70B5<, GB>1K >= >AB020;AO =587<5==K< 8 ?@>A;02;O; ;03>45B5;O, ?;>BLN  70B5<, GB>1K AB@040; 8 AB@040O ?><=8; > B><, :B> >=, 8, 2?040O 2 3>@4>ABL, 2@07C<;O;AO; A>B2>@8; 53> 682K< ACI5AB2><, :>B>@>5 =0?@02;O5BAO 745AL, B.5. 2 =0AB>OI59 687=8, 8 :>B>@>5 ?5@5A5;O5BAO 2 8=>5 <5AB>, B.5. 2 25: 1C4CI89; A>B2>@8; 53>  GB> A>AB02;O5B ?@545; B09=K  2 A8;C A2>9AB25==>3> 5<C BO3>B5=8O : >3C, ?@52@0I0NI8<AO 2 >30 ?> ?@8G0AB8N : 1>65AB25==><C >70@5=8N, => =5 ?5@5E>4OI8< 2 1>65AB25==CN ACI=>ABL (">G=>5 87;>65=85 @02>A;02=>9 25@K. =.2.12). 114.  ' !!""   ? 1@07 >689 A>AB>8B, ?> >1JOA=5=8N 0?. 02;0, 2 ?@0254=>AB8 8 A2OB>AB8 8AB8=K (D 4:24). @5?. >0== 0<0A:8= 3>2>@8B: 2K@065=85: ?> >1@07C  C:07K205B =0 A?>A>1=>ABL C<0 8 A2>1>4K; B>340 :0: 2K@065=85: ?> ?>4>18N  >7=0G05B C?>4>1;5=85 >3C 2 4>1@>45B5;8, =0A:>;L:> >=> 2>7<>6=> 4;O G5;>25:0. CH0 1K;0 A>740=0 2<5AB5 A B5;><, 0 =5 B0:, :0: ?CAB>A;>28; @835=, 1C4B> A=0G0;0 1K;0 A>B2>@5=0 4CH0, 0 ?>B>< B5;>. (">G=>5 87;>65=85 @02>A;02=>9 25@K. =.2.12). 115. '" " +% ? KE0=85 687=8  MB> 4CH0, ACI5AB2> 4CE>2=>5 8 15AA<5@B=>5. > :;0AA8G5A:><C >?@545;5=8N ?@5?. >0==0 0<0A:8=0, CH0 5ABL ACI=>ABL 6820O, ?@>AB0O 8 15AB5;5A=0O; =52848<0O, ?> A2>59 ?@8@>45, B5;5A=K<8 >G0<8; 15AA<5@B=0O, >40@5==0O @07C<>< 8 C<><, =5 8<5NI0O >?@545;5==>9 D83C@K; >=0 459AB2C5B ?@8 ?><>I8 >@30=8G5A:>3> B5;0 8 A>>1I05B 5<C 687=L, 2>7@0AB0=85, GC2AB2> 8 A8;C @>645=8O. #< ?@8=04;568B 4CH5, =5 :0: GB>-;81> 4@C3>5, >B;8G=>5 >B =55, => :0: G8AB59H0O G0ABL 55 A0<>9. 'B> 3;07 2 B5;5, B> 8 C< 2 4CH5. CH0, 40;55, 5ABL ACI5AB2> A2>1>4=>5, >1;040NI55 A?>A>1=>ABLN E>B5=8O 8 459AB2>20=8O; >=0 4>ABC?=0 87<5=5=8N 8, 8<5==>, 87<5=5=8N A> AB>@>=K 2>;8, :0: MB> A2>9AB25==> B20@=><C ACI5AB2C. A5 MB> 4CH0 ?>;CG8;0 5AB5AB25==> ?> 1;03>40B8 !>7402H53>, ?> :>B>@>9 ?>;CG8;0 8 1KB85, 8 >?@545;5==CN ?@8@>4C. (">G=>5 87;>65=85 @02>A;02=>9 25@K. =.2.12). 116. '" " ? !;>2> @09 >7=0G05B A04. "0: =0720=> ?@5:@0A=>5 8 1;065==>5 68;8I5 ?5@2>3> G5;>25:0, >?8A0==>5 2 :=835 KB8O ?>4>1=K< A04C. 117.  +  ,  "   +  + .? 09, 2 :>B>@>< ?@51K20;8 ?5@2K5 ;N48, 1K; 4;O B5;0 25I5AB25==K<, :0: 2848<>5 1;065==>5 68;8I5; 0 4;O 4CH8  4CE>2=K<, :0: A>AB>O=85 1;03>40B=>3> >1I5=8O A >3>< 8 4CE>2=>3> A>75@F0=8O >6L53> B2>@5=8O (A<. 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"> 65 A0<>5 =0720; >3 8 2AO:8< 4@52><, A:0702: >B 2AO:>3> 45@520 2 A04C BK 1C45HL 5ABL (KB.2,16), 81> !0< = 5ABL 2A5, 2 >B>@>< 8 G@57 >B>@>3> 2A5 AB>8B (>;.1,17) (">G=>5 87;>65=85 @02>A;02=>9 25@K. =.2.11). 118. '" "   ? 5@52> 687=8  MB> 45@52>, ?8B0OAL ?;>40<8 :>B>@>3> B5;> G5;>25:0 1K;> 1K 1571>;57=5==> 8 15AA<5@B=>. @5?. >0== 0<0A:8= 4>102;O5B: >4 4@52>< 687=8 <>6=> @07C<5BL B0:65 B> 25;8G09H55 ?>7=0=85, :>B>@>5 <K ?>G5@?05< 87 @0AA<>B@5=8O 2A53> GC2AB25==>3>, 8 B>B ?CBL, :>B>@K< <K G5@57 MB> ?>7=0=85 2>AE>48< : >4>=0G0;L=8:C, "2>@FC 8 @8G8=5 2A53> ACI5AB2CNI53>. (">G=>5 87;>65=85 @02>A;02=>9 25@K. =.2.11). 119. '#  !    ? 20 A>740=0 87 @51@0 40<0 4;O B>3>, GB>1K 25AL @>4 G5;>25G5A:89 ?> A2>5<C ?@>8AE>645=8N 1K; >4=8< B5;>< 8 GB>1K 1;03>40@O MB><C ;N48 5AB5AB25==> A:;>==K 1K;8 ;N18BL 8 15@5GL 4@C3 4@C30. 120.   ' '? @54=07=0G5=85 G5;>25:0 A>AB>8B 2 B><, GB>1K >= ?>7=020; >30, ;N18; 8 ?@>A;02;O; 3> 8 1;03>40@O MB><C 25G=> 1;065=AB2>20;. >?@>AK : 70=OB8N: '"  " !. !  !"   ? 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G5B25@B>< G;5=5 !8<2>;0 25@K. 197. '# !, !#! % !"! + !/"? >A?>4L 8ACA %@8AB>A 1K; @0A?OB, B>340 :0: 3> CG5=85 8 45;0 4>;6=K 1K;8 2> 2A5E 2>71C640BL 1;03>3>25=85 : 5<C. -B> ?@>87>H;> ?>B><C, GB> 8C459A:85 AB0@59H8=K 8 :=86=8:8 =5=02845;8 3> 70 B>, GB> = >1;8G0; 8E ;>6=>5 CG5=85 8 15770:>==CN 687=L, 8 70284>20;8 <C, ?>B><C GB> =0@>4 C2060; 3> 70 CG5=85 8 GC45A0 1>;LH5, G5< 8E. >B><C >=8 >:;525B0;8 3> 8 >AC48;8 =0 A<5@BL. 198.  + !/" !, !#! % !"!? !:070=>, GB> 8ACA %@8AB>A 1K; @0A?OB ?@8 >=B88 8;0B5 4;O B>3>, GB>1K >1>7=0G8BL 8AB>@8G5A:CN 40BC 3> @0A?OB8O. 199. >=B89 8;0B 1K; @8<A:8< ?@028B5;5< C458, ?>:>@Q==>9 @8<;O=0<8. 200. -B> >1AB>OB5;LAB2> 4>AB>9=> C?><8=0=8O ?>B><C, GB> C:07K205B =0 8A?>;=5=85 ?@>@>G5AB20 0:>2;520: 5 >B>945B A:8?5B@ >B C4K 8 70:>=>40B5;L >B G@5A; 53>, 4>:>;5 =5 ?@8845B @8<8@8B5;L, 8 <C ?>:>@=>ABL =0@>4>2 (KB 49:10). 201. 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